# Deno Documentation - Full Content

> This document contains the full content of the Deno documentation website.

# Acceptable use policy

> What constitutes acceptable use of Deno Deploy Classic.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/acceptable_use_policy


The Deno Deploy service includes resources (CPU time, request counts) that are
subject to this Acceptable Use policy. This document can give a rough estimate
to what we consider as "Acceptable Use", and what we do not.

### Examples of Acceptable Use

- ✅ Server-side rendered websites
- ✅ Jamstack sites and apps
- ✅ Single page applications
- ✅ APIs that query a DB or external API
- ✅ A personal blog
- ✅ A company website
- ✅ An e-commerce site
- ✅ Reverse proxy

### Not Acceptable Use

- ❌ Crypto mining
- ❌ Highly CPU-intensive load (e.g. machine learning)
- ❌ Media hosting for external sites
- ❌ Scrapers
- ❌ Forward proxy
- ❌ VPN

## Guidelines

We expect most projects to fall well within the usage limits. We will notify you
if your projects usage significantly deviates from the norm. We will reach out
to you where possible before taking any action to address unreasonable burdens
on our infrastructure.


---

# Deno Deploy changelog

> Listing notable progress in the development and evolution of Deno Deploy

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/changelog


## August 27th, 2025

### Features

- Deno KV can now be used with the database integration:
  - Provision a Deno KV database through the "Databases" tab, and link it to an
    app or playground.
  - Access the Deno KV database from your code by using `Deno.openKv()`.
  - KV queues, read-replication, manual backups, and choosing a primary region
    are not available at this time.
- Playgrounds now support dragging in individual files and folders.
- The playground file explorer now supports inline rename and delete of files.
- New built-in environment variables have been added to enable detection of Deno
  Deploy EA, and the app that is running, and the organization it is running in:
  `DENO_DEPLOY=1`, `DENO_DEPLOY_ORG_ID`, `DENO_DEPLOY_ORG_SLUG`,
  `DENO_DEPLOY_APP_ID`, `DENO_DEPLOY_APP_SLUG`, `DENO_DEPLOY_REVISION_ID`.
- Users can now create personal access tokens from their account page.
- The Deno Deploy EA dashboard has migrated from https://app.deno.com to
  https://console.deno.com. All existing URLs will automatically redirect to the
  new URL.

### Bug Fixes

- Check that Postgres database instances support dynamic provisioning of
  databases before allowing them to be linked to an organization.
- Ensure that deleted Deno Deploy apps will never trigger GitHub status checks
  on push to the previously linked repo.
- The playground HTTP explorer now correctly sends the set headers when making
  requests.
- Playgrounds do not error on top level `await` anymore.
- You can now add environment variables named `GOOGLE_APPLICATION_CREDENTIALS`
  to your Deno Deploy app.
- When bulk importing environment variables in the app settings, we now
  correctly import them into that app, rather than mistakenly importing them
  into the organization environment variables.
- Some versions of Next.js, that do not support `using` declarations, now
  correctly build again.
- `npm install` in the build step now works more reliably, and does not fail
  with certificate related issues anymore.

## July 23rd, 2025

### Features

- New: Database support for Deno Deploy apps, allowing you to easily connect to
  and use Postgres databases in your applications.
  - Provision a Postgres database instance on AWS RDS, Neon, Supabase, or any
    other provider and then link it to your Deno Deploy organization.
  - Assign the database instance to an application, making it available in the
    application's environment.
  - Every timeline (production, each git branch, and previews) has their own
    isolated database with a separate schema and data, allowing you to test
    migrations and changes without affecting production data.
  - Use any Postgres client library to connect, including `npm:pg`,
    `npm:drizzle`, or `npm:kysely`.
- Applications and playgrounds can now be renamed. Note, old `deno.net` URLs
  will no longer work after renaming, but custom domains will continue to
  function.
- Applications and playgrounds can now be deleted.
- Playgrounds now have an HTTP Explorer tab that allows you to make arbitrary
  HTTP requests to any URL served by the playground. This is useful for testing
  APIs or other services that do not serve a web page.
- You can now delete entire folders in the playground file explorer by pressing
  the delete button next to the folder name.
- You can now drag a zip file onto the playground file explorer to upload all
  files in the zip file to the playground.
- You can now enable auto-format on save in the playground, which will
  automatically format your code when you save a file.

### Bug fixes

- `DENO_` prefixed environment variables such as `DENO_CONDITIONS`,
  `DENO_COMPAT`, and `DENO_AUTH_TOKENS` can now be set without error.
- The `DENO_REVISION_ID` environment variable is now correctly exposed to
  applications and playgrounds.
- The custom domain assignment drawer now shows custom domains that are already
  assigned to another application or playground as disabled.
- The network usage graph on the metrics page now correctly shows incoming and
  outgoing traffic. Previously, the data shown was incorrect.
- For newly created organizations the first build now waits until the
  `<org>.deno.net` domain is provisioned before the routing step.
- Pressing `Ctrl-S` / `Cmd-S` in the playground now saves the current file and
  triggers a build, instead of opening the browser's save dialog.
- Viewing some specific traces previously hung the trace viewer. These now show
  correctly.

## July 9th, 2025

### Features

- New: Cloud Connect allows you to securely connect your Deno Deploy apps to AWS
  and GCP, enabling you to use services like AWS S3, Google Cloud Storage,
  without needing to manage credentials.
  - This is done without storing any long-lived static credentials, but rather
    using short-lived tokens and OIDC (OpenID Connect) to establish a trust
    relationship between Deno Deploy and your cloud provider.
  - A setup flow in the app settings page, or a drawer in playgrounds, guides
    you through the process of connecting your app to AWS or GCP.
  - You can use the standard AWS and GCP SDKs to access the services - no need
    to re-write any code to use a different API.
  - [Learn more in the documentation.](/deploy/reference/cloud_connections/)
- The application metrics page now shows more metrics, including V8 memory
  metrics such as heap size and garbage collection stats, as well as process
  level metrics such as CPU usage and overall memory usage.
- There is now a new "Metrics" tab in the organization overview that shows
  overall metrics for all applications in the organization, including the number
  of requests, CPU usage, and memory usage.
- You can now edit the URL you are viewing in the playground preview iframe by
  editing the "address bar" that is displayed above the preview.
- Environment variables now default to being a secret when the key contains
  `SECRET`, `KEY`, `TOKEN`, `PRIVATE`, or `PASSWORD`. You can still manually
  switch them to plain text if needed.
- The maximum length limit for environment variable values has been increased to
  4096 characters, up from 1024 characters.

### Bug fixes

- Playgrounds do not get stuck when attempting to deploy an empty file anymore.
- Playground drawer resizing now works more reliably, especially when some
  drawers are collapsed.
- Builds now take significantly less time to complete, especially for larger
  projects. The "Warmup" and "Routing" steps, which previously took more than 10
  seconds respectively, now usually take less than 1 second each.
- Builds can now be cancelled while they are in the "Queueing" and "Routing"
  steps.
- The organization creation page now correctly displays whether an organization
  slug is taken or not, prior to submitting the form.
- `npm install` can now install `esbuild` again - previously it would fail with
  a generic error.

## June 24th, 2025

### Features

- The playground now has live-streaming logs and traces panels
  - Logs and traces for the current revision are displayed for the past hour
  - Logs and traces can be filtered, just like in the dedicated observability
    pages
- Framework auto-detection now works for more projects out of the box, including
  many Vite-based projects
- The organization dropdown now highlights the currently selected organization
  more clearly

### Bug fixes

- The sparklines in the metrics overview are now working correctly
- The error rate metric now functions properly
- GitHub-triggered builds no longer run multiple times
- Next.js builds now work more reliably on older Next.js versions

## June 12th, 2025

### Features

- Deno Deploy now supports playgrounds!
  - Playgrounds can be created and accessed from the playgrounds tab in the
    organizations overview
  - Playgrounds can contain multiple files and include build steps
  - The playground UI features an iframe to preview your deployed app
  - Three templates are currently available: hello world, Next.js, and Hono
- On mobile devices, there is now a floating navbar that doesn't intrude into
  page content

## June 9th, 2025

### Features

- Deno Deploy has a new logo!
- Anyone can now join by signing up at
  [console.deno.com](https://console.deno.com)
- Builds
  - Builds can now use up to 8 GB of storage, up from 2 GB
  - Builds can now use environment variables and secrets configured in the
    organization or app settings (in the new "Build" context)
  - Builds now have a maximum runtime of 5 minutes
- The metrics page has had a complete overhaul by rewriting the chart rendering:
  - Dragging on a graph now zooms in on the selected area
  - Much more data can now be shown without the page becoming slow to load
  - The tooltip now follows the mouse cursor, together with a new crosshair that
    allows for precise analysis
  - Font sizes and colors have been improved for better readability

### Bug fixes

- Builds should not get stuck in a pending state anymore
- Dashboard pages now load significantly faster
- Correctly shows spans in traces that have parents that are not exported (yet)
- The metrics page correctly refreshes now when switching time ranges
- The "Clear search" button in the telemetry search bar now works correctly
- Older Next.js versions (such as Next.js 13) build correctly now
- The environment variable drawer is now used everywhere, fixing a bug where
  multiple env vars with the same name but different contexts would conflict
- Running `node <path>` in the builder does not fail anymore when the path is
  absolute
- `npx` is now available in the builder
- Astro builds will not sporadically fail with `--unstable-vsock` errors anymore
- Svelte projects now deploy correctly when a project explicitly specifies
  `@deno/svelte-adapter`

## May 26th, 2025

### Features

- When triggering a manual build you can now choose which branch to deploy
- You can now deploy Astro static sites without having to manually install the
  Deno adapter
- There are now [reference docs for you to peruse](/deploy/).

### Bug fixes

- SvelteKit auto-detection now works when using `npm` as the package manager
- Prewarming does not trigger random POST requests to your app anymore
- Visiting a page with a trailing slash will not 404 anymore
- Drawers will no longer close if you click inside, hold and drag over the
  backdrop, and release

## May 22nd, 2025

### Features

- You can now bulk import env vars during app creation by pasting a `.env` file
  into the env var drawer
- SvelteKit now works out of the box without manually installing the Deno
  adapter
- A preset for the Lume static site generator is now available

### Bug fixes

- Environment variables now show up correctly on the timelines page
- The production timeline page now correctly shows all builds
- console.deno.com works on older versions of Firefox now
- Page titles across console.deno.com now reflect the page you are on
- The "Provision certificate" button does not lock up after DNS verification
  failures anymore
- Domains that had a provisioned certificate or attached application can now be
  deleted


---

# Compressing response bodies

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/api/compression


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Compressing the response body to save bandwidth is a common practice. To take
some work off your shoulder, we built the capabilities directly into Deploy.

Deno Deploy Classic supports brotli and gzip compression. Compression is applied
when the following conditions are met.

1. The request to your deployment has [`Accept-Encoding`][accept-encoding]
   header set to either `br` (brotli) or `gzip`.
2. The response from your deployment includes the [`Content-Type`][content-type]
   header.
3. The provided content type is compressible; we use
   [this database](https://github.com/jshttp/mime-db/blob/master/db.json) to
   determine if the content type is compressible.
4. The response body size is greater than 20 bytes.

When Deploy compresses the response body, it will set `Content-Encoding: gzip`
or `Content-Encoding: br` header to the response based on the compression
algorithm used.

### When is compression skipped?

Deno Deploy Classic skips the compression if:

- The response has [`Content-Encoding`][content-encoding] header.
- The response has [`Content-Range`][content-range] header.
- The response's [`Cache-Control`][cache-control] header has
  [`no-transform`][no-transform] value (e.g.
  `cache-control: public, no-transform`).

### What happens to my `Etag` header?

When you set an Etag header with the response, we convert the header value to a
Weak Etag if we apply compression to your response body. If it is already a Weak
Etag, we don't touch the header.

[accept-encoding]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept-Encoding
[cache-control]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Cache-Control
[content-encoding]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Encoding
[content-type]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Type
[no-transform]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Cache-Control#other
[content-range]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Range


---

# Dynamic import

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/api/dynamic-import


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Deno Deploy Classic supports [dynamic import] but with some limitations. This
page outlines these limitations.

### Specifiers must be statically determined string literals

In the usual dynamic import, specifiers don't need to be determined at build
time. So all of the following forms are valid:

```ts title="Valid dynamic imports in Deno CLI"
// 1. Statically determined string literal
await import("jsr:@std/assert");

// 2. Statically determined, but via variable
const specifier = "jsr:@std/assert";
await import(specifier);

// 3. Statically determined, but template literal
const stdModuleName = "path";
await import(`jsr:@std/${stdModuleName}`);

// 4. Dynamically determined
const rand = Math.random();
const mod = rand < 0.5 ? "npm:cowsay" : "npm:node-emoji";
await import(mod);
```

In Deno Deploy Classic, however, specifiers must be string literals with no
string interpolation. So among the three examples above, only the first one
works in Deno Deploy Classic.

```ts title="Only static string literals work in Deno Deploy Classic"
// 1. ✅ Works fine on Deno Deploy Classic
await import("jsr:@std/assert");

// 2. ❌ Doesn't work on Deno Deploy Classic
// because what's passed to `import` is a variable
const specifier = "jsr:@std/streams";
await import(specifier);

// 3. ❌ Doesn't work on Deno Deploy Classic
// because this has an interpolation
const stdModuleName = "path";
await import(`jsr:@std/${stdModuleName}`);

// 4. ❌ Doesn't work on Deno Deploy Classic
// because it's dynamic
const rand = Math.random();
const mod = rand < 0.5 ? "npm:cowsay" : "npm:node-emoji";
await import(mod);
```

### One exception - dynamic specifiers work for same project files

Specifiers that are dynamically determined are supported if target files
(modules) are included in the same project.

```ts title="Dynamic specifiers work for files in the same project"
// ✅ Works fine on Deno Deploy Classic
await import("./my_module1.ts");

// ✅ Works fine on Deno Deploy Classic
const rand = Math.random();
const modPath = rand < 0.5 ? "dir1/moduleA.ts" : "dir2/dir3/moduleB.ts";
await import(`./${modPath}`);
```

Note that template literals starting with `./` tell the module resolver that the
target module is in the same project. Conversely, if a specifier does not start
with `./`, the possible target modules will not be included the resulting
[eszip], causing dynamic imports to fail at runtime, even if the final evaluated
specifier starts with `./`.

```ts
// ❌ Doesn't work because the analyzer can't statically determine if the
// specifier starts with `./` or not in this case.
// Compare this to the previous example. Only difference is whether to put
// `./` in the template literal or in the variable.
const rand = Math.random();
const modPath = rand < 0.5 ? "./dir1/moduleA.ts" : "./dir2/dir3/moduleB.ts";
await import(modPath);
```

We will consider if we can relax this constraint in the future.

:::tip What is eszip?

When you do a new deployment on Deno Deploy Classic, the system analyzes your
code, constructs the module graph by recursively traversing it, and bundles all
the dependencies into a single file. We call this
[eszip](https://github.com/denoland/eszip). Since its creation is done
completely statically, dynamic import capabilities are limited on Deno Deploy
Classic.

:::

### Data URLs

[Data URL] can be used as a specifier passed to dynamic imports.

```ts title="Static data URL"
// ✅ Works fine on Deno Deploy Classic
const { val } = await import(
  "data:text/javascript,export const val = 42;"
);
console.log(val); // -> 42
```

For data URLs, fully dynamic data is supported.

```ts title="Dynamic data URL"
function generateDynamicDataUrl() {
  const moduleStr = `export const val = ${Math.random()};`;
  return `data:text/javascript,${moduleStr}`;
}

// ✅ Works fine on Deno Deploy Classic
const { val } = await import(generateDynamicDataUrl());
console.log(val); // -> Random value is printed
```

Applying this technique to JavaScript code fetched from the web, you can even
simulate a true dynamic import:

```js title="external.js"
export const name = "external.js";
```

```ts title="Dynamic data URL from fetched source"
import { assert } from "jsr:@std/assert/assert";
const res = await fetch(
  "https://gist.githubusercontent.com/magurotuna/1cacb136f9fd6b786eb8bbad92c8e6d6/raw/56a96fd0d246fd3feabbeecea6ea1155bdf5f50d/external.js",
);
assert(res.ok);
const src = await res.text();
const dataUrl = `data:application/javascript,${src}`;

// ✅ Works fine on Deno Deploy Classic
const { name } = await import(dataUrl);
console.log(`Hello from ${name}`); // -> "Hello from external.js"
```

However, note that data URL given to `import` has to be JavaScript; TypeScript,
when passed, throws a [TypeError] at runtime.

[dynamic import]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Operators/import
[eszip]: https://github.com/denoland/eszip
[Data URL]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Basics_of_HTTP/Data_URLs
[TypeError]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypeError


---

# API Reference

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/api/


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

This is a reference for runtime APIs available on Deno Deploy Classic. This API
is very similar to the standard [runtime API](/runtime/manual/runtime), but some
APIs are not available in the same way, given that Deno Deploy Classic is a
serverless environment.

Please use this section of the documentation to explore available APIs on Deno
Deploy.

### Web APIs

- [`console`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/console)
- [`atob`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope/atob)
- [`btoa`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope/btoa)
- [Fetch API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API)
  - `fetch`
  - `Request`
  - `Response`
  - `URL`
  - `File`
  - `Blob`
- [TextEncoder](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/TextEncoder)
- [TextDecoder](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/TextDecoder)
- [TextEncoderStream](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/TextEncoderStream)
- [TextDecoderStream](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/TextDecoderStream)
- [Performance](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Performance)
- [Web Crypto API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Crypto)
  - `randomUUID()`
  - `getRandomValues()`
  - [SubtleCrypto](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/SubtleCrypto)
- [WebSocket API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSocket)
- [Timers](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WindowOrWorkerGlobalScope/setTimeout)
  (`setTimeout`, `clearTimeout`, and `setInterval`)
- [Streams API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Streams_API)
  - `ReadableStream`
  - `WritableStream`
  - `TransformStream`
- [URLPattern API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/URLPattern)
- [Import Maps](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/manual/basics/import_maps/)
  - Note: `import maps` are currently only available via
    [deployctl](https://github.com/denoland/deployctl) or
    [deployctl GitHub Action](https://github.com/denoland/deployctl/blob/main/action/README.md)
    workflows.

### Deno APIs

> Note: only stable APIs of Deno are made available in Deploy.

- [`Deno.env`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.env) - Interact with
  environment variables (secrets).
  - `get(key: string): string | undefined` - get the value of an environment
    variable.
  - `toObject(): { [key: string]: string }` - get all environment variables as
    an object.
- [`Deno.connect`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.connect) - Connect to
  TCP sockets.
- [`Deno.connectTls`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.connectTls) -
  Connect to TCP sockets using TLS.
- [`Deno.startTls`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.startTls) - Start TLS
  handshake from an existing TCP connection.
- [`Deno.resolveDns`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.resolveDns) - Make
  DNS queries
- File system API
  - [`Deno.cwd`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.cwd) - Get the current
    working directory
  - [`Deno.readDir`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.readDir) - Get
    directory listings
  - [`Deno.readFile`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.readFile) - Read a
    file into memory
  - [`Deno.readTextFile`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.readTextFile) -
    Read a text file into memory
  - [`Deno.open`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.open) - Open a file for
    streaming reading
  - [`Deno.stat`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.stat) - Get file system
    entry information
  - [`Deno.lstat`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.lstat) - Get file
    system entry information without following symlinks
  - [`Deno.realPath`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.realPath) - Get the
    real path of a file after resolving symlinks
  - [`Deno.readLink`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.readLink) - Get the
    target path for the given symlink

## Future support

In the future, these APIs will also be added:

- [Cache API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Cache)
- UDP API:
  - `Deno.connectDatagram` for outbound UDP sockets
- Customizable `fetch` options using `Deno.createHttpClient`

## Limitations

Just like the Deno CLI, we do not implement the `__proto__` object field as
specified in ECMA Script Annex B.


---

# BroadcastChannel

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/api/runtime-broadcast-channel


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

In Deno Deploy Classic, code is run in different data centers around the world
in order to reduce latency by servicing requests at the data center nearest to
the client. In the browser, the
[`BroadcastChannel`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Broadcast_Channel_API)
API allows different tabs with the same origin to exchange messages. In Deno
Deploy, the BroadcastChannel API provides a communication mechanism between the
various instances; a simple message bus that connects the various Deploy
instances worldwide.

## Constructor

The `BroadcastChannel()` constructor creates a new `BroadcastChannel` instance
and connects to (or creates) the provided channel.

```ts
let channel = new BroadcastChannel(channelName);
```

#### Parameters

| name        | type     | description                                               |
| ----------- | -------- | --------------------------------------------------------- |
| channelName | `string` | The name for the underlying broadcast channel connection. |

The return type of the constructor is a `BroadcastChannel` instance.

## Properties

| name             | type                   | description                                                                                                  |
| ---------------- | ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| `name`           | `string`               | The name of the underlying broadcast channel.                                                                |
| `onmessage`      | `function` (or `null`) | The function that's executed when the channel receives a new message ([`MessageEvent`][messageevent]).       |
| `onmessageerror` | `function` (or `null`) | The function that's executed when the arrived message cannot be deserialized to a JavaScript data structure. |

## Methods

| name                   | description                                                                                                                        |
| ---------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `close()`              | Close the connection to the underlying channel. After closing, you can no longer post messages to the channel.                     |
| `postMessage(message)` | Post a message to the underlying channel. The message can be a string, object literal, a number or any kind of [`Object`][object]. |

`BroadcastChannel` extends [`EventTarget`][eventtarget], which allows you to use
methods of `EventTarget` like `addEventListener` and `removeEventListener` on an
instance of `BroadcastChannel`.

## Example: Update an in-memory cache across instances

One use case for a message bus like the one enabled by `BroadcastChannel` is
updating an in-memory cache of data between isolates running in different data
centers across the network. In the example below, we show how you can configure
a simple server that uses `BroadcastChannel` to synchornize state across all
running instances of the server.

```ts
import { Hono } from "jsr:@hono/hono";

// in-memory cache of messages
const messages = [];

// A BroadcastChannel used by all isolates
const channel = new BroadcastChannel("all_messages");

// When a new message comes in from other instances, add it
channel.onmessage = (event: MessageEvent) => {
  messages.push(event.data);
};

// Create a server to add and retrieve messages
const app = new Hono();

// Add a message to the list
app.get("/send", (c) => {
  // New messages can be added by including a "message" query param
  const message = c.req.query("message");
  if (message) {
    messages.push(message);
    channel.postMessage(message);
  }
  return c.redirect("/");
});

// Get a list of messages
app.get("/", (c) => {
  // Return the current list of messages
  return c.json(messages);
});

Deno.serve(app.fetch);
```

You can test this example yourself on Deno Deploy Classic using
[this playground](https://dash.deno.com/playground/broadcast-channel-example).

[eventtarget]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/EventTarget
[messageevent]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/MessageEvent
[object]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Object


---

# HTTP requests (fetch)

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/api/runtime-fetch


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

The [Fetch API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Fetch_API)
allows you to make outbound HTTP requests in Deno Deploy Classic. It is a web
standard and has the following interfaces:

- `fetch()` - The method that allows you to make outbound HTTP requests
- [`Request`](./runtime-request) - represents a request resource of fetch()
- [`Response`](./runtime-response) - represents a response resource of fetch()
- [`Headers`](./runtime-headers) - represents HTTP Headers of requests and
  responses.

This page shows usage for the fetch() method. You can click above on the other
interfaces to learn more about them.

Fetch also supports fetching from file URLs to retrieve static files. For more
info on static files, see the [filesystem API documentation](./runtime-fs).

## `fetch()`

The `fetch()` method initiates a network request to the provided resource and
returns a promise that resolves after the response is available.

```ts
function fetch(
  resource: Request | string,
  init?: RequestInit,
): Promise<Response>;
```

#### Parameters

| name     | type                                                          | optional | description                                                        |
| -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------- | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------ |
| resource | [`Request`](./runtime-request) <br/> [`USVString`][usvstring] | `false`  | The resource can either be a request object or a URL string.       |
| init     | [`RequestInit`](./runtime-request#requestinit)                | `true`   | The init object lets you apply optional parameters to the request. |

The return type of `fetch()` is a promise that resolves to a
[`Response`](./runtime-response).

## Examples

The Deno Deploy Classic script below makes a `fetch()` request to the GitHub API
for each incoming request, and then returns that response from the handler
function.

```ts
async function handler(req: Request): Promise<Response> {
  const resp = await fetch("https://api.github.com/users/denoland", {
    // The init object here has an headers object containing a
    // header that indicates what type of response we accept.
    // We're not specifying the method field since by default
    // fetch makes a GET request.
    headers: {
      accept: "application/json",
    },
  });
  return new Response(resp.body, {
    status: resp.status,
    headers: {
      "content-type": "application/json",
    },
  });
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```

[usvstring]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/USVString


---

# File system APIs

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/api/runtime-fs


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Deno Deploy Classic supports a limited set of the file system APIs available in
Deno. These file system APIs can access static files from your deployments.
Static files are for example:

- The files in your GitHub repository, if you deploy via the GitHub integration.
- The entrypoint file in a playground deployment.

The APIs that are available are:

- [Deno.cwd](#deno.cwd)
- [Deno.readDir](#deno.readdir)
- [Deno.readFile](#deno.readfile)
- [Deno.readTextFile](#deno.readtextfile)
- [Deno.open](#deno.open)
- [Deno.stat](#deno.stat)
- [Deno.lstat](#deno.lstat)
- [Deno.realPath](#deno.realpath)
- [Deno.readLink](#deno.readlink)

## Deno.cwd

`Deno.cwd()` returns the current working directory of your deployment. It is
located at the root of your deployment's root directory. For example, if you
deployed via the GitHub integration, the current working directory is the root
of your GitHub repository.

## Deno.readDir

`Deno.readDir()` allows you to list the contents of a directory.

The function is fully compatible with
[Deno](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.readDir).

```ts
function Deno.readDir(path: string | URL): AsyncIterable<DirEntry>
```

The path can be a relative or absolute. It can also be a `file:` URL.

### Example

This example lists the contents of a directory and returns this list as a JSON
object in the response body.

```js
async function handler(_req) {
  // List the posts in the `blog` directory located at the root
  // of the repository.
  const posts = [];
  for await (const post of Deno.readDir(`./blog`)) {
    posts.push(post);
  }

  // Return JSON.
  return new Response(JSON.stringify(posts, null, 2), {
    headers: {
      "content-type": "application/json",
    },
  });
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```

## Deno.readFile

`Deno.readFile()` allows you to read a file fully into memory.

The function definition is similar to
[Deno](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.readFile), but it doesn't support
[`ReadFileOptions`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.ReadFileOptions) for
the time being. Support will be added in the future.

```ts
function Deno.readFile(path: string | URL): Promise<Uint8Array>
```

The path can be a relative or absolute. It can also be a `file:` URL.

### Example

This example reads the contents of a file into memory as a byte array, then
returns it as the response body.

```js
async function handler(_req) {
  // Let's read the README.md file available at the root
  // of the repository to explore the available methods.

  // Relative paths are relative to the root of the repository
  const readmeRelative = await Deno.readFile("./README.md");
  // Absolute paths.
  // The content of the repository is available under at Deno.cwd().
  const readmeAbsolute = await Deno.readFile(`${Deno.cwd()}/README.md`);
  // File URLs are also supported.
  const readmeFileUrl = await Deno.readFile(
    new URL(`file://${Deno.cwd()}/README.md`),
  );

  // Decode the Uint8Array as string.
  const readme = new TextDecoder().decode(readmeRelative);
  return new Response(readme);
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```

> Note: to use this feature, you must link a GitHub repository to your project.

Deno Deploy Classic supports the `Deno.readFile` API to read static assets from
the file system. This is useful for serving static assets such as images,
stylesheets, and JavaScript files. This guide demonstrates how to use this
feature.

Imagine the following file structure on a GitHub repository:

```console
├── mod.ts
└── style.css
```

The contents of `mod.ts`:

```ts
async function handleRequest(request: Request): Promise<Response> {
  const { pathname } = new URL(request.url);

  // This is how the server works:
  // 1. A request comes in for a specific asset.
  // 2. We read the asset from the file system.
  // 3. We send the asset back to the client.

  // Check if the request is for style.css.
  if (pathname.startsWith("/style.css")) {
    // Read the style.css file from the file system.
    const file = await Deno.readFile("./style.css");
    // Respond to the request with the style.css file.
    return new Response(file, {
      headers: {
        "content-type": "text/css",
      },
    });
  }

  return new Response(
    `<html>
      <head>
        <link rel="stylesheet" href="style.css" />
      </head>
      <body>
        <h1>Example</h1>
      </body>
    </html>`,
    {
      headers: {
        "content-type": "text/html; charset=utf-8",
      },
    },
  );
}

Deno.serve(handleRequest);
```

The path provided to the
[`Deno.readFile`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.readFile) API is
relative to the root of the repository. You can also specify absolute paths, if
they are inside `Deno.cwd`.

## Deno.readTextFile

This function is similar to [Deno.readFile](#Deno.readFile) except it decodes
the file contents as a UTF-8 string.

```ts
function Deno.readTextFile(path: string | URL): Promise<string>
```

### Example

This example reads a text file into memory and returns the contents as the
response body.

```js
async function handler(_req) {
  const readme = await Deno.readTextFile("./README.md");
  return new Response(readme);
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```

## Deno.open

`Deno.open()` allows you to open a file, returning a file handle. This file
handle can then be used to read the contents of the file. See
[`Deno.File`](#deno.file) for information on the methods available on the file
handle.

The function definition is similar to
[Deno](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.open), but it doesn't support
[`OpenOptions`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.OpenOptions) for the time
being. Support will be added in the future.

```ts
function Deno.open(path: string | URL): Promise<Deno.File>
```

The path can be a relative or absolute. It can also be a `file:` URL.

### Example

This example opens a file, and then streams the content as the response body.

```js
async function handler(_req) {
  // Open the README.md file available at the root of the repository.
  const file = await Deno.open("./README.md");

  // Use the `readable` property, which is a `ReadableStream`. This will
  // automatically close the file handle when the response is done sending.
  return new Response(file.readable);
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```

:::note

When you iterate over a file stream as shown below, the file descriptor will be
automatically closed at the end of iteration. There is no need to manually close
the file descriptor: `const iterator = fd.readable[Symbol.asyncIterator]();`

:::

## Deno.File

`Deno.File` is a file handle returned from [`Deno.open()`](#deno.open). It can
be used to read chunks of the file using the `read()` method. The file handle
can be closed using the `close()` method.

The interface is similar to [Deno](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.File),
but it doesn't support writing to the file, or seeking. Support for the latter
will be added in the future.

```ts
class File {
  readonly rid: number;

  close(): void;
  read(p: Uint8Array): Promise<number | null>;
}
```

The path can be a relative or absolute. It can also be a `file:` URL.

## Deno.File#read()

The read method is used to read a chunk of the file. It should be passed a
buffer to read the data into. It returns the number of bytes read or `null` if
the end of the file has been reached.

```ts
function read(p: Uint8Array): Promise<number | null>;
```

### Deno.File#close()

The close method is used to close the file handle. Closing the handle will
interrupt all ongoing reads.

```ts
function close(): void;
```

## Deno.stat

`Deno.stat()` reads a file system entry's metadata. It returns a
[`Deno.FileInfo`](#fileinfo) object. Symlinks are followed.

The function definition is the same as
[Deno](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.stat). It does not return
modification time, access time, or creation time values.

```ts
function Deno.stat(path: string | URL): Promise<Deno.FileInfo>
```

The path can be a relative or absolute. It can also be a `file:` URL.

### Example

This example gets the size of a file, and returns the result as the response
body.

```js
async function handler(_req) {
  // Get file info of the README.md at the root of the repository.
  const info = await Deno.stat("./README.md");

  // Get the size of the file in bytes.
  const size = info.size;

  return new Response(`README.md is ${size} bytes large`);
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```

## Deno.lstat

`Deno.lstat()` is similar to `Deno.stat()`, but it does not follow symlinks.

The function definition is the same as
[Deno](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.lstat). It does not return
modification time, access time, or creation time values.

```ts
function Deno.lstat(path: string | URL): Promise<Deno.FileInfo>
```

The path can be a relative or absolute. It can also be a `file:` URL.

## Deno.FileInfo

The `Deno.FileInfo` interface is used to represent a file system entry's
metadata. It is returned by the [`Deno.stat()`](#deno.stat) and
[`Deno.lstat()`](#deno.lstat) functions. It can represent either a file, a
directory, or a symlink.

In Deno Deploy Classic, only the file type, and size properties are available.
The size property behaves the same way it does on Linux.

```ts
interface FileInfo {
  isDirectory: boolean;
  isFile: boolean;
  isSymlink: boolean;
  size: number;
}
```

## Deno.realPath

`Deno.realPath()` returns the resolved absolute path to a file after following
symlinks.

The function definition is the same as
[Deno](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.realPath).

```ts
function Deno.realPath(path: string | URL): Promise<string>
```

The path can be a relative or absolute. It can also be a `file:` URL.

### Example

This example calls `Deno.realPath()` to get the absolute path of a file in the
root of the repository. The result is returned as the response body.

```ts
async function handler(_req) {
  const path = await Deno.realPath("./README.md");

  return new Response(`The fully resolved path for ./README.md is ${path}`);
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```

## Deno.readLink

`Deno.readLink()` returns the target path for a symlink.

The function definition is the same as
[Deno](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.readLink).

```ts
function Deno.readLink(path: string | URL): Promise<string>
```

The path can be a relative or absolute. It can also be a `file:` URL.

### Example

This example calls `Deno.readLink()` to get the absolute path of a file in the
root of the repository. The result is returned as the response body.

```ts
async function handler(_req) {
  const path = await Deno.readLink("./my_symlink");

  return new Response(`The target path for ./my_symlink is ${path}`);
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```


---

# HTTP Headers

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/api/runtime-headers


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

The [Headers](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Headers)
interface is part of the Fetch API. It allows you create and manipulate the HTTP
headers of request and response resources of fetch().

- [Constructor](#constructor)
  - [Parameters](#parameters)
- [Methods](#methods)
- [Example](#example)

## Constructor

The Header() constructor creates a new `Header` instance.

```ts
let headers = new Headers(init);
```

#### Parameters

| name | type                                    | optional | description                                                                                             |
| ---- | --------------------------------------- | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| init | `Headers` / `{ [key: string]: string }` | `true`   | The init option lets you initialize the headers object with an existing `Headers` or an object literal. |

The return type of the constructor is a `Headers` instance.

## Methods

| name                                  | description                                                       |
| ------------------------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `append(name: string, value: string)` | Appends a header (overwrites existing one) to the Headers object. |
| `delete(name: string)`                | Deletes a header from the Headers object.                         |
| `set(name: string, value: string)`    | Create a new header in the Headers object.                        |
| `get(name: string)`                   | Get the value of the header in the Headers object.                |
| `has(name: string)`                   | Check if the header exists in the Headers objects.                |
| `entries()`                           | Get the headers as key-value pair. The result is iterable.        |
| `keys()`                              | Get all the keys of the Headers object. The result is iterable.   |

## Example

```ts
// Create a new headers object from an object literal.
const myHeaders = new Headers({
  accept: "application/json",
});

// Append a header to the headers object.
myHeaders.append("user-agent", "Deno Deploy Classic");

// Print the headers of the headers object.
for (const [key, value] of myHeaders.entries()) {
  console.log(key, value);
}

// You can pass the headers instance to Response or Request constructors.
const request = new Request("https://api.github.com/users/denoland", {
  method: "POST",
  headers: myHeaders,
});
```


---

# Node.js built-in APIs

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/api/runtime-node


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Deno Deploy Classic natively supports importing built-in Node.js modules like
`fs`, `path`, and `http` through `node:` specifiers. This allows running code
originally written for Node.js without changes in Deno Deploy Classic.

Here is an example of a Node.js HTTP server running on Deno Deploy Classic:

```js
import { createServer } from "node:http";
import process from "node:process";

const server = createServer((req, res) => {
  const message = `Hello from ${process.env.DENO_REGION} at ${new Date()}`;
  res.end(message);
});

server.listen(8080);
```

When using `node:` specifiers, all other features of Deno Deploy Classic are
still available. For example, you can use `Deno.env` to access environment
variables even when using Node.js modules. You can also import other ESM modules
from external URLs as usual.

The following Node.js modules are available:

- `assert`
- `assert/strict`
- `async_hooks`
- `buffer`
- `child_process`
- `cluster`
- `console`
- `constants`
- `crypto`
- `dgram`
- `diagnostics_channel`
- `dns`
- `dns/promises`
- `domain`
- `events`
- `fs`
- `fs/promises`
- `http`
- `http2`
- `https`
- `module`
- `net`
- `os`
- `path`
- `path/posix`
- `path/win32`
- `perf_hooks`
- `process`
- `punycode`
- `querystring`
- `readline`
- `stream`
- `stream/consumers`
- `stream/promises`
- `stream/web`
- `string_decoder`
- `sys`
- `timers`
- `timers/promises`
- `tls`
- `tty`
- `url`
- `util`
- `util/types`
- `v8`
- `vm`
- `worker_threads`
- `zlib`

The behavior of these modules should be identical to Node.js in most cases. Due
to the sandboxing behaviour of Deno Deploy Classic, some features are not
available:

- Executing binaries with `child_process`
- Spawning workers using `worker_threads`
- Creating contexts and evaluating code with `vm`

> Note: the emulation of Node.js modules is sufficient for most use cases, but
> it is not yet perfect. If you encounter any issues, please
> [open an issue](https://github.com/denoland/deno).


---

# HTTP Request

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/api/runtime-request


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

The [Request](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request)
interface is part of the Fetch API and represents the request of fetch().

- [Constructor](#constructor)
  - [Parameters](#parameters)
- [Properties](#properties)
- [Methods](#methods)
- [Example](#example)

## Constructor

The Request() constructor creates a new Request instance.

```ts
let request = new Request(resource, init);
```

#### Parameters

| name     | type                          | optional | description                                                               |
| -------- | ----------------------------- | -------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| resource | `Request` or `USVString`      | `false`  | The resource can either be a request object or a URL string.              |
| init     | [`RequestInit`](#requestinit) | `true`   | The init object lets you set optional parameters to apply to the request. |

The return type is a `Request` instance.

##### `RequestInit`

| name                         | type                                                                                    | default        | description                                                |
| ---------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
| [`method`][method]           | `string`                                                                                | `GET`          | The method of the request.                                 |
| [`headers`][headers]         | `Headers` or `{ [key: string]: string }`                                                | none           | Th Headers for the request.                                |
| [`body`][body]               | `Blob`, `BufferSource`, `FormData`, `URLSearchParams`, `USVString`, or `ReadableStream` | none           | The body of the request.                                   |
| [`cache`][cache]             | `string`                                                                                | none           | The cache mode of the request.                             |
| [`credentials`][credentials] | `string`                                                                                | `same-origin`  | The credentials mode of the request.                       |
| [`integrity`][integrity]     | `string`                                                                                | none           | The crypotographic hash of the request's body.             |
| [`mode`][mode]               | `string`                                                                                | `cors`         | The request mode you want to use.                          |
| [`redirect`][redirect]       | `string`                                                                                | `follow`       | The mode of how redirects are handled.                     |
| [`referrer`][referrer]       | `string`                                                                                | `about:client` | A `USVString` specifying `no-referrer`, `client` or a URL. |

## Properties

| name                               | type                                       | description                                                                                                                  |
| ---------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| [`cache`][cache]                   | `string`                                   | The cache mode indicates how the (`default`, `no-cache`, etc) request should be cached by browser.                           |
| [`credentials`][credentials]       | `string`                                   | The credentials (`omit`, `same-origin`, etc) indicate whether user agent should send cookies in case of CORs of the request. |
| [`destination`][destination]       | [`RequestDestination`][requestdestination] | The string indicates the type of content being requested.                                                                    |
| [`body`][body]                     | [`ReadableStream`][readablestream]         | The getter exposes a `ReadableStream` of the body contents.                                                                  |
| [`bodyUsed`][bodyused]             | `boolean`                                  | Indicates whether the body content is read.                                                                                  |
| [`url`][url]                       | `USVString`                                | The URL of the request.                                                                                                      |
| [`headers`][headers]               | [`Headers`](runtime-headers)               | The headers associated with the request.                                                                                     |
| [`integrity`][integrity]           | `string`                                   | The crypotographic hash of the request's body.                                                                               |
| [`method`][method]                 | `string`                                   | The request's method (`POST`, `GET`, etc).                                                                                   |
| [`mode`][mode]                     | `string`                                   | Indicates the mode of the request (e.g. `cors` ).                                                                            |
| [`redirect`][redirect]             | `string`                                   | The mode of how redirects are handled.                                                                                       |
| [`referrer`][referrer]             | `string`                                   | The referrer of the request.                                                                                                 |
| [`referrerPolicy`][referrerpolicy] | `string`                                   | The referrer policy of the request                                                                                           |

All the above properties are read only.

## Methods

| name                           | description                                                                                 |
| ------------------------------ | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| [`arrayBuffer()`][arraybuffer] | Reads the body stream to its completion and returns an `ArrayBuffer` object.                |
| [`blob()`][blob]               | Reads the body stream to its completion and returns a `Blob` object.                        |
| [`formData()`][formdata]       | Reads the body stream to its completion and returns a `FormData` object.                    |
| [`json()`][json]               | Reads the body stream to its completion, parses it as JSON and returns a JavaScript object. |
| [`text()`][text]               | Reads the body stream to its completion and returns a USVString object (text).              |
| [`clone()`][clone]             | Clones the Request object.                                                                  |

## Example

```ts
function handler(_req) {
  // Create a post request
  const request = new Request("https://post.deno.dev", {
    method: "POST",
    body: JSON.stringify({
      message: "Hello world!",
    }),
    headers: {
      "content-type": "application/json",
    },
  });

  console.log(request.method); // POST
  console.log(request.headers.get("content-type")); // application/json

  return fetch(request);
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```

[cache]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/cache
[credentials]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/credentials
[destination]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-us/docs/web/api/request/destination
[requestdestination]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/RequestDestination
[body]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/body
[bodyused]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/bodyUsed
[url]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/url
[headers]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/headers
[method]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/method
[integrity]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/integrity
[mode]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/mode
[redirect]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/redirect
[referrer]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/referrer
[referrerpolicy]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/referrerpolicy
[readablestream]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ReadableStream
[arraybuffer]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/arrayBuffer
[blob]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/blob
[json]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/json
[text]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/text
[formdata]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/formdata
[clone]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/clone


---

# HTTP Response

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/api/runtime-response


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

The [Response](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response)
interface is part of the Fetch API and represents a response resource of
fetch().

- [Constructor](#constructor)
  - [Parameters](#parameters)
- [Properties](#properties)
- [Methods](#methods)
- [Example](#example)

## Constructor

The Response() constructor creates a new Response instance.

```ts
let response = new Response(body, init);
```

#### Parameters

| name | type                                                                                    | optional | description                                                                |
| ---- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | -------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| body | `Blob`, `BufferSource`, `FormData`, `ReadableStream`, `URLSearchParams`, or `USVString` | `true`   | The body of the response. The default value is `null`.                     |
| init | `ResponseInit`                                                                          | `true`   | An optional object that allows setting status and headers of the response. |

The return type is a `Response` instance.

##### `ResponseInit`

| name         | type                                                  | optional | description                                           |
| ------------ | ----------------------------------------------------- | -------- | ----------------------------------------------------- |
| `status`     | `number`                                              | `true`   | The status code of the response.                      |
| `statusText` | `string`                                              | `true`   | The status message representative of the status code. |
| `headers`    | `Headers` or `string[][]` or `Record<string, string>` | `false`  | The HTTP headers of the response.                     |

## Properties

| name                       | type             | read only | description                                                 |
| -------------------------- | ---------------- | --------- | ----------------------------------------------------------- |
| [`body`][body]             | `ReadableStream` | `true`    | The getter exposes a `ReadableStream` of the body contents. |
| [`bodyUsed`][bodyused]     | `boolean`        | `true`    | Indicates whether the body content is read.                 |
| [`url`][url]               | `USVString`      | `true`    | The URL of the response.                                    |
| [`headers`][headers]       | `Headers`        | `true`    | The headers associated with the response.                   |
| [`ok`][ok]                 | `boolean`        | `true`    | Indicates if the response is successful (200-299 status).   |
| [`redirected`][redirected] | `boolean`        | `true`    | Indicates if the response is the result of a redirect.      |
| [`status`][status]         | `number`         | `true`    | The status code of the response                             |
| [`statusText`][statustext] | `string`         | `true`    | The status message of the response                          |
| [`type`][type]             | `string`         | `true`    | The type of the response.                                   |

## Methods

| name                                                 | description                                                                                 |
| ---------------------------------------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| [`arrayBuffer()`][arraybuffer]                       | Reads the body stream to its completion and returns an `ArrayBuffer` object.                |
| [`blob()`][blob]                                     | Reads the body stream to its completion and returns a `Blob` object.                        |
| [`formData()`][formdata]                             | Reads the body stream to its completion and returns a `FormData` object.                    |
| [`json()`][json]                                     | Reads the body stream to its completion, parses it as JSON and returns a JavaScript object. |
| [`text()`][text]                                     | Reads the body stream to its completion and returns a USVString object (text).              |
| [`clone()`][clone]                                   | Clones the response object.                                                                 |
| [`error()`][error]                                   | Returns a new response object associated with a network error.                              |
| [`redirect(url: string, status?: number)`][redirect] | Creates a new response that redirects to the provided URL.                                  |

## Example

```ts
function handler(_req) {
  // Create a response with html as its body.
  const response = new Response("<html> Hello </html>", {
    status: 200,
    headers: {
      "content-type": "text/html",
    },
  });

  console.log(response.status); // 200
  console.log(response.headers.get("content-type")); // text/html

  return response;
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```

[clone]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/clone
[error]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/error
[redirect]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/redirect
[body]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/body
[bodyused]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/bodyUsed
[url]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/url
[headers]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/headers
[ok]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/ok
[redirected]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/redirected
[status]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/status
[statustext]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/statusText
[type]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Response/type
[method]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Request/method
[readablestream]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ReadableStream
[arraybuffer]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/arrayBuffer
[blob]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/blob
[json]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/json
[text]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/text
[formdata]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Body/formdata


---

# TCP sockets and TLS

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/api/runtime-sockets


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Deno Deploy Classic supports outbound TCP and TLS connections. These APIs allow
you to use databases like PostgreSQL, SQLite, MongoDB, etc., with Deploy.

Looking for information on _serving_ TCP? Take a look at the documentation for
[`Deno.serve`](/api/deno/~/Deno.serve) including its support for
[TCP options](/api/deno/~/Deno.ServeTcpOptions).

## `Deno.connect`

Make outbound TCP connections.

The function definition is same as
[Deno](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.connect) with the limitation that
`transport` option can only be `tcp` and `hostname` cannot be localhost or
empty.

```ts
function Deno.connect(options: ConnectOptions): Promise<Conn>
```

### Example

```js
async function handler(_req) {
  // Make a TCP connection to example.com
  const connection = await Deno.connect({
    port: 80,
    hostname: "example.com",
  });

  // Send raw HTTP GET request.
  const request = new TextEncoder().encode(
    "GET / HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\r\n\r\n",
  );
  const _bytesWritten = await connection.write(request);

  // Read 15 bytes from the connection.
  const buffer = new Uint8Array(15);
  await connection.read(buffer);
  connection.close();

  // Return the bytes as plain text.
  return new Response(buffer, {
    headers: {
      "content-type": "text/plain;charset=utf-8",
    },
  });
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```

## `Deno.connectTls`

Make outbound TLS connections.

The function definition is the same as
[Deno](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.connectTls) with the limitation
that hostname cannot be localhost or empty.

```ts
function Deno.connectTls(options: ConnectTlsOptions): Promise<Conn>
```

### Example

```js
async function handler(_req) {
  // Make a TLS connection to example.com
  const connection = await Deno.connectTls({
    port: 443,
    hostname: "example.com",
  });

  // Send raw HTTP GET request.
  const request = new TextEncoder().encode(
    "GET / HTTP/1.1\nHost: example.com\r\n\r\n",
  );
  const _bytesWritten = await connection.write(request);

  // Read 15 bytes from the connection.
  const buffer = new Uint8Array(15);
  await connection.read(buffer);
  connection.close();

  // Return the bytes as plain text.
  return new Response(buffer, {
    headers: {
      "content-type": "text/plain;charset=utf-8",
    },
  });
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```


---

# CI and GitHub Actions

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/ci_github


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Deno Deploy's Git integration enables deployment of code changes that are pushed

to a GitHub repository. Commits on the production branch will be deployed as a
production deployment. Commits on all other branches will be deployed as a
preview deployment.

There are two modes of operation for the Git integration:

- **Automatic**: Deno Deploy Classic will automatically pull code and assets
  from your repository source every time you push, and deploy it. This mode is
  very fast, but does not allow for a build step. _This is the recommended mode
  for most users._
- **GitHub Actions**: In this mode, you push your code and assets to Deno Deploy
  from a GitHub Actions workflow. This allows you to perform a build step before
  deploying.

Deno Deploy will select an appropriate mode based on your custom deployment
configuration. Below, we go into more detail about the different configurations
for **Automatic** and **GitHub Actions** mode.

## Automatic

If your project doesn't require any additional build steps, then the system
chooses **Automatic** mode. The entrypoint file is simply the file that Deno
Deploy will run.

## GitHub Actions

If you enter a command in **Install Step** and/or **Build Step** in the
**Project Configuration**, Deno Deploy Classic will create a necessary GitHub
Actions workflow file and push it into your repository. In this workflow file,
we leverage the `deployctl` [Github action][deploy-action] to deploy your
project. You can do whatever you need to do, such as running a build command,
before deploying it to Deno Deploy.

To configure preprocessing commands you want to run, click **Show advanced
options** button that appears after choosing your git repository. Then enter
values as needed to input boxes.

:::tip

For example, if you want to enable [ahead-of-time builds] for a Fresh project,
you will enter `deno task build` in the **Build Step** box.

See also [the Fresh doc][Deploy to production] for deploying a Fresh project to
Deno Deploy.

:::

The GitHub Actions workflow file that Deno Deploy Classic generates and pushes
to your repository looks like as follows.

```yml title=".github/workflows/deploy.yml"
name: Deploy
on:
  push:
    branches: main
  pull_request:
    branches: main

jobs:
  deploy:
    name: Deploy
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest

    permissions:
      id-token: write # Needed for auth with Deno Deploy
      contents: read # Needed to clone the repository

    steps:
      - name: Clone repository
        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Deno
        uses: denoland/setup-deno@v2
        with:
          deno-version: v2.x

      - name: Build step
        run: "deno task build"

      - name: Upload to Deno Deploy
        uses: denoland/deployctl@v1
        with:
          project: "<your-project-name>"
          entrypoint: "main.ts"
          root: "."
```

See
[deployctl README](https://github.com/denoland/deployctl/blob/main/action/README.md)
for more details.

[fileserver]: https://jsr.io/@std/http#file-server
[ghapp]: https://github.com/apps/deno-deploy
[deploy-action]: https://github.com/denoland/deployctl/blob/main/action/README.md
[ahead-of-time builds]: https://fresh.deno.dev/docs/concepts/ahead-of-time-builds
[Deploy to production]: https://fresh.deno.dev/docs/getting-started/deploy-to-production


---

# Scheduling cron tasks

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/cron


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

The [`Deno.cron`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.cron) interface enables
you to configure JavaScript or TypeScript code that executes on a configurable
schedule using [cron syntax](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cron). In the example
below, we configure a block of JavaScript code that will execute every minute.

```ts
Deno.cron("Log a message", "* * * * *", () => {
  console.log("This will print once a minute.");
});
```

It's also possible to use JavaScript objects to define the cron schedule. In the
example below, we configure a block of JavaScript code that will execute once an
hour.

```ts
Deno.cron("Log a message", { hour: { every: 1 } }, () => {
  console.log("This will print once an hour.");
});
```

`Deno.cron` takes three arguments:

- A human-readable name for the cron task
- A cron schedule string or JavaScript object that defines a schedule on which
  the cron job will run
- a function to be executed on the given schedule

If you are new to cron syntax, there are a number of third party modules
[like this one](https://www.npmjs.com/package/cron-time-generator) that will
help you generate cron schedule strings.

## Retrying failed runs

Failed cron invocations are automatically retried with a default retry policy.
If you would like to specify a custom retry policy, you can use the
`backoffSchedule` property to specify an array of wait times (in milliseconds)
to wait before retrying the function call again. In the following example, we
will attempt to retry failed callbacks three times - after one second, five
seconds, and then ten seconds.

```ts
Deno.cron("Retry example", "* * * * *", {
  backoffSchedule: [1000, 5000, 10000],
}, () => {
  throw new Error("Deno.cron will retry this three times, to no avail!");
});
```

## Design and limitations

Below are some design details and limitations to be aware of when using
`Deno.cron`.

### Tasks must be defined at the top level module scope

The [`Deno.cron`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.cron) interface is
designed to support static definition of cron tasks based on pre-defined
schedules. All `Deno.cron` tasks must be defined at the top-level of a module.
Any nested `Deno.cron` definitions (e.g. inside
[`Deno.serve`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.serve) handler) will result
in an error or will be ignored.

If you need to schedule tasks dynamically during your Deno program execution,
you can use the [Deno Queues](/deploy/classic/queues/) APIs.

### Time zone

`Deno.cron` schedules are specified using UTC time zone. This helps avoid issues
with time zones which observe daylight saving time.

### Overlapping executions

It's possible for the next scheduled invocation of your cron task to overlap
with the previous invocation. If this occurs, `Deno.cron` will skip the next
scheduled invocation in order to avoid overlapping executions.

### Day-of-week numeric representation

`Deno.cron` does not use 0-based day-of-week numeric representation. Instead, it
uses 1-7 (or SUN-SAT) to represent Sunday through Saturday. This may be
different compared to other cron engines which use 0-6 representation.

## Usage on Deno Deploy

With [Deno Deploy](https://deno.com/deploy), you can run your background tasks
on V8 isolates in the cloud. When doing so, there are a few considerations to
keep in mind.

### Differences with Deno CLI

Like other Deno runtime built-ins (like queues and Deno KV), the `Deno.cron`
implementation works slightly differently on Deno Deploy.

#### How cron works by default

The implementation of `Deno.cron` in the Deno runtime keeps execution state
in-memory. If you run multiple Deno programs that use `Deno.cron`, each program
will have its own independent set of cron tasks.

#### How cron works on Deno Deploy

Deno Deploy provides a serverless implementation of `Deno.cron` that is designed
for high availability and scale. Deno Deploy automatically extracts your
`Deno.cron` definitions at deployment time, and schedules them for execution
using on-demand isolates. Your latest production deployment defines the set of
active cron tasks that are scheduled for execution. To add, remove, or modify
cron tasks, simply modify your code and create a new production deployment.

Deno Deploy guarantees that your cron tasks are executed at least once per each
scheduled time interval. This generally means that your cron handler will be
invoked once per scheduled time. In some failure scenarios, the handler may be
invoked multiple times for the same scheduled time.

### Cron dashboard

When you make a production deployment that includes a cron task, you can view a
list of all your cron tasks in the
[Deploy dashboard](https://dash.deno.com/projects) under the `Cron` tab for your
project.

![a listing of cron tasks in the Deno dashboard](./images/cron-tasks.png)

### Pricing

`Deno.cron` invocations are charged at the same rate as inbound HTTP requests to
your deployments. Learn more about pricing
[here](https://deno.com/deploy/pricing).

### Deploy-specific limitations

- `Deno.cron` is only available for production deployments (not preview
  deployments)
- The exact invocation time of your `Deno.cron` handler may vary by up to a
  minute from the scheduled time

## Cron configuration examples

Here are a few common cron configurations, provided for your convenience.

```ts title="Run once a minute"
Deno.cron("Run once a minute", "* * * * *", () => {
  console.log("Hello, cron!");
});
```

```ts title="Run every fifteen minutes"
Deno.cron("Run every fifteen minutes", "*/15 * * * *", () => {
  console.log("Hello, cron!");
});
```

```ts title="Run once an hour on the hour"
Deno.cron("Run once an hour on the hour", "0 * * * *", () => {
  console.log("Hello, cron!");
});
```

```ts title="Run every three hours"
Deno.cron("Run every three hours", "0 */3 * * *", () => {
  console.log("Hello, cron!");
});
```

```ts title="Run every day at 1am"
Deno.cron("Run every day at 1am", "0 1 * * *", () => {
  console.log("Hello, cron!");
});
```

```ts title="Run every Wednesday at midnight"
Deno.cron("Run every Wednesday at midnight", "0 0 * * WED", () => {
  console.log("Hello, cron!");
});
```

```ts title="Run on the first of the month at midnight"
Deno.cron("Run on the first of the month at midnight", "0 0 1 * *", () => {
  console.log("Hello, cron!");
});
```


---

# Custom domains

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/custom-domains


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

By default a project can be reached at its preview URL, which is
`$PROJECT_ID.deno.dev`, e.g. `dead-clam-55.deno.dev`. You can also add a custom
domain by following the instructions below.

## **Step 1:** Add your custom domain in the Deno Deploy Classic dashboard

1. Click the "Settings" button on the project page, then select "Domains" from
   the sidebar.
2. Enter the domain name you wish to add to the project and press "Add." Note
   that you must own the domain that you want to add to a project. If you do not
   own a domain yet, you can register one at a domain registrar like Google
   Domains, Namecheap, or gandi.net.

3. The domain is added to the domains list and will have a "setup" badge.
4. Click on the "setup" badge to visit the domain setup page, which will display
   the list of DNS records that need to be created/updated for your domain.

## **Step 2:** Update your custom domain's DNS records

Go to the DNS configuration panel of your domain registrar (or the service
you're using to manage DNS) and enter the records as described on the domain
setup page.

## **Step 3:** Validate that the DNS records have been updated

Go back to the Deno Deploy Classic dashboard and click the **Validate** button
on the domain setup page. It will check if the DNS records are correctly set and
if so, update the status to "Validated, awaiting certificate provisioning."

## **Step 4:** Provision a certificate for your custom domain

At this point you have two options. 99% of the time, you should choose the first
option.

1. Let us automatically provision a certificate using Let's Encrypt.

   To do this, press the **Get automatic certificates** button. Provisioning a
   TLS certificate can take up to a minute. It is possible that the provisioning
   fails if your domain specifies a CAA record that prevents
   [Let's Encrypt](https://letsencrypt.org/) from provisioning certificates.
   Certificates will be automatically renewed around 30 days before the
   certificate expires. When you have been issued certificates successfully, you
   will see a green checkmark.

2. Manually upload a certificate and private key.

   To manually upload a certificate chain and private key, press the **Upload
   your own certificates** button. You will be prompted to upload a certificate
   chain and private key. The certificate chain needs to be complete and valid,
   and your leaf certificate needs to be at the top of the chain.


---

# Using deployctl on the command line

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/deployctl


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

`deployctl` is a command line tool (CLI) that lets you operate the Deno Deploy
platform without leaving your terminal. With it you can deploy your code, create
and manage your projects and their deployments, and monitor their usage and
logs.

## Dependencies

The only dependency for `deployctl` is the Deno runtime. You can install it by
running the following command:

```sh
curl -fsSL https://deno.land/install.sh | sh
```

You don't need to setup a Deno Deploy Classic account beforehand. It will be
created along the way when you deploy your first project.

## Install `deployctl`

With the Deno runtime installed, you can install the `deployctl` utility with
the following command:

```sh
deno install -gArf jsr:@deno/deployctl
```

The `-A` option in the deno install command grants all permissions to the
installed script. You can opt not to use it, in which case you will be prompted
to grant the necessary permissions when needed during the execution of the tool.

## Deploy

To perform a new deployment of your code, navigate to the root directory of your
project and execute:

```shell
deployctl deploy
```

### Project and Entrypoint

If this is the first deployment of the project, `deployctl` will guess the
project name based on the Git repo or directory it is in. Similarly, it will
guess the entrypoint by looking for files with common entrypoint names (main.ts,
src/main.ts, etc). After the first deployment, the settings used will be stored
in a config file (by default deno.json).

You can specify the project name and/or the entrypoint using the `--project` and
`--entrypoint` arguments respectively. If the project does not exist, it will be
created automatically. By default it is created in the personal organization of
the user, but it can also be created in a custom organization by specifying the
`--org` argument. If the organization does not exist yet, it will also be
created automatically.

```shell
deployctl deploy --project=helloworld --entrypoint=src/entrypoint.ts --org=my-team
```

### Include and Exclude Files

By default, deployctl deploys all the files in the current directory
(recursively, except `node_modules` directories). You can customize this
behavior using the `--include` and `--exclude` arguments (also supported in the
config file). These arguments accept specific files, whole directories and
globs. Here are some examples:

- Include only source and static files:

  ```shell
  deployctl deploy --include=./src --include=./static
  ```

- Include only Typescript files:

  ```shell
  deployctl deploy --include=**/*.ts
  ```

- Exclude local tooling and artifacts

  ```shell
  deployctl deploy --exclude=./tools --exclude=./benches
  ```

A common pitfall is to not include the source code modules that need to be run
(entrypoint and dependencies). The following example will fail because `main.ts`
is not included:

```shell
deployctl deploy --include=./static --entrypoint=./main.ts
```

The entrypoint can also be a remote script. A common use case for this is to
deploy an static site using `std/http/file_server.ts`.

```shell
deployctl deploy --include=dist --entrypoint=jsr:@std/http/file-server
```

### Environment variables

You can set env variables using `--env` (to set individual environment
variables) or `--env-file` (to load one or more environment files). These
options can be combined and used multiple times:

```shell
deployctl deploy --env-file --env-file=.other-env --env=DEPLOYMENT_TS=$(date +%s)
```

The deployment will have access to these variables using `Deno.env.get()`. Be
aware that the env variables set with `--env` and `--env-file` are specific for
the deployment being created and are not added to the list of
[env variables configured for the project](./environment-variables.md).

### Production Deployments

Each deployment you create have a unique URL. In addition, a project has a
"production URL" and custom domains routing trafffic to its "production"
deployment. Deployments can be promoted to production at any time, or created
directly as production using the `--prod` flag:

```shell
deployctl deploy --prod
```

Learn more about production deployments in the [Deployments](./deployments)
docs.

## Deployments

The deployments subcommand groups all the operations around deployments.

### List

You can list the deployments of a project with:

```shell
deployctl deployments list
```

Output:

```
✔ Page 1 of the list of deployments of the project 'my-project' is ready
┌───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│  Deployment  │               Date               │   Status   │  Database  │                       Domain                       │ Entrypoint │  Branch  │  Commit  │
├───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┤
│ kcbxc4xwe4mc │ 12/3/2024 13:21:40 CET (2 days)  │ Preview    │ Preview    │ https://my-project-kcbxc4xwe4mc.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ 4b6c506  │
│ c0ph5xa9exb3 │ 12/3/2024 13:21:25 CET (2 days)  │ Production │ Production │ https://my-project-c0ph5xa9exb3.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ 4b6c506  │
│ kwkbev9er4h2 │ 12/3/2024 13:21:12 CET (2 days)  │ Preview    │ Preview    │ https://my-project-kwkbev9er4h2.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ 4b6c506  │
│ dxseq0jc8402 │ 6/3/2024 23:16:51 CET (8 days)   │ Preview    │ Production │ https://my-project-dxseq0jc8402.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ 099359b  │
│ 7xr5thz8yjbz │ 6/3/2024 22:58:32 CET (8 days)   │ Preview    │ Preview    │ https://my-project-7xr5thz8yjbz.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ another  │ a4d2953  │
│ 4qr4h5ac3rfn │ 6/3/2024 22:57:05 CET (8 days)   │ Failed     │ Preview    │ n/a                                                │ main.ts    │ another  │ 56d2c88  │
│ 25wryhcqmb9q │ 6/3/2024 22:56:41 CET (8 days)   │ Preview    │ Preview    │ https://my-project-25wryhcqmb9q.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ another  │ 4b6c506  │
│ 64tbrn8jre9n │ 6/3/2024 8:21:33 CET (8 days)    │ Preview    │ Production │ https://my-project-64tbrn8jre9n.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ 4b6c506  │
│ hgqgccnmzg04 │ 6/3/2024 8:17:40 CET (8 days)    │ Failed     │ Production │ n/a                                                │ main.ts    │ main     │ 8071902  │
│ rxkh1w3g74e8 │ 6/3/2024 8:17:28 CET (8 days)    │ Failed     │ Production │ n/a                                                │ main.ts    │ main     │ b142a59  │
│ wx6cw9aya64c │ 6/3/2024 8:02:29 CET (8 days)    │ Preview    │ Production │ https://my-project-wx6cw9aya64c.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ b803784  │
│ a1qh5fmew2yf │ 5/3/2024 16:25:29 CET (9 days)   │ Preview    │ Production │ https://my-project-a1qh5fmew2yf.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ 4bb1f0f  │
│ w6pf4r0rrdkb │ 5/3/2024 16:07:35 CET (9 days)   │ Preview    │ Production │ https://my-project-w6pf4r0rrdkb.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ 6e487fc  │
│ nn700gexgdzq │ 5/3/2024 13:37:11 CET (9 days)   │ Preview    │ Production │ https://my-project-nn700gexgdzq.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ c5b1d1f  │
│ 98crfqxa6vvf │ 5/3/2024 13:33:52 CET (9 days)   │ Preview    │ Production │ https://my-project-98crfqxa6vvf.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ 090146e  │
│ xcdcs014yc5p │ 5/3/2024 13:30:58 CET (9 days)   │ Preview    │ Production │ https://my-project-xcdcs014yc5p.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ 5b78c0f  │
│ btw43kx89ws1 │ 5/3/2024 13:27:31 CET (9 days)   │ Preview    │ Production │ https://my-project-btw43kx89ws1.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ 663452a  │
│ 62tg1ketkjx7 │ 5/3/2024 13:27:03 CET (9 days)   │ Preview    │ Production │ https://my-project-62tg1ketkjx7.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ 24d1618  │
│ 07ag6pt6kjex │ 5/3/2024 13:19:11 CET (9 days)   │ Preview    │ Production │ https://my-project-07ag6pt6kjex.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ 4944545  │
│ 4msyne1rvwj1 │ 5/3/2024 13:17:16 CET (9 days)   │ Preview    │ Production │ https://my-project-4msyne1rvwj1.deno.dev │ main.ts    │ main     │ dda85e1  │
└───────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────────┘
Press enter to fetch the next page [Enter]
```

This command outputs pages of 20 deployments by default. You can iterate over
the pages with the enter key, and use the `--page` and `--limit` options to
query a specific page and page size.

Like with the rest of commands, you can use the `--project` option to specify
the project of which to list deployments, if you are not in a project directory
or want to list deployments from a different project.

### Show

Get all the details of a particular deployment using:

```shell
deployctl deployments show
```

Output:

```
✔ The production deployment of the project 'my-project' is 'c0ph5xa9exb3'
✔ The details of the deployment 'c0ph5xa9exb3' are ready:

c0ph5xa9exb3
------------
Status:       Production
Date:         2 days, 12 hours, 29 minutes, 46 seconds ago (12/3/2024 13:21:25 CET)
Project:      my-project (e54f23b5-828d-4b7f-af12-706d4591062b)
Organization:	my-team (d97822ac-ee20-4ce9-b942-5389330b57ee)
Domain(s):    https://my-project.deno.dev
              https://my-project-c0ph5xa9exb3.deno.dev
Database:     Production (0efa985f-3793-48bc-8c05-f740ffab4ca0)
Entrypoint:   main.ts
Env Vars:     HOME
Git
  Ref:        main [4b6c506]
  Message:    change name
  Author:     John Doe @johndoe [mailto:johndoe@deno.com]
  Url:        https://github.com/arnauorriols/my-project/commit/4b6c50629ceeeb86601347732d01dc7ed63bf34f
Crons:        another cron [*/10 * * * *] succeeded at 15/3/2024 1:50:00 CET after 2 seconds (next at 15/3/2024 2:00:00 CET)
              newest cron [*/10 * * * *] n/a
              yet another cron [*/10 * * * *] failed at 15/3/2024 1:40:00 CET after 2 seconds (next at 15/3/2024 1:51:54 CET)
```

If no deployment is specified, the command shows the details of the current
production deployment of the project. To see the details of the last deployment,
use `--last`, and to see the details of a particular deployment, use `--id` (or
positional argument). You can also use `--next` or `--prev` to navigate the
deployments chronologically.

For example, to see the details of the second to last deployment, you can do:

```shell
deployctl deployments show --last --prev
```

And to see the details of 2 deployments after a specific deployment:

```shell
deployctl deployments show 64tbrn8jre9n --next=2
```

### Redeploy

The redeploy command creates a new deployment reusing the build of an existing
deployment, for the purpose of changing the resources associated with it. This
includes production domains, environment variables and KV databases.

:::info

The semantics of selecting the deployment to redeploy are the same as those of
the [show subcommand](#show), including `--last`, `--id`, `--next` and `--prev`.

:::

#### Production Domains

If you want to change the routing of the production domains of the project to a
particular deployment, you can redeploy it with the `--prod` option:

```shell
deployctl deployments redeploy --prod 64tbrn8jre9n
```

This will create a new deployment with the same code and environment variables
as the specified deployment, but with the production domains of the project
pointing to it. For those projects with preview/prod databases (ie projects
linked to GitHub), this will also set the production database for the new
deployment.

:::note

This feature is similar to the "promote to production" button found in the Deno
Deploy Classic web application with the exception that the "promote to
production" button does not create a new deployment. Instead, the "promote to
production" button changes the domain routing in-place, however it's restricted
to deployments already using the production database.

:::

#### KV Database

If this is a GitHub deployment, it will have 2 databases, one for prod
deployments and one for preview deployments. You can change the database of a
deployment by redeploying it with the `--db` option:

```shell
deployctl deployments redeploy --db=prod --id=64tbrn8jre9n
```

:::note

When redeploying a deployment to prod, by default it will automatically
configure it to use the prod database. You can combine both `--prod` and `--db`
options to opt out of this behavior. For example, the following command will
redeploy the current production deployment (given the lack of positional
argument, `--id` or `--last`). The new deployment will become the new production
deployment, but it will use the preview database instead of the production
database:

```shell
deployctl deployments redeploy --prod --db=preview
```

:::

If your organization has custom databases, you can also set them by UUID:

```shell
deployctl deployments redeploy --last --db=5261e096-f9aa-4b72-8440-1c2b5b553def
```

#### Environment Variables

When a deployment is created, it inherits the environment variables of the
project. Given that the deployments are immutable, their environment variables
can never be changed. To set new environment variables in a deployment, you need
to redeploy it using `--env` (to set individual variables) and `--env-file` (to
load one or more environment files).

The following command redeploys the current production deployment with the env
variables defined in the `.env` and `.other-env` files, plus the `DEPLOYMENT_TS`
variable set to the current timestamp. The resulting deployment will be a
preview deployment (ie the production domains won't route traffic to it, given
the lack of `--prod`).

```shell
deployctl deployments redeploy --env-file --env-file=.other-env --env=DEPLOYMENT_TS=$(date +%s)
```

:::note

Be aware that when changing env variables, only the env variables set in the
redeploy command will be used by the new deployment. The project env variables
and the env variables of the deployment being redeployed are ignored. If this
does not suit your needs, please report your feedback at
https://github.com/denoland/deploy_feedback/issues/

:::

:::note

When you change the project environment variables in the Deno Deploy Classic web
application, the current production deployment is redeployed with the new
environment variables, and the new deployment becomes the new production
deployment.

:::

### Delete

You can delete a deployment using the `delete` subcommand:

```shell
deployctl deployments delete 64tbrn8jre9n
```

Like `show` and `redeploy`, `delete` can also use `--last`, `--next` and
`--prev` to select the deployment to delete. Here's an example command that
deletes all the deployments of a project except the last (use with caution!):

```shell
while deployctl deployments delete --project=my-project --last --prev; do :; done
```

## Projects

The `projects` subcommand groups all the operations against projects as a whole.
this includes `list`, `show`, `rename`, `create` and `delete`.

### List

`deployctl projects list` outputs all the projects your user has access to,
grouped by organization:

```
Personal org:
    blog
    url-shortener

'my-team' org:
    admin-site
    main-site
    analytics
```

You can filter by organization using `--org`:

```shell
deployctl projects list --org=my-team
```

### Show

To see the details of a particular project, use `projects show`. If you are
inside a project, it will pick up the project id from the config file. You can
also specify the project using `--project` or the positional argument:

```shell
deployctl projects show main-site
```

Output:

```
main-site
---------
Organization:	my-team (5261e096-f9aa-4b72-8440-1c2b5b553def)
Domain(s):  	https://my-team.com
		          https://main-site.deno.dev
Dash URL:	    https://dash.deno.com/projects/8422c515-f68f-49b2-89f3-157f4b144611
Repository:	  https://github.com/my-team/main-site
Databases:  	[main] dd28e63e-f495-416b-909a-183380e3a232
		          [*] e061c76e-4445-409a-bc36-a1a9040c83b3
Crons:		    another cron [*/10 * * * *] succeeded at 12/3/2024 14:40:00 CET after 2 seconds (next at 12/3/2024 14:50:00 CET)
		          newest cron [*/10 * * * *] n/a
		          yet another cron [*/10 * * * *] failed at 12/3/2024 14:40:00 CET after 2 seconds (next at 12/3/2024 14:50:00 CET)
Deployments:	kcbxc4xwe4mc	c0ph5xa9exb3*	kwkbev9er4h2	dxseq0jc8402	7xr5thz8yjbz
		          4qr4h5ac3rfn	25wryhcqmb9q	64tbrn8jre9n	hgqgccnmzg04	rxkh1w3g74e8
		          wx6cw9aya64c	a1qh5fmew2yf	w6pf4r0rrdkb	nn700gexgdzq	98crfqxa6vvf
		          xcdcs014yc5p	btw43kx89ws1	62tg1ketkjx7	07ag6pt6kjex	4msyne1rvwj1
```

### Rename

Projects can be renamed easily with the `rename` subcommand. Similarly to the
other commands, if you run the command from within a project's directory, you
don't need to specify the current name of the project:

```shell
deployctl projects rename my-personal-blog
```

Output:

```
ℹ Using config file '/private/tmp/blog/deno.json'
✔ Project 'blog' (8422c515-f68f-49b2-89f3-157f4b144611) found
✔ Project 'blog' renamed to 'my-personal-blog'
```

:::note

Keep in mind that the name of the project is part of the preview domains
(https://my-personal-blog-kcbxc4xwe4mc.deno.dev) and the default production
domain (https://my-personal-blog.deno.dev). Therefore, when changing the project
name, the URLs with the previous name will no longer route to the project's
corresponding deployments.

:::

### Create

You can create an empty project with:

```shell
deployctl projects create my-new-project
```

### Delete

You can delete a project with:

```shell
deployctl projects delete my-new-project
```

## Top

The `top` subcommand is used to monitor the resource usage of a project in
real-time:

```shell
deployctl top
```

Output:

```
┌────────┬────────────────┬────────────────────────┬─────────┬───────┬─────────┬──────────┬─────────────┬────────────┬─────────┬─────────┬───────────┬───────────┐
│ (idx)  │ deployment     │ region                 │ Req/min │ CPU%  │ CPU/req │ RSS/5min │ Ingress/min │ Egress/min │ KVr/min │ KVw/min │ QSenq/min │ QSdeq/min │
├────────┼────────────────┼────────────────────────┼─────────┼───────┼─────────┼──────────┼─────────────┼────────────┼─────────┼─────────┼───────────┼───────────┤
│ 6b80e8 │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "asia-northeast1"      │      80 │ 0.61  │ 4.56    │ 165.908  │ 11.657      │ 490.847    │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ 08312f │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "asia-northeast1"      │      76 │ 3.49  │ 27.58   │ 186.278  │ 19.041      │ 3195.288   │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ 77c10b │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "asia-south1"          │      28 │ 0.13  │ 2.86    │ 166.806  │ 7.354       │ 111.478    │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ 15e356 │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "asia-south1"          │      66 │ 0.97  │ 8.93    │ 162.288  │ 17.56       │ 4538.371   │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ a06817 │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "asia-southeast1"      │     126 │ 0.44  │ 2.11    │ 140.087  │ 16.504      │ 968.794    │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ d012b6 │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "asia-southeast1"      │     119 │ 2.32  │ 11.72   │ 193.704  │ 23.44       │ 8359.829   │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ 7d9a3d │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "australia-southeast1" │       8 │ 0.97  │ 75      │ 158.872  │ 10.538      │ 3.027      │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ 3c21be │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "australia-southeast1" │       1 │ 0.04  │ 90      │ 105.292  │ 0.08        │ 1.642      │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ b75dc7 │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "europe-west2"         │     461 │ 5.43  │ 7.08    │ 200.573  │ 63.842      │ 9832.936   │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ 33607e │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "europe-west2"         │      35 │ 0.21  │ 3.69    │ 141.98   │ 9.438       │ 275.788    │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ 9be3d2 │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "europe-west2"         │     132 │ 0.92  │ 4.19    │ 180.654  │ 15.959      │ 820.513    │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ 33a859 │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "europe-west3"         │    1335 │ 7.57  │ 3.4     │ 172.032  │ 178.064     │ 10967.918  │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ 3f54ce │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "europe-west4"         │     683 │ 4.76  │ 4.19    │ 187.802  │ 74.696      │ 7565.017   │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ cf881c │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "europe-west4"         │     743 │ 3.95  │ 3.19    │ 177.213  │ 86.974      │ 6087.454   │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ b4565b │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "me-west1"             │       3 │ 0.21  │ 55      │ 155.46   │ 2.181       │ 0.622      │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ b97970 │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "southamerica-east1"   │       3 │ 0.08  │ 25      │ 186.049  │ 1.938       │ 0.555      │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ fd7a08 │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "us-east4"             │       3 │ 0.32  │ 80      │ 201.101  │ 0.975       │ 58.495     │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ 95d68a │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "us-east4"             │     133 │ 1.05  │ 4.77    │ 166.052  │ 28.107      │ 651.737    │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ c473e7 │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "us-east4"             │       0 │ 0     │ 0       │ 174.154  │ 0.021       │ 0          │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ ebabfb │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "us-east4"             │      19 │ 0.15  │ 4.78    │ 115.732  │ 7.764       │ 67.054     │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ eac700 │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "us-south1"            │     114 │ 2.37  │ 12.54   │ 183.001  │ 18.401      │ 22417.397  │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ cd2194 │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "us-south1"            │      35 │ 0.33  │ 5.68    │ 145.871  │ 8.142       │ 91.236     │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ 140fec │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "us-west2"             │     110 │ 1.43  │ 7.84    │ 115.298  │ 18.093      │ 977.993    │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ 51689f │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "us-west2"             │    1105 │ 7.66  │ 4.16    │ 187.277  │ 154.876     │ 14648.383  │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
│ c5806e │ "kcbxc4xwe4mc" │ "us-west2"             │     620 │ 4.38  │ 4.24    │ 192.291  │ 109.086     │ 9685.688   │       0 │       0 │         0 │         0 │
└────────┴────────────────┴────────────────────────┴─────────┴───────┴─────────┴──────────┴─────────────┴────────────┴─────────┴─────────┴───────────┴───────────┘
⠼ Streaming...
```

The columns are defined as follows:

| Column      | Description                                                                                        |
| ----------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| idx         | Instance discriminator. Opaque id to discriminate different executions running in the same region. |
| deployment  | The id of the deployment running in the executing instance.                                        |
| Req/min     | Requests per minute received by the project.                                                       |
| CPU%        | Percentage of CPU used by the project.                                                             |
| CPU/req     | CPU time per request, in milliseconds.                                                             |
| RSS/5min    | Max RSS used by the project during the last 5 minutes, in MB.                                      |
| Ingress/min | Data received by the project per minute, in KB.                                                    |
| Egress/min  | Data output by the project per minute, in KB.                                                      |
| KVr/min     | KV reads performed by the project per minute.                                                      |
| KVw/min     | KV writes performed by the project per minute.                                                     |
| QSenq/min   | Queues enqueues performed by the project per minute.                                               |
| QSdeq/min   | Queues dequeues performed by the project per minute.                                               |

You can filter by region using `--region`, which accepts substrings and can be
used multiple times:

```shell
deployctl top --region=asia --region=southamerica
```

## Logs

You can fetch the logs of your deployments with `deployctl logs`. It supports
both live logs where the logs are streamed to the console as they are generated,
and query persisted logs where the logs generated in the past are fetched.

To show the live logs of the current production deployment of a project:

```shell
deployctl logs
```

:::note

Unlike in the Deno Deploy Classic web application, at the moment the logs
subcommand does not automatically switch to the new production deployment when
it changes.

:::

To show the live logs of a particular deployment:

```shell
deployctl logs --deployment=1234567890ab
```

Logs can be filtered by level, region and text using `--levels` `--regions` and
`--grep` options:

```shell
deployctl logs --levels=error,info --regions=region1,region2 --grep='unexpected'
```

To show the persisted logs, use the `--since` and/or `--until` options:

<deno-tabs groupId="operating-systems">
  <deno-tab value="mac" label="macOS" default>

```sh
deployctl logs --since=$(date -Iseconds -v-2H) --until=$(date -Iseconds -v-30M)
```

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="linux" label="Linux">

```sh
deployctl logs --since=$(date -Iseconds --date='2 hours ago') --until=$(date -Iseconds --date='30 minutes ago')
```

</deno-tab>
</deno-tabs>

## API

If you use the [subhosting API](../../subhosting/manual/index.md),
`deployctl api` will help you interact with the API by handling the
authentication and headers for you:

```shell
deployctl api /projects/my-personal-blog/deployments
```

Use `--method` and `--body` to specify the HTTP method and the request body:

```shell
deployctl api --method=POST --body='{"name": "main-site"}' organizations/5261e096-f9aa-4b72-8440-1c2b5b553def/projects
```

## Local Development

For local development you can use the `deno` CLI. To install `deno`, follow the
instructions in the
[Deno manual](https://deno.land/manual/getting_started/installation).

After installation, you can run your scripts locally:

```shell
$ deno run --allow-net=:8000 ./main.ts
Listening on http://localhost:8000
```

To watch for file changes add the `--watch` flag:

```shell
$ deno run --allow-net=:8000 --watch ./main.ts
Listening on http://localhost:8000
```

For more information about the Deno CLI, and how to configure your development
environment and IDE, visit the Deno Manual's [Getting Started][manual-gs]
section.

[manual-gs]: https://deno.land/manual/getting_started

## JSON output

All the commands that output data have a `--format=json` option that outputs the
data in JSON objects. This output mode is the default when stdout is not a TTY,
notably when piping to another command. Together with `jq`, this mode enables
the programmatic use of all the data provided by `deployctl`:

Get the id of the current production deployment:

```shell
deployctl deployments show | jq .build.deploymentId
```

Get a csv stream of the CPU time per request on each isolate of each region:

```shell
deployctl top | jq -r '[.id,.region,.cpuTimePerRequest] | @csv'
```


---

# Deployments

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/deployments


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

A deployment is a snapshot of the code and environment variables required to run
an application. A new deployment can be created
[via `deployctl`](./deployctl.md#deploy) or automatically via Deploy's Github
integration if configured.

Deployments are immutable after they have been created. To deploy a new version
of the code for an application, a new deployment must be created. Once created,
deployments remain accessible.

All available deployments are listed on your project page under the
`Deployments` tab, pictured below. Old deployments can be deleted
[via `deployctl`](./deployctl.md#delete) and
[via API](https://apidocs.deno.com/#delete-/deployments/-deploymentId-).

![showing the deployments tab in the project dashboard](./images/project_deployments.png)

## Custom domains

There can also be other URLs that can point to a deployment, like
[custom domains](custom-domains).

## Branch domains

`<projectname--branchname>.deno.dev` is also supported.

## Production vs. preview deployments

All deployments have a preview URL that can be used to view this specific
deployment. Preview URLs have the format
`{project_name}-{deployment_id}.deno.dev`.

![image](../docs-images/preview_deployment.png)

A deployment can either be a production or a preview deployment. These
deployments do not have any differences in runtime functionality. The only
distinguishing factor is that a project's production deployment will receive
traffic from the project URL (e.g. `myproject.deno.dev`), and from custom
domains in addition to traffic to the deployment's preview URL.

## Promoting preview deployments to production deployments via Deno Deploy Classic UI

Preview deployments can be "promoted" to production via the Deno Deploy Classic
UI:

1. Navigate to the project page.
2. Click on the **Deployments** tab.
3. Click on the three dots next to the deployment you want to promote to
   production and select **Promote to Production**
   ![promote_to_production](../docs-images/promote_to_production.png)

Promoting deployments to production is restricted to deployments that already
use the production KV database. This is particularly relevant for GitHub
deployments that use a different database for preview and production
deployments. Deployments (even those that use the preview KV database) can
always be redeployed to production using
[the `deployctl deployments redeploy` command](./deployctl.md#production-domains).

## Creating production deployments via `deployctl`

If you are deploying your Deno code with `deployctl`, you can deploy directly to
production with the `--prod` flag:

```sh
deployctl deploy --prod --project=helloworld main.ts
```


---

# Connect to DynamoDB

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/dynamodb


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Amazon DynamoDB is a fully managed NoSQL database. To persist data to DynamoDB,
follow the steps below:

The tutorial assumes that you have an AWS and Deno Deploy Classic account.

## Gather credentials from DynamoDB

The first step in the process is to generate AWS credentials to programmatically
access DynamoDB.

Generate Credentials:

1. Go to https://console.aws.amazon.com/iam/ and go to the "Users" section.
2. Click on the **Add user** button, fill the **User name** field (maybe use
   `denamo`), and select **Programmatic access** type.
3. Click on **Next: Permissions**, then on **Attach existing policies
   directly**, search for `AmazonDynamoDBFullAccess` and select it.
4. Click on **Next: Tags**, then on **Next: Review** and finally **Create
   user**.
5. Click on **Download .csv** button to download the credentials.

## Create a project in Deno Deploy

Next, let's create a project in Deno Deploy Classic and set it up with the
requisite environment variables:

1. Go to [https://dash.deno.com/new](https://dash.deno.com/new) (Sign in with
   GitHub if you didn't already) and click on **+ Empty Project** under **Deploy
   from the command line**.
2. Now click on the **Settings** button available on the project page.
3. Navigate to **Environment Variables** Section and add the following secrets.

- `AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID` - Use the value that's available under **Access key ID**
  column in the downloaded CSV.
- `AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY` - Use the value that's available under **Secret access
  key** column in the downloaded CSV.

## Write code that connects to DynamoDB

AWS has an
[official SDK](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@aws-sdk/client-dynamodb) that
works with browsers. As most Deno Deploy's APIs are similar to browsers', the
same SDK works with Deno Deploy. To use the SDK in Deno, import from a cdn like
below and create a client:

```js
import {
  DynamoDBClient,
  GetItemCommand,
  PutItemCommand,
} from "https://esm.sh/@aws-sdk/client-dynamodb?dts";

// Create a client instance by providing your region information.
// The credentials are automatically obtained from environment variables which
// we set during our project creation step on Deno Deploy, so we don't have to
// pass them manually here.
const client = new ApiFactory().makeNew(DynamoDB);

serve({
  "/songs": handleRequest,
});

async function handleRequest(request) {
  // async/await.
  try {
    const data = await client.send(command);
    // process data.
  } catch (error) {
    // error handling.
  } finally {
    // finally.
  }
}
```

## Deploy application to Deno Deploy Classic

Once you have finished writing your application, you can deploy it on Deno
Deploy Classic.

To do this, go back to your project page at
`https://dash.deno.com/projects/<project-name>`.

You should see a couple of options to deploy:

- [Github integration](ci_github)
- [`deployctl`](./deployctl.md)
  ```sh
  deployctl deploy --project=<project-name> <application-file-name>
  ```

Unless you want to add a build step, we recommend that you select the Github
integration.

For more details on the different ways to deploy on Deno Deploy Classic and the
different configuration options, read [here](how-to-deploy).


---

# Edge Cache

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/edge_cache


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

The [Web Cache API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Cache) is
supported on Deno Deploy. The cache is designed to provide microsecond-level
read latency, multi-GB/s write throughput and unbounded storage, with the
tradeoff of best-effort consistency and durability.

```ts
const cache = await caches.open("my-cache");

Deno.serve(async (req) => {
  const cached = await cache.match(req);
  if (cached) {
    return cached;
  }

  const res = new Response("cached at " + new Date().toISOString());
  await cache.put(req, res.clone());
  return res;
});
```

Cached data is stored in the same Deno Deploy Classic region that runs your
code. Usually your isolate observes read-after-write (RAW) and write-after-write
(WAW) consistency within the same region; however, in rare cases recent writes
can be lost, out-of-order or temporarily invisible.

## Expiration

By default, cached data is persisted for an indefinite period of time. While we
periodically scan and delete inactive objects, an object is usually kept in
cache for at least 30 days.

Edge Cache understands standard HTTP response headers `Expires` and
`Cache-Control`. You can use them to specify an expiration time for every cached
object, for example:

```
Expires: Thu, 22 Aug 2024 01:22:31 GMT
```

or:

```
Cache-Control: max-age=86400
```

## Limitations

- If a response is not constructed from a `Uint8Array` or `string` body, the
  `Content-Length` header needs to be manually set.
- Deletion is not yet supported.


---

# Environment variables

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/environment-variables


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Environment variables are useful to store values like access tokens of web
services. Each deployment has a set of environment variables defined at the
moment of creation and accessible from the code via the `Deno.env` API. There
are 2 ways to define the environment variables of a deployment:

## Project environment variables

You can define environment variables at the project level. When you create a
deployment, it will get the set of environment variables the project has defined
_at that particular moment_.

For convenience, When you change the environment variables of a project, the
current production deployment is _redeployed_, creating a new production
deployment with the new set of environment variables.

:::note

Deployments are immutable, including their environment variables. Changing the
environment variables of a project does not change the environment variables of
existing deployments.

:::

To add an environment variable to your project, click on the **Settings** button
on the project page and then on **Environment Variables** from the sidebar. Fill
in the key/value fields and click on "Add" to add an environment variable to
your project.

![environment_variable](../docs-images/fauna2.png)

Updating an existing environment variable works the same way. Click on the "Add
Variable" button, enter the same name of the environment variable you wish to
update and enter the new value. Click on the "Save" button to complete the
update.

## Deployment environment variables

When deploying using `deployctl`, you can specify environment variables
[using the `--env` or `--env-file` flags](./deployctl.md#environment-variables),
complementing the environment variables already defined for the project. You can
also pass multiple `--env-file` arguments (e.g.,
`--env-file=.env.one --env-file=.env.two`) to include variables from multiple
files.

:::note

When multiple declarations for the same environment variable exist within a
single `.env` file, the first occurrence is applied. However, if the same
variable is defined across multiple `.env` files (using multiple `--env-file`
arguments), the value from the last file specified takes precedence. This means
that the first occurrence found in the last `.env` file listed will be applied.

:::

These env variables will be specific for the deployment being created.

### Default environment variables

Every deployment has the following environment variables preset, which you can
access from your code.

1. `DENO_REGION`

   It holds the region code of the region in which the deployment is running.
   You can use this variable to serve region-specific content.

   You can refer to the region code from the [regions page](regions).

1. `DENO_DEPLOYMENT_ID`

   It holds the ID of the deployment.


---

# Connect to Firebase

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/firebase


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Firebase is a platform developed by Google for creating mobile and web
applications. Its features include authentication primitives for log in and a
NoSQL datastore, Firestore, that you can persist data to.

This tutorial covers how to connect to Firebase from an application deployed on
Deno Deploy.

## Get credentials from Firebase

> This tutorial assumes that you've already created a project in Firebase and
> added a web application to your project.

1. Navigate to your project in Firebase and click on **Project Settings**
2. Scroll down until you see a card with your app name, and a code sample that
   includes a `firebaseConfig`object. It should look something like the below.
   Keep this handy. We will use it later:

   ```js
   var firebaseConfig = {
     apiKey: "APIKEY",
     authDomain: "example-12345.firebaseapp.com",
     projectId: "example-12345",
     storageBucket: "example-12345.appspot.com",
     messagingSenderId: "1234567890",
     appId: "APPID",
   };
   ```

## Create a Project in Deno Deploy

1. Go to [https://dash.deno.com/new](https://dash.deno.com/new) (Sign in with
   GitHub if you didn't already) and click on **+ Empty Project** under **Deploy
   from the command line**.
2. Now click on the **Settings** button available on the project page.
3. Navigate to the **Environment Variables** section and add the following:

   <dl>
    <dt><code>FIREBASE_USERNAME</code></dt>
    <dd>The Firebase user (email address) that was added above.</dd>
    <dt><code>FIREBASE_PASSWORD</code></dt>
    <dd>The Firebase user password that was added above.</dd>
    <dt><code>FIREBASE_CONFIG</code></dt>
    <dd>The configuration of the Firebase application as a JSON string.</dd>
   </dl>

   The configuration needs to be a valid JSON string to be readable by the
   application. If the code snippet given when setting up looked like this:

   ```js
   var firebaseConfig = {
     apiKey: "APIKEY",
     authDomain: "example-12345.firebaseapp.com",
     projectId: "example-12345",
     storageBucket: "example-12345.appspot.com",
     messagingSenderId: "1234567890",
     appId: "APPID",
   };
   ```

   You would need to set the value of the string to this (noting that spacing
   and new lines are not required):

   ```json
   {
     "apiKey": "APIKEY",
     "authDomain": "example-12345.firebaseapp.com",
     "projectId": "example-12345",
     "storageBucket": "example-12345.appspot.com",
     "messagingSenderId": "1234567890",
     "appId": "APPID"
   }
   ```

## Write code that connects to Firebase

The first thing we will do is import the `XMLHttpRequest` polyfill that Firebase
needs to work under Deploy as well as a polyfill for `localStorage` to allow the
Firebase auth to persist logged in users:

```js
import "https://deno.land/x/xhr@0.1.1/mod.ts";
import { installGlobals } from "https://deno.land/x/virtualstorage@0.1.0/mod.ts";
installGlobals();
```

> ℹ️ we are using the current version of packages at the time of the writing of
> this tutorial. They may not be up-to-date and you may want to double check
> current versions.

Because Deploy has a lot of the web standard APIs, it is best to use the web
libraries for Firebase under deploy. Currently v9 is in still in beta for
Firebase, so we will use v8:

```js
import firebase from "https://esm.sh/firebase@9.17.0/app";
import "https://esm.sh/firebase@9.17.0/auth";
import "https://esm.sh/firebase@9.17.0/firestore";
```

Now we need to setup our Firebase application. We will be getting the
configuration from the environment variables we set up previously and get
references to the parts of Firebase we are going to use:

```js
const firebaseConfig = JSON.parse(Deno.env.get("FIREBASE_CONFIG"));
const firebaseApp = firebase.initializeApp(firebaseConfig, "example");
const auth = firebase.auth(firebaseApp);
const db = firebase.firestore(firebaseApp);
```

Ok, we are almost done. We just need to create our middleware application and
add the `localStorage` middleware we imported:

```js
const app = new Application();
app.use(virtualStorage());
```

And then we need to add middleware to authenticate the user. In this tutorial we
are simply grabbing the username and password from the environment variables we
will be setting up, but this could easily be adapted to redirect a user to a
sign-in page if they are not logged in:

```js
app.use(async (ctx, next) => {
  const signedInUid = ctx.cookies.get("LOGGED_IN_UID");
  const signedInUser = signedInUid != null ? users.get(signedInUid) : undefined;
  if (!signedInUid || !signedInUser || !auth.currentUser) {
    const creds = await auth.signInWithEmailAndPassword(
      Deno.env.get("FIREBASE_USERNAME"),
      Deno.env.get("FIREBASE_PASSWORD"),
    );
    const { user } = creds;
    if (user) {
      users.set(user.uid, user);
      ctx.cookies.set("LOGGED_IN_UID", user.uid);
    } else if (signedInUser && signedInUid.uid !== auth.currentUser?.uid) {
      await auth.updateCurrentUser(signedInUser);
    }
  }
  return next();
});
```

## Deploy the application to Deno Deploy

Once you have finished writing your application, you can deploy it on Deno
Deploy.

To do this, go back to your project page at
`https://dash.deno.com/projects/<project-name>`.

You should see a couple of options to deploy:

- [Github integration](ci_github)
- [`deployctl`](./deployctl.md)
  ```sh
  deployctl deploy --project=<project-name> <application-file-name>
  ```

Unless you want to add a build step, we recommend that you select the Github
integration.

For more details on the different ways to deploy on Deno Deploy Classic and the
different configuration options, read [here](how-to-deploy).


---

# Deploy with GitHub integration

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/how-to-deploy


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

The simplest way to deploy more complex projects is via our Github integration.
This allows you to link a Deno Deploy Classic project to a GitHub repository.
Every time you push to the repository, your changes will be automatically
deployed.

Via the Github integration, you can add a Github Action that defines a build
step in your deployment process.

See [the Github integration page](ci_github) for more details.

### Deploy from command line with [`deployctl`](./deployctl.md)

`deployctl` is a command line tool for deploying your code to Deno Deploy. You
can control more details of your deployment than the above automatic GitHub
integration by using `deployctl`.

See [the `deployctl` page](./deployctl.md) for more details.

### Deploy with playground

The easiest way to deploy some code is via a Deno Deploy Classic playground.

See the [playground page](playgrounds) for more details.


---

# Deploy Classic

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new <a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

This section documents the legacy Deno Deploy Classic platform (dash.deno.com).
We are no longer onboarding new users or organizations to Deploy Classic.

If you already have existing Deploy Classic projects, you may continue to
operate them for now, but we strongly encourage you to begin migrating to the
new Deno Deploy platform at [console.deno.com](https://console.deno.com).

Key differences:

- Deploy Classic is in maintenance mode (no new features, limited updates).
- New capabilities (enhanced Node/NPM support, integrated builds, metrics,
  tracing, framework presets, static assets, improved infra) are available in
  Deno Deploy.

Get started with the new platform here:
[About Deno Deploy Early Access](/deploy/).

Migration guidance is coming soon. In the meantime, you can set up a new Deno
Deploy org and redeploy your apps there. Reach out to
<a href="mailto:support@deno.com">support</a> if you need assistance.

## What is Deno Deploy Classic?

Deno Deploy Classic is a globally distributed platform for serverless JavaScript
applications. Your JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly code runs on managed
servers geographically close to your users, enabling low latency and faster
response times. Deploy Classic applications run on fast, light-weight
[V8 isolates](https://deno.com/blog/anatomy-isolate-cloud) rather than virtual
machines, powered by the [Deno runtime](/runtime/manual).

Let's deploy your first application - it should only take a few minutes.

## Install Deno and `deployctl`

If you haven't already, you can
[install the Deno runtime](/runtime/getting_started/installation) using one of
the commands below:

<deno-tabs group-id="operating-systems">
<deno-tab value="mac" label="macOS" default>

```sh
curl -fsSL https://deno.land/install.sh | sh
```

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="windows" label="Windows">

```powershell
irm https://deno.land/install.ps1 | iex
```

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="linux" label="Linux">

```sh
curl -fsSL https://deno.land/install.sh | sh
```

</deno-tab>
</deno-tabs>

After Deno is installed, install the [`deployctl`](./deployctl.md) utility:

```sh
deno install -A jsr:@deno/deployctl --global
```

You can confirm `deployctl` has been installed correctly by running:

```console
deployctl --help
```

Now, you're ready to deploy a Deno script from the command line!

## Write and test a Deno program

First, create a directory for the project and create a file called `main.ts` in
it, with the following "Hello World" web server:

```ts title="main.ts"
Deno.serve(() => new Response("Hello, world!"));
```

You can test that it works by running it with the command below:

```sh
deno run --allow-net main.ts
```

Your server should be viewable at [localhost:8000](http://localhost:8000). Now
let's run this code on the edge with Deno Deploy!

## Deploy your project

From the directory of the `main.ts` file you just created, run this command:

```sh
deployctl deploy
```

You will be asked to authorize Deno Deploy in GitHub to sign up to Deno Deploy
and/or to provision an access token for `deployctl`. A few moments after that,
your Hello World server will be deployed in Deno Deploy Classic infrastructure
all around the world, ready to handle all the traffic you expect.

## Next Steps

Now that you've created your first deployment, you can
[learn what kinds of apps](./use-cases.md) you can run on Deno Deploy, check out
[what else you can do with deployctl](./deployctl.md), or keep reading to find
out what other options you have to deploy your code to Deno Deploy. We're so
excited to see what you'll ship with Deno Deploy!

### Deploy your existing project

Import a project and run it on the edge with Deno Deploy.

1. [From the Deno Deploy Classic dashboard](https://dash.deno.com) click the
   "New Project" button.

2. Connect to your GitHub account and select the repository you would like to
   deploy.

3. Follow the on-screen instructions to deploy your existing application.

   If your project requires a build step, use the Project Configuration form to
   create a GitHub action to deploy your project. Give your project a name and
   select from the optional framework presets. If you are not using a framework,
   you can set up your build settings using the form.

4. Confirm that your build options are correct and click the "Deploy Project"
   button to kick off your new Github action and deploy your project.

In a few moments, your project will be deployed across ~12 data centers around
the world, ready to handle large volumes of traffic.

Once your deployment is successful you can visit your newly deployed project at
the url provided on the success page or manage it in your dashboard.

### Start with a playground

A [playground](./playgrounds.md) is a browser-based editor that enables you to
write and run JavaScript or TypeScript code right away This is a great choice
for just kicking the tires on Deno and Deno Deploy!

From the [Deno Deploy Classic dashboard](https://dash.deno.com), click the "New
Playground" button to create a playground. We also have a variety of ready built
tutorials for you to try out Deno Deploy Classic try them out by clicking on
"Learning Playground" or visiting:\
[Simple HTTP server playground](https://dash.deno.com/tutorial/tutorial-http)\
[Using the Deno KV database playground](https://dash.deno.com/tutorial/tutorial-http-kv)\
[RESTful API server playground](https://dash.deno.com/tutorial/tutorial-restful)\
[Realtime app with WebSockets playground](https://dash.deno.com/tutorial/tutorial-websocket)\
[Recurring tasks with Deno.cron playground](https://dash.deno.com/tutorial/tutorial-cron)


---

# KV on Deno Deploy

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/kv_on_deploy


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Deno Deploy Classic offers a built-in serverless key-value database called Deno
KV.

Additionally, Deno KV is available within Deno itself, utilizing SQLite as its
backend. This feature has been accessible since Deno v1.32 with the `--unstable`
flag. Learn more about [Deno KV](/deploy/kv/manual).

## Consistency

Deno KV, by default, is a strongly-consistent database. It provides the
strictest form of strong consistency called _external consistency_, which
implies:

- **Serializability**: This is the highest level of isolation for transactions.
  It ensures that the concurrent execution of multiple transactions results in a
  system state that would be the same as if the transactions were executed
  sequentially, one after another. In other words, the end result of
  serializable transactions is equivalent to some sequential order of these
  transactions.
- **Linearizability**: This consistency model guarantees that operations, such
  as read and write, appear to be instantaneous and occur in real-time. Once a
  write operation completes, all subsequent read operations will immediately
  return the updated value. Linearizability ensures a strong real-time ordering
  of operations, making the system more predictable and easier to reason about.

Meanwhile, you can choose to relax consistency constraints by setting the
`consistency: "eventual"` option on individual read operations. This option
allows the system to serve the read from global replicas and caches for minimal
latency.

Below are the latency figures observed in our top regions:

| Region                     | Latency (Eventual Consistency) | Latency (Strong Consistency) |
| -------------------------- | ------------------------------ | ---------------------------- |
| North Virginia (us-east4)  | 7ms                            | 7ms                          |
| Frankfurt (europe-west3)   | 7ms                            | 94ms                         |
| Netherlands (europe-west4) | 13ms                           | 95ms                         |
| California (us-west2)      | 72ms                           | 72ms                         |
| Hong Kong (asia-east2)     | 42ms                           | 194ms                        |

## Connect to managed databases from outside of Deno Deploy

You can connect to your Deno Deploy KV database from your Deno application
outside of Deno Deploy. To open a managed database, set the
`DENO_KV_ACCESS_TOKEN` environment variable to a Deno Deploy personal access
token and provide the URL of the database to `Deno.openKv`:

```ts
const kv = await Deno.openKv(
  "https://api.deno.com/databases/<database-id>/connect",
);
```

Please check the
[docs](https://github.com/denoland/deno/tree/main/ext/kv#kv-connect) for the
specification of the protocol for connecting to a remote KV database

## Data distribution

Deno KV databases are replicated across at least 3 data centers in the primary
region. Once a write operation is committed, its mutations are persistently
stored in a quorum of data centers within the primary region. If cross-region
replication is enabled, asynchronous replication typically transfers mutations
to the destination region in under 5 seconds.

The system is designed to tolerate most data center-level failures without
experiencing downtime or data loss. Recovery Point Objectives (RPO) and Recovery
Time Objectives (RTO) help quantify the system's resilience under various
failure modes. RPO represents the maximum acceptable amount of data loss
measured in time, whereas RTO signifies the maximum acceptable time required to
restore the system to normal operations after a failure.

- Loss of one data center in the primary region: RPO=0 (no data loss), RTO&lt;5s
  (system restoration in under 5 seconds)
- Loss of any number of data centers in a replica region: RPO=0, RTO&lt;5s
- Loss of two or more data centers in the primary region: RPO&lt;60s (under 60
  seconds of data loss)


---

# Application logging

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/logs


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Applications can generate logs at runtime using the console API, with methods
such as `console.log`, `console.error`, etc. These logs can be viewed in real
time by either:

- Navigating to the `Logs` panel of a project or deployment.
- Using the `logs` subcommand in [deployctl](/deploy/classic/deployctl).

Logs will be streamed directly from the application to the log panel or
displayed in `deployctl logs`.

In addition to real-time logs, logs are also retained for a certain duration,
which depends on the subscription plan you are on. To view persisted logs, you
can:

- If you are using the log panel in your browser, switch from `Live` to either
  `Recent` or `Custom` in the dropdown menu next to the search box.
- If you prefer the command line, add `--since=<DATETIME>` and/or
  `--until=<DATETIME>` to your `deployctl logs` command. For more details,
  consult `deployctl logs --help`.

Logs older than the retention period are automatically deleted from the system.

## Limits

There are limits on both the size of a log message and the volume of logs
produced in a certain amount of time.

Log messages have a maximum size of 2KB. Messages larger than this limit are
trimmed to 2KB.

A deployment is allowed to produce up to 1000 log entries per second. If it is
exceeded, we may terminate the deployment.


---

# Reverse proxy middleware

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/middleware


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

This quickstart will cover how to deploy a small piece of middleware that
reverse proxies another server (in this case example.com). For additional
examples of common middleware functions, see the
[example gallery](../tutorials/index.md).

## **Step 1:** Create a new playground project on Deno Deploy

Navigate to https://dash.deno.com/projects and click on the "New Playground"
button.

## **Step 2:** Deploy middleware code via playground

On the next page, copy and paste the code below into the editor. It is an HTTP
server that proxies all requests to https://example.com.

```ts
async function reqHandler(req: Request) {
  const reqPath = new URL(req.url).pathname;
  return await fetch("https://example.com" + reqPath, { headers: req.headers });
}

Deno.serve(reqHandler);
```

Click **Save and Deploy**.

You should see something like this:

![image](../docs-images/proxy_to_example.png)


---

# Connect to Neon Postgres

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/neon-postgres


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

This tutorial covers how to connect to a Neon Postgres database from an
application deployed on Deno Deploy.

## Setup Postgres

To get started, we need to create a new Postgres instance for us to connect to.
For this tutorial, we will be using [Neon Postgres](https://neon.tech/) as they
provide free, managed Postgres instances. If you like to host your database
somewhere else, you can do that too.

1. Visit https://neon.tech/ and click **Sign up** to sign up with an email,
   Github, Google, or partner account. After signing up, you are directed to the
   Neon Console to create your first project.
2. Enter a name for your project, select a Postgres version, provide a database
   name, and select a region. Generally, you'll want to select the region
   closest to your application. When you're finished, click **Create project**.
3. You are presented with the connection string for your new project, which you
   can use to connect to your database. Save the connection string, which looks
   something like this:

   ```sh
   postgres://alex:AbC123dEf@ep-cool-darkness-123456.us-east-2.aws.neon.tech/dbname?sslmode=require
   ```

   You will need the connection string in the next step.

## Create a project in Deno Deploy

Next, let's create a project in Deno Deploy Classic and set it up with the
requisite environment variables:

1. Go to [https://dash.deno.com/new](https://dash.deno.com/new) (Sign in with
   GitHub if you didn't already) and click on **Create an empty project** under
   **Deploy your own code**.
2. Now click on the **Settings** button available on the project page.
3. Navigate to **Environment Variables** Section and add the following secret.

- `DATABASE_URL` - The value should be set to the connection string you saved in
  the last step.

![postgres_env_variable](../docs-images/neon_postgres_env_variable.png)

## Write code that connects to Postgres

To read/write to Postgres using the
[Neon serverless driver](https://deno.com/blog/neon-on-jsr), first install it
using the `deno add` command:

```sh
deno add jsr:@neon/serverless
```

This will create or update your `deno.json` file with the dependency:

```json
{
  "imports": {
    "@neon/serverless": "jsr:@neon/serverless@^0.10.1"
  }
}
```

Now you can use the driver in your code:

```ts
import { neon } from "@neon/serverless";

// Get the connection string from the environment variable "DATABASE_URL"
const databaseUrl = Deno.env.get("DATABASE_URL")!;

// Create a SQL query executor
const sql = neon(databaseUrl);

try {
  // Create the table
  await sql`
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS todos (
      id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
      title TEXT NOT NULL
    )
  `;
} catch (error) {
  console.error(error);
}
```

## Deploy application to Deno Deploy Classic

Once you have finished writing your application, you can deploy it on Deno
Deploy Classic.

To do this, go back to your project page at
`https://dash.deno.com/projects/<project-name>`.

You should see a couple of options to deploy:

- [Github integration](ci_github)
- [`deployctl`](./deployctl.md)
  ```sh
  deployctl deploy --project=<project-name> <application-file-name>
  ```

Unless you want to add a build step, we recommend that you select the GitHub
integration.

For more details on the different ways to deploy on Deno Deploy Classic and the
different configuration options, read [here](how-to-deploy).


---

# Organizations

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/organizations


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

**Organizations** allow you to collaborate with other users. A project created
in an organization is accessible to all members of the organization. Users
should first signup for Deno Deploy Classic before they can be added to an
organization.

Currently, all organization members have full access to the organization. They
can add/remove members, and create/delete/modify all projects in the
organization.

### Create an organization

1. On your Classic dashboard, click on the organization dropdown in the top left
   of the screen, in the navigation bar.
   ![organizations](../docs-images/organizations.png)
2. Select **Organization +**.
3. Enter a name for your organization and click on **Create**.

### Add members

1. Select the desired organization in the organization dropdown in the top left
   of the screen, in the navigation bar.
2. Click on the **Members** icon button.
3. Under the **Members** panel, click on **+ Invite member**.
   > **Note:** Users should first signup for Deno Deploy Classic using
   > [this link](https://dash.deno.com/signin) before you invite them.
4. Enter the GitHub username of the user and click on **Invite**.

Deno Deploy Classic will send the user an invite email. They can then can either
accept or decline your invite. Once they accept the invite, they're added to
your organization and shown in the members panel.

Pending invites are displayed in the **Invites** panel. You can revoke pending
invites by clicking on the delete icon next to the pending invite.

### Remove members

1. Select the desired organization in the organization dropdown in the top left
   of the screen, in the navigation bar.
2. Click on the **Members** icon button.
3. In the **Members** panel, click on the delete button beside the user you want
   to remove.


---

# Playgrounds

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/playgrounds


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

**Playgrounds** are an easy way to play around with Deno Deploy, and to create
small projects. Using playgrounds you can write code, run it, and see the output
fully inside the browser.

Playgrounds have the full power of Deno Deploy: they support all the same
features as a normal project, including environment variables, custom domains,
and logs.

Playgrounds are also just as performant as all other projects on Deno Deploy:
they make full use of our global network to run your code as close to users as
possible.

- [Creating a playground](#creating-a-playground)
- [Using the playground editor](#using-the-playground-editor)
- [Making a playground public](#making-a-playground-public)
- [Exporting a playground to GitHub](#exporting-a-playground-to-github)

## Creating a playground

To create a new playground press the **New Playground** button in the top right
corner of the [project overview page](https://dash.deno.com/projects).

This will create a new playground with a randomly generated name. You can change
this name in the project settings later.

## Using the playground editor

The playground editor is opened automatically when you create a new playground.
You can also open it by navigating to your project's overview page and clicking
the **Edit** button.

The editor consists of two main areas: the editor on the left, and the preview
panel on the right. The editor is where you write your code, and the preview
panel is where you can see the output of your code through a browser window.

There is also a logs panel underneath the editor panel on the left side. This
panel shows the console output of your code, and is useful for debugging your
code.

After editing your code, you need to save and deploy it so the preview on the
right updates. You can do this by clicking the **Save & Deploy** button in the
top right, by pressing <kbd>Ctrl</kbd> + <kbd>S</kbd>, or opening the command
palette with <kbd>F1</kbd> and selecting **Deploy: Save & Deploy**.

In the tool bar in the top right of the editor you can see the current
deployment status of your project while saving.

The preview panel on the right will refresh automatically every time you save
and deploy your code.

The language dropdown in the top right of the editor allows you to switch
between JavaScript, JSX, TypeScript, and TSX. The default selected language is
TSX which will work for most cases.

## Making a playground public

Playgrounds can be shared with other users by making them public. This means
that anyone can view the playground and its preview. Public playgrounds can not
be edited by anyone: they can still only be edited by you. Logs are also only
shown to you. Users have the option to fork a public playground to make a
private copy of it that they can edit.

To make a playground public, press the **Share** button in the top tool bar in
the editor. The URL to your playground will be copied to your clipboard
automatically.

You can also change the playground visibility from the playground settings page
in the Deno Deploy Classic dashboard. This can be used to change the visibility
of a playground from public to private again.

## Exporting a playground to GitHub

Playgrounds can be exported to GitHub. This is useful if your project is
starting to outgrow the single file limit of the playground editor.

Doing this will create a new GitHub repository containing the playground code.
This project will be automatically turned into a git project that is linked to
this new GitHub repository. Environment variables and domains will be retained.

The new GitHub repository will be created in your personal account, and will be
set to private. You can change these settings later in the GitHub repository
settings.

After exporting a playground, you can no longer use the Deno Deploy Classic
playground editor for this project. This is a one-way operation.

To export the playground visit the playground settings page in the Deno Deploy
dashboard or select **Deploy: Export to GitHub** from the command palette (press
<kbd>F1</kbd> in the editor).

Here you can enter a name for the new GitHub repository. This name will be used
to create the repository on GitHub. The repository must not already exist.

Press **Export** to export the playground to GitHub.


---

# Connect to Postgres

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/postgres


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

This tutorial covers how to connect to a Postgres database from an application
deployed on Deno Deploy.

## Setup Postgres

> This tutorial will focus entirely on connecting to Postgres unencrypted. If
> you would like to use encryption with a custom CA certificate, use the
> documentation [here](https://deno-postgres.com/#/?id=ssltls-connection).

To get started, we need to create a new Postgres instance for us to connect to.
For this tutorial, we will be using [Supabase](https://supabase.com) as they
provide free, managed Postgres instances. If you like to host your database
somewhere else, you can do that too.

1. Visit https://app.supabase.io/ and click **New project**.
2. Select a name, password, and region for your database. Make sure to save the
   password, as you will need it later.
3. Click **Create new project**. Creating the project can take a while, so be
   patient.

## Gather credentials from Postgres

Once you've set up your Postgres database, gather your connection information
from your Postgres instance.

### Supabase

For the Supabase instance above, to get your connection information:

1. Navigate to the **Database** tab on the left.
2. Go to the **Project Settings** >> **Database** and copy the connection string
   from the **Connection String** >> **URI** field. This is the connection
   string you will use to connect to your database. Insert the password you
   saved earlier into this string, and then save the string somewhere - you will
   need it later.

### psql

If you are using psql, you should generally be able to find your connection
information by running:

```psql
test=# \conninfo
```

Your Postgres connection string will take the form:

```sh
postgres://user:password@127.0.0.1:5432/deploy?sslmode=disable
```

## Create a project in Deno Deploy

Next, let's create a project in Deno Deploy Classic and set it up with the
requisite environment variables:

1. Go to [https://dash.deno.com/new](https://dash.deno.com/new) (Sign in with
   GitHub if you didn't already) and click on **+ Empty Project** under **Deploy
   from the command line**.
2. Now click on the **Settings** button available on the project page.
3. Navigate to **Environment Variables** Section and add the following secrets.

- `DATABASE_URL` - The value should be your connection string that you retrieved
  in the last step.

![postgres_env_variable](../docs-images/postgres_env_variable.png)

## Write code that connects to Postgres

To read/write to Postgres, import a suitable Postgres module such as
[this one from JSR](https://jsr.io/@bartlomieju/postgres), read the connection
string from the environment variables, and create a connection pool.

```ts
import { Pool } from "jsr:@bartlomieju/postgres";

// Get the connection string from the environment variable "DATABASE_URL"
const databaseUrl = Deno.env.get("DATABASE_URL")!;

// Create a database pool with three connections that are lazily established
const pool = new Pool(databaseUrl, 3, true);

// Connect to the database
const connection = await pool.connect();

try {
  // Create the table
  await connection.queryObject`
    CREATE TABLE IF NOT EXISTS todos (
      id SERIAL PRIMARY KEY,
      title TEXT NOT NULL
    )
  `;
} finally {
  // Release the connection back into the pool
  connection.release();
}
```

## Deploy application to Deno Deploy Classic

Once you have finished writing your application, you can deploy it on Deno
Deploy Classic.

To do this, go back to your project page at
`https://dash.deno.com/projects/<project-name>`.

You should see a couple of options to deploy:

- [Github integration](ci_github)
- [`deployctl`](./deployctl.md)
  ```sh
  deployctl deploy --project=<project-name> <application-file-name>
  ```

Unless you want to add a build step, we recommend that you select the Github
integration.

For more details on the different ways to deploy on Deno Deploy Classic and the
different configuration options, read [here](how-to-deploy).


---

# Connect to Prisma Postgres

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/prisma-postgres


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

This tutorial covers how to connect to a Prisma Postgres database from an
application deployed on Deno Deploy.

## Setup Postgres

There are several ways to set up a Prisma Postgre database for your Prisma
project. This guide covers the most common approaches.

### Method 1: Using Prisma CLI

Run the following command to initialize a new Prisma project with a database:

```bash
npx prisma init --db
```

This will prompt you to select your preferred region and database name. Once
completed, you'll find the `DATABASE_URL` connection string in your `.env` file.

### Method 2: Using `npx create-db`

Alternatively, you can use the dedicated database creation tool:

```bash
npx create-db@latest
```

This command will provide you with two connection strings tied to the same
database:

**Prisma ORM optimized connection string:**

```txt
prisma+postgres://accelerate.prisma-data.net/?api_key=<api_key>
```

**Standard Prisma Postgres connection string:**

```txt
postgresql://<username>:<password>@db.prisma.io:5432/postgres
```

In order to keep the database created with `npx create-db`, you must follow
through with the claim process. That can be done via the claim link provided in
the terminal.

The Prisma ORM optimized connection string (`prisma+postgres://`) only works
with the Prisma ORM, while the standard Prisma Postgre connection string can be
used with other database tools and libraries.

## Create a project in Deno Deploy

Next, let's create a project in Deno Deploy Classic and set it up with the
requisite environment variables:

1. Go to [https://dash.deno.com/new](https://dash.deno.com/new) (Sign in with
   GitHub if you didn't already) and click on **Create an empty project** under
   **Deploy your own code**.
2. Now click on the **Settings** button available on the project page.
3. Navigate to **Environment Variables** Section and add the following secret.

- `DATABASE_URL` - The value should be set to the connection string you saved in
  the last step.

![postgres_env_variable](../docs-images/prisma_postgres_env_variable.png)

## Write code that connects to Postgres

Now that you have your database set up, let's create a simple application that
connects to the Prisma Postgres database using Prisma ORM.

### 1. Install dependencies

First, install the required dependencies:

```bash
deno install npm:@prisma/client
deno install npm:@prisma/extension-accelerate
deno install npm:dotenv-cli
```

:::note

The `dotenv-cli` package is needed because Prisma Client doesn't read `.env`
files by default on Deno.

:::

### 2. Create the database schema

With your database connection configured, you can now apply the data model to
your database:

```bash
deno run -A npm:prisma migrate dev --name init
```

This command creates a new SQL migration file and runs it against your database.

### 3. Update your Prisma schema

Edit your `prisma/schema.prisma` file to define a `Log` model and configure it
for Deno:

```ts
generator client {
  provider = "prisma-client"
  output   = "../generated/prisma"
  runtime  = "deno"
}

datasource db {
  provider = "postgresql"
  url      = env("DATABASE_URL")
}

model Log {
  id      Int    @id @default(autoincrement())
  level   Level
  message String
  meta    Json
}

enum Level {
  Info
  Warn
  Error
}
```

### 4. Create your application

Create `index.ts` in your project root with the following content:

```typescript
import { serve } from "https://deno.land/std@0.140.0/http/server.ts";
import { withAccelerate } from "npm:@prisma/extension-accelerate";
import { PrismaClient } from "./generated/prisma/client.ts";

const prisma = new PrismaClient().$extends(withAccelerate());

async function handler(request: Request) {
  // Ignore /favicon.ico requests:
  const url = new URL(request.url);
  if (url.pathname === "/favicon.ico") {
    return new Response(null, { status: 204 });
  }

  const log = await prisma.log.create({
    data: {
      level: "Info",
      message: `${request.method} ${request.url}`,
      meta: {
        headers: JSON.stringify(request.headers),
      },
    },
  });
  const body = JSON.stringify(log, null, 2);
  return new Response(body, {
    headers: { "content-type": "application/json; charset=utf-8" },
  });
}

serve(handler);
```

### 4. Test your application locally

Start your application locally to test the database connection:

```bash
npx dotenv -- deno run -A ./index.ts
```

Visit `http://localhost:8000` in your browser. Each request will create a new
log entry in your database and return the log data as JSON.

## Deploy application to Deno Deploy Classic

Once you have finished writing your application, you can deploy it on Deno
Deploy Classic.

To do this, go back to your project page at
`https://dash.deno.com/projects/<project-name>`.

You should see a couple of options to deploy:

- [Github integration](ci_github)
- [`deployctl`](./deployctl.md)
  ```sh
  deployctl deploy --project=<project-name> <application-file-name>
  ```

Unless you want to add a build step, we recommend that you select the GitHub
integration.

For more details on the different ways to deploy on Deno Deploy Classic and the
different configuration options, read [here](how-to-deploy).


---

# Using Queues

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/queues


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

<deno-admonition></deno-admonition>

The Deno runtime includes a queueing API that supports offloading larger
workloads for async processing, with guaranteed at-least-once delivery of queued
messages. Queues can be used to offload tasks in a web application, or to
schedule units of work for a time in the future.

The primary APIs you'll use with queues are in the `Deno.Kv` namespace as
[`enqueue`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.enqueue) and
[`listenQueue`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.listenQueue).

## Enqueue a message

To enqueue a message for processing, use the `enqueue` method on an instance of
[`Deno.Kv`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv). In the example below, we
show what it might look like to enqueue a notification for delivery.

```ts title="queue_example.ts"
// Describe the shape of your message object (optional)
interface Notification {
  forUser: string;
  body: string;
}

// Get a reference to a KV instance
const kv = await Deno.openKv();

// Create a notification object
const message: Notification = {
  forUser: "alovelace",
  body: "You've got mail!",
};

// Enqueue the message for immediate delivery
await kv.enqueue(message);
```

You can enqueue a message for later delivery by specifying a `delay` option in
milliseconds.

```ts
// Enqueue the message for delivery in 3 days
const delay = 1000 * 60 * 60 * 24 * 3;
await kv.enqueue(message, { delay });
```

You can also specify a key in Deno KV where your message value will be stored if
your message isn't delivered for any reason.

```ts
// Configure a key where a failed message would be sent
const backupKey = ["failed_notifications", "alovelace", Date.now()];
await kv.enqueue(message, { keysIfUndelivered: [backupKey] });

// ... disaster strikes ...

// Get the unsent message
const r = await kv.get<Notification>(backupKey);
// This is the message that didn't get sent:
console.log("Found failed notification for:", r.value?.forUser);
```

## Listening for messages

You can configure a JavaScript function that will process items added to your
queue with the `listenQueue` method on an instance of
[`Deno.Kv`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv).

```ts title="listen_example.ts"
// Define the shape of the object we expect as a message in the queue
interface Notification {
  forUser: string;
  body: string;
}

// Create a type guard to check the type of the incoming message
function isNotification(o: unknown): o is Notification {
  return (
    ((o as Notification)?.forUser !== undefined &&
      typeof (o as Notification).forUser === "string") &&
    ((o as Notification)?.body !== undefined &&
      typeof (o as Notification).body === "string")
  );
}

// Get a reference to a KV database
const kv = await Deno.openKv();

// Register a handler function to listen for values - this example shows
// how you might send a notification
kv.listenQueue((msg: unknown) => {
  // Use type guard - then TypeScript compiler knows msg is a Notification
  if (isNotification(msg)) {
    console.log("Sending notification to user:", msg.forUser);
    // ... do something to actually send the notification!
  } else {
    // If the message is of an unknown type, it might be an error
    console.error("Unknown message received:", msg);
  }
});
```

## Queue API with KV atomic transactions

You can combine the queue API with
[KV atomic transactions](/deploy/kv/transactions/) to atomically enqueue
messages and modify keys in the same transaction.

```ts title="kv_transaction_example.ts"
const kv = await Deno.openKv();

kv.listenQueue(async (msg: unknown) => {
  const nonce = await kv.get(["nonces", msg.nonce]);
  if (nonce.value === null) {
    // This messaged was already processed
    return;
  }

  const change = msg.change;
  const bob = await kv.get(["balance", "bob"]);
  const liz = await kv.get(["balance", "liz"]);

  const success = await kv.atomic()
    // Ensure this message was not yet processed
    .check({ key: nonce.key, versionstamp: nonce.versionstamp })
    .delete(nonce.key)
    .sum(["processed_count"], 1n)
    .check(bob, liz) // balances did not change
    .set(["balance", "bob"], bob.value - change)
    .set(["balance", "liz"], liz.value + change)
    .commit();
});

// Modify keys and enqueue messages in the same KV transaction!
const nonce = crypto.randomUUID();
await kv
  .atomic()
  .check({ key: ["nonces", nonce], versionstamp: null })
  .enqueue({ nonce: nonce, change: 10 })
  .set(["nonces", nonce], true)
  .sum(["enqueued_count"], 1n)
  .commit();
```

## Queue behavior

### Message delivery guarantees

The runtime guarantees at-least-once delivery. This means that for majority of
enqueued messages, the
[`listenQueue`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.listenQueue)
handler will be invoked once for each message. In some failure scenarios, the
handler may be invoked multiple times for the same message to ensure delivery.
It's important to design your applications such that duplicate messages are
handled correctly.

You may use queues in combination with
[KV atomic transactions](/deploy/kv/transactions) primitives to ensure that your
queue handler KV updates are performed exactly once per message. See
[Queue API with KV atomic transactions](#queue-api-with-kv-atomic-transactions).

### Automatic retries

[`listenQueue`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.listenQueue)
handler is invoked to process your queued messages when they're ready for
delivery. If your handler throws an exception the runtime will automatically
retry to call the handler again until it succeeds or until maximum retry
attempts are reached. The message is considered to be successfully processed
once the
[`listenQueue`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.listenQueue)
handler invocation completes successfully. The message will be dropped if the
handler consistently fails on retries.

### Message delivery order

The runtime makes best effort to deliver messages in the order they were
enqueued. However, there is not strict order guarantee. Occasionally, messages
may be delivered out of order to ensure maximum throughput.

## Queues on Deno Deploy

Deno Deploy offers global, serverless, distributed implementation of the
queueing API, designed for high availability and throughput. You can use it to
build applications that scale to handle large workloads.

### Just-in-time isolate spin-up

When using queues with Deno Deploy, isolates are automatically spun up on demand
to invoke your
[`listenQueue`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.listenQueue)
handler when a message becomes available for processing. Defining
[`listenQueue`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.listenQueue)
handler is the only requirement to enable queue processing in your Deno Deploy
application, no additional configuration is needed.

### Queue size limit

The maximum number of undelivered queue messages is limited to 100,000.
[`enqueue`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.enqueue) method
will fail with an error if the queue is full.

### Pricing details and limits

- [`enqueue`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.enqueue) is
  treated just like other [`Deno.Kv`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv)
  write operations. Enqueued messages consume KV storage and write units.
- Messages delivered through
  [`listenQueue`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.listenQueue)
  consume requests and KV write units.
- See [Pricing details](https://deno.com/deploy/pricing) for more information.

## Use cases

Queues can be useful in many different scenarios, but there are a few use cases
you might see a lot when building web applications.

### Offloading async processes

Sometimes a task that's initiated by a client (like sending a notification or
API request), may take long enough where you don't want to make clients wait for
that task to be completed before returning a response. Other times, clients
don't actually need a response at all, such as when a client is sending your
application a [webhook request](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Webhook), so
there's no need to wait for the underlying task to be completed before returning
a response.

In these cases, you can offload work to a queue to keep your web application
responsive and send immediate feedback to clients.

### Scheduling work for the future

Another helpful application of queues (and queue APIs like this one), is to
schedule work to happen at an appropriate time in the future. Maybe you'd like
to send a notification to a new customer a day after they have placed an order
to send them a satisfaction survey. You can schedule a queue message to be
delivered 24 hours into the future, and set up a listener to send out the
notification at that time.


---

# Regions

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/regions


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Deno Deploy Classic deploys your code throughout the world. Each new request is
served from the closest region to your user. Deno Deploy Classic is presently
located in the following regions:

- Singapore (`asia-southeast1`)
- London (`europe-west2`)
- Frankfurt (`europe-west3`)
- São Paulo (`southamerica-east1`)
- North Virginia (`us-east4`)
- California (`us-west2`)

This list will be maintained to reflect the latest summary of our regions.

Code is deployed to all regions and is served from the region closest to the end
user to minimize latency. It is not currently possible to restrict the regions
in which your code is deployed.


---

# Local development

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/running-scripts-locally


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

For local development you can use the `deno` CLI. To install `deno`, follow the
instructions in the
[Deno manual](https://deno.land/manual/getting_started/installation).

After installation, you can run your scripts locally:

```shell
$ deno run --allow-net=:8000 https://deno.com/examples/hello.js
Listening on http://localhost:8000
```

To watch for file changes add the `--watch` flag:

```shell
$ deno run --allow-net=:8000 --watch ./main.js
Listening on http://localhost:8000
```

For more information about the Deno CLI, and how to configure your development
environment and IDE, visit the Deno Manual's [Getting Started][manual-gs]
section.

[manual-gs]: https://deno.land/manual/getting_started


---

# Deno Deploy Classic Use Cases

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/classic/use-cases


:::info Legacy Documentation

You are viewing legacy documentation for Deno Deploy Classic. We recommend
migrating to the new
<a href="/deploy/">Deno Deploy</a> platform.

:::

Some popular use-cases for Deno currently are:

- [Middleware](#middleware)
- [API servers](#api-servers)
- [Full websites](#full-websites)

## Middleware

Middleware refers to bits of code that execute before and after the request gets
to the application server. You'll be writing middleware if you want to execute
some JavaScript or any other code very fast, early in the request. By deploying
your middleware code at the edge, Deno Deploy Classic ensures the best
performance for your app.

Some examples include:

- setting a cookie
- serving different versions of a site depending on geolocation
- path rewriting
- redirecting requests
- dynamically changing the HTML on its way back from the server before it gets
  to the user.

Deno Deploy Classic is a good alternative to other platforms you might be using
to host your middleware right now, for example:

- Cloudflare Workers
- AWS Lambda@Edge
- Traditional load balancers like nginx
- Custom rules

## API servers

Deno is also a great fit for API servers. By deploying these servers "at the
edge", closer to clients who are using them, Deno Deploy Classic is able to
offer lower latency, improved performance, and reduced bandwidth costs compared
to traditional hosting platforms like Heroku or even modern centralized hosting
services like DigitalOcean.

## Full websites

We foresee a future where you can actually write your entire website on edge
functions. Some examples of sites that are already doing this include:

- [blog](https://github.com/ry/tinyclouds)
- [chat](https://github.com/denoland/showcase_chat)
- [calendly clone](https://github.com/denoland/meet-me)


---

# Fulfillment Policy

> Our policies regarding refunds and cancellations for Deno Deploy.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/fulfillment_policy


## Refund Policy

At Deno Deploy, we strive to provide exceptional service. If you are not
satisfied with our service, you may request a refund under the following
conditions:

A refund must be requested within 14 days of the initial purchase or upgrade of
any subscription plan. Refunds may be considered if the service fails to
function correctly and if the issue cannot be resolved by our support team
within a reasonable time frame. No refunds will be issued for services used in
violation of our terms of service or for problems clearly attributable to user
error or external platform changes. Recurring subscriptions may be canceled but
are only eligible for a refund for the initial billing cycle if requested within
the 14-day period.

## Cancellation Policy

You can cancel your Deno Deploy or Deno Deploy Classic subscription at any time
under the following terms:

Subscription cancellations are effective immediately, and the service will
continue to run until the end of the current billing period. To cancel your
subscription, please navigate to your account settings on the Deno Deploy
dashboard and select 'Cancel Subscription'. Once the subscription is canceled,
no further charges will be incurred, but you are responsible for any charges
accrued before the effective date of cancellation. Contact Us For more
information about our fulfillment policies, or if you require assistance, please
contact our support team at [deploy@deno.com](mailto:deploy@deno.com).


---

# Getting started

> Step-by-step guide to creating and configuring your first Deno Deploy application, including organization setup, build configuration, environment variables, and deployment monitoring.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/getting_started


## Create an organization

Deno Deploy will eventually replace Deno Deploy Classic. Until that time both
systems will be available simultaneously. By creating an organisation for use
with Deploy it is possible to explore Deploy without disrupting projects already
using Deploy Classic.

To get started with Deno Deploy:

1. Visit [console.deno.com](http://console.deno.com)
2. Create an organization:

![The Deno Deploy organization creation screen.](./images/create_org.png)

Note that you cannot create an organization with the same slug as any existing
project in Deploy Classic. Organization names and slugs cannot be changed after
creation.

## Create an app

After creating an organization, you'll be directed to the organization apps
page, which shows all your applications and provides access to organization
settings and custom domains.

To create an app, press the `+ New App` button:

![Screenshot of deploy app creation screen](./images/create_app.png)

An application is a single deployed web service with one build configuration,
build history, environment variables, attached custom domains, a linked GitHub
repository, etc.

## Select a repo

1. Choose the GitHub repository for your application:

![Screenshot of deploy org selection screen](./images/select_org.png)

If your repository doesn't appear, use the `Add another GitHub account` or
`Configure GitHub App permissions` buttons to grant the Deno Deploy GitHub app
access to your repositories.

> ⏳ Mono-repos (repositories where the application lives in a subdirectory) are
> not yet supported.

## Configure your app

Deno Deploy automatically attempts to detect your application type and configure
an appropriate build setup. You can see the detected configuration in the
`App Config` box:

![Screenshot of Deploy application configuration screen](./images/app_config.png)

To modify this configuration, click `Edit build config`.

![Screenshot of Deploy build configuration screen](./images/build_config.png)

## Configure your build

In the build config drawer, you can customize:

### Framework preset

Select your framework or choose `No Preset` if using a custom setup.

### Install command

Command for installing dependencies (e.g., `npm install`, `deno install`). This
can be empty for Deno applications without a `package.json`.

### Build command

Command to compile/bundle your application (e.g., `next build`,
`deno task build`). Leave empty if your application doesn't require building.

### Runtime configuration

For most frameworks there are no options to configure here, as Deno Deploy will
figure out the ideal runtime configuration for the app based on the framework
preset. When a framework is not configured, you can choose here whether the app
is a `Dynamic` app that needs to execute code server side for every request,
such as an API server, server-side rendered application, etc., or a `Static` app
that consists only of a set of static files that need to be hosted.

### Dynamic Entrypoint

The JavaScript or TypeScript file that should be executed to start the
application. This is the file path that you would pass locally to `deno
run` or
`node` to start the app. The path has to be relative to the working directory.

### Dynamic arguments

Additional command line arguments to pass to the app on startup, after the
entrypoint. These are arguments that are passed to the application not to Deno
itself.

### Static Directory

The directory in the working directory that contains the static files to be
served. For example,`dist`,`_site`, or`.output`.

### Single Page App mode

Whether the application is a single page app that should have the root
`index.html` served for any paths that do not exist as files in the static
directory, instead of a 404 page.

Closing the drawer saves the settings.

### Environment variables

To add environment variables:

1. Click `Add/Edit environment variables`
2. Click `+ Add variable` in the drawer
3. Enter the name and value
4. Choose whether it's a plain text variable or secret
5. Select the contexts where it should be available:
   - **Production**: For requests to production domains
   - **Development**: For requests to preview/branch domains
6. Click `Save` to apply your changes

![Screenshot of the Deploy env variables config screen](./images/env_var.png)

## Build and deploy your app

1. Click `Create App` to create the application and start the first build
2. Watch the build progress through the live logs:

![Screenshot of app build logs](./images/build_logs.png)

The build logs show these stages:

- **Prepare**: Cloning the repository and restoring caches
- **Install**: Running the install command and framework-specific setup
- **Build**: Executing the build command and preparing the deployment artifact
- **Warm up**: Testing the deployment with a request
- **Route**: Deploying the build to global regions

You can cancel a build with the button in the top-left corner, or restart failed
builds from the same location.

After completion, the top-right shows the preview URL, and below that, all
timelines where the build is deployed.

## Monitor your application

After deploying, use the observability tools to monitor your application:

### Logs

View application logs with filtering options for context, revision, and text
content:

![Screenshot of the Logs page](./images/logs.png)

Use the search bar to filter logs (e.g., `context:production`, `revision:<id>`).
The time picker adjusts the displayed time range.

If a log is associated with a trace, you can click "View trace" to see the
corresponding trace information.

### Traces

View request traces with detailed timing information:

![Screenshot of the Traces page](./images/traces.png)

Click any trace to open the trace view showing all spans in a waterfall
visualization:

![Screenshot of the Trace view](./images/trace.png)

The trace view shows:

- Timeline of spans with duration
- Span details including attributes
- Logs emitted during the span To save the environment variables, press the save
  button. You can re-open the drawer to edit / remove environment variables you
  have added.

You can also edit the app name on this page, and select which region(s) the
application should be served from.

## Build and deploy your app

Finally, you can press the `Create App` button to create the app. This will
create the app and immediately trigger the first build:

![Screenshot of app build logs](./images/build_logs.png)

On the build page you can see live streaming build logs split into multiple
sections:

- **Prepare:** cloning the GitHub repository and restoring build cache
- **Install:** executing the install command, and any framework specific
  pre-install setup
- **Build:** executing the build command, any framework specific pre- and
  post-build setup, and preparing the build artifact for deployment
- **Warm up:** sending a request to the preview URL of the deployment to ensure
  it starts up correctly. The logs shown in the Warm up section are Runtime
  logs, not build logs.
- **Route:** Deno Deploy is rolling out the new version of this build into all
  global regions.

In the top left of this build is a button to cancel the build. For failed
builds, there is also a button to restart the build.

For completed builds, the top right shows the preview URL of the build. Further
down all timelines that this build is deployed to are shown, such as
`Production`, or `Git Branch` timelines.

You can also see how the build was triggered on this page. This can either be
`manual action`, for builds triggered through the UI, or `GitHub repo` for
builds triggered through the GitHub integration.

You can view the application through either the preview URL, or any of the other
URLs shown in the timelines list.

## Monitor your application

After visiting your application, you can view telemetry about your application
in the form of the logs and traces available in our observability panels. You
can visit these pages by clicking the respective buttons in the left sidebar.

### Logs

![Screenshot of the Logs page](./images/logs.png)

The logs page shows all recent logs in the project. By default logs from all
contexts (production and development) are shown, but using the filter button and
search bar at the top, the shown logs can be restricted. For example, to filter
to only production logs, add `context:production` to the search bar. To only
show logs from a certain revision, use `revision:<id>` etc.

You can also use full text search in the search bar. The full text search fill
filter down the log entries to only those containing the text written,
case-insensitively.

By default logs from the last hour are shown. The time picker in the top right
can be used to adjust the time frame that logs are shown for. The time zone of
the timestamps shown is the time zone set in the time picker.

The "view trace" button on the right of a log line shows up if a log line is
correlated with a trace. This happens when a log line occurs within an active
trace. Clicking this button will open the respective trace as an overlay.

### Traces

![Screenshot of the Traces page](./images/traces.png)

The traces page shows all recent traces in the project. By default traces from
all contexts (production and development) are shown, but using the filter button
and search bar at the top, the shown traces can be restricted. For example, to
filter to only production traces, add `context:production` to the search bar. To
only show traces from a certain revision, use `revision:<id>` etc.

All traces that contain an incoming HTTP request are shown in the list. The text
shown for each trace is the path of the request, and the duration of the trace
in milliseconds.

Clicking on a trace will open the trace view, which shows the full trace
including all spans and logs that are part of the trace.

![Screenshot of the Trace view](./images/trace.png)

For each span in the trace you can see the duration of the span, the name of the
span, the start and end time, and the recorded attributes. By clicking on a span
in the timeline, the details of that span will be shown in the summary panel at
the bottom.

The logs that are emitted as part of a given span are shown in the logs tab at
the bottom. Changing the selected span will update which logs are shown in this
panel.


---

# About Deno Deploy

> Guide to Deno Deploy features, comparison with Deploy Classic, and getting started instructions for deployment.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/


<a href="https://console.deno.com" class="docs-cta deploy-cta">Go to the Deno
Deploy dashboard</a>

Deno Deploy comes with an easy to use dashboard at
[console.deno.com](https://console.deno.com). In this dashboard, you can create
new Deno Deploy organizations that contain Deno Deploy apps.

Within a single organization, you cannot mix Deno Deploy apps with Deploy
Classic projects. You can switch between different organizations using the
organization picker in the top left of the dashboard.

## What is Deno Deploy?

Deno Deploy is a serverless platform for running JavaScript and TypeScript
applications in the cloud (or self-hosted on your own infrastructure). It
provides a management plane for deploying and running applications with the
built-in CI or through integrations such as GitHub actions.

## Comparison to Deploy Classic

Deno Deploy is a complete rework of Deploy Classic. It has a new dashboard, and
a new execution environment that uses Deno 2.0 and is much more powerful than
Deploy Classic. The below table compares the two versions of Deno Deploy.

| Feature                         | Deno Deploy                    | Deploy Classic                                                                                                                          |
| ------------------------------- | ------------------------------ | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Web interface                   | console.deno.com               | dash.deno.com                                                                                                                           |
| Dark mode                       | ✅ Supported                   | ❌ Not supported                                                                                                                        |
| Builds                          | ✅ Fully integrated            | 🟠 Runs in GitHub Actions, no live streamed logs in the dashboard, caching requires manual setup, changing config requires editing YAML |
| Can run Deno apps               | ✅ Full support                | 🟠 Limited (no FFI, subprocesses, write permission)                                                                                     |
| Can run Node apps               | ✅ Full support                | 🟠 Limited (no FFI, native addons, subprocesses, write permission, and degraded NPM compatibility)                                      |
| Can run Next.js/Astro/SvelteKit | ✅ First-class support         | 🟠 Framework dependent, requires manual setup                                                                                           |
| First class static sites        | ✅ Supported                   | ❌ Not supported                                                                                                                        |
| Environment Variables           | ✅ Different dev/prod env vars | 🟠 One set of env vars for all deployments                                                                                              |
| CDN caching                     | ✅ Supported                   | ❌ Not supported                                                                                                                        |
| Web Cache API                   | ✅ Supported                   | ✅ Supported                                                                                                                            |
| Databases                       | ✅ Supported                   | 🟠 Deno KV                                                                                                                              |
| Queues                          | ❌ Not supported               | ✅ Supported                                                                                                                            |
| Cron                            | ❌ Not supported               | ✅ Supported                                                                                                                            |
| Deploy from GitHub              | ✅ Supported                   | ✅ Supported                                                                                                                            |
| Deploy from CLI                 | ✅ Supported                   | ✅ Supported                                                                                                                            |
| Instant Rollback                | ✅ Supported                   | ✅ Supported                                                                                                                            |
| Logs                            | ✅ Supported                   | ✅ Supported                                                                                                                            |
| Tracing                         | ✅ Supported                   | ❌ Not supported                                                                                                                        |
| Metrics                         | ✅ Supported                   | ❌ Not supported                                                                                                                        |
| OpenTelemetry export            | ⏳ Work in progress            | ❌ Not supported                                                                                                                        |
| Regions                         | 2                              | 6                                                                                                                                       |
| Self hostable regions           | ✅ Supported                   | ❌ Not supported                                                                                                                        |

## How to access Deno Deploy

To begin using Deno Deploy:

1. Visit [console.deno.com](https://console.deno.com) to access the new
   dashboard
2. Create a new Deno Deploy organization
3. Create your first application within this organization
4. Deploy from your GitHub repository or directly from the dashboard

For detailed configuration instructions and framework-specific guides, please
refer to our reference documentation.


---

# Backups

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/kv/backup


KV databases hosted on Deno Deploy can be continuously backed up to your own
S3-compatible storage buckets. This is in addition to the replication and
backups that we internally perform for all data stored in hosted Deno KV
databases to ensure high availability and data durability.

This backup happens continuously with very little lag, enabling
_[point-in-time-recovery](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Point-in-time_recovery)_
and live replication. Enabling backup for KV databases unlocks various
interesting use-cases:

- Retrieving a consistent snapshot of your data at any point in time in the past
- Running a read-only data replica independent of Deno Deploy
- Pushing data into your favorite data pipeline by piping mutations into
  streaming platforms and analytical databases like Kafka, BigQuery and
  ClickHouse

## Configuring backup to Amazon S3

First you must create a bucket on AWS:

<deno-tabs group-id="aws-tool">
<deno-tab value="console" label="AWS Console" default>

1. Go to the [AWS S3 console](https://s3.console.aws.amazon.com/s3/home)
2. Click "Create bucket"
3. Enter a bucket name and choose a AWS region, then scroll down and click
   "Next"

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="cli" label="AWS CLI">

1. Install the
   [AWS CLI](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/getting-started-install.html)
2. Run
   `aws s3api create-bucket --bucket <bucket-name> --region <region> --create-bucket-configuration LocationConstraint=<region>`
   (replace `<bucket-name>` and `<region>` with your own values)

</deno-tab>
</deno-tabs>

Then, create an IAM policy with `PutObject` access to the bucket, attach it to
an IAM user, and create access keys for that user:

<deno-tabs group-id="aws-tool">
<deno-tab value="console" label="AWS Console" default>

1. Go to the [AWS IAM console](https://console.aws.amazon.com/iam/home)
2. Click "Policies" in the left sidebar
3. Click on "Create policy"
4. Select the "JSON" the policy editor and paste the following policy:
   ```json
   {
     "Version": "2012-10-17",
     "Statement": [
       {
         "Sid": "KVBackup",
         "Effect": "Allow",
         "Action": "s3:PutObject",
         "Resource": "arn:aws:s3:::<bucket-name>/*"
       }
     ]
   }
   ```
   Replace `<bucket-name>` with the name of the bucket you created earlier.
5. Click "Review policy"
6. Enter a name for the policy and click "Create policy"
7. Click "Users" in the left sidebar
8. Click "Add user"
9. Enter a name for the user and click "Next"
10. Click "Attach policies directly"
11. Search for the policy you created earlier and click the checkbox next to it
12. Click "Next"
13. Click "Create user"
14. Click on the user you just created
15. Click "Security credentials" and then "Create access key"
16. Select "Other", then click "Next"
17. Enter a description for the access key and click "Create access key"
18. Copy the access key ID and secret access key and save them somewhere safe.
    You will need them later, and you will not be able to retrieve them again.

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="cli" label="AWS CLI">

1. Copy the following command to your terminal, and replace `<bucket-name>` with
   the name of the bucket you created earlier, then run it:
   ```
   aws iam create-policy --policy-name <policy-name> --policy-document '{"Version":"2012-10-17","Statement":[{"Sid":"KVBackup","Effect":"Allow","Action":"s3:PutObject","Resource":"arn:aws:s3:::<bucket-name>/*"}]}'
   ```
2. Copy the following command to your terminal, and replace `<user-name>` with a
   name for the user you are creating, then run it:
   ```
   aws iam create-user --user-name <user-name>
   ```
3. Copy the following command to your terminal, and replace `<policy-arn>` with
   the ARN of the policy you created in step 1, and `<user-name>` with the name
   of the user you created in the previous step, then run it:
   ```
   aws iam attach-user-policy --policy-arn <policy-arn> --user-name <user-name>
   ```
4. Copy the following command to your terminal, and replace `<user-name>` with
   the name of the user you created in step 2, then run it:
   ```
   aws iam create-access-key --user-name <user-name>
   ```
5. Copy the access key ID and secret access key and save them somewhere safe.
   You will need them later, and you will not be able to retrieve them again.

</deno-tab>
</deno-tabs>

Now visit the [Deno Deploy dashboard](https://dash.deno.com), and click on the
"KV" tab in your project. Scroll to the "Backup" section, and click on "AWS S3".
Enter the bucket name, access key ID, and secret access key you created earlier,
and the region the bucket is in. Then click "Save".

<img
  src="./images/backup-add-bucket-to-dash.png"
  alt="add backup to dashboard"
  style="height: 500px;"
/>

The backup will start immediately. Once the data has been backed up, and
continuous backup is active, you will see the status change to "Active".

## Configuring backup to Google Cloud Storage

Google Cloud Storage (GCS) is compatible with the S3 protocol, and can also be
used as a backup target.

First you must create a bucket on GCP:

<deno-tabs group-id="gcp-tool">
<deno-tab value="console" label="GCP Console" default>

1. Go to the
   [GCP Cloud Storage console](https://console.cloud.google.com/storage/browser)
2. Click on "Create" in the top bar
3. Enter a bucket name, choose a location, and click "Create"

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="cli" label="gcloud CLI">

1. Install the [gcloud CLI](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/docs/install)
2. Run `gcloud storage buckets create <bucket-name> --location <location>`
   (replace `<bucket-name>` and `<location>` with your own values)

</deno-tab>
</deno-tabs>

Then, create a service account with `Storage Object Admin` access to the bucket,
and create an HMAC access key for the service account:

<deno-tabs group-id="gcp-tool">
<deno-tab value="console" label="GCP Console" default>

1. Go to the [GCP IAM console](https://console.cloud.google.com/iam-admin/iam)
2. Click on "Service accounts" in the left sidebar
3. Click on "Create service account"
4. Enter a name for the service account and click "Done"
5. Copy the email for the service account you just created. You will need it
   later.
6. Go to the
   [GCP Cloud Storage console](https://console.cloud.google.com/storage/browser)
7. Click on the bucket you created earlier
8. Click on "Permissions" in the toolbar
9. Click "Grant access"
10. Paste the email for the service account you copied earlier into the "New
    principals" field
11. Select "Storage Object Admin" from the "Select a role" dropdown
12. Click "Save"
13. Click on "Settings" in the left sidebar (still in the Cloud Storage console)
14. Click on the "Interoperability" tab
15. Click on "Create a key for a service account"
16. Select the service account you created earlier
17. Click "Create key"
18. Copy the access key and secret access key and save them somewhere safe. You
    will need them later, and you will not be able to retrieve them again.

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="cli" label="gcloud CLI">

1. Run the following command, replacing `<service-account-name>` with a name for
   the service account you are creating:
   ```
   gcloud iam service-accounts create <service-account-name>
   ```
2. Run the following command, replacing `<bucket-name>` with the name of the
   bucket you created earlier, and `<service-account-email>` with the email of
   the service account you created in the previous step:
   ```
   gsutil iam ch serviceAccount:<service-account-email>:objectAdmin gs://<bucket-name>
   ```
3. Run the following command, replacing `<service-account-email>` with the email
   of the service account you created in the previous step:
   ```
   gcloud storage hmac create <service-account-email>
   ```
4. Copy the `accessId` and `secret` and save them somewhere safe. You will need
   them later, and you will not be able to retrieve them again.

</deno-tab>
</deno-tabs>

Now visit the [Deno Deploy dashboard](https://dash.deno.com), and click on the
"KV" tab in your project. Scroll to the "Backup" section, and click on "Google
Cloud Storage". Enter the bucket name, access key ID, and secret access key you
created earlier, and the region the bucket is in. Then click "Save".

The backup will start immediately. Once the data has been backed up, and
continuous backup is active, you will see the status change to "Active".

## Using backups

S3 backups can be used with the `denokv` tool. Please refer to the
[documentation](https://github.com/denoland/denokv) for more details.


---

# Data Modeling in TypeScript

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/kv/data_modeling_typescript


In TypeScript applications, it is usually desirable to create strongly-typed,
well-documented objects to contain the data that your application operates on.
Using [interfaces](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/objects.html)
or [classes](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/classes.html), you
can describe both the shape and behavior of objects in your programs.

If you are using Deno KV, however, there is a bit of extra work required to
persist and retrieve objects that are strongly typed. In this guide, we'll cover
strategies for working with strongly typed objects going into and back out from
Deno KV.

## Using interfaces and type assertions

When storing and retrieving application data in Deno KV, you might want to begin
by describing the shape of your data using TypeScript interfaces. Below is an
object model which describes some key components of a blogging system:

```ts title="model.ts"
export interface Author {
  username: string;
  fullName: string;
}

export interface Post {
  slug: string;
  title: string;
  body: string;
  author: Author;
  createdAt: Date;
  updatedAt: Date;
}
```

This object model describes a blog post and an associated author.

With Deno KV, you can use these TypeScript interfaces like
[data transfer objects (DTOs)](https://martinfowler.com/bliki/LocalDTO.html) - a
strongly typed wrapper around the otherwise untyped objects you might send to or
receive from Deno KV.

Without any additional work, you can happily store the contents of one of these
DTOs in Deno KV.

```ts
import { Author } from "./model.ts";

const kv = await Deno.openKv();

const a: Author = {
  username: "acdoyle",
  fullName: "Arthur Conan Doyle",
};

await kv.set(["authors", a.username], a);
```

When retrieving this same object from Deno KV, however, it won't by default have
type information associated with it. If you know the shape of the object that
was stored for the key, however, you can use
[type assertion](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/everyday-types.html#type-assertions)
to inform the TypeScript compiler about the shape of an object.

```ts
import { Author } from "./model.ts";

const kv = await Deno.openKv();

const r = await kv.get(["authors", "acdoyle"]);
const ac = r.value as Author;

console.log(ac.fullName);
```

You can also specify an optional
[type parameter](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.get) for
`get`:

```ts
import { Author } from "./model.ts";

const kv = await Deno.openKv();

const r = await kv.get<Author>(["authors", "acdoyle"]);

console.log(r.value.fullName);
```

For simpler data structures, this technique may be sufficient. But often, you
will want or need to apply some business logic when creating or accessing your
domain objects. When this need arises, you can develop a set of pure functions
that can operate on your DTOs.

## Encapsulating business logic with a service layer

When your application's persistence needs become more complex - such as when you
need to create [secondary indexes](./secondary_indexes) to query your data by
different keys, or maintain relationships between objects - you will want to
create a set of functions to sit on top of your DTOs to ensure that the data
being passed around is valid (and not merely typed correctly).

From our business objects above, the `Post` object is complex enough where it is
likely to need a small layer of code to save and retrieve an instance of the
object. Below is an example of two functions that wrap the underlying Deno KV
APIs, and return strongly typed object instances for the `Post` interface.

Notably, we need to store an identifier for an `Author` object, so we can
retrieve author information from KV later.

```ts
import { Author, Post } from "./model.ts";

const kv = await Deno.openKv();

interface RawPost extends Post {
  authorUsername: string;
}

export async function savePost(p: Post): Promise<Post> {
  const postData: RawPost = Object.assign({}, p, {
    authorUsername: p.author.username,
  });

  await kv.set(["posts", p.slug], postData);
  return p;
}

export async function getPost(slug: string): Promise<Post> {
  const postResponse = await kv.get(["posts", slug]);
  const rawPost = postResponse.value as RawPost;
  const authorResponse = await kv.get(["authors", rawPost.authorUsername]);

  const author = authorResponse.value as Author;
  const post = Object.assign({}, postResponse.value, {
    author,
  }) as Post;

  return post;
}
```

This thin layer uses a `RawPost` interface, which extends the actual `Post`
interface, to include some additional data that is used to reference data at
another index (the associated `Author` object).

The `savePost` and `getPost` functions take the place of a direct Deno KV `get`
or `set` operation, so that they can properly serialize and "hydrate" model
objects for us with appropriate types and associations.


---

# Deno KV Quick Start

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/kv/


Deno KV is a
[key-value database](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Key%E2%80%93value_database)
built directly into the Deno runtime, available in the
[`Deno.Kv` namespace](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv). It can be used
for many kinds of data storage use cases, but excels at storing simple data
structures that benefit from very fast reads and writes. Deno KV is available in
the Deno CLI and on [Deno Deploy](/deploy/reference/deno_kv/).

:::caution

Deno KV is still in development and may change. To use it, you must pass the
`--unstable-kv` flag to Deno.

:::

Let's walk through the key features of Deno KV.

## Opening a database

In your Deno program, you can get a reference to a KV database using
[`Deno.openKv()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.openKv). You may pass in
an optional file system path to where you'd like to store your database,
otherwise one will be created for you based on the current working directory of
your script.

```ts
const kv = await Deno.openKv();
```

## Creating, updating, and reading a key-value pair

Data in Deno KV is stored as key-value pairs, much like properties of a
JavaScript object literal or a
[Map](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Map).
[Keys](./key_space) are represented as an array of JavaScript types, like
`string`, `number`, `bigint`, or `boolean`. Values can be arbitrary JavaScript
objects. In this example, we create a key-value pair representing a user's UI
preferences, and save it with
[`kv.set()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.set).

```ts
const kv = await Deno.openKv();

const prefs = {
  username: "ada",
  theme: "dark",
  language: "en-US",
};

const result = await kv.set(["preferences", "ada"], prefs);
```

Once a key-value pair is set, you can read it from the database with
[`kv.get()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.get):

```ts
const entry = await kv.get(["preferences", "ada"]);
console.log(entry.key);
console.log(entry.value);
console.log(entry.versionstamp);
```

Both `get` and `list` [operations](./operations) return a
[KvEntry](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.KvEntry) object with the
following properties:

- `key` - the array key you used to set the value
- `value` - the JavaScript object you set for this key
- `versionstamp` - a generated value used to determine if a key has been
  updated.

The `set` operation is also used to update objects that already exist for a
given key. When a key's value is updated, its `versionstamp` will change to a
new generated value.

## Listing several key-value pairs

To get values for a finite number of keys, you may use
[`kv.getMany()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.getMany).
Pass in several keys as arguments, and you'll receive an array of values for
each key. Note that **values and versionstamps can be `null`** if no value
exists for the given key(s).

```ts
const kv = await Deno.openKv();
const result = await kv.getMany([
  ["preferences", "ada"],
  ["preferences", "grace"],
]);
result[0].key; // ["preferences", "ada"]
result[0].value; // { ... }
result[0].versionstamp; // "00000000000000010000"
result[1].key; // ["preferences", "grace"]
result[1].value; // null
result[1].versionstamp; // null
```

Often, it is useful to retrieve a list of key-value pairs from all keys that
share a given prefix. This type of operation is possible using
[`kv.list()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.list). In this
example, we get a list of key-value pairs that share the `"preferences"` prefix.

```ts
const kv = await Deno.openKv();
const entries = kv.list({ prefix: ["preferences"] });
for await (const entry of entries) {
  console.log(entry.key); // ["preferences", "ada"]
  console.log(entry.value); // { ... }
  console.log(entry.versionstamp); // "00000000000000010000"
}
```

Returned keys are ordered lexicographically based on the next component of the
key after the prefix. So KV pairs with these keys:

- `["preferences", "ada"]`
- `["preferences", "bob"]`
- `["preferences", "cassie"]`

Will be returned in that order by `kv.list()`.

Read operations can either be performed in
[**strong or eventual consistency mode**](./operations). Strong consistency mode
guarantees that the read operation will return the most recently written value.
Eventual consistency mode may return a stale value, but is faster. By contrast,
writes are always performed in strong consistency mode.

## Deleting key-value pairs

You can delete a key from the database using
[`kv.delete()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.delete). No
action is taken if no value is found for the given key.

```ts
const kv = await Deno.openKv();
await kv.delete(["preferences", "alan"]);
```

## Atomic transactions

Deno KV is capable of executing [atomic transactions](./transactions), which
enables you to conditionally execute one or many data manipulation operations at
once. In the following example, we create a new preferences object only if it
hasn't been created already.

```ts
const kv = await Deno.openKv();

const key = ["preferences", "alan"];
const value = {
  username: "alan",
  theme: "light",
  language: "en-GB",
};

const res = await kv.atomic()
  .check({ key, versionstamp: null }) // `null` versionstamps mean 'no value'
  .set(key, value)
  .commit();
if (res.ok) {
  console.log("Preferences did not yet exist. Inserted!");
} else {
  console.error("Preferences already exist.");
}
```

Learn more about transactions in Deno KV [here](./transactions).

## Improve querying with secondary indexes

[Secondary indexes](./secondary_indexes) store the same data by multiple keys,
allowing for simpler queries of the data you need. Let's say that we need to be
able to access user preferences by both username AND email. To enable this, you
could provide a function that wraps the logic to save the preferences to create
two indexes.

```ts
const kv = await Deno.openKv();

async function savePreferences(prefs) {
  const key = ["preferences", prefs.username];

  // Set the primary key
  const r = await kv.set(key, prefs);

  // Set the secondary key's value to be the primary key
  await kv.set(["preferencesByEmail", prefs.email], key);

  return r;
}

async function getByUsername(username) {
  // Use as before...
  const r = await kv.get(["preferences", username]);
  return r;
}

async function getByEmail(email) {
  // Look up the key by email, then second lookup for actual data
  const r1 = await kv.get(["preferencesByEmail", email]);
  const r2 = await kv.get(r1.value);
  return r2;
}
```

Learn more about [secondary indexes in the manual here](./secondary_indexes/).

## Watching for updates in Deno KV

You can also listen for updates from Deno KV with `kv.watch()`, which will emit
a new value or values of the key or keys you provide. In the below chat example,
we watch for updates on the key `["last_message_id", roomId]`. We retrieve
`messageId`, which we then use with `kv.list()` to grab all the new messages
from `seen` and `messageId`.

```ts
let seen = "";
for await (const [messageId] of kv.watch([["last_message_id", roomId]])) {
  const newMessages = await Array.fromAsync(kv.list({
    start: ["messages", roomId, seen, ""],
    end: ["messages", roomId, messageId, ""],
  }));
  await websocket.write(JSON.stringify(newMessages));
  seen = messageId;
}
```

Learn more about [using Deno KV watch here](./operations#watch).

## Production usage

Deno KV is available for use in live applications on
[Deno Deploy](/deploy/reference/deno_kv/). In production, Deno KV is backed by
[FoundationDB](https://www.foundationdb.org/), the open source key-value store
created by Apple.

## Testing

By default, [`Deno.openKv()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.openKv)
creates or opens a persistent store based on the path from which the script that
invoked it was run. This isn't usually desirable for tests, which need to
produce the same behavior when run many times in a row.

To test code that uses Deno KV, you can use the special argument `":memory:"` to
create an ephemeral Deno KV datastore.

```ts
async function setDisplayName(
  kv: Deno.Kv,
  username: string,
  displayname: string,
) {
  await kv.set(["preferences", username, "displayname"], displayname);
}

async function getDisplayName(
  kv: Deno.Kv,
  username: string,
): Promise<string | null> {
  return (await kv.get(["preferences", username, "displayname"]))
    .value as string;
}

Deno.test("Preferences", async (t) => {
  const kv = await Deno.openKv(":memory:");

  await t.step("can set displayname", async () => {
    const displayName = await getDisplayName(kv, "example");
    assertEquals(displayName, null);

    await setDisplayName(kv, "example", "Exemplary User");

    const displayName = await getDisplayName(kv, "example");
    assertEquals(displayName, "Exemplary User");
  });
});
```

This works because Deno KV is backed by SQLite when run for local development.
Just like in-memory SQLite databases, multiple ephemeral Deno KV stores can
exist at once without interfering with one another. For more information about
special database addressing modes, see
[the SQLite docs on the topic](https://www.sqlite.org/inmemorydb.html).

## Next steps

At this point, you're just beginning to scratch the surface with Deno KV. Be
sure to check out our guide on the [Deno KV key space](./key_space), and a
collection of [tutorials and example applications](../tutorials/index.md) here.


---

# Key Expiration (TTL for keys)

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/kv/key_expiration


<deno-admonition></deno-admonition>

Since version 1.36.2, Deno KV supports key expiration, allowing developers to
control time to live (TTL) for keys in a KV database. This allows an expiration
timestamp to be associated with a key, after which the key will be automatically
deleted from the database:

```ts
const kv = await Deno.openKv();

// `expireIn` is the number of milliseconds after which the key will expire.
function addSession(session: Session, expireIn: number) {
  await kv.set(["sessions", session.id], session, { expireIn });
}
```

Key expiration is supported on both Deno CLI and Deno Deploy.

## Atomic expiration of multiple keys

If multiple keys are set in the same atomic operation and have the same
`expireIn` value, the expiration of those keys will be atomic. For example:

```ts
const kv = await Deno.openKv();

function addUnverifiedUser(
  user: User,
  verificationToken: string,
  expireIn: number,
) {
  await kv.atomic()
    .set(["users", user.id], user, { expireIn })
    .set(["verificationTokens", verificationToken], user.id, { expireIn })
    .commit();
}
```

## Caveats

The expire timestamp specifies the _earliest_ time after which the key can be
deleted from the database. An implementation is allowed to expire a key at any
time after the specified timestamp, but not before. If you need to strictly
enforce an expiration time (e.g. for security purposes), please also add it as a
field of your value and do a check after retrieving the value from the database.


---

# Key Space

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/kv/key_space


<deno-admonition></deno-admonition>

Deno KV is a key value store. The key space is a flat namespace of
key+value+versionstamp pairs. Keys are sequences of key parts, which allow
modeling of hierarchical data. Values are arbitrary JavaScript objects.
Versionstamps represent when a value was inserted / modified.

## Keys

Keys in Deno KV are sequences of key parts, which can be `string`s, `number`s,
`boolean`s, `Uint8Array`s, or `bigint`s.

Using a sequence of parts, rather than a single string eliminates the
possibility of delimiter injection attacks, because there is no visible
delimiter.

> A key injection attack occurs when an attacker manipulates the structure of a
> key-value store by injecting delimiters used in the key encoding scheme into a
> user controlled variable, leading to unintended behavior or unauthorized
> access. For example, consider a key-value store using a slash (/) as a
> delimiter, with keys like "users/alice/settings" and "users/bob/settings". An
> attacker could create a new user with the name "alice/settings/hacked" to form
> the key "users/alice/settings/hacked/settings", injecting the delimiter and
> manipulating the key structure. In Deno KV, the injection would result in the
> key `["users", "alice/settings/hacked", "settings"]`, which is not harmful.

Between key parts, invisible delimiters are used to separate the parts. These
delimiters are never visible, but ensure that one part can not be confused with
another part. For example, the key parts `["abc", "def"]`, `["ab", "cdef"]`,
`["abc", "", "def"]` are all different keys.

Keys are case sensitive and are ordered lexicographically by their parts. The
first part is the most significant, and the last part is the least significant.
The order of the parts is determined by both the type and the value of the part.

### Key Part Ordering

Key parts are ordered lexicographically by their type, and within a given type,
they are ordered by their value. The ordering of types is as follows:

1. `Uint8Array`
1. `string`
1. `number`
1. `bigint`
1. `boolean`

Within a given type, the ordering is:

- `Uint8Array`: byte ordering of the array
- `string`: byte ordering of the UTF-8 encoding of the string
- `number`: -Infinity < -1.0 < -0.5 < -0.0 < 0.0 < 0.5 < 1.0 < Infinity < NaN
- `bigint`: mathematical ordering, largest negative number first, largest
  positive number last
- `boolean`: false < true

This means that the part `1.0` (a number) is ordered before the part `2.0` (also
a number), but is greater than the part `0n` (a bigint), because `1.0` is a
number and `0n` is a bigint, and type ordering has precedence over the ordering
of values within a type.

### Key Examples

```js
["users", 42, "profile"]; // User with ID 42's profile
["posts", "2023-04-23", "comments"]; // Comments for all posts on 2023-04-23
["products", "electronics", "smartphones", "apple"]; // Apple smartphones in the electronics category
["orders", 1001, "shipping", "tracking"]; // Tracking information for order ID 1001
["files", new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]), "metadata"]; // Metadata for a file with Uint8Array identifier
["projects", "openai", "tasks", 5]; // Task with ID 5 in the OpenAI project
["events", "2023-03-31", "location", "san_francisco"]; // Events in San Francisco on 2023-03-31
["invoices", 2023, "Q1", "summary"]; // Summary of Q1 invoices for 2023
["teams", "engineering", "members", 1n]; // Member with ID 1n in the engineering team
```

### Universally Unique Lexicographically Sortable Identifiers (ULIDs)

Key part ordering allows keys consisting of timestamps and ID parts to be listed
chronologically. Typically, you can generate a key using the following:
[`Date.now()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date/now)
and
[`crypto.randomUUID()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Crypto/randomUUID):

```js
async function setUser(user) {
  await kv.set(["users", Date.now(), crypto.randomUUID()], user);
}
```

Run multiple times sequentially, this produces the following keys:

```js
["users", 1691377037923, "8c72fa25-40ad-42ce-80b0-44f79bc7a09e"]; // First user
["users", 1691377037924, "8063f20c-8c2e-425e-a5ab-d61e7a717765"]; // Second user
["users", 1691377037925, "35310cea-58ba-4101-b09a-86232bf230b2"]; // Third user
```

However, having the timestamp and ID represented within a single key part may be
more straightforward in some cases. You can use a
[Universally Unique Lexicographically Sortable Identifier (ULID)](https://github.com/ulid/spec)
to do this. This type of identifier encodes a UTC timestamp, is
lexicographically sortable and is cryptographically random by default:

```js
import { ulid } from "jsr:@std/ulid";

const kv = await Deno.openKv();

async function setUser(user) {
  await kv.set(["users", ulid()], user);
}
```

```js
["users", "01H76YTWK3YBV020S6MP69TBEQ"]; // First user
["users", "01H76YTWK4V82VFET9YTYDQ0NY"]; // Second user
["users", "01H76YTWK5DM1G9TFR0Y5SCZQV"]; // Third user
```

Furthermore, you can generate ULIDs monotonically increasingly using
`monotonicUlid` function:

```js
import { monotonicUlid } from "jsr:@std/ulid";

async function setUser(user) {
  await kv.set(["users", monotonicUlid()], user);
}
```

```js
// Strict ordering for the same timestamp by incrementing the least-significant random bit by 1
["users", "01H76YTWK3YBV020S6MP69TBEQ"]; // First user
["users", "01H76YTWK3YBV020S6MP69TBER"]; // Second user
["users", "01H76YTWK3YBV020S6MP69TBES"]; // Third user
```

## Values

Values in Deno KV can be arbitrary JavaScript values that are compatible with
the [structured clone algorithm][structured clone algorithm]. This includes:

- `undefined`
- `null`
- `boolean`
- `number`
- `string`
- `bigint`
- `Uint8Array`
- `Array`
- `Object`
- `Map`
- `Set`
- `Date`
- `RegExp`

Objects and arrays can contain any of the above types, including other objects
and arrays. `Map`s and `Set`s can contain any of the above types, including
other `Map`s and `Set`s.

Circular references within values are supported.

Objects with a non-primitive prototype are not supported (such as class
instances or Web API objects). Functions and symbols can also not be serialized.

### `Deno.KvU64` type

In addition to structured serializable values, the special value `Deno.KvU64` is
also supported as a value. This object represents a 64-bit unsigned integer,
represented as a bigint. It can be used with the `sum`, `min`, and `max` KV
operations. It can not be stored within an object or array. It must be stored as
a top-level value.

It can be created with the `Deno.KvU64` constructor:

```js
const u64 = new Deno.KvU64(42n);
```

### Value Examples

```js,ignore
undefined;
null;
true;
false;
42;
-42.5;
42n;
"hello";
new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]);
[1, 2, 3];
{ a: 1, b: 2, c: 3 };
new Map([["a", 1], ["b", 2], ["c", 3]]);
new Set([1, 2, 3]);
new Date("2023-04-23");
/abc/;

// Circular references are supported
const a = {};
const b = { a };
a.b = b;

// Deno.KvU64 is supported
new Deno.KvU64(42n);
```

## Versionstamp

All data in the Deno KV key-space is versioned. Every time a value is inserted
or modified, a versionstamp is assigned to it. Versionstamps are monotonically
increasing, non-sequential, 12 byte values that represent the time that the
value was modified. Versionstamps do not represent real time, but rather the
order in which the values were modified.

Because versionstamps are monotonically increasing, they can be used to
determine whether a given value is newer or older than another value. This can
be done by comparing the versionstamps of the two values. If versionstamp A is
greater than versionstamp B, then value A was modified more recently than value
B.

```js
versionstampA > versionstampB;
"000002fa526aaccb0000" > "000002fa526aacc90000"; // true
```

All data modified by a single transaction are assigned the same versionstamp.
This means that if two `set` operations are performed in the same atomic
operation, then the versionstamp of the new values will be the same.

Versionstamps are used to implement optimistic concurrency control. Atomic
operations can contain checks that ensure that the versionstamp of the data they
are operating on matches a versionstamp passed to the operation. If the
versionstamp of the data is not the same as the versionstamp passed to the
operation, then the transaction will fail and the operation will not be applied.

[structured clone algorithm]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Workers_API/Structured_clone_algorithm


---

# Using KV in Node.js

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/kv/node


Connecting to a Deno KV database in Node.js is supported via our
[official client library on npm](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@deno/kv). You
can find usage instructions for this option below.

## Installation and usage

Use your preferred npm client to install the client library for Node.js using
one of the commands below.

<deno-tabs group-id="npm-client">
<deno-tab value="npm" label="npm" default>

```sh
npm install @deno/kv
```

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="pnpm" label="pnpm">

```sh
pnpm add @deno/kv
```

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="yarn" label="yarn">

```sh
yarn add @deno/kv
```

</deno-tab>
</deno-tabs>

Once you've added the package to your Node project, you can import the `openKv`
function (supports both ESM `import` and CJS `require`-based usage):

```js
import { openKv } from "@deno/kv";

// Connect to a KV instance
const kv = await openKv("<KV Connect URL>");

// Write some data
await kv.set(["users", "alice"], { name: "Alice" });

// Read it back
const result = await kv.get(["users", "alice"]);
console.log(result.value); // { name: "Alice" }
```

By default, the access token used for authentication comes from the
`DENO_KV_ACCESS_TOKEN` environment variable. You can also pass it explicitly:

```js
import { openKv } from "@deno/kv";

const kv = await openKv("<KV Connect URL>", { accessToken: myToken });
```

Once your Deno KV client is initialized, the same API available in Deno may be
used in Node as well.

## KV Connect URLs

Connecting to a KV database outside of Deno requires a
[KV Connect](https://github.com/denoland/denokv/blob/main/proto/kv-connect.md)
URL. A KV Connect URL for a database hosted on Deno Deploy will be in this
format: `https://api.deno.com/databases/<database-id>/connect`.

The `database-id` for your project can be found in the
[Deno Deploy dashboard](https://dash.deno.com/projects), under the project's
"KV" tab.

![Connection string locations in Deploy](./images/kv-connect.png)

## More information

More information about how to use the Deno KV module for Node can be found on
the project's [README page](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@deno/kv).


---

# Operations

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/kv/operations


The Deno KV API provides a set of operations that can be performed on the key
space.

There are two operations that read data from the store, and five operations that
write data to the store.

Read operations can either be performed in strong or eventual consistency mode.
Strong consistency mode guarantees that the read operation will return the most
recently written value. Eventual consistency mode may return a stale value, but
is faster.

Write operations are always performed in strong consistency mode.

## `get`

The `get` operation returns the value and versionstamp associated with a given
key. If a value does not exist, get returns a `null` value and versionstamp.

There are two APIs that can be used to perform a `get` operation. The
[`Deno.Kv.prototype.get(key, options?)`][get] API, which can be used to read a
single key, and the [`Deno.Kv.prototype.getMany(keys, options?)`][getMany] API,
which can be used to read multiple keys at once.

Get operations are performed as a "snapshot read" in all consistency modes. This
means that when retrieving multiple keys at once, the values returned will be
consistent with each other.

```ts
const res = await kv.get<string>(["config"]);
console.log(res); // { key: ["config"], value: "value", versionstamp: "000002fa526aaccb0000" }

const res = await kv.get<string>(["config"], { consistency: "eventual" });
console.log(res); // { key: ["config"], value: "value", versionstamp: "000002fa526aaccb0000" }

const [res1, res2, res3] = await kv.getMany<[string, string, string]>([
  ["users", "sam"],
  ["users", "taylor"],
  ["users", "alex"],
]);
console.log(res1); // { key: ["users", "sam"], value: "sam", versionstamp: "00e0a2a0f0178b270000" }
console.log(res2); // { key: ["users", "taylor"], value: "taylor", versionstamp: "0059e9035e5e7c5e0000" }
console.log(res3); // { key: ["users", "alex"], value: "alex", versionstamp: "00a44a3c3e53b9750000" }
```

## `list`

The `list` operation returns a list of keys that match a given selector. The
associated values and versionstamps for these keys are also returned. There are
2 different selectors that can be used to filter the keys matched.

The `prefix` selector matches all keys that start with the given prefix key
parts, but not inclusive of an exact match of the key. The prefix selector may
optionally be given a `start` OR `end` key to limit the range of keys returned.
The `start` key is inclusive, and the `end` key is exclusive.

The `range` selector matches all keys that are lexicographically between the
given `start` and `end` keys. The `start` key is inclusive, and the `end` key is
exclusive.

> Note: In the case of the prefix selector, the `prefix` key must consist only
> of full (not partial) key parts. For example, if the key `["foo", "bar"]`
> exists in the store, then the prefix selector `["foo"]` will match it, but the
> prefix selector `["f"]` will not.

The list operation may optionally be given a `limit` to limit the number of keys
returned.

List operations can be performed using the
[`Deno.Kv.prototype.list<string>(selector, options?)`][list] method. This method
returns a `Deno.KvListIterator` that can be used to iterate over the keys
returned. This is an async iterator, and can be used with `for await` loops.

```ts
// Return all users
const iter = kv.list<string>({ prefix: ["users"] });
const users = [];
for await (const res of iter) users.push(res);
console.log(users[0]); // { key: ["users", "alex"], value: "alex", versionstamp: "00a44a3c3e53b9750000" }
console.log(users[1]); // { key: ["users", "sam"], value: "sam", versionstamp: "00e0a2a0f0178b270000" }
console.log(users[2]); // { key: ["users", "taylor"], value: "taylor", versionstamp: "0059e9035e5e7c5e0000" }

// Return the first 2 users
const iter = kv.list<string>({ prefix: ["users"] }, { limit: 2 });
const users = [];
for await (const res of iter) users.push(res);
console.log(users[0]); // { key: ["users", "alex"], value: "alex", versionstamp: "00a44a3c3e53b9750000" }
console.log(users[1]); // { key: ["users", "sam"], value: "sam", versionstamp: "00e0a2a0f0178b270000" }

// Return all users lexicographically after "taylor"
const iter = kv.list<string>({ prefix: ["users"], start: ["users", "taylor"] });
const users = [];
for await (const res of iter) users.push(res);
console.log(users[0]); // { key: ["users", "taylor"], value: "taylor", versionstamp: "0059e9035e5e7c5e0000" }

// Return all users lexicographically before "taylor"
const iter = kv.list<string>({ prefix: ["users"], end: ["users", "taylor"] });
const users = [];
for await (const res of iter) users.push(res);
console.log(users[0]); // { key: ["users", "alex"], value: "alex", versionstamp: "00a44a3c3e53b9750000" }
console.log(users[1]); // { key: ["users", "sam"], value: "sam", versionstamp: "00e0a2a0f0178b270000" }

// Return all users starting with characters between "a" and "n"
const iter = kv.list<string>({ start: ["users", "a"], end: ["users", "n"] });
const users = [];
for await (const res of iter) users.push(res);
console.log(users[0]); // { key: ["users", "alex"], value: "alex", versionstamp: "00a44a3c3e53b9750000" }
```

The list operation reads data from the store in batches. The size of each batch
can be controlled using the `batchSize` option. The default batch size is 500
keys. Data within a batch is read in a single snapshot read, so the values are
consistent with each other. Consistency modes apply to each batch of data read.
Across batches, data is not consistent. The borders between batches is not
visible from the API as the iterator returns individual keys.

The list operation can be performed in reverse order by setting the `reverse`
option to `true`. This will return the keys in lexicographically descending
order. The `start` and `end` keys are still inclusive and exclusive
respectively, and are still interpreted as lexicographically ascending.

```ts
// Return all users in reverse order, ending with "sam"
const iter = kv.list<string>({ prefix: ["users"], start: ["users", "sam"] }, {
  reverse: true,
});
const users = [];
for await (const res of iter) users.push(res);
console.log(users[0]); // { key: ["users", "taylor"], value: "taylor", versionstamp: "0059e9035e5e7c5e0000" }
console.log(users[1]); // { key: ["users", "sam"], value: "sam", versionstamp: "00e0a2a0f0178b270000" }
```

> Note: in the above example we set the `start` key to `["users", "sam"]`, even
> though the first key returned is `["users", "taylor"]`. This is because the
> `start` and `end` keys are always evaluated in lexicographically ascending
> order, even when the list operation is performed in reverse order (which
> returns the keys in lexicographically descending order).

## `set`

The `set` operation sets the value of a key in the store. If the key does not
exist, it is created. If the key already exists, its value is overwritten.

The `set` operation can be performed using the
[`Deno.Kv.prototype.set(key, value)`][set] method. This method returns a
`Promise` that resolves to a `Deno.KvCommitResult` object, which contains the
`versionstamp` of the commit.

Set operations are always performed in strong consistency mode.

```ts
const res = await kv.set(["users", "alex"], "alex");
console.log(res.versionstamp); // "00a44a3c3e53b9750000"
```

## `delete`

The `delete` operation deletes a key from the store. If the key does not exist,
the operation is a no-op.

The `delete` operation can be performed using the
[`Deno.Kv.prototype.delete(key)`][delete] method.

Delete operations are always performed in strong consistency mode.

```ts
await kv.delete(["users", "alex"]);
```

## `sum`

The `sum` operation atomically adds a value to a key in the store. If the key
does not exist, it is created with the value of the sum. If the key already
exists, its value is added to the sum.

The `sum` operation can only be performed as part of an atomic operation. The
[`Deno.AtomicOperation.prototype.mutate({ type: "sum", value })`][mutate] method
can be used to add a sum mutation to an atomic operation.

The sum operation can only be performed on values of type `Deno.KvU64`. Both the
operand and the value in the store must be of type `Deno.KvU64`.

If the new value of the key is greater than `2^64 - 1` or less than `0`, the sum
operation wraps around. For example, if the value in the store is `2^64 - 1` and
the operand is `1`, the new value will be `0`.

Sum operations are always performed in strong consistency mode.

```ts
await kv.atomic()
  .mutate({
    type: "sum",
    key: ["accounts", "alex"],
    value: new Deno.KvU64(100n),
  })
  .commit();
```

## `min`

The `min` operation atomically sets a key to the minimum of its current value
and a given value. If the key does not exist, it is created with the given
value. If the key already exists, its value is set to the minimum of its current
value and the given value.

The `min` operation can only be performed as part of an atomic operation. The
[`Deno.AtomicOperation.prototype.mutate({ type: "min", value })`][mutate] method
can be used to add a min mutation to an atomic operation.

The min operation can only be performed on values of type `Deno.KvU64`. Both the
operand and the value in the store must be of type `Deno.KvU64`.

Min operations are always performed in strong consistency mode.

```ts
await kv.atomic()
  .mutate({
    type: "min",
    key: ["accounts", "alex"],
    value: new Deno.KvU64(100n),
  })
  .commit();
```

## `max`

The `max` operation atomically sets a key to the maximum of its current value
and a given value. If the key does not exist, it is created with the given
value. If the key already exists, its value is set to the maximum of its current
value and the given value.

The `max` operation can only be performed as part of an atomic operation. The
[`Deno.AtomicOperation.prototype.mutate({ type: "max", value })`][mutate] method
can be used to add a max mutation to an atomic operation.

The max operation can only be performed on values of type `Deno.KvU64`. Both the
operand and the value in the store must be of type `Deno.KvU64`.

Max operations are always performed in strong consistency mode.

```ts
await kv.atomic()
  .mutate({
    type: "max",
    key: ["accounts", "alex"],
    value: new Deno.KvU64(100n),
  })
  .commit();
```

## `watch`

The `watch` operation accepts an array of keys, and returns a
[`ReadableStream`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ReadableStream),
which emits a new value whenever any of the watched keys change their
`versionstamp`. The emitted value is an array of
[Deno.KvEntryMaybe](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.KvEntryMaybe) objects.

Note that the returned stream does not return every single intermediate state of
the watched keys, but keeps you up to date with the latest state of keys. This
means if a key is modified multiple times quickly, you may not receive a
notification for every change, but the latest state of the key.

```ts
const db = await Deno.openKv();

const stream = db.watch([["foo"], ["bar"]]);
for await (const entries of stream) {
  entries[0].key; // ["foo"]
  entries[0].value; // "bar"
  entries[0].versionstamp; // "00000000000000010000"
  entries[1].key; // ["bar"]
  entries[1].value; // null
  entries[1].versionstamp; // null
}
```

[get]: https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.get
[getMany]: https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.getMany
[list]: https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.list
[set]: https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.set
[delete]: https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Kv.prototype.delete
[mutate]: https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.AtomicOperation.prototype.mutate


---

# Secondary Indexes

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/kv/secondary_indexes


Key-value stores like Deno KV organize data as collections of key-value pairs,
where each unique key is associated with a single value. This structure enables
easy retrieval of values based on their keys but does not allow for querying
based on the values themselves. To overcome this constraint, you can create
secondary indexes, which store an additional key that lets you look up related
data by an alternate attribute (for example, email → user). A best practice is
to store a pointer to the primary key in the secondary index, rather than
duplicating the full value.

:::tip Recommended approach for Pointer indexes

Prefer storing the primary key (or a compact reference to it) as the value in a
secondary index. This reduces storage usage and avoids keeping multiple copies
of the same data in sync. The trade‑off is a double read when querying through
the index (index → primary).

Pros

- Lower storage and write amplification
- Fewer updates when non‑indexed fields change
- Clearer transactional updates: update primary + index together

Cons

- Requires a second read to resolve the primary value
- You must maintain referential integrity atomically (create/update/delete in a
  single transaction)

:::

Maintaining consistency between primary and secondary keys is crucial when using
secondary indexes. If a value is updated at the primary key without updating the
secondary key, the data returned from a query targeting the secondary key will
be incorrect. To ensure that primary and secondary keys always represent the
same data, use atomic operations when inserting, updating, or deleting data.
This approach ensures that the group of mutation actions are executed as a
single unit, and either all succeed or all fail, preventing inconsistencies.

## Unique indexes (one-to-one)

Unique indexes have each key in the index associated with exactly one primary
key. For example, when storing user data and looking up users by both their
unique IDs and email addresses, store user data under two separate keys: one for
the primary key (user ID) and another for the secondary index (email → user ID).
This setup allows querying users based on either their ID or their email. The
secondary index can also enforce uniqueness constraints on values in the store.
In the case of user data, use the index to ensure that each email address is
associated with only one user.

To implement a unique secondary index for this example, follow these steps:

1. Create a `User` interface representing the data:

   ```ts
   interface User {
     id: string;
     name: string;
     email: string;
   }
   ```

2. Define an `insertUser` function that stores user data at the primary key and
   stores a pointer (the primary key) at the secondary key:

   ```ts
   async function insertUser(user: User) {
     const primaryKey = ["users", user.id] as const;
     const byEmailKey = ["users_by_email", user.email.toLowerCase()] as const;
     const res = await kv.atomic()
       .check({ key: primaryKey, versionstamp: null })
       .check({ key: byEmailKey, versionstamp: null })
       .set(primaryKey, user)
       // store pointer, not full user
       .set(byEmailKey, user.id)
       .commit();
     if (!res.ok) {
       throw new TypeError("User with ID or email already exists");
     }
   }
   ```

   > This function performs the insert using an atomic operation that checks
   > that no user with the same ID or email already exists. If either of these
   > constraints is violated, the insert fails and no data is modified.

3. Define a `getUser` function to retrieve a user by their ID:

   ```ts
   async function getUser(id: string): Promise<User | null> {
     const res = await kv.get<User>(["users", id]);
     return res.value;
   }
   ```

4. Define a `getUserByEmail` function to retrieve a user by their email address
   using a double lookup (email → user ID → user):

   ```ts
   async function getUserByEmail(email: string): Promise<User | null> {
     const idRes = await kv.get<string>([
       "users_by_email",
       email.toLowerCase(),
     ]);
     if (!idRes.value) return null;
     const res = await kv.get<User>(["users", idRes.value]);
     return res.value;
   }
   ```

   This function queries the store using the secondary key
   (`["users_by_email", email]`).

5. Define a `deleteUser` function to delete users by their ID, removing the
   index entry too:

   ```ts
   async function deleteUser(id: string) {
     let res = { ok: false } as { ok: boolean };
     while (!res.ok) {
       const cur = await kv.get<User>(["users", id]);
       if (cur.value === null) return;
       res = await kv.atomic()
         .check(cur)
         .delete(["users", id])
         .delete(["users_by_email", cur.value.email.toLowerCase()])
         .commit();
     }
   }
   ```

   > This function first retrieves the user by their ID to get the users email
   > address. This is needed to retrieve the email that is needed to construct
   > the key for the secondary index for this user address. It then performs an
   > atomic operation that checks that the user in the database has not changed,
   > and then deletes both the primary and secondary key pointing to the user
   > value. If this fails (the user has been modified between query and delete),
   > the atomic operation aborts. The entire procedure is retried until the
   > delete succeeds. The check is required to prevent race conditions where
   > value may have been modified between the retrieve and delete. This race can
   > occur if an update changes the user's email, because the secondary index
   > moves in this case. The delete of the secondary index then fails, because
   > the delete is targeting the old secondary index key.

## Non-Unique Indexes (One-to-Many)

Non-unique indexes are secondary indexes where a single key can be associated
with multiple primary keys, allowing you to query for multiple items based on a
shared attribute. For example, when querying users by their favorite color,
implement this using a non-unique secondary index. The favorite color is a
non-unique attribute since multiple users can have the same favorite color.

To implement a non-unique secondary index for this example, follow these steps:

1. Define the `User` interface:

   ```ts
   interface User {
     id: string;
     name: string;
     favoriteColor: string;
   }
   ```

2. Define the `insertUser` function (store the primary key as the value in the
   non‑unique index; note the composite key includes the user ID to avoid
   collisions):

   ```ts
   async function insertUser(user: User) {
     const primaryKey = ["users", user.id] as const;
     const byColorKey = [
       "users_by_favorite_color",
       user.favoriteColor,
       user.id,
     ] as const;
     await kv.atomic()
       .check({ key: primaryKey, versionstamp: null })
       .set(primaryKey, user)
       // store pointer, not full user
       .set(byColorKey, user.id)
       .commit();
   }
   ```

3. Define a function to retrieve users by their favorite color. This performs a
   double lookup per result (index → primary):

   ```ts
   async function getUsersByFavoriteColor(color: string): Promise<User[]> {
     const iter = kv.list<string>({
       prefix: ["users_by_favorite_color", color],
     });
     const ids: string[] = [];
     for await (const { value: id } of iter) {
       ids.push(id);
     }
     if (ids.length === 0) return [];
     const results = await kv.getMany<User>(
       ids.map((id) => ["users", id] as const),
     );
     return results.map((r) => r.value!).filter(Boolean);
   }
   ```

This example demonstrates the use of a non-unique secondary index,
`users_by_favorite_color`, which allows querying users based on their favorite
color. The index stores pointers (user IDs) and requires resolving to the
primary key to read full values.

The primary difference between unique and non‑unique indexes lies in the
structure and organization of secondary keys. In unique indexes, each secondary
key is associated with exactly one primary key, ensuring that the indexed
attribute is unique across all records. In non‑unique indexes, a single
secondary key can be associated with multiple primary keys, as the indexed
attribute may be shared among multiple records. To achieve this, non‑unique
secondary keys are typically structured with an additional unique identifier
(e.g., primary key) as part of the key, allowing multiple records with the same
attribute to coexist without conflicts.

### When duplicating values may be acceptable

While pointer indexes are recommended, duplicating the full value in a secondary
index can be acceptable when:

- The value is small and reads occur almost exclusively via the secondary index
- You want to avoid a second read and can tolerate the extra storage
- You can reliably keep the primary and secondary in sync via atomic
  transactions

If duplicating, ensure inserts/updates/deletes modify both keys in the same
atomic transaction.

### Migration from duplicated-value indexes

To migrate existing duplicated-value indexes to pointer indexes:

1. Backfill: scan primary keys and set secondary index values to the primary key
   (e.g., user ID).
2. Cutover: update write paths to maintain pointer indexes; keep the old index
   temporarily for reads.
3. Cleanup: switch readers to the pointer index, then remove the duplicated
   index entries.


---

# Transactions

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/kv/transactions


The Deno KV store utilizes _optimistic concurrency control transactions_ rather
than _interactive transactions_ like many SQL systems like PostgreSQL or MySQL.
This approach employs versionstamps, which represent the current version of a
value for a given key, to manage concurrent access to shared resources without
using locks. When a read operation occurs, the system returns a versionstamp for
the associated key in addition to the value.

To execute a transaction, one performs an atomic operations that can consist of
multiple mutation actions (like set or delete). Along with these actions,
key+versionstamp pairs are provided as a condition for the transaction's
success. The optimistic concurrency control transaction will only commit if the
specified versionstamps match the current version for the values in the database
for the corresponding keys. This transaction model ensures data consistency and
integrity while allowing concurrent interactions within the Deno KV store.

Because OCC transactions are optimistic, they can fail on commit because the
version constraints specified in the atomic operation were violated. This occurs
when an agent updates a key used within the transaction between read and commit.
When this happens, the agent performing the transaction must retry the
transaction.

To illustrate how to use OCC transactions with Deno KV, this example shows how
to implement a `transferFunds(from: string, to: string, amount: number)`
function for an account ledger. The account ledger stores the balance for each
account in the key-value store. The keys are prefixed by `"account"`, followed
by the account identifier: `["account", "alice"]`. The value stored for each key
is a number that represents the account balance.

Here's a step-by-step example of implementing this `transferFunds` function:

```ts
async function transferFunds(sender: string, receiver: string, amount: number) {
  if (amount <= 0) throw new Error("Amount must be positive");

  // Construct the KV keys for the sender and receiver accounts.
  const senderKey = ["account", sender];
  const receiverKey = ["account", receiver];

  // Retry the transaction until it succeeds.
  let res = { ok: false };
  while (!res.ok) {
    // Read the current balance of both accounts.
    const [senderRes, receiverRes] = await kv.getMany([senderKey, receiverKey]);
    if (senderRes.value === null) {
      throw new Error(`Account ${sender} not found`);
    }
    if (receiverRes.value === null) {
      throw new Error(`Account ${receiver} not found`);
    }

    const senderBalance = senderRes.value;
    const receiverBalance = receiverRes.value;

    // Ensure the sender has a sufficient balance to complete the transfer.
    if (senderBalance < amount) {
      throw new Error(
        `Insufficient funds to transfer ${amount} from ${sender}`,
      );
    }

    // Perform the transfer.
    const newSenderBalance = senderBalance - amount;
    const newReceiverBalance = receiverBalance + amount;

    // Attempt to commit the transaction. `res` returns an object with
    // `ok: false` if the transaction fails to commit due to a check failure
    // (i.e. the versionstamp for a key has changed)
    res = await kv.atomic()
      .check(senderRes) // Ensure the sender's balance hasn't changed.
      .check(receiverRes) // Ensure the receiver's balance hasn't changed.
      .set(senderKey, newSenderBalance) // Update the sender's balance.
      .set(receiverKey, newReceiverBalance) // Update the receiver's balance.
      .commit();
  }
}
```

In this example, the `transferFunds` function reads the balances and
versionstamps of both accounts, calculates the new balances after the transfer,
and checks if there are sufficient funds in account A. It then performs an
atomic operation, setting the new balances with the versionstamp constraints. If
the transaction is successful, the loop exits. If the version constraints are
violated, the transaction fails, and the loop retries the transaction until it
succeeds.

## Limits

In addition to a max key size of 2 KiB and max value size of 64 KiB, there are
certain limits with the Deno KV transaction API:

- **Max keys per `kv.getMany()`**: 10
- **Max batch size per `kv.list()`**: 1000
- **Max checks in an atomic operation**: 100
- **Max mutations in an atomic operation**: 1000
- **Max total size of an atomic operation**: 800 KiB. This includes all keys and
  values in checks and mutations, and encoding overhead counts toward this limit
  as well.
- **Max total size of keys**: 90 KiB. This includes all keys in checks and
  mutations, and encoding overhead counts toward this limit as well.
- **Max watched keys per `kv.watch()`**：10


---

# Pricing and limitations

> Important limitations, service level expectations, and terms of use for Deno Deploy.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/pricing_and_limits


Please see [our pricing page](https://deno.com/deploy/pricing) for the overview
of the available features in all plans. If you have a use case that exceeds any
of these limits, [please reach out](mailto:deploy@deno.com).

No uptime guarantees are provided during the initial public beta for Deno
Deploy. Access to the service will be controlled by
[our acceptable use policy](/deploy/acceptable_use_policy). Any user we deem to
be in violation of this policy, runs the risk of having their account
terminated.

## Maximum size for deployments

When uploading assets to a deployment, the total size of all files within the
deployment (source files and static files) **should not exceed 1 gigabyte**.

## Memory allocation

Applications have a maximum memory allocation of 512MB

## Upload request limits

We do not set a limit for the number of upload requests your application may
handle as long as your application is within
[our acceptable use policy](/deploy/acceptable_use_policy).

## TLS proxying

TLS termination is required for outgoing connections to port 443 (the port used
for HTTPS). Using [Deno.connect](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.connect)
to connect to these ports is prohibited. If you need to establish a TLS
connection to port 443, please use
[Deno.connectTls](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.connectTls) instead.
`fetch` is not impacted by this restriction.

This restriction is in place because connecting to port 443 without terminating
TLS is frequently used in TLS-over-TLS proxies, which are prohibited on Deno
Deploy Classic as per
[our acceptable use policy](/deploy/acceptable_use_policy).


---

# Privacy Policy

> Deno's Privacy Policy

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/privacy_policy


**DENO PRIVACY POLICY** 09 September 2024

Deno Land Inc. (“Deno,” “we,” “us,” or “our”) collects and uses personal
information in order to provide its products and services to you. This Privacy
Policy (the “Policy”) describes the personal information we collect, the
purposes for which we use it, the parties with whom we may share it, and your
choices with respect to such information. For purposes of this Privacy Policy,
“personal information” means any information that relates to you as an
individual and could reasonably be used to identify you. This Privacy Policy
applies to our collection and use of personal information through (i) our
website at [https://deno.com](https://deno.com) (the “Site”); (ii) any websites,
applications or other digital properties that link to this Privacy Policy; and
(iii) the products and services (the “Deno Offerings”) we offer to you on our
proprietary platform (the “Platform”) via the following websites:

- Deno Deploy ([https://deno.com/deploy](https://deno.com/deploy))
- Deno Deploy Classic
  ([https://deno.com/deploy/classic](https://deno.com/deploy/classic))
- Deno Subhosting ([https://deno.com/subhosting](https://deno.com/subhosting))

By accessing or using the Site or any other digital property that links to this
Privacy Policy, you may learn about Deno and our technology platform, and
registered customers may also access the Deno Offerings (collectively, the
“Services”). To the extent permitted by applicable law, your use of Deno’
products and services constitutes your acknowledgment and/or consent to the
practices described in this Policy.

This Privacy Policy incorporates
[Deno’s Terms and Conditions](https://docs.deno.com/deploy/terms_and_conditions/)
(the “Terms”). Capitalized terms that are not defined in the Privacy Policy have
the meaning given to them in the Terms.

**I. The Information We Collect, And How We Collect It**

We collect the following categories of information, which may include personal
information (collectively, the “**Information**”).

**1\. Information You Provide To Us**

We collect information from and about you directly when you provide it to us.
This information may be collected when you contact us, fill out a form, create
an account, subscribe to our blog, access or participate on our Sites, respond
to surveys, or otherwise interact with us. This information may include:

_Contact Information._ We collect your contact information when you voluntarily
provide it to us. For example, you may disclose contact information to us via
the “Contact” link on our Sites, submit information by mail, telephone, in
person or electronically, when signing up for our newsletters and other
marketing communications, or when you register to attend an event or program.
Contact Information typically includes first name, last name, e-mail address,
postal address, organization, telephone number and other information that
identifies you or can be used to identify or contact you.

_Account Credentials_. When you register to create an account with us, we will
collect certain additional personal information, including your name, email
address, and potentially other information such as your GitHub user name and
public GitHub profile.

In addition to Contact Information and Account Credentials, we may collect other
kinds of information, such as:

- Comments, questions, and requests you may make;

- Information about your preferences, such as your preferred methods of
  communication and the types of information in which you are interested;

- Event and service-related information (such as information required for
  registration, access to premises or online resources, dietary restrictions,
  and areas of interest);

- Audio and visual information, such as photographs, video and voice recordings
  (e.g., from events you attended with us), or security camera recordings if you
  visit our premises;

- Details of downloads from our Sites;

- Records and copies of your correspondence (including email addresses and phone
  numbers), if you contact us; and

- Any other information you voluntarily provide.

**2\. Information Obtained From Third Parties**

We may receive certain information about you from other sources, including
publicly available sources (such as public records and social media platforms),
as well as our service providers and marketing partners.

When we collect personal information from users and visitors of other sites on
which you have interacted with us, we will do so in accordance with the terms of
use and privacy policies of those sites and applicable law. We may also receive
personal information when you comment on our social media advertisements, post
comments about us, or tag us in a public-facing social media post. Personal
information may also be collected by the third-party social media sites that
host our social media pages. These sites may provide aggregate information and
analysis to us about visitors’ use of our social media pages. This allows us to
better understand and analyze our user growth, general demographic information
about the users of these pages, and interaction with the content that we post.
Overall, this information may be used to help us understand the types of
visitors and users of our social media pages and use of the content. This
Privacy Policy does not cover personal information collected by such third-party
social media sites. For more information on their privacy and security practices
please review the privacy policies and terms of use on their respective
websites.

**3\. Information Collected Automatically**

We and our service providers may automatically obtain certain information about
you, your electronic device, and your interactions with us, including the
following:

- _Device data_. We may collect data such as the type of device and its
  operating system and settings, browser type, mobile device carrier, country,
  IP address, and unique identifiers.

- _Internet and other or electronic activity data_. This includes information
  about your interaction with our Sites, emails, and other online content.

- _Tracking Data_. We may collect tracking data using first and third-party
  cookies, pixels, web server logs, web beacons, and similar data collection and
  tracking technologies on the Sites, third party websites, apps and online
  services, and across your devices (such as IP address, browser, type, ISP,
  platform type, device type). Third parties such as advertising networks and
  analytics providers may also collect information about your online activities
  over time and across different websites and devices when you access or use the
  Sites.

**II. How We Use And Share Your Information**

Deno uses the Information for the purpose for which it was collected and in a
manner that is consistent with this Privacy Policy. These functions include
operation, maintenance and improvements to the Sites, providing our products and
services, solicitation of your feedback, gaining a better understanding of our
customers and visitors of our Sites, responding to your requests and questions,
hosting events, and informing you about our organization, products, services,
events, and other areas of interest.

_Analytics Services_. We may use third-party web analytics services, such as
Google Analytics, to help us understand and analyze how Site visitors use our
services. For more information on how Google Analytics uses data collected
through our Sites, visit
[www.google.com/policies/privacy/partners](http://www.google.com/policies/privacy/partners).

_Aggregated Data_. We may analyze your personal information in aggregate form
which does not identify you personally (“**Aggregated Data**”). The Aggregated
Data may be used to operate, maintain, manage, and improve the Sites, shared
with our affiliates, agents, and business partners, and otherwise used and
disclosed for lawful business purposes. We do not re-identify de-identified or
aggregated information.

_Service Providers/Vendors_. Like many businesses, we hire other companies to
perform certain business-related services. We may disclose personal information
to certain types of third party companies but only to the extent needed to
enable them to provide such services, for example web hosting, disaster
recovery, client survey and marketing, and data storage.

_Reorganization_. If, in the future, Deno undergoes a corporate, partnership, or
business reorganization, we may transfer the Information, including personal
information, to the new or surviving entity. 

_Protection of Rights and Compliance_. We may use your Information to protect
the rights, privacy or safety of you, us or others; to ensure our compliance
with legal and contractual requirements; and to prevent and investigate illegal,
unethical, or unauthorized activities (including cyberattacks and identity
theft).

If Deno intends on using or disclosing your personal information in any manner
that is not consistent with this Privacy Policy, you will be informed of such
anticipated use prior to or at the time at which the personal information is
collected.

**III. How We Protect Your Information**

We take commercially reasonable steps to protect your personal information from
loss, misuse, and unauthorized access, disclosure, alteration, or destruction.
Please understand, however, that no security system is impenetrable. We cannot
guarantee the security of our databases, nor can we guarantee that the personal
information that you supply will not be intercepted while being transmitted to
and from us over the Internet.

**IV. Data Retention**

Deno determines the retention period for all Information based on the purposes
for which we collect and/or receive the Information and/or tax, legal and
regulatory requirements. In addition to this, we may consider other factors,
such as the nature and sensitivity of the data, and whether we can achieve the
purpose for which we collected the data through other means.

**V. Your Privacy Choices**

**1\. Your Information**

You may request access to, correction of, or deletion of the personal
information we maintain about you, and we will endeavor to respond promptly to
your request. In order to make such a request, please contact us as indicated
below.

**2\. Marketing Communications**

You may opt-out of marketing-related emails by clicking on the “unsubscribe”
link located on the bottom of any marketing email or emailing us at
[support@deno.com](mailto:support@deno.com). We will use commercially reasonable
efforts to process such requests in a timely manner. Please note that even if
you opt-out of marketing-related emails, you will continue to receive
service-related and other non-marketing emails.

**3\. Tracking Technology**

You can choose not to permit tracking technologies, such as cookies and web
beacons, when you use our services, but blocking some types of these tracking
technologies may interfere with your experience.

_Browser-Based Opt-Outs_. You may be able to disable tracking technologies using
your web browser settings. Please review your browser’s instructions or visit
[All About Cookies](https://allaboutcookies.org/) for general information. Note
that your web browser may have settings that allow you to transmit a “Do Not
Track” signal when you use online services. Like many websites, our Sites are
not currently designed to respond to “Do Not Track” signals received from
browsers.

_Self-Regulatory Program Opt-Outs_. Two self-regulatory programs are available
to help you control the use of tracking technologies on your browsers — the
[Digital Advertising Alliance](https://digitaladvertisingalliance.org/) and the
[Network Advertising Initiative](https://thenai.org/). Both programs help to
regulate vendors in the digital advertising space. One function of their
self-regulatory programs is to give you the ability to opt out of targeted (or
interest-based) advertising, including the use of tracking technologies, from
their member companies. You can visit the Digital Advertising Alliance’s Your Ad
Choices website to opt out of targeted advertising for participating vendors.
The Network Advertising Initiative similarly assists with opt outs through their
Opt Out of Interest-Based Advertising webpage.

_Google Analytics Opt-Out._ To opt out of Google Analytics cookies, visit
Google’s [My Ad Center](https://myadcenter.google.com/personalizationoff) and/or
download the Google Analytics Opt-Out Browser Add-On.

**VI. Children**

We do not knowingly collect personal information from children under the age of
18 through the Sites. If you are under 18, please do not give us any personal
information. We encourage parents and legal guardians to monitor their
children’s Internet usage and to help enforce our Privacy Policy by instructing
their children never to provide personal information through the Sites without
their permission. If you have reason to believe that a child under the age of 18
has provided personal information to us, please contact us, at
[support@deno.com](mailto:support@deno.com) and we will endeavor to delete that
information from our databases.

**VII. External Websites**

The Sites may contain links to third-party websites. These third-party sites may
collect information about you if you click on a link. We have no control over
the privacy practices or the content of these websites. As such, we are not
responsible for the content or the privacy policies of those third-party
websites. You should check the applicable third-party privacy policy and terms
of use when visiting any other websites.

**VIII. Important Notice To Non-U.S. Residents**

The Sites are hosted in and provided from the United States and other countries.
If you are located outside of the United States, please be aware that any
information you provide to us may be transferred to the United States or other
countries where the privacy laws may not be as protective as those in your
country of origin. If you are located outside the United States and choose to
use the Sites, you consent to any transfer and processing of your personal
information in accordance with this Privacy Policy, and you do so at your own
risk.

**IX. Notice To California Residents**

Pursuant to Section 1798.83 of the California Civil Code, residents of
California have the right to obtain certain information about the types of
personal information that companies with whom they have an established business
relationship (and that are not otherwise exempt) have shared with third parties
for direct marketing purposes during the preceding calendar year, including the
names and addresses of those third parties, and examples of the types of
services or products marketed by those third parties. In order to submit such a
request, please contact us using the contact information provided at the end of
this document. Please note, however, that we do not share, nor have we shared in
the past, personal information with third parties for direct marketing purposes.

**X. Notice To Nevada Residents**

If you are a resident of Nevada, you have the right to opt-out of the sale of
personal information to third parties. You can exercise this right by contacting
us at [support@deno.com](mailto:support@deno.com) with the subject line “Nevada
Do Not Sell Request” and providing us with your name and the email address.
Please note, however, that we do not sell any personal information to third
parties.

**XI. Changes To This Privacy Policy**

This Privacy Policy is effective as of the date stated at the top of this
Privacy Policy. We may change this Privacy Policy from time to time. Any such
changes will be posted on the Sites. By accessing the Sites after we make any
such changes to this Privacy Policy, you are deemed to have accepted such
changes. Please be aware that, to the extent permitted by applicable law, our
use of the Information is governed by the Privacy Policy in effect at the time
we collect the Information. Please refer back to this Privacy Policy on a
regular basis.

**XII. How To Contact Us**

Please reach out to [support@deno.com](mailto:support@deno.com) for any
questions, complaints, or requests regarding this Privacy Policy, and include in
the subject line “Privacy Policy", or contact us by mail at:

Deno Land Inc.\
1111 6th Ave Ste 550\
PMB 702973\
San Diego CA, 92101\
USA

**© 2024 Deno Land Inc. All rights reserved.**


---

# deploy/reference/accounts.md

> Information about user accounts, authentication via GitHub, and managing your profile in Deno Deploy.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/accounts


Deno Deploy accounts are linked to GitHub accounts. You can only sign in to Deno
Deploy with GitHub authentication.

Your primary contact email address and name are synced from GitHub. Both your
username and email address update on every sign in. After changing your email,
login, or name on GitHub, sign in again to see these changes reflected in the
Deno Deploy dashboard.


---

# deploy/reference/apps.md

> Guide to managing applications in Deno Deploy, including app creation, configuration, GitHub integration, and deployment options.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/apps


Applications are web services that serve traffic within an organization. Each
application contains a history of revisions (previous versions), typically
corresponding to Git commits when using the GitHub integration.

Applications are identified by a slug, which must be unique within the
organization and is used in default domain names.

## Creating an application

To create an application:

1. Click the "+ Create App" button on the organization page
2. Select the GitHub repository to deploy from
3. Configure the app slug (name)
4. Set up build configuration
5. Add any required environment variables

> ⚠️ Currently, applications must be linked to a GitHub repository during
> creation.

The build configuration determines how the application is built during the
deployment process. Builds are automatically triggered on each push to the
linked repository or when manually clicking "Deploy Default Branch". For
detailed build configuration information, see the
[Builds documentation](/deploy/reference/builds/).

You can add environment variables during app creation by clicking "Edit
Environment Variables". For more details on environment variables, see the
[Environment Variables and Contexts](/deploy/reference/env_vars_and_contexts/)
documentation.

## Renaming an application

Applications can be renamed by editing the app slug on the app settings page.
This will update the default domain names associated with the app since they are
based on the app slug. The new slug must be unique within the organization (i.e.
must not be in use by another app or playground in the same organization).

:::warning

Any previous `deno.net` URLs pointing to the app will no longer work after
renaming.

Custom domains will continue to work, as they are not tied to the app slug.

:::

## Deleting an application

Applications can be deleted from the app settings page. This will remove the app
and all its revisions from the organization. All existing deployments will
immediately stop serving traffic, and all custom domain associations will be
removed.

The app and its revisions will no longer be accessible after deletion, and no
traffic will be served from it. Deleted apps cannot be restored through the Deno
Deploy UI.

:::info

Deleted an app by mistake? Contact Deno support within 30 days to restore it.

:::

## Limitations

> ⚠️ Apps cannot currently be transferred to another organization.

## GitHub integration

The GitHub integration enables automatic deployments of the app from a GitHub
repository. Every push to the repository will trigger a new build of the app.
Depending on the branch of the commit, the build will be deployed to different
[timelines](/deploy/reference/timelines/).

Apps are linked to a GitHub repository during creation. However, it is possible
to unlink the repository after creation, and optionally link it to a new GitHub
repository. This can be done from the app settings page.

Only accounts that have been authorized with the Deno Deploy GitHub app will be
visible in the GitHub repository dropdown. You can authorize new organizations
or repositories by clicking the "+ Add another GitHub account" button in the
user or organization dropdown, or the "Configure GitHub app permissions" button
in the repository dropdown. This will redirect you to GitHub to authorize the
Deno Deploy GitHub app with the selected GitHub account or organization. After
authorization, you will be redirected back to the app settings page, where you
can select the newly authorized GitHub repository.

### GitHub events integration

Whenever Deno Deploy builds an app from a GitHub repository, it will send a
[`repository_dispatch`](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/reference/workflows-and-actions/events-that-trigger-workflows#repository_dispatch)
event to the repository at the start and end of the build. This allows you to
trigger GitHub Actions workflows based on the build status.

Deno Deploy will send the following events:

| Event Name                    | Description                                                                |
| ----------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `deno_deploy.build.enqueued`  | Sent when a build is enqueued, i.e. when a push is made to the repository. |
| `deno_deploy.build.cancelled` | Sent when a build is cancelled, either manually or due to a timeout.       |
| `deno_deploy.build.failed`    | Sent when a build fails.                                                   |
| `deno_deploy.build.routed`    | Sent when a build completes successfully, and traffic is routed to it.     |

The payload of the event follows the following TypeScript type definition:

```ts
interface DenoDeployBuildEventPayload {
  app: {
    /** The UUID of the Deno Deploy app. */
    id: string;
    /** The slug (name) of the Deno Deploy app. */
    slug: string;
  };
  organization: {
    /** The UUID of the Deno Deploy organization containing the app. */
    id: string;
    /** The slug (name) of the Deno Deploy organization containing the app. */
    slug: string;
  };
  revision: {
    /** The ID of the revision being built. */
    id: string;
    /** A URL to view the revision and build status in the Deno Deploy dashboard. */
    html_url: string;
    /** The Git commit SHA being built. */
    git: { sha: string };
    /** The preview URL the revision is available at, if the build succeeded. */
    preview_url: string | null;
  };
}
```

You can receive these events in a GitHub Actions workflow by adding a
`repository_dispatch` trigger. For example:

```yaml
on:
  repository_dispatch:
    types: [deno_deploy.build.routed] # Listen for successful builds

jobs:
  notify:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Test the preview_url
        run: |
          echo "The Deno Deploy app is available at ${{ github.event.client_payload.revision.preview_url }}"
          curl -I ${{ github.event.client_payload.revision.preview_url }}
```


---

# deploy/reference/builds.md

> Detailed explanation of the build process in Deno Deploy, covering build triggers, stages, configuration options, caching, and the build environment.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/builds


In Deno Deploy, each version of your application code is represented as a
revision (or build). When deploying from GitHub, revisions generally map
one-to-one to git commits in your repository.

## Build triggers

Builds can be triggered in two ways:

- **Manually**: Using the "Deploy Default Branch" button on the builds page,
  which deploys the default git branch (usually `main`). The dropdown menu lets
  you select a different branch.

- **Automatically**: When a new commit is pushed to a GitHub repository linked
  to your app.

## Build stages

A revision goes through these stages before becoming available:

1. **Queuing**: The revision waits to be assigned to a builder.
2. **Preparing**: A builder downloads the source code and restores any available
   build caches.
3. **Install**: The install command executes (if specified), typically
   downloading dependencies.
4. **Build**: The build command executes (if specified), creating a build
   artifact that is uploaded to the runtime infrastructure.
5. **Warm up**: A `GET /` request tests that the application boots correctly and
   can handle HTTP requests.
6. **Route**: The global infrastructure is configured to route requests to the
   new revision based on its timelines.

If any step fails, the build enters a "Failed" state and does not receive
traffic.

Build logs are streamed live to the dashboard during the build process and
remain available on the build page after completion.

Build caching speeds up builds by reusing files that haven't changed between
builds. This happens automatically for framework presets and the `DENO_DIR`
dependency cache.

You can cancel a running build using the "Cancel" button in the top-right corner
of the build page. Builds automatically cancel after running for 5 minutes.

## Build configuration

Build configuration defines how to convert source code into a deployable
artifact. You can modify build configuration in three places:

- During app creation by clicking "Edit build config"
- In app settings by clicking "Edit" in the build configuration section
- In the retry drawer on a failed build's page

When creating an app, build configuration may be automatically detected from
your repository if you're using a recognized framework or common build setup.

### Configuration options

- **Framework preset**: Optimized configuration for supported frameworks like
  Next.js or Fresh. [Learn more about framework integrations](./frameworks/).

- **Install command**: Shell command for installing dependencies, such as
  `npm install` or `deno install`.

- **Build command**: Shell command for building the project, often a task from
  `package.json` or `deno.json`, such as `deno task build` or `npm run build`.

- **Runtime configuration**: Determines how the application serves traffic:
  - **Dynamic**: For applications that respond to requests using a server (API
    servers, server-rendered websites, etc.)
    - **Entrypoint**: The JavaScript or TypeScript file to execute
    - **Arguments** (optional): Command-line arguments to pass to the
      application
  - **Static**: For static websites serving pre-rendered content
    - **Directory**: Folder containing static assets (e.g., `dist`, `.output`)
    - **Single page app mode** (optional): Serves `index.html` for paths that
      don't match static files instead of returning 404 errors

## Build environment

The build environment runs on Linux using either x64 or ARM64 architecture.
Available tools include:

- `deno` (same version as at runtime)
- `node`
- `npm`
- `npx`
- `yarn` (v1)
- `pnpm`
- `git`
- `tar`
- `gzip`

:::info

All JavaScript inside of the builder is executed using Deno.

The `node` command is actually a shim that translates Node.js invocations to
`deno run`. Similarly, `npm`, `npx`, `yarn`, and `pnpm` run through Deno rather
than Node.js.

:::

Environment variables configured for the "Build" context are available during
builds, but variables from "Production" or "Development" contexts are not.
[Learn more about environment variables](/deploy/reference/env_vars_and_contexts/).

Builders have 8 GB of storage available during the build process.


---

# deploy/reference/button.md

> Help users quickly and easily clone code and deploy it to Deno Deploy with the click of a button

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/button


The Deploy Button offers a shortcut for users to create and deploy a new
application on Deno Deploy based on existing code hosted in a Git repository.

It provides a link directly into the Deno Deploy application creation flow, and
populates settings in the creation flow based on provided query parameters or
values found in the `deno.json` file of the specified source.

The specified repository will be cloned to the user’s GitHub account and set as
the source for a new project. By default, the new repository will be public, but
can be set to be private if required.

## Example

The deploy button below demonstrates the creation of a new application based on
a simple starter project

[![Deploy on Deno](https://deno.com/button)](https://console.deno.com/new?clone=https://github.com/denoland/examples&path=hello-world)

## Create and deploy a new application

Use the code below to give a button which creates and deploys a new application:

**Markdown**

```bash
[![Deploy on Deno](https://deno.com/button)](https://console.deno.com/new?clone=REPOSITORY_URL)
```

**HTML**

```bash
<a href="https://console.deno.com/new?clone=REPOSITORY_URL"><img src="https://deno.com/button" alt="Deploy on Deno"/></a>
```

**URL**

```bash
https://console.deno.com/new?clone=REPOSITORY_URL
```

### Parameters

The following query parameters can be used to configure a Deploy Button:

- `clone` — (required) The URL of the source repo to clone as a new repo which
  will then be deployed
- `path` — (optional) The path within the source repo to clone from. Providing
  this will create a new repo whose root is this directory from within the
  source repository.
- `install` — (optional) the command to execute prior to a build in order to
  install dependencies
- `build` — (optional) the command to execute to build the application


---

# deploy/reference/caching.md

> Overview of CDN caching functionality in Deno Deploy, including cache configuration, directives, and best practices.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/caching


Deno Deploy includes a built-in CDN that can cache responses from your
application. This improves performance for:

- Static assets (images, CSS, JavaScript files)
- API responses and server-rendered pages that don't change frequently

Caching is enabled by default for all applications, but only responses with
appropriate caching headers are actually cached.

Deno Deploy integrates with popular frameworks like Next.js to automatically
optimize caching for features such as Incremental Static Regeneration (ISR).

The CDN cache is tied to both the revision and context. When you deploy a new
revision, the cache is automatically invalidated, ensuring users always see the
latest version of your application. Note that browser caching may still serve
older content if the `Cache-Control` header permits it.

## Caching a resource

To cache a resource, set the `Cache-Control` header in your response. This
standard HTTP header tells browsers and the CDN how to cache your content.

### Supported caching directives

Deno Deploy supports these caching directives:

| Directive                | Description                                                                                                                                                             |
| ------------------------ | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `max-age`                | Maximum time (in seconds) the response is considered fresh by both CDN and browsers. After this time, the response is considered stale and revalidated with the server. |
| `s-maxage`               | Maximum time (in seconds) the response is considered fresh by shared caches (CDNs only, not browsers). After this time, the response is revalidated with the server.    |
| `stale-while-revalidate` | Maximum time (in seconds) a stale response can be served while a fresh one is fetched in the background.                                                                |
| `stale-if-error`         | Maximum time (in seconds) a stale response can be served if the server returns an error.                                                                                |
| `immutable`              | Indicates the response will never change, allowing indefinite caching. Ideal for content-hashed static assets.                                                          |
| `no-store`               | Prevents caching of the response. Use for dynamic content that should never be cached.                                                                                  |
| `no-cache`               | Requires revalidation with the server before serving from cache. Use for content that changes frequently but can benefit from conditional requests.                     |

### Additional caching headers

- `Vary`: Specifies which request headers should be included in the cache key,
  creating separate cached versions based on those headers.

- `Expires`: Sets an absolute expiration date for the response (alternative to
  `max-age`). do not change, such as images or CSS files.
- `no-store`: The response should not be cached. This is useful for dynamic
  responses that should not be cached, such as API responses or server rendered
  pages.
- `no-cache`: The response should be revalidated with the server before being
  served from the cache. This is useful for dynamic responses that may change
  frequently.

The `Vary` header can be used to specify which request headers should be part of
the cache key for the request.

The `Expires` header can be used to specify an absolute expiration date for the
response. This is an alternative to the `max-age` directive.


---

# Create trust policy file for entire app

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/cloud_connections


Deno Deploy allows you to connect to cloud providers like AWS and Google Cloud
Platform (GCP) without needing to manually manage static credentials. This is
done through the use of OpenID Connect (OIDC) and identity federation.

## How it works

Deno Deploy is an OIDC provider. Every running application of Deno Deploy can be
issued short-lived JWT tokens that are signed by Deno Deploy. These tokens
contain information about the application, such as the organization and
application ids and slugs, the context in which an application is executing, and
the running revision ID. Learn more about
[OIDC in Deno Deploy](/deploy/reference/oidc).

By sending these tokens to AWS or GCP, one can exchange them for short-lived AWS
or GCP credentials that can be used to access cloud resources such as AWS S3
buckets or Google Cloud Spanner instances. When sending the token to AWS or GCP,
the token is verified by the cloud provider, which checks that it was issued by
Deno Deploy and that it is valid for the application and context that should be
allowed to access the cloud resources.

To enable AWS or GCP to exchange OIDC tokens for credentials, the cloud provider
needs to be configured to trust Deno Deploy as an OIDC identity provider, and an
AWS IAM role or GCP service account needs to be created that allows the exchange
of tokens for credentials, for a specific Deno Deploy application.

## Setting up AWS

This guide contains three guides for setting up these AWS resources. You can use
any of these to set up the AWS resources.

- [Using the `deno deploy setup-aws` command from your local machine](#aws%3A-easy-setup-with-deno-deploy-setup-aws)
  (recommended)
- [Using the `aws` CLI](#setup-aws-cli)
- [Using the AWS Console](#setup-aws-console)
- [Using Terraform](#setup-aws-terraform)

To set up AWS with Deno Deploy, the following resources need to be created
inside of your AWS account:

- An
  [AWS IAM OIDC Identity Provider](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_providers_create_oidc.html)
  that trusts Deno Deploy as an OIDC provider.
  - The OIDC provider URL is `https://oidc.deno.com`.
  - The audience (client ID) is `sts.amazonaws.com`.
- An
  [AWS IAM Role](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/IAM/latest/UserGuide/id_roles_create_for-idp_oidc.html)
  that can be "assumed" (signed into) using a Deno Deploy OIDC token.
  - The trust policy of the role should allow the OIDC provider to assume the
    role, such as:
    ```json
    {
      "Version": "2012-10-17",
      "Statement": [
        {
          "Effect": "Allow",
          "Principal": {
            "Federated": "arn:aws:iam::<account-id>:oidc-provider/oidc.deno.com"
          },
          "Action": "sts:AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity",
          "Condition": {
            "StringEquals": {
              "oidc.deno.com:aud": "sts.amazonaws.com",
              "oidc.deno.com:sub": "deployment:<organization-slug>/<application-slug>/<context-name>"
            }
          }
        }
      ]
    }
    ```
  - The role should have permissions to access the AWS resources you want to
    use, such as S3 buckets or DynamoDB tables.

After setting up the AWS resources, navigate to the AWS cloud integration setup
page from the app settings. There you must select the context(s) in which the
cloud connection should be available.

Then you must enter the ARN (Amazon Resource Name) for the AWS IAM Role created
earlier. After entering the ARN you can start a connection test by pressing the
"Test connection" button. The connection test will check that the AWS IAM Role
and OIDC provider are configured correctly, and does not allow access from apps,
orgs, or contexts that should not have access.

After testing the connection, you can save the cloud connection.

### Usage

After setting up a cloud connection between AWS and Deno Deploy you can access
AWS resources such as S3 directly from your application code, without having to
configure any credentials.

The AWS SDK v3 automatically picks up on the cloud connection configuration.
Here is an example of accessing an S3 bucket from a Deno Deploy application with
a configured AWS account.

```ts
import { ListBucketsCommand, S3Client } from "@aws-sdk/client-s3";

const s3 = new S3Client({ region: "us-west-2" });

Deno.serve(() => {
  const { Buckets } = await s3.send(new ListBucketsCommand({}));
  return Response.json(Buckets);
});
```

## Setting up GCP

To set up GCP with Deno Deploy, the following resources need to be created
inside of your GCP account:

- A
  [Workload Identity Pool and Workload Identity Provider](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/workload-identity-federation-with-other-providers)
  that trusts Deno Deploy as an OIDC provider.
  - The OIDC provider URL is `https://oidc.deno.com`.
  - The audience should be the default (starts with
    `https://iam.googleapis.com`).
  - At least the following attribute mappings must be set:
    - `google.subject = assertion.sub`
    - `attribute.full_slug = assertion.org_slug + "/" + assertion.app_slug`
- A [Service account](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-accounts-create)
  that can be "impersonated" (signed into) using the OIDC token.
  - A principal or principal set from the workload identity pool should have
    access to the service account using the Workload Identity User role
    (`roles/iam.workloadIdentityUser`). Examples:
    - A specific context in an app:
      `principal://iam.googleapis.com/projects/<PROJECT_NUMBER>/locations/global/workloadIdentityPools/oidc-deno-com/subject/deployment:<ORG_SLUG>/<APP_SLUG>/<CONTEXT_NAME>`
    - All contexts in an app:
      `principalSet://iam.googleapis.com/projects/<PROJECT_NUMBER>/locations/global/workloadIdentityPools/oidc-deno-com/attribute.full_slug/<ORG_SLUG>/<APP_SLUG>`
  - The service account should have access to the GCP resources you want to use,
    such as a Google Cloud Storage bucket.

This guide contains three guides for setting up these GCP resources. You can use
any of these to set up the GCP resources.

- [Using the `deno deploy setup-gcp` command from your local machine](#setup-gcp-easy)
  (recommended)
- [Using the `gcloud` CLI](#setup-gcp-cli)
- [Using the GCP Console](#setup-gcp-console)
- [Using Terraform](#setup-gcp-terraform)

After setting up the GCP resources, navigate to the GCP cloud integration setup
page from the app settings. There you must select the context(s) in which the
cloud connection should be available.

Then you must enter the workload identity provider ID, in the form
`projects/<PROJECT_NUMBER>/locations/global/workloadIdentityPools/oidc-deno-com/providers/oidc-deno-com`,
and the email address of the GCP Service Account created earlier. After entering
the email address you can start a connection test by pressing the "Test
connection" button. The connection test will check that the GCP Service Account
and OIDC provider are configured correctly, and does not allow access from apps,
orgs, or contexts that should not have access.

After testing the connection, you can save the cloud connection.

### Usage

After setting up a cloud connection between GCP and Deno Deploy you can access
GCP resources such as Cloud Storage directly from your application code, without
having to configure any credentials.

The Google Cloud SDK automatically picks up on the cloud connection
configuration. Here is an example of accessing a Cloud Storage bucket from a
Deno Deploy application with a configured GCP account.

```ts
import { Storage } from "@google-cloud/storage";

const storage = new Storage();

Deno.serve(() => {
  const [buckets] = await storage.getBuckets();
  return Response.json(buckets);
});
```

## Removing a cloud integration

You can remove a cloud connection by pressing the "Delete" button in the cloud
integration section, next to a specific cloud connection.

## Setup Guides

### AWS: Easy setup with `deno deploy setup-aws`

For instructions on how to set up AWS with Deno Deploy using the
`deno deploy setup-aws` command, please see the instructions on the AWS cloud
integration setup page in your app settings.

### AWS: Using the `aws` CLI

You can manually set up AWS resources using the AWS CLI. This requires having
the AWS CLI installed and configured with appropriate permissions to create IAM
roles, OIDC providers, and attach policies.

#### Prerequisites

- AWS CLI installed and configured
- Permissions to create IAM roles, OIDC providers, and attach policies

#### Step 1: Create OIDC Provider

First, create the OIDC provider if it doesn't already exist:

```bash
aws iam create-open-id-connect-provider \
  --url https://oidc.deno.com \
  --client-id-list sts.amazonaws.com
```

#### Step 2: Create IAM Role with Trust Policy

Create a trust policy file that allows your Deno Deploy application to assume
the role. You can choose between allowing access to all contexts or specific
contexts only.

**For all contexts in your app:**

```bash
# Create trust policy file for entire app
cat > trust-policy-all-contexts.json << EOF
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Federated": "arn:aws:iam::YOUR_ACCOUNT_ID:oidc-provider/oidc.deno.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity",
      "Condition": {
        "StringLike": {
          "oidc.deno.com:sub": "deployment:YOUR_ORG/YOUR_APP/*"
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}
EOF
```

**For specific contexts only:**

```bash
# Create trust policy file for specific contexts
cat > trust-policy-specific-contexts.json << EOF
{
  "Version": "2012-10-17",
  "Statement": [
    {
      "Effect": "Allow",
      "Principal": {
        "Federated": "arn:aws:iam::YOUR_ACCOUNT_ID:oidc-provider/oidc.deno.com"
      },
      "Action": "sts:AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity",
      "Condition": {
        "StringEquals": {
          "oidc.deno.com:sub": [
            "deployment:YOUR_ORG/YOUR_APP/production",
            "deployment:YOUR_ORG/YOUR_APP/staging"
          ]
        }
      }
    }
  ]
}
EOF
```

#### Step 3: Create the IAM Role

Create the role using the appropriate trust policy:

```bash
# For entire app
aws iam create-role \
  --role-name DenoDeploy-YourOrg-YourApp \
  --assume-role-policy-document file://trust-policy-all-contexts.json

# OR for specific contexts
aws iam create-role \
  --role-name DenoDeploy-YourOrg-YourApp \
  --assume-role-policy-document file://trust-policy-specific-contexts.json
```

#### Step 4: Attach Policies

Attach the necessary policies to grant permissions for the AWS resources your
application needs:

```bash
aws iam attach-role-policy \
  --role-name DenoDeploy-YourOrg-YourApp \
  --policy-arn arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/POLICY_NAME
```

Replace `POLICY_NAME` with the appropriate AWS policies (e.g.,
`AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess`, `AmazonDynamoDBReadOnlyAccess`, etc.) based on your
requirements.

After completing these steps, use the Role ARN in your Deno Deploy cloud
connection configuration.

### AWS: Using the AWS Console

You can set up AWS resources using the AWS Management Console web interface.
This method provides a visual way to configure the necessary IAM resources.

#### Step 1: Create OIDC Identity Provider

1. **Navigate to IAM Console** → Identity providers
2. **Create OIDC Provider**:
   - Click "Add provider"
   - Select "OpenID Connect"
   - Provider URL: `https://oidc.deno.com`
   - Audience: `sts.amazonaws.com`
   - Click "Add provider"

#### Step 2: Create IAM Role

1. **Navigate to IAM Console** → Roles
2. **Create role**:
   - Click "Create role"
   - Trusted entity type: **Web identity**
   - Identity provider: Select the created OIDC provider (`oidc.deno.com`)
   - Audience: `sts.amazonaws.com`

#### Step 3: Configure Trust Policy Conditions

Add a condition to restrict which Deno Deploy applications can assume this role.
Choose one approach:

**For all contexts in your app:**

- Condition key: `oidc.deno.com:sub`
- Operator: `StringLike`
- Value: `deployment:YOUR_ORG/YOUR_APP/*`

**For specific contexts only:**

- Condition key: `oidc.deno.com:sub`
- Operator: `StringEquals`
- Value: `deployment:YOUR_ORG/YOUR_APP/production`
- Add additional conditions for each context (e.g., staging, development)

Click "Next" to continue.

#### Step 4: Attach Permissions Policies

1. Search and select appropriate policies based on your needs:
   - For S3 access: `AmazonS3ReadOnlyAccess` or `AmazonS3FullAccess`
   - For DynamoDB access: `AmazonDynamoDBReadOnlyAccess` or
     `AmazonDynamoDBFullAccess`
   - For other services: Select relevant policies
2. Click "Next"

#### Step 5: Name and Create Role

1. **Role name**: `DenoDeploy-YourOrg-YourApp` (replace with your actual
   organization and app names)
2. **Description**: Optional description of the role's purpose
3. Review the trust policy and permissions
4. Click "Create role"

#### Step 6: Copy Role ARN

After creating the role:

1. Go to the role details page
2. Copy the Role ARN (it looks like
   `arn:aws:iam::123456789012:role/DenoDeploy-YourOrg-YourApp`)
3. Use this ARN in your Deno Deploy cloud connection configuration

### AWS: Using Terraform

You can use Terraform to programmatically create the AWS resources needed for
cloud connections. This approach is ideal for infrastructure-as-code workflows.

#### Terraform Configuration

Create a Terraform configuration file with the following content:

```hcl
# Variables
variable "org" {
  description = "Deno Deploy organization name"
  type        = string
}

variable "app" {
  description = "Deno Deploy app name"
  type        = string
}

variable "contexts" {
  description = "List of specific contexts to allow (leave empty for all contexts)"
  type        = list(string)
  default     = []
}

# OIDC Provider
resource "aws_iam_openid_connect_provider" "deno_deploy" {
  url = "https://oidc.deno.com"
  client_id_list = ["sts.amazonaws.com"]
}

# IAM Role with dynamic trust policy based on contexts
resource "aws_iam_role" "deno_deploy_role" {
  name = "DenoDeploy-${var.org}-${var.app}"

  assume_role_policy = jsonencode({
    Version = "2012-10-17"
    Statement = [
      {
        Effect = "Allow"
        Principal = {
          Federated = aws_iam_openid_connect_provider.deno_deploy.arn
        }
        Action = "sts:AssumeRoleWithWebIdentity"
        Condition = length(var.contexts) > 0 ? {
          # Specific contexts only
          StringEquals = {
            "oidc.deno.com:sub" = [
              for context in var.contexts : "deployment:${var.org}/${var.app}/${context}"
            ]
          }
        } : {
          # All contexts (wildcard)
          StringLike = {
            "oidc.deno.com:sub" = "deployment:${var.org}/${var.app}/*"
          }
        }
      }
    ]
  })
}

# Attach policies
resource "aws_iam_role_policy_attachment" "example" {
  role       = aws_iam_role.deno_deploy_role.name
  policy_arn = "arn:aws:iam::aws:policy/POLICY_NAME"
}

# Output the role ARN
output "role_arn" {
  value = aws_iam_role.deno_deploy_role.arn
}
```

#### Usage Examples

**For entire app access (all contexts):**

```hcl
module "deno_deploy_aws" {
  source = "./path-to-terraform-module"

  org      = "your-org"
  app      = "your-app"
  contexts = []  # Empty list allows all contexts
}
```

**For specific contexts only:**

```hcl
module "deno_deploy_aws" {
  source = "./path-to-terraform-module"

  org      = "your-org"
  app      = "your-app"
  contexts = ["production", "staging"]
}
```

#### Applying the Configuration

1. Initialize Terraform:
   ```bash
   terraform init
   ```

2. Plan the deployment:
   ```bash
   terraform plan
   ```

3. Apply the configuration:
   ```bash
   terraform apply
   ```

After applying, Terraform will output the Role ARN that you can use in your Deno
Deploy cloud connection configuration.

#### Customizing Policies

Replace `POLICY_NAME` in the `aws_iam_role_policy_attachment` resource with the
appropriate AWS managed policies or create custom policies based on your
requirements. You can add multiple policy attachments by creating additional
`aws_iam_role_policy_attachment` resources.

### GCP: Easy setup with `deno deploy setup-gcp`

For instructions on how to set up GCP with Deno Deploy using the
`deno deploy setup-gcp` command, please see the instructions on the Google cloud
integration setup page in your app settings.

### GCP: Using the `gcloud` CLI

You can manually set up GCP resources using the gcloud CLI. This requires having
the gcloud CLI installed and authenticated with appropriate permissions to
create workload identity pools, service accounts, and grant IAM roles.

#### Prerequisites

- gcloud CLI installed and authenticated
- Access to create workload identity pools, service accounts, and grant IAM
  roles
- Required APIs enabled:
  - `iam.googleapis.com`
  - `iamcredentials.googleapis.com`
  - `sts.googleapis.com`

#### Step 1: Enable Required APIs

First, enable the required APIs for your project:

```bash
gcloud services enable iam.googleapis.com
gcloud services enable iamcredentials.googleapis.com
gcloud services enable sts.googleapis.com
```

#### Step 2: Create Workload Identity Pool

Create a workload identity pool to manage external identities:

```bash
gcloud iam workload-identity-pools create oidc-deno-com \
  --location=global \
  --display-name="Deno Deploy Workload Identity Pool"
```

#### Step 3: Create Workload Identity Provider

Configure the OIDC provider within the workload identity pool:

```bash
gcloud iam workload-identity-pools providers create-oidc oidc-deno-com \
  --workload-identity-pool=oidc-deno-com \
  --location=global \
  --issuer-uri=https://oidc.deno.com \
  --attribute-mapping="google.subject=assertion.sub,attribute.org_slug=assertion.org_slug,attribute.app_slug=assertion.app_slug,attribute.full_slug=assertion.org_slug+\"/\"+assertion.app_slug"
```

#### Step 4: Create Service Account

Create a service account that will be used by your Deno Deploy application:

```bash
gcloud iam service-accounts create deno-your-org-your-app \
  --display-name="Deno Deploy YourOrg/YourApp"
```

#### Step 5: Configure Workload Identity Binding

Get your project number and configure the workload identity binding. Choose
between allowing access to all contexts or specific contexts only.

```bash
# Get project number
PROJECT_NUMBER=$(gcloud projects describe PROJECT_ID --format="value(projectNumber)")
```

**For all contexts in your app:**

```bash
gcloud iam service-accounts add-iam-policy-binding \
  deno-your-org-your-app@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com \
  --role=roles/iam.workloadIdentityUser \
  --member="principalSet://iam.googleapis.com/projects/$PROJECT_NUMBER/locations/global/workloadIdentityPools/oidc-deno-com/attribute.full_slug/YOUR_ORG/YOUR_APP"
```

**For specific contexts only:**

```bash
# Bind for production context
gcloud iam service-accounts add-iam-policy-binding \
  deno-your-org-your-app@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com \
  --role=roles/iam.workloadIdentityUser \
  --member="principal://iam.googleapis.com/projects/$PROJECT_NUMBER/locations/global/workloadIdentityPools/oidc-deno-com/subject/deployment:YOUR_ORG/YOUR_APP/production"

# Bind for staging context
gcloud iam service-accounts add-iam-policy-binding \
  deno-your-org-your-app@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com \
  --role=roles/iam.workloadIdentityUser \
  --member="principal://iam.googleapis.com/projects/$PROJECT_NUMBER/locations/global/workloadIdentityPools/oidc-deno-com/subject/deployment:YOUR_ORG/YOUR_APP/staging"

# Add more bindings for each specific context as needed
```

#### Step 6: Grant Roles to Service Account

Grant the necessary roles to the service account for accessing GCP resources:

```bash
gcloud projects add-iam-policy-binding PROJECT_ID \
  --member="serviceAccount:deno-your-org-your-app@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com" \
  --role="roles/ROLE_NAME"
```

Replace `ROLE_NAME` with appropriate roles such as:

- `roles/storage.objectViewer` for Cloud Storage read access
- `roles/storage.objectAdmin` for Cloud Storage full access
- `roles/cloudsql.client` for Cloud SQL access
- Other roles based on your requirements

#### Step 7: Get Required Values

After completing the setup, you'll need two values for your Deno Deploy
configuration:

1. **Workload Provider ID**:
   `projects/PROJECT_NUMBER/locations/global/workloadIdentityPools/oidc-deno-com/providers/oidc-deno-com`
2. **Service Account Email**:
   `deno-your-org-your-app@PROJECT_ID.iam.gserviceaccount.com`

Use these values in your Deno Deploy cloud connection configuration.

### GCP: Using the GCP Console

You can set up GCP resources using the Google Cloud Console web interface. This
method provides a visual way to configure workload identity federation and
service accounts.

#### Step 1: Enable Required APIs

1. **Navigate to APIs & Services** → Library
2. Search for and enable the following APIs:
   - "Identity and Access Management (IAM) API"
   - "IAM Service Account Credentials API"
   - "Security Token Service API"

#### Step 2: Create Workload Identity Pool

1. **Navigate to IAM & Admin** → Workload Identity Federation
2. **Create Pool**:
   - Click "Create Pool"
   - Pool name: `Deno Deploy Workload Id Pool`
   - Pool ID: `oidc-deno-com`
   - Click "Continue"

#### Step 3: Add Provider to Pool

1. **Add a provider**:
   - Click "Add a provider"
   - Provider type: **OpenID Connect (OIDC)**
   - Provider name: `Deno Deploy OIDC Provider`
   - Provider ID: `oidc-deno-com`
   - Issuer URL: `https://oidc.deno.com`

2. **Configure attribute mappings**:
   - `google.subject` → `assertion.sub`
   - `attribute.org_slug` → `assertion.org_slug`
   - `attribute.app_slug` → `assertion.app_slug`
   - `attribute.full_slug` → `assertion.org_slug + "/" + assertion.app_slug`

3. Click "Save"

#### Step 4: Create Service Account

1. **Navigate to IAM & Admin** → Service Accounts
2. **Create Service Account**:
   - Click "Create Service Account"
   - Service account name: `deno-your-org-your-app`
   - Service account ID: `deno-your-org-your-app`
   - Description: `Service account for Deno Deploy project your-org/your-app`
   - Click "Create and Continue"

#### Step 5: Grant Roles to Service Account

1. Select appropriate roles based on your needs:
   - For Cloud Storage: `Storage Object Viewer` or `Storage Admin`
   - For Cloud SQL: `Cloud SQL Client`
   - For other services: Select relevant roles
2. Click "Continue" then "Done"

#### Step 6: Configure Workload Identity Binding

1. **Go back to the created service account**
2. Click on the "Principals with access" tab
3. Click "Grant Access"
4. Configure principals - choose one approach:

   **For all contexts in your app:**
   - New principals:
     `principalSet://iam.googleapis.com/projects/YOUR_PROJECT_NUMBER/locations/global/workloadIdentityPools/oidc-deno-com/attribute.full_slug/YOUR_ORG/YOUR_APP`

   **For specific contexts only:**
   - New principals:
     `principal://iam.googleapis.com/projects/YOUR_PROJECT_NUMBER/locations/global/workloadIdentityPools/oidc-deno-com/subject/deployment:YOUR_ORG/YOUR_APP/production`
   - Repeat for each context (staging, etc.)

5. Role: **Workload Identity User**
6. Click "Save"

#### Step 7: Get Required Values

You'll need two values for your Deno Deploy configuration:

1. **Workload Provider ID**:
   - Navigate back to Workload Identity Federation
   - Click on your pool, then your provider
   - Copy the provider resource name (full path starting with `projects/`)
2. **Service Account Email**: Copy from the service account details page

#### Step 8: Verify Configuration

The final workload identity pool overview should show:

- Your pool with the OIDC provider
- The connected service account
- Proper bindings configured

Use the Service Account Email and Workload Provider ID in your Deno Deploy cloud
connection configuration.

### GCP: Using Terraform

You can use Terraform to programmatically create the GCP resources needed for
cloud connections. This approach is ideal for infrastructure-as-code workflows.

#### Terraform Configuration

Create a Terraform configuration file with the following content:

```hcl
# Variables
variable "org" {
  description = "Deno Deploy organization name"
  type        = string
}

variable "app" {
  description = "Deno Deploy app name"
  type        = string
}

variable "contexts" {
  description = "List of specific contexts to allow (leave empty for all contexts)"
  type        = list(string)
  default     = []
}

variable "project_id" {
  description = "GCP Project ID"
  type        = string
}

variable "roles" {
  description = "List of IAM roles to grant to the service account"
  type        = list(string)
  default     = []
}

# Data source for project information
data "google_project" "project" {
  project_id = var.project_id
}

# Workload Identity Pool
resource "google_iam_workload_identity_pool" "deno_deploy" {
  workload_identity_pool_id = "oidc-deno-com"
  display_name              = "Deno Deploy Workload Id Pool"
}

# Workload Identity Provider
resource "google_iam_workload_identity_pool_provider" "deno_deploy" {
  workload_identity_pool_id          = google_iam_workload_identity_pool.deno_deploy.workload_identity_pool_id
  workload_identity_pool_provider_id = "oidc-deno-com"
  display_name                       = "Deno Deploy OIDC Provider"

  attribute_mapping = {
    "google.subject"        = "assertion.sub"
    "attribute.org_slug"    = "assertion.org_slug"
    "attribute.app_slug"    = "assertion.app_slug"
    "attribute.full_slug"   = "assertion.org_slug + \"/\" + assertion.app_slug"
  }

  oidc {
    issuer_uri = "https://oidc.deno.com"
  }
}

# Service Account
resource "google_service_account" "deno_deploy" {
  account_id   = "deno-${var.org}-${var.app}"
  display_name = "Deno Deploy ${var.org}/${var.app}"
}

# Workload Identity Binding - dynamic based on contexts
resource "google_service_account_iam_binding" "workload_identity" {
  service_account_id = google_service_account.deno_deploy.name
  role               = "roles/iam.workloadIdentityUser"

  members = length(var.contexts) > 0 ? [
    # Specific contexts only
    for context in var.contexts :
    "principal://iam.googleapis.com/projects/${data.google_project.project.number}/locations/global/workloadIdentityPools/${google_iam_workload_identity_pool.deno_deploy.workload_identity_pool_id}/subject/deployment:${var.org}/${var.app}/${context}"
  ] : [
    # All contexts (using attribute mapping)
    "principalSet://iam.googleapis.com/projects/${data.google_project.project.number}/locations/global/workloadIdentityPools/${google_iam_workload_identity_pool.deno_deploy.workload_identity_pool_id}/attribute.full_slug/${var.org}/${var.app}"
  ]
}

# Grant roles to service account
resource "google_project_iam_member" "service_account_roles" {
  for_each = toset(var.roles)
  project  = var.project_id
  role     = each.value
  member   = "serviceAccount:${google_service_account.deno_deploy.email}"
}

# Outputs
output "workload_provider_id" {
  value = "projects/${data.google_project.project.number}/locations/global/workloadIdentityPools/${google_iam_workload_identity_pool.deno_deploy.workload_identity_pool_id}/providers/${google_iam_workload_identity_pool_provider.deno_deploy.workload_identity_pool_provider_id}"
}

output "service_account_email" {
  value = google_service_account.deno_deploy.email
}
```

#### Usage Examples

**For entire app access (all contexts):**

```hcl
module "deno_deploy_gcp" {
  source = "./path-to-terraform-module"

  org        = "your-org"
  app        = "your-app"
  project_id = "your-gcp-project-id"
  contexts   = []  # Empty list allows all contexts
  roles      = [
    "roles/storage.objectViewer",
    "roles/cloudsql.client"
  ]
}
```

**For specific contexts only:**

```hcl
module "deno_deploy_gcp" {
  source = "./path-to-terraform-module"

  org        = "your-org"
  app        = "your-app"
  project_id = "your-gcp-project-id"
  contexts   = ["production", "staging"]
  roles      = [
    "roles/storage.objectAdmin",
    "roles/cloudsql.client"
  ]
}
```

#### Applying the Configuration

1. Initialize Terraform:
   ```bash
   terraform init
   ```

2. Plan the deployment:
   ```bash
   terraform plan
   ```

3. Apply the configuration:
   ```bash
   terraform apply
   ```

After applying, Terraform will output the Workload Provider ID and Service
Account Email that you can use in your Deno Deploy cloud connection
configuration.

#### Customizing Roles

The `roles` variable accepts a list of GCP IAM roles. Common roles include:

- `roles/storage.objectViewer` - Read access to Cloud Storage
- `roles/storage.objectAdmin` - Full access to Cloud Storage objects
- `roles/cloudsql.client` - Access to Cloud SQL instances
- `roles/secretmanager.secretAccessor` - Access to Secret Manager secrets
- Custom roles can also be specified


---

# deploy/reference/databases.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/databases


The databases feature allows you to connect your applications to external
databases and provision managed data stores. When you assign a database to an
app, Deno Deploy automatically provisions separate databases for each deployment
environment - production, Git branches, and preview timelines.

Your code automatically connects to the correct database for each environment
without requiring timeline detection or manual database name handling. Simply
use your favorite database driver to connect - Deno Deploy handles the
connection details automatically via environment variables.

## Getting Started

There are two ways to add data backends to your apps on the Databases page:

- Link Database: Connect an existing external database (for example, a
  PostgreSQL server you run or a managed instance from a cloud provider).
- Provision Database: Create and attach a managed data store from Deploy (Deno
  KV or Prisma Postgres).

### Adding a Database

Navigate to your organization dashboard and click "Databases" in the navigation
bar. From here, choose the flow that matches your use case:

#### Link an external database

- Click "**Link Database**" to connect an existing database instance.
- Choose PostgreSQL and either enter connection details manually or paste a
  connection string to automatically populate the form.
- Details typically include hostname, port (usually 5432), username, password,
  and optionally a CA certificate if required by your provider.
- Use "Test Connection" to verify settings, then give the instance a name and
  click "Save".

Instead of filling out individual fields, you can paste a connection string like
`postgresql://username:password@hostname:port/database` to automatically
populate the form fields.

**Common formats:**

- PostgreSQL: `postgresql://user:pass@localhost:5432/dbname` or
  `postgres://user:pass@localhost:5432/dbname`

#### Provision a managed database

- Click "Provision Database" to create a managed data store from Deploy.
- Available today:
  - Deno KV — a fast, globally distributed key‑value store built for the edge.
  - Prisma Postgres - the world's most advanced open source relational database,
    hosted by Prisma.

### Connecting an App to a Database

Once you have a database instance (linked or provisioned), you can assign it to
your apps. From the database instances list, click "Assign" next to your
database instance and select the app from the dropdown. Optionally, you can
configure a migration command that will run automatically after each build (see
[Automated Migration Commands](#automated-migration-commands) for details).

Deno Deploy automatically creates isolated data scopes for each timeline. For
PostgreSQL, this means separate databases with the following naming scheme:

- Production deployments use `{app-id}-production`
- Git branches get `{app-id}--{branch-name}`
- Preview deployments use `{app-id}-preview`

This ensures your production data stays safe while developing and testing. You
can monitor the provisioning process and watch the status change to "Connected".
If there are any errors, use the "Fix" button to retry.

## Using Databases in Your Code

### Zero Configuration Required

Once you've assigned a database to your app, connecting to it from your code is
simple. You don't need to configure connection strings, set up environment
variables, or manage credentials - Deno Deploy handles all of this
automatically.

Simply use your favorite database library as you normally would, and it will
automatically connect to the correct database for your current environment.

### Automatic Environment Variables

For PostgreSQL databases (both linked and provisioned), Deno Deploy
automatically injects standard database environment variables into your app's
runtime environment: `PGHOST`, `PGPORT`, `PGDATABASE` (automatically selected
for your environment), `PGUSER`, `PGPASSWORD`, `PGSSLMODE`, and `DATABASE_URL`.
These variables follow standard conventions, so most database libraries
automatically detect and use them without any configuration.

### PostgreSQL Example

Here's how to connect to PostgreSQL in your Deno Deploy app:

```typescript
import { Pool } from "npm:pg";

// No configuration needed - Deno Deploy handles this automatically
const pool = new Pool();

Deno.serve(async () => {
  // Use the database
  const result = await pool.query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1", [123]);

  return new Response(JSON.stringify(result.rows), {
    headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
  });
});
```

### How It Works

Deno Deploy automatically detects which environment your code is running in
(production, Git branch, or preview), then selects the appropriate database
based on that environment. The correct connection details are automatically set
as environment variables, and your database library reads these standard
environment variables automatically.

Your code runs the same way across all environments but connects to different
databases. The same `new Pool()` code works in production (connecting to
`myappid-production`), Git branches (connecting to `myappid--branch-name`), and
previews (connecting to `myappid-preview`).

### Migration and Schema Management

Since each environment has its own database, you can safely test migrations in a
Git branch without affecting production or other branch-specific databases.

#### Automated Migration Commands

When assigning a database to an app, you can configure a migration command that
automatically runs after each successful build. This ensures your database
schema stays synchronized with your application code across all environments.

**Setting Up a Migration Command:**

1. When assigning a database to an app (or editing an existing assignment),
   enter a migration command in the "Migration Command" field (e.g.,
   `deno task migrate` or `npm run migrate`).
2. This command executes automatically after every successful build of a new
   revision.
3. The command runs once for each database that the revision can connect to -
   meaning it executes separately for production, each Git branch database, and
   preview databases.
4. The migration command runs with the same environment variables available to
   your application, including `PGHOST`, `PGPORT`, `PGDATABASE`, etc.

**Example migration setup using node-pg-migrate:**

Add a task to your `deno.json`:

```json
{
  "tasks": {
    "migrate": "deno run --allow-net --allow-env --allow-read --allow-write npm:node-pg-migrate up"
  }
}
```

Create a migrations directory and add migration files. For example,
`migrations/1234567890_create-users-table.js`:

```javascript
exports.up = (pgm) => {
  pgm.createTable("users", {
    id: "id",
    name: { type: "varchar(100)", notNull: true },
    email: { type: "varchar(100)", notNull: true },
    created_at: {
      type: "timestamp",
      notNull: true,
      default: pgm.func("current_timestamp"),
    },
  });
};

exports.down = (pgm) => {
  pgm.dropTable("users");
};
```

Then set your migration command to `deno task migrate` when assigning the
database to your app. Deno Deploy will automatically run this command after each
build, ensuring all your environment-specific databases stay up to date.

### Local Development

When developing locally, you can use either a local PostgreSQL instance (install
PostgreSQL through your package manager or download it from postgresql.org) or
connect to a remote database server.

Create a `.env` file (if one does not yet exist) in your project root and add to
it the PostgreSQL connection details:

```bash
PGHOST=localhost        # or your remote host
PGPORT=5432
PGDATABASE=myapp_dev
PGUSER=myuser
PGPASSWORD=mypassword
PGSSLMODE=prefer        # or `require` for remote connections
```

Then run your application with the `--env` flag to automatically load these
environment variables:

```bash
deno run --env --allow-all main.ts
```

Your application code remains the same - it will automatically use these
environment variables to connect to your chosen database during local
development.

## SSL Configuration (Linked databases)

All connections to linked external databases use SSL encryption for security.
The main difference is how certificates are handled depending on your database
provider. This section does not apply to provisioned Deno KV.

### Certificate Types

**Trusted Root CA Certificates:** Some database providers use certificates
signed by trusted root Certificate Authorities (like Let's Encrypt or DigiCert).
These work automatically without any configuration.

**Private Root CA Certificates:** Some providers use self-signed certificates or
private Certificate Authorities. In these cases, you need to upload the CA
certificate that was used to sign your database's certificate.

### Certificate Configuration

**For databases with trusted root CA certificates:** No certificate upload is
needed and SSL connections work automatically. Some managed database services
fall into this category.

**For databases with private root CA certificates:** AWS RDS users can click
"Use AWS Certificate Bundle" to automatically configure AWS RDS certificates
without downloading them from AWS documentation. Other providers require you to
upload the specific CA certificate provided by your database provider.

### Common Providers

**AWS RDS** uses AWS's own Certificate Authority (not publicly trusted). Click
"Use AWS Certificate Bundle" for automatic configuration without needing to
manually download certificates from AWS docs.

**Google Cloud SQL** uses Google's own Certificate Authority (not publicly
trusted). You need to upload the Google Cloud SQL CA certificate, which you can
download from your Google Cloud Console.

**Self-Hosted Databases** require you to upload your custom CA certificate if
using self-signed certificates, or you can configure your database to use
publicly trusted CA certificates.

## Database Management

### Viewing Database Details

Click on any database instance to see connection information (hostname, port,
engine type), assigned apps, individual databases created within the instance,
and overall health and connection status.

### Database Status Indicators

The dashboard shows clear status indicators:

- **🟢 Connected** - All databases are ready and working
- **🟡 Creating** - Databases are being provisioned
- **🔴 Error** - Some databases failed to create
- **⚪ Unassigned** - No apps are using this database yet

### Managing App Assignments

To assign a database to an app, click "Assign" on the database instance, select
the app from the dropdown, optionally configure a migration command (see
[Automated Migration Commands](#automated-migration-commands)), and confirm the
assignment.

To edit an existing app-database assignment (including updating the migration
command), go to the database detail page, find the app in the "Assigned Apps"
table, and click "Edit" next to the app.

To remove an app from a database, go to the database detail page, find the app
in the "Assigned Apps" table, and click "Remove" next to the app.

### Editing Database Settings

Click "Edit" on any database instance to update connection details. Test the
connection to ensure it still works before saving your changes.

## Supported Database Engines

- Deno KV (Provision Database) — fast, globally distributed key‑value store
  built for the edge.
- Prisma Postgres (Provision Database) — the world's most advanced open source
  relational database, hosted by Prisma.
- PostgreSQL (Link Database) — connect an existing external instance.

Coming soon: additional engines such as MySQL, MongoDB, Redis, and more are
planned for future releases.

## Troubleshooting

### Connection Issues

**"Connection failed" errors** typically indicate:

- Incorrect hostname and port
- Wrong username and password
- Database server not running
- Network connectivity issues

Verify all connection details and ensure your database server is accessible.

**"Permission denied" errors** mean the database user lacks necessary
permissions. Verify the database user has the required permissions, can create
databases, and can connect from Deno Deploy's servers.

**SSL connection issues** occur when:

- Database instance uses a trusted root CA, but SSL connectivity is not
  configured correctly on your database server
- Database instance uses a private root CA, but you haven't uploaded the correct
  CA certificate
- Database server doesn't support SSL connections
- Certificate has expired

Check your database server's SSL configuration and certificate validity.

### Provisioning Issues

**"Database creation failed"** usually indicates:

- Database user lacks CREATE privileges
- Insufficient disk space
- Naming conflicts with existing databases

Check your database user permissions and server capacity.

**"Timeout" errors** suggest:

- Network connectivity issues between Deno Deploy and your database server
- Database server is slow to respond

Check server load and performance.

**"Error" status** can be resolved by:

- Using the "Fix" button to retry failed operations
- Checking your database server logs for more detailed information

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: Can multiple apps share the same database instance?**

Yes! Multiple apps can be assigned to the same database instance. Each app gets
its own isolated databases within that instance.

**Q: What happens to my data when I remove an app assignment?**

The databases remain on your database server. Only the connection between your
app and the database instance is removed.

**Q: Can I use the same database for multiple environments?**

By default, each environment (production, branch, preview) gets its own database
to ensure isolation and prevent data conflicts. However, you can customize the
database your code connects to using options in your database library.

**Q: How do I access my databases directly?**

You can connect directly to your database server using the connection details
you provided. Use the database names shown in the Deno Deploy dashboard.

**Q: Can I change database connection details?**

Yes, click "Edit" on any database instance to update connection details. Test
the connection before saving to ensure it works.

**Q: How do I delete a database instance?**

First remove all app assignments, then click "Delete" on the database instance.
This only removes the connection from Deno Deploy - your actual database server
is not affected.


---

# deploy/reference/deno_kv.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/deno_kv


[Deno KV] is a Key Value database supported in Deno Deploy as a database engine
option in the [databases] feature. Thanks to the new [timelines] capability in
Deno Deploy Early Access (EA), your apps have full control over the Deno KV
databases they use (for example, one for production and one for each Git
branch), ensuring data isolation and security across environments.

As with other database engines, your code automatically connects to the correct
database for each environment—no timeline detection or manual database naming
required.

## Getting Started

### Add a KV database

Navigate to your organization dashboard and click "Databases" in the navigation
bar. Click "Provision Database", choose Deno KV as the database engine, provide
a memorable name, and save.

### Connect an app to a KV database

Once you have a database instance you can assign it to an app. From the database
instances list, click "Assign" next to the database you wish to use and select
the app from the dropdown.

Deno Deploy automatically creates a separate database for each timeline. This
keeps your production data safe while you develop and test. You can monitor
provisioning and watch the status change to "Connected." If any errors occur,
click "Fix" to retry.

## Using Deno KV in Your Code

Once you've assigned a database to your app, connecting from code is simple.
Deno Deploy sets up the connection to the correct database based on the current
environment.

### Example

Here's how to connect to Deno KV in your Deno Deploy app:

```typescript
const kv = await Deno.openKv();

Deno.serve(async () => {
  const res = await kv.get<number>(["requests"]);
  const requests = res.value + 1;
  await kv.set(["requests"], requests);
  return new Response(JSON.stringify(requests));
});
```

For detailed information about Deno KV and its features, see the
[Deno KV documentation][Deno KV].

## Un-assigning a KV database

If you remove a database assignment from an app, the app will no longer be able
to access that database. However, the database itself and its data will remain
intact and can be reassigned to another app or the same app at a later time.
Hover over the name of the assigned app in the databases list and click the
'remove app assignment' icon to un-assign it.

## Data Distribution

Deno KV databases are replicated across at least three data centers in the
primary region, Northern Virginia (us-east4). Once a write operation is
committed, its mutations are durably stored in a quorum of data centers within
the primary region. Cross-region replication is not currently available.

## Data storage

In local development, data is kept in memory. You do not need to create or
allocate a database before using the KV APIs locally, and your KV code remains
consistent across environments.

## Deleting a database instance

Click "Delete" on the Deno KV entry in the database instances list. Unlike other
database engines, this action deletes all existing Deno KV databases and their
data. Be sure to back up your data before proceeding.

[Deno KV]: /deploy/kv/
[databases]: /deploy/reference/databases/
[timelines]: /deploy/reference/timelines/


---

# deploy/reference/domains.md

> Complete guide to domain management in Deno Deploy, including organization domains, custom domains, DNS configuration, TLS certificates, and domain assignments.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/domains


Every organization has a default domain used for all applications deployed
within that organization. For example, an organization with the slug `acme-inc`
would have a default domain of `acme-inc.deno.net`. An application named
`my-app` would automatically receive the production domain
`my-app.acme-inc.deno.net`.

In addition to these default domains, you can add custom domains to your
applications. Custom domains are domains that you own and control. To use a
custom domain, you must:

1. Own the domain (purchased from a domain registrar)
2. Have access to edit its DNS records

Custom domains belong to an organization and can be attached to any application
within that organization.

A custom domain can be added as:

- A base domain (e.g., `example.com` or a specific subdomain)
- A wildcard domain (e.g., `*.example.com`)

A base domain works with a single application, while a wildcard domain offers
more flexibility. You can either:

- Assign the entire wildcard to one application (all subdomains point to the
  same app)
- Partially assign it to multiple applications (different subdomains point to
  different apps)

All custom domains require valid TLS certificates. Deno Deploy can automatically
provision these certificates using [Let's Encrypt](https://letsencrypt.org/).
Alternatively, you can bring your own TLS certificates, which you will then need
to renew manually.

## Adding a custom domain

1. Go to the organization domains page (click your organization name in the top
   left corner, then the "Domains" tab)
2. Click "Add Domain"
3. Enter your domain (e.g., `example.com`)
4. Select whether to add just this domain or also include the wildcard subdomain
5. Click "Add Domain"

This will open the domain configuration drawer.

### DNS configuration

The domain configuration drawer shows the DNS records needed to:

- Verify domain ownership
- Optionally provision TLS certificates
- Route traffic to Deno Deploy

There are three possible configuration methods, depending on your domain
registrar's capabilities:

#### ANAME/ALIAS method (preferred)

If your registrar supports `ANAME` or `ALIAS` records, this is the best option:

- Add one `ANAME`/`ALIAS` record
- Add one `CNAME` record for verification

#### CNAME method

Works well for subdomains but not for apex domains:

- Add two `CNAME` records
- Note: This method doesn't allow other DNS records (like `MX` records) on the
  same domain

#### A record method

Most compatible but requires more configuration:

- Add one `A` record
- Add one `CNAME` record for verification

> Note: Deno Deploy does not currently support IPv6. When using the
> `ANAME/ALIAS` or `CNAME` methods, your domain will automatically use IPv6 when
> supported. With the `A` method, you'll receive an email when it's time to add
> an `AAAA` record.

:::caution

When using Cloudflare as your DNS provider, you **MUST** disable the proxying
feature (orange cloud) for the `_acme-challenge` CNAME record, or verification
and certificate provisioning will fail.

:::

### Verification

After adding the DNS records, Deno Deploy will verify your domain ownership.
This process may take a few minutes depending on your DNS provider. You can
leave the domain configuration drawer open during verification — it will refresh
automatically when complete.

You can manually trigger verification by clicking the "Provision Certificate"
button. Successful verification also initiates TLS certificate provisioning.

### TLS certificates

After domain verification, you need a valid TLS certificate to use the domain
with Deno Deploy. You can either have Deno Deploy provision a certificate for
you using Let's Encrypt, or you can bring your own certificate.

#### Automatic provisioning (Let's Encrypt)

After domain verification, click "Provision Certificate" to generate a TLS
certificate through Let's Encrypt. This process can take up to 90 seconds.

Once provisioned, you'll see certificate details including expiration date and
issue time.

Certificates are automatically renewed near expiration. You can check the
current certificate status in the domain configuration drawer.

If automatic renewal fails (for example, because DNS records changed), you will
receive an email notification 14 days before the certificate expires. You then
have a chance to fix the issue and contact support to retry the renewal. If the
certificate is not renewed before expiration, the domain will stop working.

#### Bring your own certificate

If you prefer to use your own TLS certificate, you can upload it in the domain
configuration drawer. You'll need to provide the following:

- The certificate file (PEM format)
- The private key file (PEM format)

Once uploaded, the certificate will be used for the domain. You are responsible
for renewing and updating the certificate before it expires.

You will receive email notifications 14 days before the certificate expires
reminding you to update it. If the certificate expires, the domain will stop
working.

The TLS certificate must be valid at the time of upload. It must cover the base
domain (and, if you have a wildcard domain, the wildcard subdomain as well)
through either the common name or the subject alternative names in the
certificate. The private key and certificate must match, and must be either RSA
(2048, 3072, or 4096 bits) or ECDSA (P-256, P-384, or P-521).

## Assigning a custom domain to an application

After adding a custom domain to your organization:

1. Go to the organization domains page
2. Click "Assign" next to the custom domain
3. Select the target application
4. If using a wildcard domain, choose whether to attach the base domain, the
   wildcard, or a specific subdomain
5. Click "Assign Domain"

## Unassigning a custom domain from an application

1. Go to the application settings page
2. Find the "Custom Domains" section
3. Click "Remove" next to the domain you want to unassign

This removes the domain from the application but keeps it available in your
organization for use with other applications.

## Removing a custom domain

1. Go to the organization domains page
2. Open the domain configuration drawer
3. Click "Delete" and confirm

This removes the custom domain from your organization and deletes all domain
assignments across all applications.

## Migrating a custom domain from Deploy Classic to Deno Deploy

If you have previously set up a custom domain on Deploy Classic and want to
migrate it to Deno Deploy, we've created a
[step-by-step tutorial](/examples/migrate_custom_domain_tutorial/) to guide you
through the process.


---

# deploy/reference/env_vars_and_contexts.md

> Guide to managing environment variables and contexts in Deno Deploy, including variable types, creation, editing, and accessing them in your code.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/env_vars_and_contexts


Environment variables in Deno Deploy allow you to configure your application
with static values such as API keys or database connection strings.

## Types of environment variables

Environment variables can be stored as:

- **Plain text**: Visible in the UI and suitable for non-sensitive values like
  feature flags
- **Secrets**: Never visible in the UI after creation, only readable from
  application code, suitable for sensitive values like API keys

Variables can be set at:

- **Application level**: Specific to a single application
- **Organization level**: Applied to all applications in the organization, but
  can be overridden by application-level variables

## Contexts

Each environment variable applies to one or more contexts. Contexts represent
the logical "environments" in which your code runs, each with its own set of
variables and secrets.

By default, there are two contexts:

- **Production**: Used for the production timeline serving production traffic
- **Development**: Used for development timelines serving non-production traffic
  (preview URLs and branch URLs)

:::info

Need additional contexts? Please contact [support](../support).

:::

Additionally, there is a **Build** context used during the build process.
Environment variables in the Build context are only available during builds and
aren't accessible in Production or Development contexts (and vice versa). This
separation enables different configuration for build-time vs. runtime.

Within a single application or organization, you cannot have multiple
environment variables with the same name in the same context. You can, however,
have variables with the same name in different non-overlapping contexts.

## Adding, editing and removing environment variables

You can manage environment variables from several locations:

- On the "New App" page while creating an application
- In the application settings under the "Environment Variables" section
- In the organization settings under the "Environment Variables" section

In each location, click the relevant edit button to open the environment
variables drawer. Changes only apply when you click "Save." Clicking "Cancel"
discards your changes.

To add a variable:

1. Click "Add Environment Variable"
2. Enter the name and value
3. Specify whether it's a secret
4. Select the contexts where it should apply

You can also bulk import variables from a `.env` file:

1. Click "+ Add from .env file"
2. Paste the contents of your `.env` file
3. Click "Import variables"

Note that lines starting with `#` are treated as comments.

To remove a variable, click the "Remove" button next to it.

To edit a variable, click the "Edit" button next to it to modify its name,
value, secret status, or applicable contexts.

## Using environment variables in your code

Access environment variables using the `Deno.env.get` API:

```ts
const myEnvVar = Deno.env.get("MY_ENV_VAR");
```

<!--
## Exposing an environment variable as a file

Environment variables can be exposed as a file instead of a regular environment
variable by toggling the "Expose as file" option.

When this option is enabled, the environment variable's value is stored in a
temporary file in the application's file system. The environment variable then
contains the file path to this temporary file instead of the value itself.

To read the value, you can use the `Deno.readTextFile` API in combination with
`Deno.env.get`:

```ts
// Assuming MY_ENV_VAR is set to expose as a file
const value = await Deno.readTextFile(Deno.env.get("MY_ENV_VAR"));
```

This is useful for values that are too large for environment variables or when
you want to avoid exposing sensitive data in the environment variable list.

Additionally it is useful for preexisting applications that expect certain
environment variables to point to files, such as `PGSSLROOTCERT` for Postgres CA
certificates. -->

## Limits

Environment variables have the following limits:

- Environment variable keys can be at most 128 bytes long.\
- Environment variable keys can not start with:
  - `DENO_`, except for `DENO_AUTH_TOKENS`, `DENO_COMPAT`, `DENO_CONDITIONS`,
    `DENO_DEPLOY_ENDPOINT`, or `DENO_DEPLOY_TOKEN`
  - `LD_`
  - `OTEL_`
- Environment variable values can be at most 16 KB (16,384 bytes) long.
- Environment variable keys can not be any of these keys. Instead, use
  [Cloud Connections](/deploy/reference/cloud_connections)
  - `AWS_ROLE_ARN`
  - `AWS_WEB_IDENTITY_TOKEN_FILE`
  - `GCP_WORKLOAD_PROVIDER_ID`
  - `GCP_SERVICE_ACCOUNT_EMAIL`
  - `GCP_PROJECT_ID`
  - `AZURE_CLIENT_ID`
  - `AZURE_TENANT_ID`
  - `AZURE_FEDERATED_TOKEN_FILE`

## Predefined environment variables

Deno Deploy provides these predefined environment variables in all contexts:

- `DENO_DEPLOY=1`: Indicates that the application is running in the Deno Deploy
  environment.

- `DENO_DEPLOYMENT_ID`: A unique identifier representing the entire
  configuration set (application ID, revision ID, context, and environment
  variables). Changes if any of these components change.

- `DENO_DEPLOY_ORG_ID`: The ID of the organization the application belongs to.

- `DENO_DEPLOY_ORG_SLUG`: The slug of the organization the application belongs
  to.

- `DENO_DEPLOY_APP_ID`: The ID of the application.

- `DENO_DEPLOY_APP_SLUG`: The slug of the application.

- `DENO_DEPLOY_BUILD_ID`: The ID of the currently running revision.

During builds, the environment variable `CI=1` is additionally set.


---

# or npm install @deno/astro-adapter

> Detailed guide to supported JavaScript and TypeScript frameworks in Deno Deploy, including Next.js, Astro, Nuxt, SvelteKit, and more.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/frameworks


Deno Deploy supports a number of JavaScript and TypeScript frameworks out of the
box. This means that you can use these frameworks without any additional
configuration or setup.

Natively supported frameworks are tested to work with Deno Deploy and are
automatically detected when you create a new app. Deno Deploy automatically
optimizes the build and runtime configuration for these frameworks to be as
optimal as possible.

Frameworks not listed here are still likely to work, but may require manually
configuring the install and/or build command and the runtime configuration in
the build settings.

Feel like a framework is missing? Let us know in the
[Deno Deploy Discord channel](https://discord.gg/deno) or
[contact Deno support](/deploy/support/).

## Supported frameworks

### Next.js

Next.js is a React framework for building full-stack web applications. You use
React Components to build user interfaces, and Next.js for additional features
and optimizations.

Both pages and app router are supported out of the box. ISR, SSG, SSR, and PPR
are supported. Caching is supported out of the box, including using the new
`"use cache"`.

`next/image` works out of the box.

Next.js on Deno Deploy always builds in standalone mode.

Tracing is supported out of the box, and Next.js automatically emits some spans
for incoming requests, routing, rendering, and other operations.

### Astro

Astro is a web framework for building content-driven websites like blogs,
marketing, and e-commerce. Astro leverages server rendering over client-side
rendering in the browser as much as possible.

For static Astro sites, no additional configuration is needed to use Deno Deploy
.

When using SSR in Astro with Deno Deploy , you need to install the
[`@deno/astro-adapter`](https://github.com/denoland/deno-astro-adapter) package
and configure your `astro.config.mjs` file to use the adapter:

```bash
$ deno add npm:@deno/astro-adapter
# or npm install @deno/astro-adapter
# or yarn add @deno/astro-adapter
# or pnpm add @deno/astro-adapter
```

```diff title="astro.config.mjs"
  import { defineConfig } from 'astro/config';
+ import deno from '@deno/astro-adapter';
  
  export default defineConfig({
+   output: 'server',
+   adapter: deno(),
  });
```

Sharp image optimization is supported.

The `astro:env` API is supported.

### Nuxt

Create high-quality web applications with Nuxt, the open source framework that
makes full-stack development with Vue.js intuitive.

Nuxt requires no additional setup.

### SolidStart

SolidStart is an open source meta-framework designed to unify components that
make up a web application. It is built on top of Solid.

SolidStart requires no additional setup.

### SvelteKit

SvelteKit is a framework for rapidly developing robust, performant web
applications using Svelte.

SvelteKit requires no additional setup.

### Fresh

Fresh is a full stack modern web framework for JavaScript and TypeScript
developers. Fresh uses Preact as the JSX rendering engine.

Fresh requires no additional setup.

### Lume

Lume is a static site generator for building fast and modern websites using
Deno.

Lume requires no additional setup.

### Remix

> ⚠️ **Experimental**: Remix is not yet fully supported. It is in the process of
> being integrated into Deno Deploy. Some features may not work as expected.
> Please report any issues you encounter to the Deno team.


---

# deploy/reference/observability.md

> Comprehensive overview of monitoring features in Deno Deploy, including logs, traces, metrics, and filtering options.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/observability


Deno Deploy provides comprehensive observability features to help you understand
application performance, debug errors, and monitor usage. These features
leverage OpenTelemetry and the
[built-in OpenTelemetry integration in Deno](/runtime/fundamentals/open_telemetry/).

The three main observability features in Deno Deploy are:

- **Logs**: Unstructured debug information emitted by your application code
- **Traces**: Structured information about request handling, including execution
  time for each step and automatic capture of outbound I/O operations
- **Metrics**: Structured, high-level data about application performance and
  usage, such as request count, error count, and latency

## Logs

Logs in Deno Deploy are captured using the standard `console` API and can be
queried from the logs page in the dashboard.

Logs are organized by application. You can use the search bar to filter logs
based on various attributes and message content.

When logs are emitted inside the context of a trace, they become associated with
that specific trace and span. For such logs, a "View trace" button appears in
the logs interface, allowing you to open the relevant trace in an overlay drawer
for detailed inspection.

## Traces

Traces in Deno Deploy are captured in three ways:

- **Automatically for built-in operations**: Incoming HTTP requests, outbound
  fetch calls, and other system operations are traced automatically. This cannot
  be disabled.
- **Automatically for supported frameworks**: Frameworks like Next.js, Fresh,
  and Astro include built-in instrumentation. The specific frameworks and
  operations covered may change over time.
- **Manually through custom instrumentation**: Your application code can create
  new traces or spans using the OpenTelemetry API.

Traces are organized by application. The search bar lets you filter based on
various attributes and span names.

Clicking a trace opens the trace overlay drawer, showing all spans within that
trace in a waterfall view. This visualization displays the start time, end time,
and duration of each span, grouped by parent span with the root span at the top.

Clicking any span shows its details at the bottom of the drawer, including all
captured attributes. For example, outbound HTTP requests include the method,
URL, and status code.

The span details section also includes a "Logs" tab showing all logs emitted
within the selected span's context.

You can click "View logs" on any trace to open the logs page with the trace ID
pre-filled in the search bar, showing all logs related to that trace.

## Metrics

Metrics in Deno Deploy are automatically captured for various operations such as
incoming HTTP requests and outbound fetch calls. This automatic capture cannot
be disabled.

Metrics are organized by application and displayed in time-series graphs showing
values over time. You can use the search bar to filter metrics based on various
attributes.

## Filtering

Logs, traces, and metrics can be filtered using these general attributes:

- **Revision**: The ID of the application revision that emitted the data
- **Context**: The context in which the data was emitted ("Production" or
  "Development")

For logs and traces, this additional filter is available:

- **Trace**: The ID of the trace containing the log or spans

For traces only, these additional filters are available:

- **HTTP Method**: The HTTP method of the request that triggered the trace
- **HTTP Path**: The path of the request that triggered the trace
- **HTTP Status**: The HTTP status code of the response

### Time range filter

By default, the observability pages show data for the last hour. You can change
this using the time range filter in the top right corner of each page.

You can select predefined time ranges like "Last 1 hour," "Last 24 hours," or
"Last 7 days," or set a custom time range by clicking the "Custom" button.

Custom time ranges can be either absolute (specific start and end times) or
relative (e.g., 3 days ago, 1 hour from now). Relative time ranges use the same
syntax as Grafana:

- `now` - the current time
- `now-1h` - 1 hour ago
- `now/h` - the start of the current hour
- `now-1h/h` - the start of the previous hour
- `now/d+3h` - 3 hours from the start of the current day
- `now-1d/d` - the start of the previous day page. The time range filter can be
  set to a predefined time range, like "Last 1 hour", "Last 24 hours", or "Last
  7 days", or a custom time range.

The custom time range can be set by clicking on the "Custom" button. A custom
time range can either be absolute (a specific start and end time) or relative (3
days ago, 1 hour from now, etc.). The time range filter is shown in the top
right corner of the page.

Relative time ranges use the same syntax as Grafana, where `now` is the current
time, and `now-1h` is 1 hour ago. Furthermore syntax such as `now-1h/h` can be
used to round the time to the nearest hour. Some examples:

- `now-1h` - 1 hour ago
- `now/h` - the start of the current hour
- `now-1h/h` - the start of the previous hour
- `now/d+3h` - 3 hours from the start of the current day
- `now-1d/d` - the start of the previous day


---

# deploy/reference/oidc.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/oidc


Deno Deploy is an OIDC provider. Every running application of Deno Deploy can be
issued short-lived JWT tokens that are signed by Deno Deploy. These tokens
contain information about the application, such as the organization and
application ids and slugs, the context in which an application is executing, and
the running revision ID.

The tokens can be used to authenticate with third-party services that support
OIDC authentication, such as major cloud providers, but also HashiCorp Vault,
NPM, and others.

:::tip

Do you want to use OIDC tokens to authenticate with AWS or Google Cloud? Use the
[Cloud Connections](/deploy/reference/cloud_connections) feature instead of
manually configuring OIDC authentication. Cloud Connections handle the entire
configuration for you, including setting up trust relationships and permissions.
OIDC is used under the hood.

:::

## Issuing Tokens

To issue a token for the currently running application, use the `getIdToken()`
function from the [`@deno/oidc` module on JSR](http://jsr.io/@deno/oidc).

First, install `@deno/oidc` as a dependency of your application:

```sh
deno add jsr:@deno/oidc
```

Then, import the `getIdToken()` function and call it with the desired audience:

```ts
import { getIdToken } from "jsr:@deno/oidc";

const token = await getIdToken("https://example.com/");
console.log(token);
```

The `audience` parameter is a string that identifies the intended recipient of
the token. It is typically a URL or an identifier that represents the service or
application that will consume the token. The audience value must match the value
configured in the third-party service that you want to authenticate with. It
will be placed into the `aud` claim of the issued JWT token.

The `getIdToken()` function returns a promise that resolves to a JWT token as a
string.

To check whether your current environment supports OIDC (i.e. whether your
application is running on Deno Deploy), you can use the
`supportsIssuingIdTokens` namespaced property:

```ts
import { supportsIssuingIdTokens } from "jsr:@deno/oidc";

if (supportsIssuingIdTokens) {
  // OIDC is supported
} else {
  // OIDC is not supported
}
```

## Token Structure

The issued tokens are JWT tokens that are signed using the RS256 algorithm. The
tokens contain the following claims:

| Claim Name      | Example Value                          | Description                                                                                                    |
| --------------- | -------------------------------------- | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `iss`           | `https://oidc.deno.com`                | The issuer of the token, which is always `https://oidc.deno.com`.                                              |
| `aud`           | `https://example.com/`                 | The audience of the token, which is the value passed to the `getIdToken()` function.                           |
| `iat`           | `1757924011`                           | The issued-at time of the token, which is a Unix timestamp indicating when the token was issued.               |
| `exp`           | `1757924311`                           | The expiration time of the token, which is a Unix timestamp indicating when the token will expire.             |
| `nbf`           | `1757923951`                           | The not-before time of the token, which is a Unix timestamp indicating when the token becomes valid.           |
| `sub`           | `deployment:deno/astro-app/production` | The subject of the token, which is a string concatenation of `deployment:<org>/<app>/<context>`                |
| `org_id`        | `729adb8f-20d6-4b09-bb14-fac14cb260d1` | The unique identifier of the organization that owns the application.                                           |
| `org_slug`      | `deno`                                 | The slug of the organization that owns the application.                                                        |
| `app_id`        | `16ad21d8-7aeb-4155-8aa3-9f58df87cd3e` | The unique identifier of the application.                                                                      |
| `app_slug`      | `astro-app`                            | The slug of the application.                                                                                   |
| `context_id`    | `1d685676-92d7-418d-b103-75b46f1a58b4` | The unique identifier of the context in which the application is running.                                      |
| `context_name`  | `production`                           | The context in which the application is running.                                                               |
| `revision_id`   | `rh2r15rgy802`                         | The unique identifier of the revision of the application that is currently running.                            |
| `deployment_id` | <random string>                        | A unique hash containing the entire deployment metadata, including the application, revision, and context IDs. |

Tokens expire 5 minutes after they are issued. To account for clock skew, the
tokens `nbf` claim is set to 1 minute before the `iat` claim.

## Verifying Tokens

To verify the tokens issued by Deno Deploy, you need to fetch the public keys
from the OIDC provider's JWKS endpoint. The JWKS endpoint for Deno Deploy is:

```
https://oidc.deno.com/.well-known/jwks.json
```

Use the `kid` (key ID) from the JWT token header to select the correct key from
the JWKS response.

Deno Deploy also provides a standard OIDC discovery document at:

```
https://oidc.deno.com/.well-known/openid-configuration
```

Deno Deploy rotates its signing keys periodically. Therefore, it is important to
fetch the JWKS keys dynamically from the JWKS endpoint rather than hardcoding
them.

Currently, Deno Deploy signing keys use the `ES256` algorithm. This may change
in the future, depending on security requirements, best practices, and support
in third-party services.

To verify the tokens, you can use a JWT library that supports OIDC and JWKS. In
TypeScript, you can use the [`jose`](https://jsr.io/@panva/jose) library.


---

# deploy/reference/organizations.md

> Guide to creating and managing organizations in Deno Deploy, including members, permissions, and organization administration.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/organizations


Organizations are groups of users that collectively own apps and domains. When
signing up for Deno Deploy, each user can either create an organization or join
an existing organization through invitation.

All users must belong to an organization to use Deno Deploy, as all resources
are owned at the organization level.

Organizations have both a name and a slug. The name is visible only to
organization members and appears in the organization dropdown in both Deno
Deploy and Deploy Classic. The slug forms part of the default domain for all
applications in the organization.

:::caution

Organizations cannot be renamed, nor can their slug be changed after creation.

:::

Every organization has a default domain used for production, git branch, and
preview URLs for projects in that organization. For example, an organization
with the slug `acme-inc` would have a default domain of `acme-inc.deno.net`.

Organizations can have multiple members. Currently, all members have owner
permissions for the organization, which means they can invite other members,
create and delete apps, and manage domains.

## Create an organization

Organizations in Deno Deploy are created when you sign up for a Deno Deploy
account.

If you do not yet have a Deno Deploy account, you can create one by visiting the
[Deno Deploy dashboard](https://console.deno.com) and signing in with your
GitHub account. You will be prompted to create an organization as part of the
sign-up process.

:::info

Organization slugs must be unique across all Deno Deploy organizations and
cannot match any existing project name in Deno Deploy Classic.

:::

## Deleting an organization

Organizations cannot currently be deleted from the dashboard. Please
[contact Deno support](/deploy/support/) if you need to delete an organization.

## Inviting users to an organization

To invite a user:

1. Go to the organization settings page and click "+ Invite User"
2. Enter the user's GitHub account username (e.g., `ry`)
3. Optionally enter an email address to send the invitation to
4. Click "Invite"

If you don't specify an email address, we'll attempt to send the invitation to
the email in the user's public GitHub profile or another email we may have on
record.

After inviting a user, they will receive an email with an invite link (if we
have their email address). They must click this link and accept the invitation
to join the organization. You can also directly share the personalized invite
link displayed in the members table after inviting a user.

You can cancel an invitation before it's accepted by clicking the delete button
next to the invited user in the members table and confirming by clicking "Save".
This invalidates the previously sent invitation link.

## Removing users from an organization

To remove a member from the organization, find the user in the members table in
the organization settings, click the remove button, and confirm by clicking
"Delete". "Delete".


---

# deploy/reference/playgrounds.md

> Write and deploy code completely from Deno Deploy, without the need for a git repository.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/playgrounds


![Deno Deploy Playground](https://deno.com/video/playground-1-720.mp4)

Playground applications enable you to create, edit, and deploy applications
entirely from the Deno Deploy web dashboard, without needing to create a GitHub
repository.

Playgrounds contain one or more files (JavaScript, TypeScript, TSX, JSON, etc.)
that you can edit directly in the playground editor.

## Creating a playground

You can create playgrounds from the "Applications" page in your organization.
Click the "New Playground" button to create a basic "Hello World" playground.
Using the dropdown on the "New Playground" button lets you create playgrounds
from other templates, such as Next.js or Hono.

## Editing a playground

To edit a playground, open it from the "Applications" page in your organization.

The playground editor consists of five main sections:

- **Code editor**: The central area where you edit code for the currently
  selected file. Above the editor is a navbar showing the current file name,
  which you can click to edit.
- **File browser**: Located on the left of the code editor, this panel shows all
  files in the playground. Click any file to open it in the editor. Create new
  files by clicking the "New" icon at the top of the file browser. Delete files
  using the delete button next to each file name.
- **Top bar**: Located above the code editor, this contains action buttons for
  the playground. The "Deploy" button saves current changes and triggers a
  build. "Build Config" and "Env Variables" buttons open their respective
  configuration drawers. The left side of the top bar displays the playground
  URL (unless the playground hasn't been deployed yet).
- **Bottom drawer**: Located beneath the code editor, this contains debugging
  tools including "Build Logs" that show build progress during deployment, and
  tabs for viewing logs and traces.
- **Right drawer**: Located to the right of the code editor, this contains tools
  for inspecting application output. The "Preview" tab displays an iframe
  showing the deployed application, while "HTTP Explorer" lets you send
  individual HTTP requests to your deployment.

The playground content automatically saves when you click the "Deploy" button or
when the editor loses focus.

## Uploading files

You can upload a zip file containing files and directories to the playground by
dragging it into the file browser area. The contents of the zip file will be
extracted into the playground, preserving the directory structure.

> ⚠️ The playground editor does not support uploading individual files or
> directories.

## Using the HTTP explorer

The HTTP Explorer tab in the playground allows you to make arbitrary HTTP
requests to any URL served by the playground. This is useful for testing APIs or
other services that do not serve a web page.

To use the HTTP Explorer, enter the path and query parameters for the request
you want to make, select the HTTP method (GET, POST, etc.), and click on the
button labeled with the selected method.

Additional request headers can be added by clicking the "Set Headers" button.

After the response has been made, the HTTP Explorer will display the response
status, headers, and body.

To view the trace for the request, click on the "Trace" button in the response
section. This will open the request trace for the request in a drawer on top of
the playground editor. From there you can also view any `console.log` output
that was captured during the request.

## Renaming a playground

You can rename a playground by editing the playground slug on the playground
settings page. This will update the default domain names associated with the
playground since they are based on the playground slug. The new slug must be
unique within the organization (i.e. must not be in use by another app or
playground in the same organization).

:::info

Any previous `deno.net` URLs pointing to the playground will no longer work
after renaming.

Custom domains will continue to work, as they are not tied to the playground
slug.

:::

## Deleting a playground

Playgrounds can be deleted from the playground settings page. This will remove
the playground and all its revisions from the organization. All existing
deployments will immediately stop serving traffic, and all custom domain
associations will be removed.

The playground and its revisions will no longer be accessible after deletion.
Deleted playgrounds cannot be restored through the Deno Deploy UI.

:::info

Deleted a playground by mistake? Contact Deno support within 30 days to restore
it.

:::

## Limitations

> ⚠️ Playgrounds cannot currently be transferred to another organization.


---

# Apply migrations to production database

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/prisma_postgres


Prisma Postgres is a serverless PostgreSQL database that is instantly responsive
and effortlessly scalable. Built on bare metal infrastructure with zero cold
starts and built-in global caching, it scales to zero when idle and handles
traffic spikes seamlessly. Through Deno Deploy's database provisioning feature,
you can create and manage Prisma Postgres instances that automatically integrate
with your applications and their deployment environments.

## Overview

When you provision a Prisma Postgres database and assign it to an app, Deno
Deploy automatically creates separate databases for each deployment environment:

- Production deployments use `{app-id}-production`
- Git branches get `{app-id}--{branch-name}`
- Preview deployments use `{app-id}-preview`

Your code automatically connects to the correct database for each environment
without requiring timeline detection or manual configuration.

## Provisioning a Prisma Postgres Database

### Creating the Instance

1. Navigate to your organization dashboard and click "Databases" in the
   navigation bar.
2. Click "Provision Database".
3. Select "Prisma Postgres" from the available options.
4. Give your database instance a name.
5. Complete the provisioning flow.

### Assigning to an App

Once your Prisma Postgres instance is provisioned:

1. From the database instances list, click "Assign" next to your Prisma Postgres
   instance.
2. Select the app from the dropdown.
3. Optionally, configure a migration command that will run automatically after
   each build (see [Automated Migrations](#automated-migrations) for details).
4. Deno Deploy will automatically provision separate databases for production,
   Git branches, and preview environments.
5. Monitor the provisioning status as it changes to "Connected".

## Using Prisma Postgres in Your Code

### Zero Configuration Required

Once assigned, your code automatically connects to the correct Prisma Postgres
database for each environment. Deno Deploy injects standard PostgreSQL
environment variables into your runtime:

- `PGHOST` - Database host (db.prisma.io)
- `PGPORT` - Database port (5432)
- `PGDATABASE` - Database name (automatically selected for your environment)
- `PGUSER` - Database username
- `PGPASSWORD` - Database password
- `PGSSLMODE` - SSL mode configuration
- `DATABASE_URL` - Standard PostgreSQL connection string
  (`postgresql://user:password@db.prisma.io:5432/database`)
- `PRISMA_ACCELERATE_URL` - Connection URL for Prisma Accelerate, a global
  connection pooling and caching layer that provides optimized database access
  with reduced latency

### Example with pg

```typescript
import { Pool } from "npm:pg";

// No configuration needed - Deno Deploy handles this automatically
const pool = new Pool();

Deno.serve(async () => {
  const result = await pool.query("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = $1", [123]);

  return new Response(JSON.stringify(result.rows), {
    headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
  });
});
```

### Example with Prisma ORM

```typescript
import { PrismaClient } from "@prisma/client";

// Prisma Client automatically uses DATABASE_URL environment variable
const prisma = new PrismaClient();

Deno.serve(async () => {
  const users = await prisma.user.findMany();

  return new Response(JSON.stringify(users), {
    headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
  });
});
```

## Environment-Specific Databases

Each environment automatically receives its own isolated database:

- **Production**: When code is deployed to production, it connects to
  `{app-id}-production`
- **Git Branches**: Branch deployments connect to `{app-id}--{branch-name}`
- **Preview Deployments**: Preview timelines connect to `{app-id}-preview`

This isolation ensures production data stays safe while developing and testing.

## Schema Management and Migrations

Since each environment has its own database, you can safely test schema changes
and migrations without affecting production data.

### Automated Migrations

When assigning a Prisma Postgres database to an app, you can configure a
migration command that automatically runs after each successful build. This
ensures your database schema stays synchronized with your application code
across all environments.

**Setting Up Automated Migrations:**

1. When assigning a database to an app (or editing an existing assignment),
   enter a migration command in the "Migration Command" field.
2. This command executes automatically after every successful build of a new
   revision.
3. The command runs once for each database that the revision can connect to -
   meaning it executes separately for production, each Git branch database, and
   preview databases.
4. The migration command runs with the same environment variables available to
   your application, including `DATABASE_URL`.

**Example using Prisma Migrate:**

Add a task to your `deno.json`:

```json
{
  "tasks": {
    "migrate": "deno run --allow-net --allow-env --allow-read npm:prisma migrate deploy"
  }
}
```

Then set your migration command to `deno task migrate` when assigning the
database to your app. Deno Deploy will automatically run this command after each
build, applying your migrations to all environment-specific databases.

### Using Prisma Tooling Locally

To manage your database schema with Prisma from your local machine, you'll need
the connection string for the specific environment database you want to work
with. You can obtain the `DATABASE_URL` by clicking the URL button found in the
database table on your database instance detail page in the Deno Deploy
dashboard.

#### Generate Prisma Client

After defining or updating your Prisma schema, generate the Prisma Client:

```bash
npx prisma generate
```

This creates the type-safe database client based on your schema.

#### Run Migrations

To apply migrations to a specific environment database from your local machine,
use the connection string for that environment:

```bash
# Apply migrations to production database
DATABASE_URL="postgresql://user:pass@db.prisma.io:5432/3ba03b-production" npx prisma migrate deploy

# Apply migrations to a branch database
DATABASE_URL="postgresql://user:pass@db.prisma.io:5432/3ba03b--feature-branch" npx prisma migrate deploy

# Apply migrations to preview database
DATABASE_URL="postgresql://user:pass@db.prisma.io:5432/3ba03b-preview" npx prisma migrate deploy
```

For development, you can create and apply migrations interactively:

```bash
DATABASE_URL="postgresql://user:pass@db.prisma.io:5432/3ba03b-dev" npx prisma migrate dev
```

#### Seed the Database

To populate your database with initial data using Prisma's seeding feature:

```bash
# Seed production database
DATABASE_URL="postgresql://user:pass@db.prisma.io:5432/3ba03b-production" npx prisma db seed

# Seed branch database
DATABASE_URL="postgresql://user:pass@db.prisma.io:5432/3ba03b--feature-branch" npx prisma db seed
```

## Local Development

When developing locally with a Prisma Postgres database from Deploy, create a
`.env` file in your project root with the connection details. You can obtain the
`DATABASE_URL` by clicking the URL button found in the database table on your
database instance detail page in the Deno Deploy dashboard.

```bash
PGHOST=db.prisma.io
PGPORT=5432
PGDATABASE=3ba03b-dev
PGUSER=your-username
PGPASSWORD=your-password
PGSSLMODE=require
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://your-username:your-password@db.prisma.io:5432/3ba03b-dev
```

Run your application with the `--env` flag:

```bash
deno run --env --allow-all main.ts
```

## Managing Your Prisma Postgres Instance

### Viewing Details

Click on your Prisma Postgres instance in the Databases dashboard to view:

- Connection information
- Assigned apps
- Individual databases created for each environment
- Health and connection status

### Claiming Your Prisma Project

When you provision a Prisma Postgres database, Deno Deploy creates a free-tier
project on prisma.io. This free tier includes 100K operations per month, 500 MB
storage, and 5 databases.

To upgrade your Prisma subscription plan and lift the free tier limits, you'll
need to claim your database project on prisma.io:

1. Go to your database instance detail page in the Deno Deploy dashboard.
2. Click the "Claim on Prisma" button.
3. You'll be guided through the Prisma project claim flow.
4. Select a workspace in Prisma where you want to claim the project.

Once claimed, you can manage your Prisma subscription and upgrade your plan
directly through prisma.io to increase operation limits, storage capacity, and
access additional features.

### Status Indicators

- **🟢 Connected** - All databases are ready and working
- **🟡 Creating** - Databases are being provisioned
- **🔴 Error** - Some databases failed to create
- **⚪ Unassigned** - No apps are using this database yet

### Managing App Assignments

To edit an existing app-database assignment (including updating the migration
command):

1. Go to the database detail page
2. Find the app in the "Assigned Apps" table
3. Click "Edit" next to the app

To disconnect an app from your Prisma Postgres instance:

1. Go to the database detail page
2. Find the app in the "Assigned Apps" table
3. Click "Remove" next to the app

The databases remain in your Prisma Postgres instance - only the connection
between your app and the instance is removed.

## Troubleshooting

### Provisioning Issues

**"Database creation failed"** may indicate:

- Insufficient capacity or quota limits
- Naming conflicts with existing databases
- Temporary service issues

Try using the "Fix" button to retry failed operations.

### Connection Issues

**"Error" status** can be resolved by:

- Using the "Fix" button to retry failed operations
- Checking the database detail page for more information
- Verifying your app is deployed and running

## Frequently Asked Questions

**Q: Can multiple apps share the same Prisma Postgres instance?**

Yes! Multiple apps can be assigned to the same Prisma Postgres instance. Each
app gets its own isolated databases within that instance.

**Q: What happens to my data when I remove an app assignment?**

The databases remain in your Prisma Postgres instance. Only the connection
between your app and the database is removed.

**Q: How do I access my Prisma Postgres databases directly?**

Use the connection details from your Deno Deploy dashboard with any PostgreSQL
client tool (psql, pgAdmin, TablePlus, etc.). Connect using the specific
database name shown for each environment.

**Q: Can I use the same database for multiple environments?**

By default, each environment gets its own database for isolation. You can
override this by explicitly configuring your database connection in code, though
this is not recommended for production applications.

**Q: How do I delete a Prisma Postgres instance?**

First remove all app assignments, then click "Delete" on the database instance.
This removes the Prisma Postgres instance and all its data permanently.


---

# deploy/reference/runtime.md

> Details about the Deno Deploy runtime environment, including application lifecycle, startup, shutdown, and cold start optimization.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/runtime


In Deno Deploy, all applications execute using a standard Deno runtime in a
secure, isolated Linux environment.

The Deno runtime used in Deno Deploy is [the standard Deno runtime](/runtime/),
with full support for all features of the Deno CLI, including JSR and NPM
dependencies, reading and writing to the file system, making network requests,
spawning subprocesses, and loading FFI and node native addons.

The Deno runtime runs using `--allow-all` permissions.

Custom flags cannot be passed to the Deno runtime.

## Runtime environment

The runtime environment is a Linux-based environment running either x64 or ARM64
architecture. The exact set of tools available in the runtime environment is
subject to change and thus cannot be relied upon.

Currently Deno Deploy runs on Deno 2.5.0

## Lifecycle

Deno Deploy runs applications in a serverless environment. This means that an
application is not always running and is only started when a request is
received. When no incoming traffic is received for a period of time, the
application is stopped.

Applications can be started and stopped at any time. They should start quickly
to respond to incoming requests without delay.

Multiple instances of the same application can run simultaneously. For example,
one instance could be running in the US and another in Europe. Each instance is
completely isolated from the others and they do not share CPU, memory, or disk
resources. Multiple instances can also start in the same region when needed,
such as to handle high traffic or during infrastructure updates.

### Startup

When the system decides to start an application, it provisions a new sandbox
environment for the application. This environment is isolated from all other
applications.

It then starts the application using the configured entrypoint and waits for the
HTTP server to start. If the application crashes before the HTTP server starts,
the request that triggered the start will fail with a 502 Bad Gateway error.

Once the application is started, incoming requests are routed to it and
responses are sent back to the client.

### Shutdown

The application remains alive until no new incoming requests are received or
responses (including response body bytes) are sent for a period of time. The
exact timeout is between 5 seconds and 10 minutes. WebSocket connections that
actively transmit data (including ping/pong frames) also keep the application
alive.

Once the system decides to stop the application, it sends a `SIGINT` signal to
the application as a trigger to shut down. From this point on, the application
has 5 seconds to shut down gracefully before it will be forcibly killed with a
`SIGKILL` signal.

### Eviction

Sometimes an isolate may shut down even if the application is actively receiving
traffic. Some examples of when this can happen are:

- An application was scaled up to handle load, but the load has decreased enough
  to be handled by a single instance again.
- The underlying server executing the instance is too resource constrained to
  continue running this application instance.
- The underlying infrastructure is being updated or has experienced a failure.

When the system decides to evict an application, it attempts to divert traffic
away from the instance being evicted as early as possible. Sometimes this means
that a request will wait for a new instance to boot up even though an existing
instance is already running.

When an application only serves requests that finish quickly, evictions are
usually unnoticeable. For applications that serve long-running requests or
WebSockets, evictions can be more noticeable because the application may need to
be evicted while still processing a request. The system will try to avoid these
scenarios, but it is not always possible.

After traffic has been diverted away from the old instance, the system sends a
`SIGINT` signal to trigger a graceful shutdown. The application should finish
processing any remaining requests quickly and shut down websockets and other
long-running connections. Clients making long-running requests should be
prepared to handle these disruptions and reconnect when disconnected.

5 seconds after the `SIGINT` signal is sent, the old instance will be forcibly
killed with a `SIGKILL` signal if it has not already shut down gracefully.

## Cold starts

Because applications are not always running, they may need to start when a
request is received. This is called a cold start. Cold starts in Deno Deploy are
highly optimized and complete within 100 milliseconds for hello world
applications, and within a few hundred milliseconds for larger applications.

Deno Deploy uses multiple optimizations to enable fast cold starts:

- Sandboxes and the Deno runtime are pre-provisioned to ensure they don't need
  to be created from scratch when starting an application.

- Applications start immediately when the client sends the first TCP packet to
  establish a TLS connection. For fast-starting applications, depending on the
  network round trip latency, the application may already be running before the
  client sends the HTTP request.

- File system access is optimized for frequently used startup files. Deno Deploy
  analyzes file access patterns during the build step's warmup phase and
  optimizes the file system for faster access.

When cold starts are slow, they can negatively impact user experience. To
optimize your application for quick startup:

1. Minimize dependencies used by your application.

2. Load infrequently accessed code and dependencies lazily using dynamic
   `import()`.

3. Minimize I/O operations during startup, especially top-level `await`
   operations and network requests.

If your application starts slowly, please [contact Deno support](../support) for
help investigating the issue.


---

# deploy/reference/timelines.md

> Understanding deployment timelines in Deno Deploy, including production and development contexts, active revisions, rollbacks, and timeline locking.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/reference/timelines


A timeline is a representation of the history of one branch of the application.
Each timeline has a set of revisions, which are the individual items in the
timeline. One of the revisions (usually the most recent one) is the "active"
revision, which is the one that is currently serving traffic. The active
revision receives traffic on all URLs that are assigned to the timeline.

Each timeline is associated with a
[context](/deploy/reference/env_vars_and_contexts/), which determines which
environment variables are available to the code running in that timeline.

By default, there are multiple timelines set up for each application:

- **Production**: The production timeline contains all of the revisions from the
  default git branch. This is the timeline that serves production traffic. This
  timeline is associated with `https://<app-name>.<org-name>.deno.net`, and any
  custom domains that are mapped to the application. It uses the production
  context.

- **Git Branch / `<branch-name>`**: Each git branch has its own timeline. This
  timeline contains all of the revisions from that git branch. This timeline is
  associated with `https://<app-name>--<branch-name>.<org-name>.deno.net`. It
  uses the development context.

> There is also one timeline for each revision, that contains only that
> revision. This is the timeline that backs the preview URL for that revision.
> This timeline is associated with
> `https://<app-name>-<revision-id>.<org-name>.deno.net`. It uses the
> development context.
>
> Preview timelines are not visible in timeline pages in the UI. You can view
> the preview URL for a revision on that revision's build page.

You can view the timelines that each revision is associated with on the
revision's build page. You can also view the revisions that are associated with
a given timeline from the timeline pages.

## Active revision

Each timeline has an active revision. The active revision is the revision that
is currently serving traffic for that timeline. You can view the active revision
for a timeline on the timeline page.

Usually, the active revision is the most recently built revision on the
timeline. However, a different revision can be manually locked to be the active
revision. This enables rollback, and timeline locking:

### Rollback

Rollback is the process of reverting the active revision to a previous revision,
usually because the newer revision has some sort of bug or issue. By rolling
back to a known good revision, you can restore the application to a working
state without having to deploy new code via Git, and waiting for a build to
complete.

Refer to "changing the active revision" below for more information on how to
rollback a timeline.

### Timeline locking

Timeline locking is the process of locking a timeline to a specific revision, to
ensure that new builds do not automatically become the active revision. This is
useful if you are in a feature freeze situation, for example during a big event,
and want to de-risk by not allowing new builds to be deployed. When a timeline
is locked to a specific revision you can still create new builds by pushing to
Git, but they will not automatically become the active revision on the locked
timeline.

Refer to "changing the active revision" below for more information on how to
lock a timeline to a specific revision.

### Changing the active revision

On the timelines page, you can lock any revision on that timeline to be the
active revision. This will lock the timeline to that revision, and new builds
will not automatically become the active revision on this timeline anymore. You
can then either unlock the revision from the timeline, reverting back to the
default behavior of the latest revision being the active revision, or you can
lock a different revision to be the active revision.


---

# Security and responsible disclosure

> How to report security vulnerabilities in Deno Deploy.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/security


We consider the security of our systems, and all data controlled by those
systems a top priority. No matter how much effort we put into system security,
it is still possible that security vulnerabilities are present. We appreciate
investigative work into system security carried out by well-intentioned, ethical
security researchers. If you discover a vulnerability, however small, we would
like to know about it so we can address it with appropriate measures, as quickly
as possible. This page outlines the method we use to work with the security
research community to address our system security.

## Reporting a vulnerability

Please email you findings to security@deno.com. We strive to resolve all
problems as quickly as possible, and are more than happy to play an active role
in publication of writeups after the problem is resolved.

## Please do the following:

- Do not take advantage of the vulnerability or problem you have discovered. For
  example only download data that is necessary to demonstrate the
  vulnerability - do not download any more. Also do not delete, modify, or view
  other people's data.
- Do not publish or reveal the problem until it has been resolved.
- Do not use attacks on physical security, social engineering, distributed
  denial of service, spam or applications of third parties.
- Do provide sufficient information to reproduce the problem, so we will be able
  to resolve it as quickly as possible. Usually, the IP address or the URL of
  the affected system and a description of the vulnerability will be sufficient,
  but complex vulnerabilities may require further explanation.

## Our commitment

- If you act in accordance with this policy, we will not take legal action
  against you in regard to your report.
- We will handle your report with strict confidentiality, and not pass on your
  personal details to third parties without your permission.


---

# deploy/support/index.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/support/


If you have any questions or feedback about Deno Deploy, please reach out to us
on the [Deno Discord](https://discord.gg/deno) in the `#deploy` channel or
[contact us](mailto:deploy@deno.com).

We are actively working on improving the platform and would love to hear your
thoughts!


---

# Terms and Conditions

> Deno Terms and Conditions

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/terms_and_conditions


**DENO TERMS AND CONDITIONS** 09 September 2024

These Terms and Conditions (these “Terms”) are a legal agreement between you and
Deno Land Inc. (“Deno,” “we,” “us,” or “our”). They specify the terms under
which you may access and use (i) our website at
[https://deno.com](https://deno.com) (the “Site”); (ii) any websites,
applications or other digital properties that link to these Terms; and (iii) the
products and services (the “Deno Offerings”) we offer to you on our proprietary
platform (the “Platform”) via the following websites:

- Deno Deploy ([https://deno.com/deploy](https://deno.com/deploy))
- Deno Deploy Classic
  ([https://deno.com/deploy/classic/](https://deno.com/deploy/classic))
- Deno Subhosting ([https://deno.com/subhosting](https://deno.com/subhosting))

By accessing or using the Site or any other digital property that links to these
Terms, you may learn about Deno and our technology platform, and registered
customers may also access the Deno Offerings (collectively, the “Services”).

PLEASE READ THESE TERMS CAREFULLY. BY ACCESSING AND/OR USING THE SERVICES, YOU
ACKNOWLEDGE THAT YOU HAVE READ, UNDERSTOOD, AND AGREE TO BE LEGALLY BOUND BY
THESE TERMS, THE DATA PROCESSING ADDENDUM (THE “DPA”), AND THE TERMS AND
CONDITIONS OF OUR PRIVACY POLICY (THE “PRIVACY POLICY”), WHICH ARE HEREBY
INCORPORATED INTO THESE TERMS AND MADE A PART HEREOF BY REFERENCE (COLLECTIVELY,
THE “AGREEMENT”). IF YOU DO NOT AGREE TO ANY OF THE TERMS IN THIS AGREEMENT,
THEN PLEASE DO NOT USE THE SERVICES.

If you accept or agree to the Agreement on behalf of a company or other legal
entity, you represent and warrant that you have the authority to bind that
company or other legal entity to the Agreement and, in such event, “you” and
“your” will refer and apply to that company or other legal entity.

We reserve the right, at our sole discretion, to modify, discontinue, or
terminate the availability of any Services, or modify this Agreement, at any
time and without prior notice. We encourage you to check these Terms and the
“Last Update” date above whenever you access or use the Services. By continuing
to access or use the Services after we have posted a modification to these
Terms, you are indicating that you agree to be bound by the modified Agreement.
If the modified Agreement is not acceptable to you, your only recourse is to
cease accessing or using the Services.

Deno also offers fee-based products and services (including, from time to time,
as free trials), which may offer access to certain data products and/or services
(“Paid Products”). We provide access to and use of our Paid Products pursuant to
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there is a conflict between these Terms and terms and conditions of the
applicable Commercial Agreement associated with the Paid Products you are
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Capitalized terms not defined in these Terms shall have the meaning set forth in
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**THE SECTIONS BELOW TITLED “BINDING ARBITRATION” AND “CLASS ACTION WAIVER”
CONTAIN A BINDING ARBITRATION AGREEMENT AND CLASS ACTION WAIVER. THEY AFFECT
YOUR LEGAL RIGHTS. PLEASE READ THEM CAREFULLY.**

1. **DESCRIPTION OF THE SERVICES; RIGHT TO ACCESS AND USE THE SERVICES**

**Deno Deploy** and **Deno Subhosting** are globally distributed platforms for
serverless JavaScript applications. Your JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly
code runs on managed servers geographically close to your users, enabling low
latency and faster response times. Deploy and Subhosting applications run on
fast, light-weight V8 isolates rather than virtual machines, powered by the Deno
runtime.

Subject to the terms and conditions of this Agreement, Deno hereby grants you
during the term of this Agreement a limited, non-exclusive, non-transferable,
non-sublicensable, revocable right, to access and use the Services solely for
your internal business purposes.

Deno reserves the right to, at any time, and without notice or liability to you:

1. Block and disable any deployments that, for any reason, make the Platform
   unstable;
2. Change the regions in which the Services run,
3. Change which features are supported by the Services; and
4. Modify or discontinue the availability of any other feature, function, or
   content relating to the Services.

You agree that we will not be liable to you or to any third party for any
modification, suspension, or discontinuance of the Services or any part thereof.
You are free to stop using the Services at any time.

2. **ACCOUNT CREDENTIALS**

   In order to use the Deno Offerings, you must be an “Authorized User”. To
   become an Authorized User, you need to create an account on the Platform, and
   authenticate via GitHub (collectively, the “Account Credentials”). When
   creating the account, each Authorized User must provide true, accurate,
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   Authorized User, and may accept or reject any registration in its sole and
   complete discretion. We have the right to disable any Account Credentials at
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   that you have failed to comply with these Terms.

3. **USE OF PERSONAL INFORMATION**

Your use of the Services may involve the transmission to us of certain personal
information. Our policies with respect to the collection and use of such
personal information are governed according to our Privacy Policy, which is
hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.

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The Services may contain material, such as software, text, graphics, images,
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of Deno (collectively referred to as the “Content”). The Content may be owned by
us or by third parties. The Content is protected under both United States and
foreign laws. Unauthorized use of the Content may violate copyright, trademark,
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the Content except as permitted under this Agreement. No other use is permitted
without prior written consent from us. You must retain all copyright and other
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the Content. You may not sell, transfer, assign, license, sublicense, or modify
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If you violate any part of this Agreement, your permission to access and/or use
the Content, and the Services automatically terminates and you must immediately
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and displayed on the Services are registered and unregistered trademarks or
service marks of Deno. Other company, product, and service names located on the
Services may be trademarks or service marks owned by others (the “Third-Party
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on the Services should be construed as granting, by implication, estoppel, or
otherwise, any license or right to use the Trademarks, without our prior written
permission specific for each such use. Use of the Trademarks as part of a link
to or from any website is prohibited unless establishment of such a link is
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Elements of the Services are protected by trade dress, trademark, unfair
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For purposes of this Agreement, “User Data” means (i) any data and information
that we ingest by connecting to Authorized Users’ business systems, including
but not limited to event logs; and (ii) any data and information that Authorized
Users submit through the Services; and “Usage Data” means anonymous, analytical
data that Deno collects concerning the performance and your use of the Services,
including, without limitation, date and time that you access the Services, the
portions of the Services visited, the frequency and number of times such pages
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and other usage and performance data.

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Notwithstanding anything to the contrary herein, we may use, and may permit our
third-party service providers to access and use, User Data, as well as any Usage
Data that we may collect, in an anonymous and aggregated form (“Aggregate Data”)
for the purposes of operating, maintaining, managing, and improving our products
and services including the Services. Aggregate Data does not identify Authorized
Users or any individual. You hereby agree that we may collect, use, publish,
disseminate, transfer, and otherwise exploit such Aggregate Data.

6. **FEES**

Deno offers and Authorized Users can purchase a monthly or annual subscription
for the Services (“Subscription”) for a fee set forth on our website (the
“Subscription Fee”). Deno may add new fees and charges, or amend fees and
charges, at any time in its sole discretion. Payment for a Subscription is due
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**Copyright 2025 Deno Land Inc. All rights reserved.**


---

# Deno Deploy Usage Guidelines

> Important limitations, service level expectations, and terms of use for Deno Deploy.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/deploy/usage


Deno Deploy offers a generous free tier that allows you to run applications at
the edge with minimal cost. However, to ensure a fair and reliable service for
all users, there are certain usage guidelines and limitations in place. To
review the pricing details, please visit the
[Deno Deploy pricing page](https://deno.com/deploy/pricing).

If your application experiences a surprise traffic spike, we want to protect you
from an unexpectedly large bill. At the same time, we don't want to dampen your
success by automatically suspending traffic when limits are reached if that is
your preference.

Before October 1st 2025, you'll be able to configure alert thresholds and hard
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You’ll be able to review and control these in the
[Billing](https://console.deno.com/go/billing) section of your console.

The Deno company is now using Deno Deploy to host our own websites and is
putting significant efforts into ensuring service reliability.

- [Deno Deploy Acceptable Use Policy](/deploy/acceptable_use_policy/)
- [Deno Deploy Terms and Conditions](/deploy/terms_and_conditions/)

Deno reserves the right to terminate any user, organization, or app that we find
to be in violation of the terms and conditions.


---

# How to use Apollo with Deno

> Step-by-step tutorial on integrating Apollo GraphQL with Deno. Learn how to set up an Apollo Server, define schemas, implement resolvers, and build a complete GraphQL API using TypeScript.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/apollo


[Apollo Server](https://www.apollographql.com/) is a GraphQL server that you can
set up in minutes and use with your existing data source (or REST API). You can
then connect any GraphQL client to it to receive the data and take advantage of
GraphQL benefits, such as type-checking and efficient fetching.

We're going to get a simple Apollo server up and running that will allow us to
query some local data. We're only going to need three files for this:

1. `schema.ts` to set up our data model
2. `resolvers.ts` to set up how we're going to populate the data fields in our
   schema
3. Our `main.ts` where the server is going to launch

We'll start by creating them:

```shell
touch schema.ts resolvers.ts main.ts
```

Let's go through setting up each.

[View source here.](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-apollo)

## schema.ts

Our `schema.ts` file describes our data. In this case, our data is a list of
dinosaurs. We want our users to be able to get the name and a short description
of each dino. In GraphQL language, this means that `Dinosaur` is our **type**,
and `name` and `description` are our **fields**. We can also define the data
type for each field. In this case, both are strings.

This is also where we describe the queries we allow for our data, using the
special **Query** type in GraphQL. We have two queries:

- `dinosaurs` which gets a list of all dinosaurs
- `dinosaur` which takes in the `name` of a dinosaur as an argument and returns
  information about that one type of dinosaur.

We're going to export all this within our `typeDefs` type definitions, variable:

```tsx
export const typeDefs = `
  type Dinosaur {
    name: String
    description: String
  }

  type Query {
    dinosaurs: [Dinosaur]
		dinosaur(name: String): Dinosaur
  }
`;
```

If we wanted to write data, this is also where we would describe the
**Mutation** to do so. Mutations are how you write data with GraphQL. Because we
are using a static dataset here, we won't be writing anything.

## resolvers.ts

A resolver is responsible for populating the data for each query. Here we have
our list of dinosaurs and all the resolver is going to do is either a) pass that
entire list to the client if the user requests the `dinosaurs` query, or pass
just one if the user requests the `dinosaur` query.

```tsx
const dinosaurs = [
  {
    name: "Aardonyx",
    description: "An early stage in the evolution of sauropods.",
  },
  {
    name: "Abelisaurus",
    description: '"Abel\'s lizard" has been reconstructed from a single skull.',
  },
];

export const resolvers = {
  Query: {
    dinosaurs: () => dinosaurs,
    dinosaur: (_: any, args: any) => {
      return dinosaurs.find((dinosaur) => dinosaur.name === args.name);
    },
  },
};
```

With the latter, we pass the arguments from the client into a function to match
the name to a name in our dataset.

## main.ts

In our `main.ts` we're going to import the `ApolloServer` as well as `graphql`
and our `typeDefs` from the schema and our resolvers:

```tsx
import { ApolloServer } from "npm:@apollo/server@^4.1";
import { startStandaloneServer } from "npm:@apollo/server@4.1/standalone";
import { graphql } from "npm:graphql@16.6";
import { typeDefs } from "./schema.ts";
import { resolvers } from "./resolvers.ts";

const server = new ApolloServer({
  typeDefs,
  resolvers,
});

const { url } = await startStandaloneServer(server, {
  listen: { port: 8000 },
});

console.log(`Server running on: ${url}`);
```

We pass our `typeDefs` and `resolvers` to `ApolloServer` to spool up a new
server. Finally, `startStandaloneServer` is a helper function to get the server
up and running quickly.

## Running the server

All that is left to do now is run the server:

```shell
deno run --allow-net --allow-read --allow-env main.ts
```

You should see `Server running on: 127.0.0.1:8000` in your terminal. If you go
to that address you will see the Apollo sandbox where we can enter our
`dinosaurs` query:

```graphql
query {
  dinosaurs {
    name
    description
  }
}
```

This will return our dataset:

```graphql
{
  "data": {
    "dinosaurs": [
      {
        "name": "Aardonyx",
        "description": "An early stage in the evolution of sauropods."
      },
      {
        "name": "Abelisaurus",
        "description": "\"Abel's lizard\" has been reconstructed from a single skull."
      }
    ]
  }
}
```

Or if we want just one `dinosaur`:

```graphql
query {
  dinosaur(name:"Aardonyx") {
    name
    description
  }
}
```

Which returns:

```graphql
{
  "data": {
    "dinosaur": {
      "name": "Aardonyx",
      "description": "An early stage in the evolution of sauropods."
    }
  }
}
```

Awesome!

[Learn more about using Apollo and GraphQL in their tutorials](https://www.apollographql.com/tutorials/).


---

# Build Astro with Deno

> Step-by-step tutorial on building web applications with Astro and Deno. Learn how to scaffold projects, create dynamic pages, implement SSR, and deploy your Astro sites using Deno's Node.js compatibility.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/astro


[Astro](https://astro.build/) is a modern web framework focused on
content-centric websites, which leverages islands architecture and sends zero
JavaScript to the client by default. You can see the
[finished app on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-astro).

You can see a live version of the app on
[Deno Deploy](https://tutorial-with-astro.deno.deno.net/).

:::info Deploy your own

Want to skip the tutorial and deploy the finished app right now? Click the
button below to instantly deploy your own copy of the complete Astro dinosaur
app to Deno Deploy. You'll get a live, working application that you can
customize and modify as you learn!

[![Deploy on Deno](https://deno.com/button)](https://console.deno.com/new?clone=https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-astro)

:::

## Scaffold an Astro project

Astro provides a CLI tool to quickly scaffold a new Astro project. In your
terminal, run the following command to create a new Astro project with Deno.

```sh
deno init --npm astro@latest
```

For this tutorial, we’ll select the “Empty” template so we can start from
scratch and we'll install the dependencies.

this will set us up with a basic Astro project structure, including a
`package.json` file, and a `src` directory where our application code will live.

## Start the Astro server

We can start the local Astro server with the `dev` task. In your terminal,
change directory into your new project and run run

```sh
deno task dev
```

This will start the Astro development server, which will watch for changes in
your files and automatically reload the page in your browser. You should see a
message indicating that the server is running on `http://localhost:4321`.

Upon visiting the output URL in your browser, you should see a very basic Astro
welcome page.

## Build out the app architecture

Now that we have a basic Astro project set up, let's build out the architecture
of our app. We'll create a few directories to organize our code and set up some
basic routing. Create the following directories

```text
src/
    ├── data/
    ├── lib/
    └── pages/
        └── index.astro
```

## Add dinosaur data

In the `data` directory, create a new file called `data.json` file, which will
contain the hard coded dinosaur data.

Copy and paste
[this json file](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/denoland/tutorial-with-astro/refs/heads/main/src/data/data.json)
into the `data.json` file. (If you were building a real app, you would probably
fetch this data from a database or an external API.)

## Set up the business logic

Next, we’ll create a `lib` directory to hold our business logic. In this case,
we’ll create a file called `dinosaur-service.ts` that will contain a function to
fetch the dinosaur data. Create `src/lib/dinosaur-service.ts` with the following
code:

```ts title="src/lib/dinosaur-service.ts"
// Simple utility functions for working with dinosaur data
import dinosaursData from "../data/data.json";

export interface Dinosaur {
  name?: string;
  description: string;
}

export class DinosaurService {
  private static dinosaurs: Dinosaur[] = dinosaursData;

  // Get all dinosaurs with names (filter out unnamed ones)
  static getNamedDinosaurs(): Dinosaur[] {
    return this.dinosaurs.filter((dino) => dino.name);
  }

  // Create a URL-friendly slug from dinosaur name
  static createSlug(name: string): string {
    return name
      .toLowerCase()
      .replace(/[^a-z0-9]+/g, "-")
      .replace(/^-+|-+$/g, "");
  }

  // Get dinosaur by slug
  static getDinosaurBySlug(slug: string): Dinosaur | undefined {
    return this.dinosaurs.find((dino) => {
      if (!dino.name) return false;
      return this.createSlug(dino.name) === slug;
    });
  }

  // Get all dinosaurs with their slugs for linking
  static getDinosaursWithSlugs() {
    return this.getNamedDinosaurs().map((dino) => ({
      ...dino,
      slug: this.createSlug(dino.name!),
    }));
  }
}

export default DinosaurService;
```

This file contains a `DinosaurService` class with methods to get all dinosaurs,
create a URL-friendly slug from a dinosaur name, and get a dinosaur by its slug.

## Update the index page to use the service

Now we can update our `index.astro` page to use the `DinosaurService` to fetch
the dinosaur data and render it as a list of links. Update the
`src/pages/index.astro` file to look like this:

```jsx title="src/pages/index.astro"
---
import DinosaurService from '../lib/dinosaur-service';
import '../../styles/index.css';

// Get all dinosaurs with slugs for linking
const dinosaursWithSlugs = DinosaurService.getDinosaursWithSlugs();
---

<html lang="en">
	<head>
		<meta charset="utf-8" />
		<link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/favicon.svg" />
		<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
		<meta name="generator" content={Astro.generator} />
		<title>Dinosaur Directory</title>
	</head>
	<body>
		<h1>🦕 Dinosaur Directory</h1>
		<p>Click on any dinosaur name to learn more about it!</p>
		
		<div class="dinosaur-list">
			{dinosaursWithSlugs.map((dinosaur) => (
				<a href={`/dinosaur/${dinosaur.slug}`} class="dinosaur-link">
					{dinosaur.name}
				</a>
			))}
		</div>
	</body>
</html>
```

We import the `DinosaurService`, then map over the dinosaurs to create links to
individual dinosaur pages.

## Create individual dinosaur pages

Next, we’ll create individual pages for each dinosaur. In the `src/pages`
directory, create a directory called `dinosaurs`, and inside that directory,
create a file called `[slug].astro`. This file will be used to render the
individual dinosaur pages:

```jsx title="src/pages/dinosaurs/[slug].astro"
---
import DinosaurService from '../../lib/dinosaur-service';
import '../../styles/index.css';

export async function getStaticPaths() {
    const dinosaursWithSlugs = DinosaurService.getDinosaursWithSlugs();
    
    return dinosaursWithSlugs.map((dinosaur) => ({
        params: { slug: dinosaur.slug },
        props: { dinosaur }
    }));
}

const { dinosaur } = Astro.props;
---

<html lang="en">
    <head>
        <meta charset="utf-8" />
        <link rel="icon" type="image/svg+xml" href="/favicon.svg" />
        <meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width" />
        <meta name="generator" content={Astro.generator} />
        <title>{dinosaur.name} - Dinosaur Directory</title>
        <meta name="description" content={dinosaur.description} />
		<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://demo-styles.deno.deno.net/styles.css">
    </head>
    <body class="dinosaur">
        <main>
            <h1>🦕 {dinosaur.name}</h1>
            
            <div class="info-card">
                <p>{dinosaur.description}</p>
            </div>
            
            <a href="/" class="btn-secondary">Back to Directory</a>
        </main>
    </body>
</html>
```

This file uses the `getStaticPaths` function to generate static paths for each
dinosaur based on the slugs we created earlier. The `Astro.props` object will
contain the dinosaur data for the specific slug, which we can then render in the
page.

## Add some styles

You can style your app to make it your own in the `src/styles/index.css`. This
file is imported in both the `index.astro` and `[slug].astro` files, so any
styles you add here will apply to both pages.

## Build and deploy

Astro has a built-in command to build your site for production:

```sh
deno run build
```

This will:

- Generate static HTML files for each page in the `dist` directory.
- Optimize your assets (CSS, JavaScript, images, etc.) for production.

You can deploy this app to your favorite cloud provider. We recommend using
[Deno Deploy](https://deno.com/deploy) for a simple and easy deployment
experience. You can deploy your app directly from GitHub, simply create a GitHub
repository and push your code there, then connect it to Deno Deploy.

### Create a GitHub repository

[Create a new GitHub repository](https://github.com/new), then initialize and
push your app to GitHub:

```sh
git init -b main
git remote add origin https://github.com/<your_github_username>/<your_repo_name>.git
git add .
git commit -am 'initial commit'
git push -u origin main
```

### Deploy to Deno Deploy

Once your app is on GitHub, you can
[deploy to Deno Deploy](https://console.deno.com/) dashboard.

For a walkthrough of deploying your app, check out the
[Deno Deploy tutorial](/examples/deno_deploy_tutorial/).

🦕 Now you can scaffold and develop an Astro app that will run on Deno! You
could extend this app by adding more features, such as user authentication, a
database, or even a CMS. We can’t wait to see what you build with Astro and
Deno!


---

# How to Deploy Deno to AWS Lambda

> Step-by-step tutorial on deploying Deno applications to AWS Lambda. Learn about Docker containerization, ECR repositories, function configuration, and how to set up serverless Deno apps on AWS.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/aws_lambda


AWS Lambda is a serverless computing service provided by Amazon Web Services. It
allows you to run code without provisioning or managing servers.

Here's a step by step guide to deploying a Deno app to AWS Lambda using Docker.

The pre-requisites for this are:

- [`docker` CLI](https://docs.docker.com/reference/cli/docker/)
- an [AWS account](https://aws.amazon.com)
- [`aws` CLI](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/getting-started-install.html)

## Step 1: Create a Deno App

Create a new Deno app using the following code:

```ts title="main.ts"
Deno.serve((req) => new Response("Hello World!"));
```

Save this code in a file named `main.ts`.

## Step 2: Create a Dockerfile

Create a new file named `Dockerfile` with the following content:

```Dockerfile
# Set up the base image
FROM public.ecr.aws/awsguru/aws-lambda-adapter:0.9.0 AS aws-lambda-adapter
FROM denoland/deno:bin-1.45.2 AS deno_bin
FROM debian:bookworm-20230703-slim AS deno_runtime
COPY --from=aws-lambda-adapter /lambda-adapter /opt/extensions/lambda-adapter
COPY --from=deno_bin /deno /usr/local/bin/deno
ENV PORT=8000
EXPOSE 8000
RUN mkdir /var/deno_dir
ENV DENO_DIR=/var/deno_dir

# Copy the function code
WORKDIR "/var/task"
COPY . /var/task

# Warmup caches
RUN timeout 10s deno run -A main.ts || [ $? -eq 124 ] || exit 1

CMD ["deno", "run", "-A", "main.ts"]
```

This Dockerfile uses the
[`aws-lambda-adapter`](https://github.com/awslabs/aws-lambda-web-adapter)
project to adapt regular HTTP servers, like Deno's `Deno.serve`, to the AWS
Lambda runtime API.

We also use the `denoland/deno:bin-1.45.2` image to get the Deno binary and
`debian:bookworm-20230703-slim` as the base image. The
`debian:bookworm-20230703-slim` image is used to keep the image size small.

The `PORT` environment variable is set to `8000` to tell the AWS Lambda adapter
that we are listening on port `8000`.

We set the `DENO_DIR` environment variable to `/var/deno_dir` to store cached
Deno source code and transpiled modules in the `/var/deno_dir` directory.

The warmup caches step is used to warm up the Deno cache before the function is
invoked. This is done to reduce the cold start time of the function. These
caches contain the compiled code and dependencies of your function code. This
step starts your server for 10 seconds and then exits.

When using a package.json, remember to run `deno install` to install
`node_modules` from your `package.json` file before warming up the caches or
running the function.

## Step 3: Build the Docker Image

Build the Docker image using the following command:

```bash
docker build -t hello-world .
```

## Step 4: Create an ECR Docker repository and push the image

With the AWS CLI, create an ECR repository and push the Docker image to it:

```bash
aws ecr create-repository --repository-name hello-world --region us-east-1 | grep repositoryUri
```

This should output a repository URI that looks like
`<account_id>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/hello-world`.

Authenticate Docker with ECR, using the repository URI from the previous step:

```bash
aws ecr get-login-password --region us-east-1 | docker login --username AWS --password-stdin <account_id>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com
```

Tag the Docker image with the repository URI, again using the repository URI
from the previous steps:

```bash
docker tag hello-world:latest <account_id>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/hello-world:latest
```

Finally, push the Docker image to the ECR repository, using the repository URI
from the previous steps:

```bash
docker push <account_id>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/hello-world:latest
```

## Step 5: Create an AWS Lambda function

Now you can create a new AWS Lambda function from the AWS Management Console.

1. Go to the AWS Management Console and
   [navigate to the Lambda service](https://us-east-1.console.aws.amazon.com/lambda/home?region=us-east-1).
2. Click on the "Create function" button.
3. Choose "Container image".
4. Enter a name for the function, like "hello-world".
5. Click on the "Browse images" button and select the image you pushed to ECR.
6. Click on the "Create function" button.
7. Wait for the function to be created.
8. In the "Configuration" tab, go to the "Function URL" section and click on
   "Create function URL".
9. Choose "NONE" for the auth type (this will make the lambda function publicly
   accessible).
10. Click on the "Save" button.

## Step 6: Test the Lambda function

You can now visit your Lambda function's URL to see the response from your Deno
app.

🦕 You have successfully deployed a Deno app to AWS Lambda using Docker. You can
now use this setup to deploy more complex Deno apps to AWS Lambda.


---

# examples/tutorials/aws_lightsail.md

> Step-by-step tutorial on deploying Deno applications to AWS Lightsail. Learn about Docker containers, GitHub Actions automation, continuous deployment, and how to set up cost-effective cloud hosting for Deno apps.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/aws_lightsail


[Amazon Lightsail](https://aws.amazon.com/lightsail/) is the easiest and
cheapest way to get started with Amazon Web Services. It allows you to host
virtual machines and even entire container services.

This How To guide will show you how to deploy a Deno app to Amazon Lightsail
using Docker, Docker Hub, and GitHub Actions.

Before continuing, make sure you have:

- [`docker` CLI](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/cli/)
- a [Docker Hub account](https://hub.docker.com)
- a [GitHub account](https://github.com)
- an [AWS account](https://aws.amazon.com/)

## Create Dockerfile and docker-compose.yml

To focus on the deployment, our app will simply be a `main.ts` file that returns
a string as an HTTP response:

```ts
import { Application } from "jsr:@oak/oak";

const app = new Application();

app.use((ctx) => {
  ctx.response.body = "Hello from Deno and AWS Lightsail!";
});

await app.listen({ port: 8000 });
```

Then, we'll create two files -- `Dockerfile` and `docker-compose.yml` -- to
build the Docker image.

In our `Dockerfile`, let's add:

```Dockerfile
FROM denoland/deno

EXPOSE 8000

WORKDIR /app

ADD . /app

RUN deno install --entrypoint main.ts

CMD ["run", "--allow-net", "main.ts"]
```

Then, in our `docker-compose.yml`:

```yml
version: "3"

services:
  web:
    build: .
    container_name: deno-container
    image: deno-image
    ports:
      - "8000:8000"
```

Let's test this locally by running `docker compose -f docker-compose.yml build`,
then `docker compose up`, and going to `localhost:8000`.

![hello world from localhost](./images/how-to/aws-lightsail/hello-world-from-localhost.png)

It works!

## Build, Tag, and Push to Docker Hub

First, let's sign into [Docker Hub](https://hub.docker.com/repositories) and
create a repository. Let's name it `deno-on-aws-lightsail`.

Then, let's tag and push our new image, replacing `username` with yours:

Then, let's build the image locally. Note our `docker-compose.yml` file will
name the build `deno-image`.

```shell
docker compose -f docker-compose.yml build
```

Let's [tag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/tag/) the local
image with `{{ username }}/deno-on-aws-lightsail`:

```shell
docker tag deno-image {{ username }}/deno-on-aws-lightsail
```

We can now push the image to Docker Hub:

```shell
docker push {{ username }}/deno-on-aws-lightsail
```

After that succeeds, you should be able to see the new image on your Docker Hub
repository:

![new image on docker hub](./images/how-to/aws-lightsail/new-image-on-docker-hub.png)

## Create and Deploy to a Lightsail Container

Let's head over to
[the Amazon Lightsail console](https://lightsail.aws.amazon.com/ls/webapp/home/container-services).

Then click "Containers" and "Create container service". Half way down the page,
click "Setup your first Deployment" and select "Specify a custom deployment".

You can write whatever container name you'd like.

In `Image`, be sure to use `{{ username }}/{{ image }}` that you have set in
your Docker Hub. For this example, it is `lambtron/deno-on-aws-lightsail`.

Let's click `Add open ports` and add `8000`.

Finally, under `PUBLIC ENDPOINT`, select the container name that you just
created.

The full form should look like below:

![create container service interface](./images/how-to/aws-lightsail/create-container-service-on-aws.png)

When you're ready, click "Create container service".

After a few moments, your new container should be deployed. Click on the public
address and you should see your Deno app:

![Hello world from Deno and AWS Lightsail](./images/how-to/aws-lightsail/hello-world-from-deno-and-aws-lightsail.png)

## Automate using GitHub Actions

In order to automate that process, we'll use the `aws` CLI with the
[`lightsail` subcommand](https://awscli.amazonaws.com/v2/documentation/api/latest/reference/lightsail/push-container-image.html).

The steps in our GitHub Actions workflow will be:

1. Checkout the repo
2. Build our app as a Docker image locally
3. Install and authenticate AWS CLI
4. Push local Docker image to AWS Lightsail Container Service via CLI

Pre-requisites for this GitHub Action workflow to work:

- an AWS Lightsail Container Instance is created (see section above)
- IAM user and relevant permissions set.
  ([Learn more about managing access to Amazon Lightsail for an IAM user.](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/lightsail/latest/userguide/amazon-lightsail-managing-access-for-an-iam-user.html))
- `AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID` and `AWS_SUCCESS_ACCESS_KEY` for your user with
  permissions. (Follow
  [this AWS guide](https://lightsail.aws.amazon.com/ls/docs/en_us/articles/lightsail-how-to-set-up-access-keys-to-use-sdk-api-cli)
  to get generate an `AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID` and `AWS_SUCCESS_ACCESS_KEY`.)

Let's create a new file `container.template.json`, which contains configuration
for how to make the service container deployment. Note the similarities these
option values have with the inputs we entered manually in the previous section.

```json
{
  "containers": {
    "app": {
      "image": "",
      "environment": {
        "APP_ENV": "release"
      },
      "ports": {
        "8000": "HTTP"
      }
    }
  },
  "publicEndpoint": {
    "containerName": "app",
    "containerPort": 8000,
    "healthCheck": {
      "healthyThreshold": 2,
      "unhealthyThreshold": 2,
      "timeoutSeconds": 5,
      "intervalSeconds": 10,
      "path": "/",
      "successCodes": "200-499"
    }
  }
}
```

Let's add the below to your `.github/workflows/deploy.yml` file:

```yml
name: Build and Deploy to AWS Lightsail

on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main

env:
  AWS_REGION: us-west-2
  AWS_LIGHTSAIL_SERVICE_NAME: container-service-2
jobs:
  build_and_deploy:
    name: Build and Deploy
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout main
        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Install Utilities
        run: |
          sudo apt-get update
          sudo apt-get install -y jq unzip
      - name: Install AWS Client
        run: |
          curl "https://awscli.amazonaws.com/awscli-exe-linux-x86_64.zip" -o "awscliv2.zip"
          unzip awscliv2.zip
          sudo ./aws/install || true
          aws --version
          curl "https://s3.us-west-2.amazonaws.com/lightsailctl/latest/linux-amd64/lightsailctl" -o "lightsailctl"
          sudo mv "lightsailctl" "/usr/local/bin/lightsailctl"
          sudo chmod +x /usr/local/bin/lightsailctl
      - name: Configure AWS credentials
        uses: aws-actions/configure-aws-credentials@v1
        with:
          aws-region: ${{ env.AWS_REGION }}
          aws-access-key-id: ${{ secrets.AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID }}
          aws-secret-access-key: ${{ secrets.AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY }}
      - name: Build Docker Image
        run: docker build -t ${{ env.AWS_LIGHTSAIL_SERVICE_NAME }}:release .
      - name: Push and Deploy
        run: |
          service_name=${{ env.AWS_LIGHTSAIL_SERVICE_NAME }}
          aws lightsail push-container-image \
            --region ${{ env.AWS_REGION }} \
            --service-name ${service_name} \
            --label ${service_name} \
            --image ${service_name}:release
          aws lightsail get-container-images --service-name ${service_name} | jq --raw-output ".containerImages[0].image" > image.txt
          jq --arg image $(cat image.txt) '.containers.app.image = $image' container.template.json > container.json
          aws lightsail create-container-service-deployment --service-name ${service_name} --cli-input-json file://$(pwd)/container.json
```

Whoa there is a lot going on here! The last two steps are most important:
`Build Docker Image` and `Push and Deploy`.

```shell
docker build -t ${{ env.AWS_LIGHTSAIL_SERVICE_NAME }}:release .
```

This command builds our Docker image with the name `container-service-2` and
tags it `release`.

```shell
aws lightsail push-container-image ...
```

This command pushes the local image to our Lightsail container.

```shell
aws lightsail get-container-images --service-name ${service_name} | jq --raw-output ".containerImages[0].image" > image.txt
```

This command retrieves the image information and, using
[`jq`](https://stedolan.github.io/jq/), parses it and saves the image name in a
local file `image.txt`.

```shell
jq --arg image $(cat image.txt) '.containers.app.image = $image' container.template.json > container.json
```

This command uses the image name saved in `image.txt` and
`container.template.json` and creates a new options file called
`container.json`. This options file will be passed to `aws lightsail` for the
final deployment in the next step.

```shell
aws lightsail create-container-service-deployment --service-name ${service_name} --cli-input-json file://$(pwd)/container.json
```

Finally, this command creates a new deployment using the `service_name`, along
with the config settings in `container.json`.

When you push to GitHub and the Action succeeds, you'll be able to see your new
Deno app on AWS:

![deno on aws](./images/how-to/aws-lightsail/hello-world-from-deno-and-aws-lightsail.png)

🦕 Now you can deploy a Deno app to Amazon Lightsail using Docker, Docker Hub,
and GitHub Actions.


---

# Getting Started with OpenTelemetry in Deno

> Set up basic OpenTelemetry instrumentation in a Deno application. This tutorial covers creating a simple HTTP server with custom metrics and traces, and viewing the telemetry data.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/basic_opentelemetry


OpenTelemetry provides powerful observability tools for your applications. With
Deno's built-in OpenTelemetry support, you can easily instrument your code to
collect metrics, traces, and logs.

This tutorial will walk you through setting up a simple Deno application with
OpenTelemetry instrumentation.

## Prerequisites

- Deno 2.3 or later

## Step 1: Create a Simple HTTP Server

Let's start by creating a basic HTTP server that simulates a small web
application:

```ts title="server.ts"
import { metrics, trace } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";

// Create a tracer and meter for our application
const tracer = trace.getTracer("my-server", "1.0.0");
const meter = metrics.getMeter("my-server", "1.0.0");

// Create some metrics
const requestCounter = meter.createCounter("http_requests_total", {
  description: "Total number of HTTP requests",
});

const requestDuration = meter.createHistogram("http_request_duration_ms", {
  description: "HTTP request duration in milliseconds",
  unit: "ms",
});

// Start the server
Deno.serve({ port: 8000 }, (req) => {
  // Record the start time for measuring request duration
  const startTime = performance.now();

  // Create a span for this request
  return tracer.startActiveSpan("handle_request", async (span) => {
    try {
      // Extract the path from the URL
      const url = new URL(req.url);
      const path = url.pathname;

      // Add attributes to the span
      span.setAttribute("http.route", path);
      span.setAttribute("http.method", req.method);
      span.updateName(`${req.method} ${path}`);

      // Add an event to the span
      span.addEvent("request_started", {
        timestamp: startTime,
        request_path: path,
      });

      // Simulate some processing time
      const waitTime = Math.random() * 100;
      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, waitTime));

      // Add another event to the span
      span.addEvent("processing_completed");

      // Create the response
      const response = new Response(`Hello from ${path}!`, {
        headers: { "Content-Type": "text/plain" },
      });

      // Record metrics
      requestCounter.add(1, {
        method: req.method,
        path,
        status: 200,
      });

      const duration = performance.now() - startTime;
      requestDuration.record(duration, {
        method: req.method,
        path,
      });

      span.setAttribute("request.duration_ms", duration);

      return response;
    } catch (error) {
      // Record error in span
      if (error instanceof Error) {
        span.recordException(error);
        span.setStatus({
          code: trace.SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
          message: error.message,
        });
      }

      return new Response("Internal Server Error", { status: 500 });
    } finally {
      // Always end the span
      span.end();
    }
  });
});
```

This server:

1. Creates a tracer and meter for our application
2. Sets up metrics to count requests and measure their duration
3. Creates a span for each request with attributes and events
4. Simulates some processing time
5. Records metrics for each request

## Step 2: Run the Server with OpenTelemetry Enabled

To run the server with OpenTelemetry, use these flags:

```sh
OTEL_DENO=true OTEL_SERVICE_NAME=my-server deno run --allow-net server.ts
```

## Step 3: Create a Test Client

Let's create a simple client to send requests to our server:

```ts title="client.ts"
// Send 10 requests to different paths
for (let i = 0; i < 10; i++) {
  const path = ["", "about", "users", "products", "contact"][i % 5];
  const url = `http://localhost:8000/${path}`;

  console.log(`Sending request to ${url}`);

  try {
    const response = await fetch(url);
    const text = await response.text();
    console.log(`Response from ${url}: ${text}`);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error(`Error fetching ${url}:`, error);
  }
}
```

## Step 4: Run the Client

In a separate terminal, run the client:

```sh
deno run --allow-net client.ts
```

## Step 5: View the Telemetry Data

By default, Deno exports telemetry data to `http://localhost:4318` using the
OTLP protocol. You'll need an OpenTelemetry collector to receive and visualize
this data.

### Setting up a Local Collector

The quickest way to get started is with a local LGTM stack (Loki, Grafana,
Tempo, Mimir) in Docker:

```sh
docker run --name lgtm -p 3000:3000 -p 4317:4317 -p 4318:4318 --rm -ti \
  -v "$PWD"/lgtm/grafana:/data/grafana \
  -v "$PWD"/lgtm/prometheus:/data/prometheus \
  -v "$PWD"/lgtm/loki:/data/loki \
  -e GF_PATHS_DATA=/data/grafana \
  docker.io/grafana/otel-lgtm:0.8.1
```

Then access Grafana at http://localhost:3000 (username: admin, password: admin).

In Grafana, you can:

1. View **Traces** in Tempo to see the individual request spans
2. View **Metrics** in Mimir/Prometheus to see request counts and durations
3. View **Logs** in Loki to see any logs from your application

## Understanding What You're Seeing

### Traces

In the Traces view, you'll see spans for:

- Each HTTP request processed by your server
- Each fetch request made by your client
- The relationships between these spans

Click on any span to see its details, including:

- Duration
- Attributes (http.route, http.method, etc.)
- Events (request_started, processing_completed)

### Metrics

In the Metrics view, you can query for:

- `http_requests_total` - The counter tracking the number of HTTP requests
- `http_request_duration_ms` - The histogram of request durations

You can also see built-in Deno metrics like:

- `http.server.request.duration`
- `http.server.active_requests`

### Logs

In the Logs view, you'll see all console logs from your application with correct
trace context.

## Troubleshooting

If you're not seeing data in your collector:

1. Check that you've set `OTEL_DENO=true`
2. Verify the collector is running and accessible at the default endpoint
3. Check if you need to set `OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT` to a different URL
4. Look for errors in your Deno console output

Remember that OpenTelemetry support in Deno is still marked as unstable and may
change in future versions.

🦕 This tutorial provides a simple starting point for users who want to
experiment with OpenTelemetry in Deno without diving into more complex concepts
immediately.

This basic example can be extended in many ways:

- Add more custom metrics for business logic
- Create additional spans for important operations
- Use baggage to pass context attributes between services
- Set up alerts based on metrics thresholds

For more advanced usage, see our
[Distributed Tracing with Context Propagation](/examples/otel_span_propagation_tutorial/)
tutorial.


---

# Behavior-Driven Development (BDD)

> Implementing Behavior-Driven Development with Deno's Standard Library's BDD module. Create readable, well organised tests with effective assertions.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/bdd


Behavior-Driven Development (BDD) is an approach to software development that
encourages collaboration between developers, QA, and non-technical stakeholders.
BDD focuses on defining the behavior of an application through examples written
in a natural, ubiquitous language that all stakeholders can understand.

Deno's Standard Library provides a BDD-style testing module that allows you to
structure tests in a way that's both readable for non-technical stakeholders and
practical for implementation. In this tutorial, we'll explore how to use the BDD
module to create descriptive test suites for your applications.

## Introduction to BDD

BDD extends
[Test-Driven Development](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development)
(TDD) by writing tests in a natural language that is easy to read. Rather than
thinking about "tests," BDD encourages us to consider "specifications" or
"specs" that describe how software should behave from the user's perspective.
This approach helps to keep tests focused on what the code should do rather than
how it is implemented.

The basic elements of BDD include:

- **Describe** blocks that group related specifications
- **It** statements that express a single behavior
- **Before/After** hooks for setup and teardown operations

## Using Deno's BDD module

To get started with BDD testing in Deno, we'll use the `@std/testing/bdd` module
from the [Deno Standard Library](https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/bdd).

First, let's import the necessary functions:

```ts
import {
  afterAll,
  afterEach,
  beforeAll,
  beforeEach,
  describe,
  it,
} from "jsr:@std/testing/bdd";
import { assertEquals, assertThrows } from "jsr:@std/assert";
```

These imports provide the core BDD functions:

- `describe` creates a block that groups related tests
- `it` declares a test case that verifies a specific behavior
- `beforeEach`/`afterEach` run before or after each test case
- `beforeAll`/`afterAll` run once before or after all tests in a describe block

We'll also use assertion functions from
[`@std/assert`](https://jsr.io/@std/assert) to verify our expectations.

### Writing your first BDD test

Let's create a simple calculator module and test it using BDD:

```ts title="calculator.ts"
export class Calculator {
  private value: number = 0;

  constructor(initialValue: number = 0) {
    this.value = initialValue;
  }

  add(number: number): Calculator {
    this.value += number;
    return this;
  }

  subtract(number: number): Calculator {
    this.value -= number;
    return this;
  }

  multiply(number: number): Calculator {
    this.value *= number;
    return this;
  }

  divide(number: number): Calculator {
    if (number === 0) {
      throw new Error("Cannot divide by zero");
    }
    this.value /= number;
    return this;
  }

  get result(): number {
    return this.value;
  }
}
```

Now, let's test this calculator using the BDD style:

```ts title="calculator_test.ts"
import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, it } from "jsr:@std/testing/bdd";
import { assertEquals, assertThrows } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { Calculator } from "./calculator.ts";

describe("Calculator", () => {
  let calculator: Calculator;

  // Before each test, create a new Calculator instance
  beforeEach(() => {
    calculator = new Calculator();
  });

  it("should initialize with zero", () => {
    assertEquals(calculator.result, 0);
  });

  it("should initialize with a provided value", () => {
    const initializedCalculator = new Calculator(10);
    assertEquals(initializedCalculator.result, 10);
  });

  describe("add method", () => {
    it("should add a positive number correctly", () => {
      calculator.add(5);
      assertEquals(calculator.result, 5);
    });

    it("should handle negative numbers", () => {
      calculator.add(-5);
      assertEquals(calculator.result, -5);
    });

    it("should be chainable", () => {
      calculator.add(5).add(10);
      assertEquals(calculator.result, 15);
    });
  });

  describe("subtract method", () => {
    it("should subtract a number correctly", () => {
      calculator.subtract(5);
      assertEquals(calculator.result, -5);
    });

    it("should be chainable", () => {
      calculator.subtract(5).subtract(10);
      assertEquals(calculator.result, -15);
    });
  });

  describe("multiply method", () => {
    beforeEach(() => {
      // For multiplication tests, start with value 10
      calculator = new Calculator(10);
    });

    it("should multiply by a number correctly", () => {
      calculator.multiply(5);
      assertEquals(calculator.result, 50);
    });

    it("should be chainable", () => {
      calculator.multiply(2).multiply(3);
      assertEquals(calculator.result, 60);
    });
  });

  describe("divide method", () => {
    beforeEach(() => {
      // For division tests, start with value 10
      calculator = new Calculator(10);
    });

    it("should divide by a number correctly", () => {
      calculator.divide(2);
      assertEquals(calculator.result, 5);
    });

    it("should throw when dividing by zero", () => {
      assertThrows(
        () => calculator.divide(0),
        Error,
        "Cannot divide by zero",
      );
    });
  });
});
```

To run this test, use the `deno test` command:

```sh
deno test calculator_test.ts
```

You'll see output similar to this:

```sh
running 1 test from file:///path/to/calculator_test.ts
Calculator
  ✓ should initialize with zero 
  ✓ should initialize with a provided value 
  add method
    ✓ should add a positive number correctly 
    ✓ should handle negative numbers 
    ✓ should be chainable 
  subtract method
    ✓ should subtract a number correctly 
    ✓ should be chainable 
  multiply method
    ✓ should multiply by a number correctly 
    ✓ should be chainable 
  divide method
    ✓ should divide by a number correctly 
    ✓ should throw when dividing by zero 

ok | 11 passed | 0 failed (234ms)
```

## Organizing tests with nested describe blocks

One of the powerful features of BDD is the ability to nest `describe` blocks,
which helps organize tests hierarchically. In the calculator example, we grouped
tests for each method within their own `describe` blocks. This not only makes
the tests more readable, but also makes it easier to locate issues when the test
fails.

You can nest `describe` blocks, but be cautious of nesting too deep as excessive
nesting can make tests harder to follow.

## Hooks

The BDD module provides four hooks:

- `beforeEach` runs before each test in the current describe block
- `afterEach` runs after each test in the current describe block
- `beforeAll` runs once before all tests in the current describe block
- `afterAll` runs once after all tests in the current describe block

### beforeEach/afterEach

These hooks are ideal for:

- Setting up a fresh test environment for each test
- Cleaning up resources after each test
- Ensuring test isolation

In the calculator example, we used `beforeEach` to create a new calculator
instance before each test, ensuring each test starts with a clean state.

### beforeAll/afterAll

These hooks are useful for:

- Expensive setup operations that can be shared across tests
- Setting up and tearing down database connections
- Creating and cleaning up shared resources

Here's an example of how you might use `beforeAll` and `afterAll`:

```ts
describe("Database operations", () => {
  let db: Database;

  beforeAll(async () => {
    // Connect to the database once before all tests
    db = await Database.connect(TEST_CONNECTION_STRING);
    await db.migrate();
  });

  afterAll(async () => {
    // Disconnect after all tests are complete
    await db.close();
  });

  it("should insert a record", async () => {
    const result = await db.insert({ name: "Test" });
    assertEquals(result.success, true);
  });

  it("should retrieve a record", async () => {
    const record = await db.findById(1);
    assertEquals(record.name, "Test");
  });
});
```

## Gherkin vs. JavaScript-style BDD

If you're familiar with Cucumber or other BDD frameworks, you might be expecting
Gherkin syntax with "Given-When-Then" statements.

Deno's BDD module uses a JavaScript-style syntax rather than Gherkin. This
approach is similar to other JavaScript testing frameworks like Mocha or
Jasmine. However, you can still follow BDD principles by:

1. Writing clear, behavior-focused test descriptions
2. Structuring your tests to reflect user stories
3. Following the "Arrange-Act-Assert" pattern in your test implementations

For example, you can structure your `it` blocks to mirror the Given-When-Then
format:

```ts
describe("Calculator", () => {
  it("should add numbers correctly", () => {
    // Given
    const calculator = new Calculator();

    // When
    calculator.add(5);

    // Then
    assertEquals(calculator.result, 5);
  });
});
```

If you need full Gherkin support with natural language specifications, consider
using a dedicated BDD framework that integrates with Deno, such as
[cucumber-js](https://github.com/cucumber/cucumber-js).

## Best Practices for BDD with Deno

### Write your tests for humans to read

BDD tests should read like documentation. Use clear, descriptive language in
your `describe` and `it` statements:

```ts
// Good
describe("User authentication", () => {
  it("should reject login with incorrect password", () => {
    // Test code
  });
});

// Not good
describe("auth", () => {
  it("bad pw fails", () => {
    // Test code
  });
});
```

### Keep tests focused

Each test should verify a single behavior. Avoid testing multiple behaviors in a
single `it` block:

```ts
// Good
it("should add an item to the cart", () => {
  // Test adding to cart
});

it("should calculate the correct total", () => {
  // Test total calculation
});

// Bad
it("should add an item and calculate total", () => {
  // Test adding to cart
  // Test total calculation
});
```

### Use context-specific setup

When tests within a describe block need different setup, use nested describes
with their own `beforeEach` hooks rather than conditional logic:

```ts
// Good
describe("User operations", () => {
  describe("when user is logged in", () => {
    beforeEach(() => {
      // Setup logged-in user
    });

    it("should show the dashboard", () => {
      // Test
    });
  });

  describe("when user is logged out", () => {
    beforeEach(() => {
      // Setup logged-out state
    });

    it("should redirect to login", () => {
      // Test
    });
  });
});

// Avoid
describe("User operations", () => {
  beforeEach(() => {
    // Setup base state
    if (isLoggedInTest) {
      // Setup logged-in state
    } else {
      // Setup logged-out state
    }
  });

  it("should show dashboard when logged in", () => {
    isLoggedInTest = true;
    // Test
  });

  it("should redirect to login when logged out", () => {
    isLoggedInTest = false;
    // Test
  });
});
```

### Handle asynchronous tests properly

When testing asynchronous code, remember to:

- Mark your test functions as `async`
- Use `await` for promises
- Handle errors properly

```ts
it("should fetch user data asynchronously", async () => {
  const user = await fetchUser(1);
  assertEquals(user.name, "John Doe");
});
```

🦕 By following the BDD principles and practices outlined in this tutorial, you
can build more reliable software and solidify your reasoning about the 'business
logic' of your code.

Remember that BDD is not just about the syntax or tools but about the
collaborative approach to defining and verifying application behavior. The most
successful BDD implementations combine these technical practices with regular
conversations between developers, testers, product and business stakeholders.

To continue learning about testing in Deno, explore other modules in the
Standard Library's testing suite, such as [mocking](/examples/mocking_tutorial/)
and [snapshot testing](/examples/snapshot_tutorial/).


---

# Chat application with WebSockets

> A tutorial on building a real-time chat app using Deno WebSockets. Learn how to create a WebSocket server with Oak, handle multiple client connections, manage state, and build an interactive chat interface with HTML, CSS, and JavaScript.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/chat_app


WebSockets are a powerful tool for building real-time applications. They allow
for bidirectional communication between the client and server without the need
for constant polling. A frequent use case for WebSockets are chat applications.

In this tutorial we'll create a simple chat app using Deno and the built in
[WebSockets API](/api/web/websockets). The chat app will allow multiple chat
clients to connect to the same backend and send group messages. After a client
enters a username, they can then start sending messages to other online clients.
Each client also displays the list of currently active users.

You can see the
[finished chat app on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-websockets).

![Chat app UI](./images/websockets.gif)

## Initialize a new project

First, create a new directory for your project and navigate into it.

```sh
deno init chat-app
cd deno-chat-app
```

## Build the backend

We'll start by building the backend server that will handle the WebSocket
connections and broadcast messages to all connected clients. We'll use the
[`oak`](https://jsr.io/@oak/oak) middleware framework to set up our server,
clients can connect to the server, send messages and receive updates about other
connected users. Additionally the server will serve the static HTML, CSS and
JavaScript files that make up the chat client.

### Import dependencies

First, we'll need to import the necessary dependencies. Use the `deno add`
command to add Oak to your project:

```sh
deno add jsr:@oak/oak
```

### Set up the server

In your `main.ts` file, add the following code:

```ts title="main.ts"
import { Application, Context, Router } from "@oak/oak";
import ChatServer from "./ChatServer.ts";

const app = new Application();
const port = 8080;
const router = new Router();
const server = new ChatServer();

router.get("/start_web_socket", (ctx: Context) => server.handleConnection(ctx));

app.use(router.routes());
app.use(router.allowedMethods());
app.use(async (context) => {
  await context.send({
    root: Deno.cwd(),
    index: "public/index.html",
  });
});

console.log("Listening at http://localhost:" + port);
await app.listen({ port });
```

Next, create a new file called `ChatServer.ts` in the same directory as your
`main.ts` file. In this file we'll put the logic for handling the WebSocket
connections:

```ts title="ChatServer.ts"
import { Context } from "@oak/oak";

type WebSocketWithUsername = WebSocket & { username: string };
type AppEvent = { event: string; [key: string]: any };

export default class ChatServer {
  private connectedClients = new Map<string, WebSocketWithUsername>();

  public async handleConnection(ctx: Context) {
    const socket = await ctx.upgrade() as WebSocketWithUsername;
    const username = ctx.request.url.searchParams.get("username");

    if (this.connectedClients.has(username)) {
      socket.close(1008, `Username ${username} is already taken`);
      return;
    }

    socket.username = username;
    socket.onopen = this.broadcastUsernames.bind(this);
    socket.onclose = () => {
      this.clientDisconnected(socket.username);
    };
    socket.onmessage = (m) => {
      this.send(socket.username, m);
    };
    this.connectedClients.set(username, socket);

    console.log(`New client connected: ${username}`);
  }

  private send(username: string, message: any) {
    const data = JSON.parse(message.data);
    if (data.event !== "send-message") {
      return;
    }

    this.broadcast({
      event: "send-message",
      username: username,
      message: data.message,
    });
  }

  private clientDisconnected(username: string) {
    this.connectedClients.delete(username);
    this.broadcastUsernames();

    console.log(`Client ${username} disconnected`);
  }

  private broadcastUsernames() {
    const usernames = [...this.connectedClients.keys()];
    this.broadcast({ event: "update-users", usernames });

    console.log("Sent username list:", JSON.stringify(usernames));
  }

  private broadcast(message: AppEvent) {
    const messageString = JSON.stringify(message);
    for (const client of this.connectedClients.values()) {
      client.send(messageString);
    }
  }
}
```

This code sets up a `handleConnection` method that is called when a new
WebSocket connection is established. It receives a Context object from the Oak
framework and upgrades it to a WebSocket connection. It extracts the username
from the URL query parameters. If the username is already taken (i.e., exists in
connectedClients), it closes the socket with an appropriate message. Otherwise,
it sets the username property on the socket, assigns event handlers, and adds
the socket to `connectedClients`.

When the socket opens, it triggers the `broadcastUsernames` method, which sends
the list of connected usernames to all clients. When the socket closes, it calls
the `clientDisconnected` method to remove the client from the list of connected
clients.

When a message of type `send-message` is received, it broadcasts the message to
all connected clients, including the sender’s username.

## Build the frontend

We'll build a simple UI that shows a text input and a send button and displays
the sent messages, alongside a list of users in the chat.

### HTML

In your new project directory, create a `public` folder and add an `index.html`
file and add the following code:

```html title="index.html"
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html>
  <head>
    <title>Deno Chat App</title>
    <link rel="stylesheet" href="/public/style.css" />
    <script defer type="module" src="/public/app.js"></script>
  </head>

  <body>
    <header>
      <h1>🦕 Deno Chat App</h1>
    </header>
    <aside>
      <h2>Users online</h2>
      <ul id="users"></ul>
    </aside>
    <main id="content">
      <div id="conversation"></div>
      <form id="form">
        <input
          type="text"
          id="data"
          placeholder="send message"
          autocomplete="off"
        />
        <button type="submit" id="send">Send ᯓ✉︎</button>
      </form>
    </main>
    <template id="user">
      <li></li>
    </template>
    <template id="message">
      <div>
        <span></span>
        <p></p>
      </div>
    </template>
  </body>
</html>
```

### CSS

If you'd like to style your chat app, create a `style.css` file in the `public`
folder and add this
[pre-made CSS](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/denoland/tutorial-with-websockets/refs/heads/main/public/style.css).

### JavaScript

We'll set up the client side JavaScript in an `app.js` file, you'll have seen it
linked in the HTML we just wrote. In the `public` folder and add an `app.js`
file with the following code:

```js title="app.js"
const myUsername = prompt("Please enter your name") || "Anonymous";
const url = new URL(`./start_web_socket?username=${myUsername}`, location.href);
url.protocol = url.protocol.replace("http", "ws");
const socket = new WebSocket(url);

socket.onmessage = (event) => {
  const data = JSON.parse(event.data);

  switch (data.event) {
    case "update-users":
      updateUserList(data.usernames);
      break;

    case "send-message":
      addMessage(data.username, data.message);
      break;
  }
};

function updateUserList(usernames) {
  const userList = document.getElementById("users");
  userList.replaceChildren();

  for (const username of usernames) {
    const listItem = document.createElement("li");
    listItem.textContent = username;
    userList.appendChild(listItem);
  }
}

function addMessage(username, message) {
  const template = document.getElementById("message");
  const clone = template.content.cloneNode(true);

  clone.querySelector("span").textContent = username;
  clone.querySelector("p").textContent = message;
  document.getElementById("conversation").prepend(clone);
}

const inputElement = document.getElementById("data");
inputElement.focus();

const form = document.getElementById("form");

form.onsubmit = (e) => {
  e.preventDefault();
  const message = inputElement.value;
  inputElement.value = "";
  socket.send(JSON.stringify({ event: "send-message", message }));
};
```

This code prompts the user for a username, then creates a WebSocket connection
to the server with the username as a query parameter. It listens for messages
from the server and either updates the list of connected users or adds a new
message to the chat window. It also sends messages to the server when the user
submits the form either by pressing enter or clicking the send button. We use an
[HTML template](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTML/Element/template)
to scaffold out the new messages to show in the chat window.

## Run the server

To run the server we'll need to grant the necessary permissions to Deno. In your
`deno.json` file, update the `dev` task to allow read and network access:

```diff title="deno.json"
-"dev": "deno run --watch main.ts"
+"dev": "deno run --allow-net --allow-read --watch main.ts"
```

Now if you visit [http://localhost:8080](http://localhost:8080/) you will be
able to start a chat session. You can open 2 simultaneous tabs and try chatting
with yourself.

![Chat app UI](./images/websockets.gif)

🦕 Now you can use WebSockets with Deno you're ready to build all kinds of
realtime applications! WebSockets can be used to build realtime dashboards,
games and collaborative editing tools and much more! If you're looking for ways
to expand upon your chat app, perhaps you could consider adding data to the
messages to allow you to style messages differently if they're sent from you or
someone else. Whatever you're building, Deno will WebSocket to ya!


---

# Updating from CommonJS to ESM

> Step-by-step guide to migrating Node.js projects from CommonJS to ESM modules. Learn about import/export syntax changes, module resolution differences, and how to use modern JavaScript features in Deno.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/cjs_to_esm


If your Node.js project uses CommonJS modules (e.g. it uses `require`), you'll
need to update your code to use
[ECMAScript modules (ESM)](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Modules)
to run it in Deno. This guide will help you update your code to use ESM syntax.

## Module imports and exports

Deno supports [ECMAScript modules](/runtime/fundamentals/modules/) exclusively.
If your Node.js code uses
[`require`](https://nodejs.org/api/modules.html#modules-commonjs-modules), you
should update it to use `import` statements instead. If your internal code uses
CommonJS-style exports, those will also need to be updated.

A typical CommonJS-style project might look similar to this:

```js title="add_numbers.js"
module.exports = function addNumbers(num1, num2) {
  return num1 + num2;
};
```

```js title="index.js"
const addNumbers = require("./add_numbers");
console.log(addNumbers(2, 2));
```

To convert these to [ECMAScript modules](/runtime/fundamentals/modules/), we'll
make a few minor changes:

```js title="add_numbers.js"
export function addNumbers(num1, num2) {
  return num1 + num2;
}
```

```js title="index.js"
import { addNumbers } from "./add_numbers.js";
console.log(addNumbers(2, 2));
```

Exports:

| CommonJS                             | ECMAScript modules                 |
| ------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------- |
| `module.exports = function add() {}` | `export default function add() {}` |
| `exports.add = function add() {}`    | `export function add() {}`         |

Imports:

| CommonJS                                   | ECMAScript modules                       |
| ------------------------------------------ | ---------------------------------------- |
| `const add = require("./add_numbers");`    | `import add from "./add_numbers.js";`    |
| `const { add } = require("./add_numbers")` | `import { add } from "./add_numbers.js"` |

### Quick fix with VS Code

If you are using VS Code, you can use its built-in feature to convert CommonJS
to ES6 modules. Right-click on the `require` statement, or the lightbulb icon
and select `Quick Fix` and then `Convert to ES module`.

![Quick Fix](./images/quick-fix.png)

### CommonJS vs ECMAScript resolution

An important distinction between the two module systems is that ECMAScript
resolution requires the full specifier **including the file extension**.
Omitting the file extension, and special handling of `index.js`, are features
unique to CommonJS. The benefit of the ECMAScript resolution is that it works
the same across the browser, Deno, and other runtimes.

| CommonJS             | ECMAScript modules            |
| -------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| `"./add_numbers"`    | `"./add_numbers.js"`          |
| `"./some/directory"` | `"./some/directory/index.js"` |

:::tip

Deno can add all the missing file extensions for you by running
`deno lint --fix`. Deno's linter comes with a `no-sloppy-imports` rule that will
show a linting error when an import path doesn't contain the file extension.

:::

🦕 Now that you know how to port from CJS to ESM you can take advantage of the
modern features that ESM offers, such as async module loading, interop with
browsers, better readability, standardization and future proofing.


---

# Deploying Deno to Cloudflare Workers

> Step-by-step tutorial on deploying Deno functions to Cloudflare Workers. Learn how to configure denoflare, create worker modules, test locally, and deploy your code to Cloudflare's global edge network.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/cloudflare_workers


Cloudflare Workers allows you to run JavaScript on Cloudflare's edge network.

This is a short How To guide on deploying a Deno function to Cloudflare Workers.

Note: You would only be able to deploy
[Module Workers](https://developers.cloudflare.com/workers/learning/migrating-to-module-workers/)
instead of web servers or apps.

## Setup `denoflare`

In order to deploy Deno to Cloudflare, we'll use this community created CLI
[`denoflare`](https://denoflare.dev/).

[Install it](https://denoflare.dev/cli/#installation):

```shell
deno install --unstable-worker-options --allow-read --allow-net --global --allow-env --allow-run --name denoflare --force \
https://raw.githubusercontent.com/skymethod/denoflare/v0.6.0/cli/cli.ts
```

## Create your function

In a new directory, let's create a `main.ts` file, which will contain our Module
Worker function:

```ts
export default {
  fetch(request: Request): Response {
    return new Response("Hello, world!");
  },
};
```

At the very minimum, a Module Worker function must `export default` an object
that exposes a `fetch` function, which returns a `Response` object.

You can test this locally by running:

```shell
denoflare serve main.ts
```

If you go to `localhost:8080` in your browser, you'll see the response will say:

```console
Hello, world!
```

## Configure `.denoflare`

The next step is to create a `.denoflare` config file. In it, let's add:

```json
{
  "$schema": "https://raw.githubusercontent.com/skymethod/denoflare/v0.5.11/common/config.schema.json",
  "scripts": {
    "main": {
      "path": "/absolute/path/to/main.ts",
      "localPort": 8000
    }
  },
  "profiles": {
    "myprofile": {
      "accountId": "abcxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxxx",
      "apiToken": "abcxxxxxxxxx_-yyyyyyyyyyyy-11-dddddddd"
    }
  }
}
```

You can find your `accountId` by going to your
[Cloudflare dashboard](https://dash.cloudflare.com/), clicking "Workers", and
finding "Account ID" on the right side.

You can generate an `apiToken` from your
[Cloudflare API Tokens settings](https://dash.cloudflare.com/profile/api-tokens).
When you create an API token, be sure to use the template "Edit Cloudflare
Workers".

After you add both to your `.denoflare` config, let's try pushing it to
Cloudflare:

```console
denoflare push main
```

Next, you can view your new function in your Cloudflare account:

![New function on Cloudflare Workers](./images/how-to/cloudflare-workers/main-on-cloudflare.png)

Boom!


---

# Connecting to databases

> A guide to database connectivity in Deno. Learn how to use MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, SQLite, Firebase, Supabase, and popular ORMs to build data-driven applications with TypeScript.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/connecting_to_databases


It is common for applications to store and retrieve data from databases. Deno
supports connecting to many database management systems.

Deno supports multiple third-party modules that allow you to connect to SQL and
NoSQL databases, including MySQL, PostgreSQL, MongoDB, SQLite, Firebase, and
Supabase.

You can find helpful database connectivity modules on [JSR](https://jsr.io/@db)
and deno supports many npm packages with the use of
[npm specifiers](/runtime/fundamentals/node/#using-npm-packages).

## SQLite

SQLite is a self-contained, serverless, zero-configuration, and transactional
SQL database engine. It is a popular choice for local storage in applications.

You can use multiple modules to connect to SQLite in Deno, including the
built-in [`node:sqlite` module](/api/node_sqlite/) and the
[sqlite](https://jsr.io/@db/sqlite) module on JSR.

To use the [sqlite](https://jsr.io/@db/sqlite) module to connect to SQLite in
your Deno apps:

```sh
deno add jsr:@db/sqlite
```

Then, import the `Database` class from the module and create a new database
instance. You can then execute SQL queries against the database:

```ts title="main.ts
import { Database } from "@db/sqlite";

const db = new Database("test.db");

const [version] = db.prepare("select sqlite_version()").value<[string]>()!;
console.log(version);

db.close();
```

This module depends on Deno FFI, so you need to run your script with the
`--allow-ffi` flag:

```sh
deno run --allow-ffi main.ts
```

## MySQL

You can use the [mysql npm module](https://www.npmjs.com/package/mysql) to
connect to MySQL databases. Install the module with the npm specifier:

```sh
deno add npm:mysql
```

Then, import the `mysql` module and create a connection to your MySQL database:

```ts
import mysql from "mysql";

// Minimal connection config (edit as needed or use env vars)
const connection = mysql.createConnection({
  host: Deno.env.get("MYSQL_HOST") || "localhost",
  port: Number(Deno.env.get("MYSQL_PORT") || "3306"),
  user: Deno.env.get("MYSQL_USER") || "root",
  password: Deno.env.get("MYSQL_PASSWORD") || "",
  database: Deno.env.get("MYSQL_DATABASE") || "test",
});

connection.connect((err) => {
  if (err) {
    console.error("Connection error:", err);
    return;
  }
  console.log("Connected!");
  connection.query("SELECT VERSION() AS version", (err, results) => {
    if (err) {
      console.error("Query error:", err);
    } else {
      console.log("MySQL version:", results[0].version);
    }
    connection.end();
  });
});
```

## Postgres

PostgreSQL is a powerful, open source object-relational database system. You can
use multiple modules to connect to PostgreSQL in Deno, including
[pg](https://www.npmjs.com/package/pg) or
[postgresjs](https://www.npmjs.com/package/postgres).

Install the module with the npm specifier:

```sh
deno add npm:pg
```

First, import the `Client` class from the `pg` module and create a new client
instance. Then connect to the database passing an object with the connection
details:

```ts
import { Client } from "pg";

// Connection config (edit or use env vars)
const client = new Client({
  host: Deno.env.get("PGHOST") || "localhost",
  port: Number(Deno.env.get("PGPORT") || "5432"),
  user: Deno.env.get("PGUSER") || "postgres",
  password: Deno.env.get("PGPASSWORD") || "postgres",
  database: Deno.env.get("PGDATABASE") || "postgres",
});

async function main() {
  try {
    await client.connect();
    console.log("Connected!");
    const res = await client.query("SELECT version() AS version");
    console.log("Postgres version:", res.rows[0].version);
  } catch (err) {
    console.error("Connection/query error:", err);
  } finally {
    await client.end();
  }
}

main();
```

## MongoDB

MongoDB is a popular NoSQL database that stores data in flexible, JSON-like
documents. You can use the official
[MongoDB Node.js](https://www.npmjs.com/package/mongodb) driver to connect to
MongoDB, or the [Mongo db driver](https://jsr.io/@db/mongo) from JSR.

Import the MongoDB driver, set up connection configuration then connect to a
MongoDB instance:

```ts title="main.js"
import { MongoClient } from "mongodb";

const url = "mongodb://mongo:mongo@localhost:27017"; // username:password@host:port
const client = new MongoClient(url);
const dbName = "myProject";

await client.connect();
console.log("Connected successfully to server");

const db = client.db(dbName);
const collection = db.collection("documents");

const insertResult = await collection.insertMany([{ a: 1 }, { a: 2 }]);
console.log("Inserted documents =>", insertResult);

await client.close();
```

## Firebase

Firebase is a platform developed by Google for creating mobile and web
applications. It provides a variety of services, including a NoSQL database,
authentication, and hosting.

To connect to Firebase, you can use the official npm modules provided by
Firebase, you will need to update your `deno.json` to tell deno to use a
`node_modules` directory, and allow scripts when installing:

```json title="deno.json"
"nodeModulesDir": auto
```

```sh
deno add npm:firebase --allow-scripts
```

Then import the necessary functions from the Firebase modules and initialize
your app and services:

```js
import { initializeApp } from "firebase/app";
import { doc, getDoc, getFirestore, setDoc } from "firebase/firestore";

// Replace with your Firebase config (get from Firebase Console)
const firebaseConfig = {
  apiKey: "YOUR_API_KEY",
  authDomain: "YOUR_PROJECT_ID.firebaseapp.com",
  projectId: "YOUR_PROJECT_ID",
  storageBucket: "YOUR_PROJECT_ID.appspot.com",
  messagingSenderId: "YOUR_MESSAGING_SENDER_ID",
  appId: "YOUR_APP_ID",
};

// Initialize Firebase
const app = initializeApp(firebaseConfig);
const db = getFirestore(app);

// Demo: write and read a document
async function demo() {
  const ref = doc(db, "demo", "testdoc");
  await setDoc(ref, { hello: "world", time: Date.now() });
  const snap = await getDoc(ref);
  console.log("Document data:", snap.data());
}

demo().catch(console.error);
```

## Supabase

Supabase is an open-source Firebase alternative that provides a suite of tools
and services to help you build and scale applications. It offers a hosted
PostgreSQL database, authentication, real-time subscriptions, and storage.

To connect to Supabase, you can use the
[@supabase/supabase-js](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@supabase/supabase-js) npm
module.

First, install the module with the npm specifier:

```sh
deno add npm:@supabase/supabase-js --allow-scripts
```

Then, import the `createClient` function from the module and create a new
Supabase client instance. You will need your Supabase project URL and an API
key, which you can find in your Supabase project settings:

```ts
import { createClient } from "@supabase/supabase-js";

const url = Deno.env.get("SUPABASE_URL") ??
  "https://YOUR-PROJECT.ref.supabase.co";
const key = Deno.env.get("SUPABASE_SERVICE_ROLE_KEY") ?? "";

const supabase = createClient(url, key);

async function main() {
  const { data, error } = await supabase
    .from("demo")
    .insert({ message: `Hello @ ${new Date().toISOString()}` })
    .select()
    .maybeSingle();

  if (error) {
    console.error("Insert failed:", error.message);
    console.error(
      "Hint: If this is an RLS error, either disable RLS on 'demo' or add a policy allowing anon inserts.",
    );
    return;
  }

  console.log("Inserted row:", data);
}

if (import.meta.main) main();
```

## ORMs

Object-Relational Mappings (ORM) define your data models as classes that you can
persist to a database. You can read and write data in your database through
instances of these classes.

Deno supports multiple ORMs, including Prisma, Drizzle, and Kysely.

🦕 Now you can connect your Deno project to a database you'll be able to work
with persistent data, perform CRUD operations and start building more complex
applications.


---

# Better debugging with the console API

> An in-depth guide to advanced console debugging in Deno. Learn about console.table, timers, counters, tracers, and how to leverage the full console API beyond basic logging for better debugging workflows.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/debugging_with_console


Some of the console API is probably muscle memory for web developers, but there
is so much more than just `console.log()` for you to use. Deno has great support
for this API, so whether you’re writing JavaScript for the browser of for the
server it’s worth learning about these helpful utilities.

Let’s take a look at some of this API’s most useful methods. Your debugging is
going to get so much easier!

## `console.log()`

Hello, old friend! You’ll most likely be using this to output logging messages
to the console to help you debug.

```js
console.log("Hello, world!"); // "Hello, world!"
```

You can output multiple items by separated by commas like so:

```jsx
const person = { "name": "Jane", "city": "New York" };
console.log("Hello, ", person.name, "from ", person.city); // "Hello, Jane from New York"
```

Or you can use string literals:

```jsx
const person = { "name": "Jane", "city": "New York" };
console.log(`Hello ${person.name} from ${person.city}`); // "Hello, Jane from New York"
```

You can also [apply some styling using CSS](/examples/color_logging/) using the
`%c` directive:

```jsx
console.log("Wild %cblue", "color: blue", "yonder"); // Applies a blue text color to the word "blue"
```

…but there is much more you can do with the console API.

## `console.table()`

The `table` method is helpful for outputting structured data like objects for
easier inspection.

```jsx
const people = {
  "john": {
    "age": 30,
    "city": "New York",
  },
  "jane": {
    "age": 25,
    "city": "Los Angeles",
  },
};

console.table(people);

/*
┌───────┬─────┬───────────────┐
│ (idx) │ age │ city          │
├───────┼─────┼───────────────┤
│ john  │ 30  │ "New York"    │
│ jane  │ 25  │ "Los Angeles" │
└───────┴─────┴───────────────┘
*/
```

You can also specify the properties of your object that you’d like to include in
the table. Great for inspecting a summary of those detailed objects to see just
the part you are concerned with.

```jsx
console.table(people, ["city"]);

/* outputs
┌───────┬───────────────┐
│ (idx) │ city          │
├───────┼───────────────┤
│ john  │ "New York"    │
│ jane  │ "Los Angeles" │
└───────┴───────────────┘
*/
```

## Timer methods

Understanding how long specific parts of your application take is key to
removing performance bottlenecks and expensive operations. If you’ve ever
reached for JavaScript’s date method to make yourself a timer, you’ll wish you’d
know this one long ago. It’s more convenient and more accurate.

Try
using[`console.time()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/console/time_static),
[`console.timeLog()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/console/timeLog_static),
and
[`console.timeEnd()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/console/timeEnd_static)
instead.

```jsx
console.time("My timer"); // starts a timer with label "My timer"
// do some work...
console.timeLog("My timer"); // outputs the current timer value, e.g. "My timer: 9000ms"
// do more work...
console.timeEnd("My timer"); // stops "My timer" and reports its value, e.g. "My timer: 97338ms"
```

You can create multiple timers each with their own label. Very handy!

## Counting things with `console.count()`

It can be helpful to keep a count of how many times specific operations in your
code have been executed. Rather than doing this manually you can use
[`console.count()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/console/count_static)
which can maintain multiple counters for you based on the label you provide.

```jsx
// increment the default counter
console.count();
console.count();
console.count();

/*
"default: 1"
"default: 2"
"default: 3"
*/
```

This can be very handy inside a function and passing in a label, like so:

```jsx
function pat(animal) {
  console.count(animal);
  return `Patting the ${animal}`;
}

pat("cat");
pat("cat");
pat("dog");
pat("cat");

/*
"cat: 1"
"cat: 2"
"dog: 1"
"cat: 3"
*/
```

## Going deeper with `console.trace()`

For a detailed view of what is happening in your application, you can output a
stack trace to the console with
[`console.trace()`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/console/trace_static):

```jsx
// main.js
function foo() {
  function bar() {
    console.trace();
  }
  bar();
}

foo();

/*
Trace
    at bar (file:///PATH_TO/main.js:3:13)
    at foo (file:///PATH_TO/main.js:5:3)
    at file:///PATH_TO/main.js:8:1
*/
```

There’s more to explore, but these handy methods can give your JavaScript
debugging a boost and they are ready and waiting for you to use right in your
browser or in your Deno application.

Take a look at [console support](/api/web/~/Console) in the API Reference docs.
for more.


---

# Deploy an app with Deno Deploy

> A step-by-step tutorial for deploying your first Deno application to Deno Deploy.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/deno_deploy


Deno Deploy allows you to host your Deno applications on a global edge network,
with built in telemetry and CI/CD tooling.

This tutorial guides you through creating and deploying a simple Deno
application using Deno Deploy.

## Prerequisites

1. A [GitHub](https://github.com) account
2. [Deno installed](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/manual/getting_started/installation)
   on your local machine
3. A [Deno Deploy](https://console.deno.com/account) account

## Create a simple Deno application with Vite

First, let's create a basic application with Vite, initialize a new
[Vite](https://vite.dev/guide/) project:

```sh
deno init --npm vite
```

Give your project a name and select your framework and variant. For this
tutorial, we'll create a vanilla TypeScript app.

Change directory to your newly created project name with `cd my-project-name`
then run:

```sh
deno install
deno run dev
```

You should see a basic app running at
[http://127.0.0.1:5173/](http://127.0.0.1:5173/).

You can edit the `main.ts` file to see changes in the browser.

## Create a GitHub repository

1. Go to [GitHub](https://github.com) and create a new repository.

2. Initialize your local directory as a Git repository:

```sh
git init
git add .
git commit -m "Initial commit"
```

3. Add your GitHub repository as a remote and push your code:

```sh
git remote add origin https://github.com/your-username/my-first-deno-app.git
git branch -M main
git push -u origin main
```

## Create a Deno Deploy organization

1. Navigate to [console.deno.com](https://console.deno.com)
2. Click "+ New Organization"
3. Select the 'Standard Deploy' organization type
4. Enter an organization name and slug (this cannot be changed later)
5. Click "Create Standard Deploy organization"

## Create and deploy your application

1. Click "+ New App"
2. Select the GitHub repository you created earlier
3. The app configuration should be automatically detected, but you can verify
   these settings by clicking the "Edit build config" button:
   - Framework preset: No preset
   - Runtime configuration: Static Site
   - Install command: `deno install`
   - Build command: `deno task build`
   - Static Directory: `dist`

4. Click "Create App" to start the deployment process

## Monitor your deployment

1. Watch the build logs as your application is deployed
2. Once deployment completes, you'll see a preview URL (typically
   `https://your-app-name.your-org-name.deno.net`)
3. Click the URL to view your deployed application!

## Make changes and redeploy

Let's update the application and see how changes are deployed:

Update your `main.ts` file locally:

```ts title="main.ts"
import './style.css'
import typescriptLogo from './typescript.svg'
import viteLogo from '/vite.svg'
import { setupCounter } from './counter.ts'

document.querySelector<HTMLDivElement>('#app')!.innerHTML = `
  <div>
    <a href="https://vite.dev" target="_blank">
      <img src="${viteLogo}" class="logo" alt="Vite logo" />
    </a>
    <a href="https://www.typescriptlang.org/" target="_blank">
      <img src="${typescriptLogo}" class="logo vanilla" alt="TypeScript logo" />
    </a>
    <h1>Hello from Deno Deploy!</h1>
    <div class="card">
      <button id="counter" type="button"></button>
    </div>
    <p class="read-the-docs">
      Click on the Vite and TypeScript logos to learn more
    </p>
  </div>

setupCounter(document.querySelector<HTMLButtonElement>('#counter')!)
```

2. Commit and push your changes:

```sh
git add .
git commit -m "Update application"
git push
```

Return to your Deno Deploy dashboard to see a new build automatically start.
Once the build completes, visit your application URL to see the update.

## Explore observability features

Deno Deploy provides comprehensive observability tools:

1. From your application dashboard, click "Logs" in the sidebar
   - You'll see console output from your application
   - Use the search bar to filter logs (e.g., `context:production`)

2. Click "Traces" to view request traces
   - Select a trace to see detailed timing information
   - Examine spans to understand request processing

3. Click "Metrics" to view application performance metrics
   - Monitor request counts, error rates, and response times

🦕 Now that you've deployed your first application, you might want to:

1. [Add a custom domain](/deploy/reference/domains/) to your application
2. Explore [framework support](/deploy/reference/frameworks/) for Next.js,
   Astro, and other frameworks
3. Learn about [caching strategies](/deploy/reference/caching/) to improve
   performance
4. Set up different [environments](/deploy/reference/env_vars_and_contexts/) for
   development and production


---

# Generating documentation with deno doc

> Learn how to generate professional documentation for your Deno projects using the built-in deno doc command. This tutorial covers JSDoc comments, HTML output, linting, and best practices for documenting your code.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/deno_doc


Good documentation is essential for any software project. It helps other
developers understand your code, makes maintenance easier, and improves the
overall quality of your project. Deno includes a built-in documentation
generator called `deno doc` that can automatically generate searchable
documentation from your TypeScript and JavaScript code.

`deno doc` works out of the box, with no setup required and can generate HTML,
JSON or terminal output. It leverages JSDoc comments for documentation and
automatically extracts type information from TypeScript type annotations in your
code.

:::info Automatic documentation with JSR

If you're publishing your package to
[JSR (JavaScript Registry)](https://jsr.io), you get beautiful documentation
automatically generated for free! JSR uses the same `deno doc` technology under
the hood to create searchable, web-based documentation for all published
packages. Simply publish your well-documented code with `deno publish` and JSR
handles the rest.

:::

## Setting up a sample project

Let's create a sample library to demonstrate `deno doc` features. We'll build a
simple mathematics utilities library with proper documentation.

````ts title="math.ts"
/**
 * A collection of mathematical utility functions.
 * @module
 */

/**
 * Adds two numbers together.
 *
 * @example
 * ```ts
 * import { add } from "./math.ts";
 *
 * const result = add(5, 3);
 * console.log(result); // 8
 * ```
 *
 * @param x The first number
 * @param y The second number
 * @returns The sum of x and y
 */
export function add(x: number, y: number): number {
  return x + y;
}

/**
 * Multiplies two numbers together.
 *
 * @example
 * ```ts
 * import { multiply } from "./math.ts";
 *
 * const result = multiply(4, 3);
 * console.log(result); // 12
 * ```
 *
 * @param x The first number
 * @param y The second number
 * @returns The product of x and y
 */
export function multiply(x: number, y: number): number {
  return x * y;
}

/**
 * Represents a 2D point in space.
 *
 * @example
 * ```ts
 * import { Point } from "./math.ts";
 *
 * const point = new Point(5, 10);
 * console.log(point.distance()); // 11.180339887498949
 * ```
 */
export class Point {
  /**
   * Creates a new Point instance.
   *
   * @param x The x-coordinate
   * @param y The y-coordinate
   */
  constructor(public x: number, public y: number) {}

  /**
   * Calculates the distance from the origin (0, 0).
   *
   * @returns The distance from the origin
   */
  distance(): number {
    return Math.sqrt(this.x * this.x + this.y * this.y);
  }

  /**
   * Calculates the distance to another point.
   *
   * @param other The other point
   * @returns The distance between the two points
   */
  distanceTo(other: Point): number {
    const dx = this.x - other.x;
    const dy = this.y - other.y;
    return Math.sqrt(dx * dx + dy * dy);
  }
}

/**
 * Configuration options for mathematical operations.
 */
export interface MathConfig {
  /** The precision for floating-point calculations */
  precision?: number;
  /** Whether to round results to integers */
  roundToInt?: boolean;
}

/**
 * Performs advanced mathematical operations with configuration.
 *
 * @example
 * ```ts
 * import { calculate } from "./math.ts";
 *
 * const result = calculate(10, 3, { precision: 2, roundToInt: false });
 * console.log(result); // 3.33
 * ```
 */
export function calculate(
  dividend: number,
  divisor: number,
  config: MathConfig = {},
): number {
  const { precision = 10, roundToInt = false } = config;

  let result = dividend / divisor;

  if (roundToInt) {
    result = Math.round(result);
  } else {
    result = Math.round(result * Math.pow(10, precision)) /
      Math.pow(10, precision);
  }

  return result;
}
````

## Basic documentation generation

The simplest way to generate documentation is to run `deno doc` with your source
files:

```bash
deno doc math.ts
```

This will output the documentation to your terminal, showing all exported
functions, classes, and interfaces with their JSDoc comments.

## Generating HTML documentation

To create a documentation website with HTML, CSS and JS, use the `--html` flag:

```bash
deno doc --html --name="Math Utilities" math.ts
```

This generates a static site in the `./docs/` directory. The site includes:

- A searchable interface
- Syntax highlighting
- Cross-references between symbols
- Mobile-friendly responsive design

You can also specify a custom output directory:

```bash
deno doc --html --name="Math Utilities" --output=./documentation/ math.ts
```

## Documentation linting

Use the `--lint` flag to check for documentation issues:

```bash
deno doc --lint math.ts
```

This will report several types of problems:

1. Missing JSDoc comments on exported functions, classes, or interfaces
2. Missing return types on functions
3. Unexported types referenced by exported symbols

Let's create a file with some documentation issues to see the linter in action:

```ts title="bad_example.ts"
// Missing JSDoc comment
export function badFunction(x) {
  return x * 2;
}

interface InternalType {
  value: string;
}

// References non-exported type
export function anotherFunction(param: InternalType) {
  return param.value;
}
```

Running `deno doc --lint bad_example.ts` will show errors for these issues.

## Working with multiple files

You can document multiple files at once:

```bash
deno doc --html --name="My Library" ./mod.ts ./utils.ts ./types.ts
```

For larger projects, create a main module file that re-exports everything:

````ts title="mod.ts"
/**
 * Math Utilities Library
 *
 * A comprehensive collection of mathematical functions and utilities.
 *
 * @example
 * ```ts
 * import { add, multiply, Point } from "./mod.ts";
 *
 * const sum = add(5, 3);
 * const product = multiply(4, 2);
 * const point = new Point(3, 4);
 * ```
 *
 * @module
 */

export * from "./math.ts";
````

Then generate documentation from the main module:

```bash
deno doc --html --name="Math Utilities" mod.ts
```

## JSON output for automation

Generate documentation in JSON format for use with other tools:

```bash
deno doc --json math.ts > documentation.json
```

The JSON output provides a low-level representation of your code's structure,
including symbol definitions and basic type information. This format is
primarily useful for building custom documentation tools or integrating with
other systems that need programmatic access to your code's API surface.

## Best practices for JSDoc comments

To get the most out of `deno doc`, follow these JSDoc best practices:

### 1. Use descriptive summaries

```ts
/**
 * Calculates the factorial of a number using recursion.
 *
 * @param n The number to calculate factorial for
 * @returns The factorial of n
 */
export function factorial(n: number): number {
  // Implementation...
}
```

### 2. Provide concrete examples

````ts
/**
 * Formats a number as currency.
 *
 * @example
 * ```ts
 * formatCurrency(123.456); // "$123.46"
 * formatCurrency(1000); // "$1,000.00"
 * ```
 *
 * @param amount The amount to format
 * @returns The formatted currency string
 */
export function formatCurrency(amount: number): string {
  // Implementation...
}
````

### 3. Document parameters and return values

```ts
/**
 * Validates an email address format.
 *
 * @param email The email address to validate
 * @returns true if valid, false otherwise
 * @throws {Error} When email is null or undefined
 */
export function validateEmail(email: string): boolean {
  // Implementation...
}
```

### 4. Use module-level documentation

```ts
/**
 * Email validation utilities.
 *
 * This module provides functions for validating and formatting email addresses
 * according to RFC 5322 standards.
 *
 * @module
 */
```

### 5. Mark deprecated or experimental features

```ts
/**
 * Legacy function for backward compatibility.
 *
 * @deprecated Use `newFunction()` instead
 * @param data The input data
 */
export function oldFunction(data: string): void {
  // Implementation...
}

/**
 * New experimental feature.
 *
 * @experimental This API may change in future versions
 * @param options Configuration options
 */
export function experimentalFunction(options: unknown): void {
  // Implementation...
}
```

## Integrating with CI/CD

You can integrate documentation generation into your continuous integration
pipeline:

```yaml title=".github/workflows/docs.yml"
name: Generate Documentation

on:
  push:
    branches: [main]

jobs:
  docs:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Setup Deno
        uses: denoland/setup-deno@v2
        with:
          deno-version: v2.x

      - name: Generate documentation
        run: deno doc --html --name="My Library" --output=./docs/ mod.ts

      - name: Deploy to GitHub Pages
        uses: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages@v3
        with:
          github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
          publish_dir: ./docs
```

## Configuration in deno.json

You can configure documentation generation in your `deno.json` file:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "doc": "deno doc --html --name='Math Utilities' --output=./docs/ mod.ts",
    "doc:lint": "deno doc --lint mod.ts",
    "doc:json": "deno doc --json mod.ts > documentation.json"
  }
}
```

Then run documentation tasks easily:

```bash
deno task doc
deno task doc:lint
deno task doc:json
```

🦕 The `deno doc` command is a powerful tool for generating professional
documentation from your Deno projects.

Good documentation makes your code more maintainable and helps other developers
understand and use your projects effectively. With `deno doc`, creating
comprehensive documentation is just a command away!


---

# Deploy an app with the deno deploy command

> Step-by-step tutorial for using the deno deploy CLI command to create and deploy your first application to Deno Deploy.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/deploy_command


The `deno deploy` command provides a powerful CLI for deploying and managing
applications on [Deno Deploy](https://deno.com/deploy).

If you already have an app to deploy you can skip to
[Deploying your application](#deploy-your-application), or read on to make and
then deploy a simple app.

## Prerequisites

Before using the deploy command, you will need a Deno Deploy account, and a Deno
Deploy organization set up on that account.

To create an account visit
[the Deno Deploy dashboard](https://console.deno.com/). To create an
organization, follow the steps in the

## Create a simple web application

First, let's create a basic HTTP server that will serve as our application.

Create a new directory for your project and navigate into it:

```bash
mkdir my-deploy-app
cd my-deploy-app
```

Initialize a new Deno project:

```bash
deno init
```

Replace the contents of `main.ts` with a simple HTTP server:

```ts title="main.ts"
Deno.serve({ port: 8000 }, (req) => {
  const url = new URL(req.url);
  const userAgent = req.headers.get("user-agent") || "unknown";
  const timestamp = new Date().toISOString();

  // Log every request
  console.log(
    `[${timestamp}] ${req.method} ${url.pathname} - User-Agent: ${userAgent}`,
  );

  // Simple routing
  if (url.pathname === "/") {
    console.log("Serving home page");
    return new Response(
      `
      <html>
        <head><title>My Deploy App</title></head>
        <body>
          <h1>Welcome to My Deploy App!</h1>
          <p>This app was deployed using the deno deploy command.</p>
          <nav>
            <a href="/about">About</a> | 
            <a href="/api/status">API Status</a> |
            <a href="/api/error">Test Error</a>
          </nav>
        </body>
      </html>
    `,
      {
        headers: { "content-type": "text/html" },
      },
    );
  }

  if (url.pathname === "/about") {
    console.log("Serving about page");
    return new Response(
      `
      <html>
        <head><title>About - My Deploy App</title></head>
        <body>
          <h1>About This App</h1>
          <p>This is a simple demonstration of deploying with the deno deploy CLI.</p>
          <p>Check the logs to see request information!</p>
          <a href="/">← Back to Home</a>
        </body>
      </html>
    `,
      {
        headers: { "content-type": "text/html" },
      },
    );
  }

  if (url.pathname === "/api/status") {
    const responseData = {
      status: "ok",
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
      message: "API is running successfully",
      requestCount: Math.floor(Math.random() * 1000) + 1, // Simulate request counter
    };

    console.log("API status check - all systems operational");
    console.log(`Response data:`, responseData);

    return Response.json(responseData);
  }

  if (url.pathname === "/api/error") {
    // This endpoint demonstrates error logging
    console.error("Error endpoint accessed - demonstrating error logging");
    console.warn("This is a warning message that will appear in logs");

    return Response.json({
      error: "This is a test error for demonstration",
      timestamp: new Date().toISOString(),
      tip: "Check the logs with: deno deploy logs",
    }, { status: 500 });
  }

  // 404 for all other routes
  console.warn(`404 - Route not found: ${url.pathname}`);
  return new Response("Not Found", { status: 404 });
});
```

### Test your application locally

Update the `dev` task in the `deno.json` file in the root, to allow network
access:

```json
"dev": "deno run -N --watch main.ts"
```

Then run the dev command:

```sh
deno run dev
```

Visit `http://localhost:8000` to see your application running. Try navigating to
the different routes (`/about`, `/api/status`, and `/api/error`) to verify
everything works. You'll notice that each request is logged to the console -
these are the same logs you'll be able to see when the app is deployed!

## Authentication

The `deno deploy` command handles authentication automatically. When you first
run a deploy command, it will prompt you to authenticate. Run the deploy command
with the `--help` flag to see all available options:

```bash
deno deploy --help
```

:::note Deno Deploy organization requirement

The `deno deploy` command requires a Deno Deploy organization. If you don't
already have an organization set up in your account, you can create one through
the [Deno Deploy web app](https://console.deno.com).

:::

## Deploy your application

Now let's use the `deno deploy` command to deploy your application! Ensure that
you are in the root directory of your project and run:

```bash
deno deploy
```

Select the appropriate options in the terminal when prompted.

The deployment process will:

1. Make a tarball of your application code
2. Upload the tarball to Deno Deploy
3. Unpack the tarball
4. Build and deploy to the edge network
5. Provide you with a live URL

You have now successfully deployed your application! You can visit the returned
URL to see your app in action.

If you need to make changes to your application, simply update your code and run
the `deno deploy` command again.

Our demo application had some logging built in, we can use the built in logging
features of Deno Deploy to monitor the application.

## Monitoring your application

### View application logs

After deploying your application, you can stream live logs to see exactly what's
happening on the app:

```bash
deno deploy logs
```

Visit your application URL and navigate to different pages. You'll see logs
like:

- Request logs showing HTTP method, path, and user agent
- Info logs from `console.log()` calls
- Warning logs from `console.warn()` calls
- Error logs from `console.error()` calls

Open your app url in the browser and try visiting the `/api/error` endpoint to
see the error logs in action.

### View logs for a specific time range

To view logs for a specific time range, you can use the `--start` and `--end`
flags:

```bash
deno deploy logs \
  --start "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z" \
  --end "2024-01-01T23:59:59Z"
```

## Managing environment variables

Your application might need environment variables for configuration. The
`deno deploy` command provides comprehensive environment variable management.

### List environment variables

You can view all environment variables for your application:

```bash
deno deploy env list
```

### Add and update environment variables

To add individual environment variables, use the `deno deploy env add` command,
for example:

```bash
deno deploy env add API_KEY "your-secret-key"
deno deploy env add DATABASE_URL "postgresql://..."
```

Then to update them, use the `deno deploy env update-value` command, for
example:

```bash
deno deploy env update-value API_KEY "new-secret-key"
deno deploy env update-value DATABASE_URL "postgresql://new-user:new-pass@localhost/new-db"
```

### Delete environment variables

To delete an environment variable, use the `deno deploy env delete` command, for
example:

```bash
deno deploy env delete API_KEY
deno deploy env delete DATABASE_URL
```

### Load environment variables from a .env file

You can also use an `.env` file to load your environment variables to your
deployed app:

```bash
deno deploy env load .env
```

🦕 You've successfully deployed your first application with the `deno deploy`
command! Check out the [`deno deploy` docs](/runtime/reference/cli/deploy/) for
more commands and options.

For more information on Deno Deploy, check the
[Deno Deploy documentation](/deploy/).


---

# Monitor your app with OpenTelemetry and Deno Deploy

> A step-by-step tutorial for adding custom OpenTelemetry instrumentation to your Deno Deploy application.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/deploy_otel


Deno Deploy includes built-in OpenTelemetry support that automatically captures
traces for HTTP requests, database queries, and other operations. This tutorial
shows how to add custom OpenTelemetry instrumentation to your applications for
more detailed observability.

## Prerequisites

1. A [GitHub](https://github.com) account
2. [Deno installed](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/manual/getting_started/installation)
   on your local machine
3. Access to the [Deno Deploy account](https://console.deno.com/)
4. Basic familiarity with
   [OpenTelemetry concepts](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/concepts/)

## Create a basic API application

First, let's create a simple API server that we'll instrument with
OpenTelemetry:

```ts title="main.ts"
const dataStore: Record<string, string> = {};

async function handler(req: Request): Promise<Response> {
  const url = new URL(req.url);

  // Simulate random latency
  await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, Math.random() * 200));

  try {
    // Handle product listing
    if (url.pathname === "/products" && req.method === "GET") {
      return new Response(JSON.stringify(Object.values(dataStore)), {
        headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
      });
    }

    // Handle product creation
    if (url.pathname === "/products" && req.method === "POST") {
      const data = await req.json();
      const id = crypto.randomUUID();
      dataStore[id] = data;
      return new Response(JSON.stringify({ id, ...data }), {
        status: 201,
        headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
      });
    }

    // Handle product retrieval by ID
    if (url.pathname.startsWith("/products/") && req.method === "GET") {
      const id = url.pathname.split("/")[2];
      const product = dataStore[id];

      if (!product) {
        return new Response("Product not found", { status: 404 });
      }

      return new Response(JSON.stringify(product), {
        headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
      });
    }

    // Handle root route
    if (url.pathname === "/") {
      return new Response("Product API - Try /products endpoint");
    }

    return new Response("Not Found", { status: 404 });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error("Error handling request:", error);
    return new Response("Internal Server Error", { status: 500 });
  }
}

console.log("Server running on http://localhost:8000");
Deno.serve(handler, { port: 8000 });
```

Save this file and run it locally:

```sh
deno run --allow-net main.ts
```

Test the API with curl or a browser to ensure it works:

```sh
# List products (empty at first)
curl http://localhost:8000/products

# Add a product
curl -X POST http://localhost:8000/products \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"name": "Test Product", "price": 19.99}'
```

## Add OpenTelemetry instrumentation

Now, let's add custom OpenTelemetry instrumentation to our application. Create a
new file called `instrumented-main.ts`:

```ts title="instrumented-main.ts"
import { trace } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";

// Get the OpenTelemetry tracer
const tracer = trace.getTracer("product-api");

const dataStore: Record<string, string> = {};

// Simulate a database operation with custom span
async function queryDatabase(
  operation: string,
  data?: unknown,
): Promise<unknown> {
  return await tracer.startActiveSpan(`database.${operation}`, async (span) => {
    try {
      // Add attributes to the span for better context
      span.setAttributes({
        "db.system": "memory-store",
        "db.operation": operation,
      });

      // Simulate database latency
      const delay = Math.random() * 100;
      await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, delay));

      // Add latency information to the span
      span.setAttributes({ "db.latency_ms": delay });

      if (operation === "list") {
        return Object.values(dataStore);
      } else if (operation === "get") {
        return dataStore[data as string];
      } else if (operation === "insert") {
        const id = crypto.randomUUID();
        dataStore[id] = data as string;
        return { id, data };
      }

      return null;
    } catch (error) {
      // Record any errors to the span
      span.recordException(error);
      span.setStatus({ code: trace.SpanStatusCode.ERROR });
      throw error;
    } finally {
      // End the span when we're done
      span.end();
    }
  });
}

async function handler(req: Request): Promise<Response> {
  // Create a parent span for the entire request
  return await tracer.startActiveSpan(
    `${req.method} ${new URL(req.url).pathname}`,
    async (parentSpan) => {
      const url = new URL(req.url);

      // Add request details as span attributes
      parentSpan.setAttributes({
        "http.method": req.method,
        "http.url": req.url,
        "http.route": url.pathname,
      });

      try {
        // Handle product listing
        if (url.pathname === "/products" && req.method === "GET") {
          const products = await queryDatabase("list");
          return new Response(JSON.stringify(products), {
            headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
          });
        }

        // Handle product creation
        if (url.pathname === "/products" && req.method === "POST") {
          // Create a span for parsing request JSON
          const data = await tracer.startActiveSpan(
            "parse.request.body",
            async (span) => {
              try {
                const result = await req.json();
                return result;
              } catch (error) {
                span.recordException(error);
                span.setStatus({ code: trace.SpanStatusCode.ERROR });
                throw error;
              } finally {
                span.end();
              }
            },
          );

          const result = await queryDatabase("insert", data);
          return new Response(JSON.stringify(result), {
            status: 201,
            headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
          });
        }

        // Handle product retrieval by ID
        if (url.pathname.startsWith("/products/") && req.method === "GET") {
          const id = url.pathname.split("/")[2];
          parentSpan.setAttributes({ "product.id": id });

          const product = await queryDatabase("get", id);

          if (!product) {
            parentSpan.setAttributes({
              "error": true,
              "error.type": "not_found",
            });
            return new Response("Product not found", { status: 404 });
          }

          return new Response(JSON.stringify(product), {
            headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
          });
        }

        // Handle root route
        if (url.pathname === "/") {
          return new Response("Product API - Try /products endpoint");
        }

        parentSpan.setAttributes({ "error": true, "error.type": "not_found" });
        return new Response("Not Found", { status: 404 });
      } catch (error) {
        console.error("Error handling request:", error);
        // Record the error in the span
        parentSpan.recordException(error);
        parentSpan.setAttributes({
          "error": true,
          "error.type": error.name,
          "error.message": error.message,
        });
        parentSpan.setStatus({ code: trace.SpanStatusCode.ERROR });

        return new Response("Internal Server Error", { status: 500 });
      } finally {
        // End the parent span when we're done
        parentSpan.end();
      }
    },
  );
}

console.log(
  "Server running with OpenTelemetry instrumentation on http://localhost:8000",
);
Deno.serve(handler, { port: 8000 });
```

Run the instrumented version locally:

```sh
deno run --allow-net instrumented-main.ts
```

Test the API again with curl to generate some traces.

## Create a GitHub repository

1. Go to [GitHub](https://github.com) and create a new repository.

2. Initialize your local directory as a Git repository:

```sh
git init
git add .
git commit -m "Add OpenTelemetry instrumented API"
```

3. Add your GitHub repository as a remote and push your code:

```sh
git remote add origin https://github.com/your-username/otel-demo-app.git
git branch -M main
git push -u origin main
```

## Deploy to Deno Deploy

1. Navigate to [console.deno.com](https://console.deno.com)
2. Select your organization or create a new one if needed
3. Click "+ New App"
4. Select the GitHub repository you created earlier
5. Configure the build settings:
   - Framework preset: No preset
   - Runtime configuration: Dynamic
   - Entrypoint: `instrumented-main.ts`

6. Click "Create App" to start the deployment process

## Generate sample traffic

To generate sample traces and metrics, let's send some traffic to your deployed
application:

1. Copy your deployment URL from the Deno Deploy dashboard

2. Send several requests to different endpoints:

```sh
# Store your app URL in a variable
APP_URL=https://your-app-name.your-org-name.deno.net

# Get the root route
curl $APP_URL/

# List products (empty at first)
curl $APP_URL/products

# Add some products
curl -X POST $APP_URL/products -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"name": "Laptop", "price": 999.99}'
curl -X POST $APP_URL/products -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"name": "Headphones", "price": 129.99}'
curl -X POST $APP_URL/products -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"name": "Mouse", "price": 59.99}'

# List products again
curl $APP_URL/products

# Try to access a non-existent product (will generate an error span)
curl $APP_URL/products/nonexistent-id
```

## Explore OpenTelemetry traces and metrics

Now let's explore the observability data collected by Deno Deploy:

1. From your application dashboard, click "Traces" in the sidebar
   - You'll see a list of traces for each request to your application
   - You can filter traces by HTTP method or status code using the search bar

2. Select one of your `/products` POST traces to see detailed information:
   - The parent span for the entire request
   - Child spans for database operations
   - The span for parsing the request body

   ![Trace waterfall view](./images/otel_trace.png)

3. Click on individual spans to see their details:
   - Duration and timing information
   - Attributes you set like `db.operation` and `db.latency_ms`
   - Any recorded exceptions

4. Click "Logs" in the sidebar to see console output with trace context:
   - Notice how logs emitted during a traced operation are automatically linked
     to the trace
   - Click "View trace" on a log line to see the associated trace

5. Click "Metrics" to view application performance metrics:
   - HTTP request counts by endpoint
   - Error rates
   - Response time distributions

🦕 The automatic instrumentation in Deno Deploy combined with your custom
instrumentation provides comprehensive visibility into your application's
performance and behavior.

For more information about OpenTelemetry in Deno, check out these resources:

- [OpenTelemetry in Deno documentation](/runtime/fundamentals/open_telemetry/)
- [Deno Deploy Observability reference](/deploy/reference/observability/)
- [OpenTelemetry official documentation](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/)


---

# How to deploy Deno to Digital Ocean

> A step-by-step guide to deploying Deno applications on Digital Ocean. Learn about Docker containerization, GitHub Actions automation, container registries, and how to set up continuous deployment workflows.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/digital_ocean


Digital Ocean is a popular cloud infrastructure provider offering a variety of
hosting services ranging from networking, to compute, to storage.

Here's a step by step guide to deploying a Deno app to Digital Ocean using
Docker and GitHub Actions.

The pre-requisites for this are:

- [`docker` CLI](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/cli/)
- a [GitHub account](https://github.com)
- a [Digital Ocean account](https://digitalocean.com)
- [`doctl` CLI](https://docs.digitalocean.com/reference/doctl/how-to/install/)

## Create Dockerfile and docker-compose.yml

To focus on the deployment, our app will simply be a `main.ts` file that returns
a string as an HTTP response:

```ts title="main.ts"
import { Application } from "jsr:@oak/oak";

const app = new Application();

app.use((ctx) => {
  ctx.response.body = "Hello from Deno and Digital Ocean!";
});

await app.listen({ port: 8000 });
```

Then, we'll create two files -- `Dockerfile` and `docker-compose.yml` -- to
build the Docker image.

In our `Dockerfile`, let's add:

```Dockerfile title="Dockerfile"
FROM denoland/deno

EXPOSE 8000

WORKDIR /app

ADD . /app

RUN deno install --entrypoint main.ts

CMD ["run", "--allow-net", "main.ts"]
```

Then, in our `docker-compose.yml`:

```yml
version: "3"

services:
  web:
    build: .
    container_name: deno-container
    image: deno-image
    ports:
      - "8000:8000"
```

Let's test this locally by running `docker compose -f docker-compose.yml build`,
then `docker compose up`, and going to `localhost:8000`.

![Hello from localhost](./images/how-to/digital-ocean/hello-world-from-localhost.png)

It works!

## Build, Tag, and Push your Docker image to Digital Ocean Container Registry

Digital Ocean has its own private Container Registry, with which we can push and
pull Docker images. In order to use this registry, let's
[install and authenticate `doctl` on the command line](https://docs.digitalocean.com/reference/doctl/how-to/install/).

After that, we'll create a new private registry named `deno-on-digital-ocean`:

```shell
doctl registry create deno-on-digital-ocean
```

Using our Dockerfile and docker-compose.yml, we'll build a new image, tag it,
and push it to the registry. Note that `docker-compose.yml` will name the build
locally as `deno-image`.

```shell
docker compose -f docker-compose.yml build
```

Let's [tag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/tag/) it with
`new`:

```shell
docker tag deno-image registry.digitalocean.com/deno-on-digital-ocean/deno-image:new
```

Before pushing, authenticate your Docker client with Digital Ocean Container
Registry:

```shell
doctl registry login
```

Now we can push it to the registry.

```shell
docker push registry.digitalocean.com/deno-on-digital-ocean/deno-image:new
```

You should see your new `deno-image` with the `new` tag in your
[Digital Ocean container registry](https://cloud.digitalocean.com/registry):

![New deno image on Digital Ocean container registry](./images/how-to/digital-ocean/new-deno-image-on-digital-ocean-container-registry.png)

Perfect!

## Deploy to Digital Ocean via SSH

Once our `deno-image` is in the registry, we can run it anywhere using
`docker run`. In this case, we'll run it while in our
[Digital Ocean Droplet](https://www.digitalocean.com/products/droplets), their
hosted virtual machine.

While on your [Droplet page](https://cloud.digitalocean.com/droplets), click on
your Droplet and then `console` to SSH into the virtual machine. (Or you can
[ssh directly from your command line](https://docs.digitalocean.com/products/droplets/how-to/connect-with-ssh/).)

To pull down the `deno-image` image and run it, let's run:

```shell
docker run -d --restart always -it -p 8000:8000 --name deno-image registry.digitalocean.com/deno-on-digital-ocean/deno-image:new
```

Using our browser to go to the Digital Ocean address, we now see:

![Hello from Deno and Digital Ocean](./images/how-to/digital-ocean/hello-from-deno-and-digital-ocean.png)

Boom!

## Automate the Deployment via GitHub Actions

Let's automate that entire process with GitHub actions.

First, let's get all of our environmental variables needed for logging into
`doctl` and SSHing into the Droplet:

- [DIGITALOCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN](https://docs.digitalocean.com/reference/api/create-personal-access-token/)
- DIGITALOCEAN_HOST (the IP address of your Droplet)
- DIGITALOCEAN_USERNAME (the default is `root`)
- DIGITALOCEAN_SSHKEY (more on this below)

### Generate `DIGITALOCEAN_SSHKEY`

The `DIGITALOCEAN_SSHKEY` is a private key where its public counterpart exists
on the virtual machine in its `~/.ssh/authorized_keys` file.

To do this, first let's run `ssh-keygen` on your local machine:

```shell
ssh-keygen
```

When prompted for an email, **be sure to use your GitHub email** for the GitHub
Action to authenticate properly. Your final output should look something like
this:

```console
Output
Your identification has been saved in /your_home/.ssh/id_rsa
Your public key has been saved in /your_home/.ssh/id_rsa.pub
The key fingerprint is:
SHA256:/hk7MJ5n5aiqdfTVUZr+2Qt+qCiS7BIm5Iv0dxrc3ks user@host
The key's randomart image is:
+---[RSA 3072]----+
|                .|
|               + |
|              +  |
| .           o . |
|o       S   . o  |
| + o. .oo. ..  .o|
|o = oooooEo+ ...o|
|.. o *o+=.*+o....|
|    =+=ooB=o.... |
+----[SHA256]-----+
```

Next, we'll have to upload the newly generated public key to your Droplet. You
can either use [`ssh-copy-id`](https://www.ssh.com/academy/ssh/copy-id) or
manually copy it, ssh into your Droplet, and pasting it to
`~/.ssh/authorized_keys`.

Using `ssh-copy-id`:

```shell
ssh-copy-id {{ username }}@{{ host }}
```

This command will prompt you for the password. Note that this will automatically
copy `id_rsa.pub` key from your local machine and paste it to your Droplet's
`~/.ssh/authorized_keys` file. If you've named your key something other than
`id_rsa`, you can pass it with the `-i` flag to the command:

```shell
ssh-copy-id -i ~/.ssh/mykey {{ username }}@{{ host }}
```

To test whether this is done successfully:

```shell
ssh -i ~/.ssh/mykey {{ username }}@{{ host }}
```

Awesome!

### Define the yml File

The final step is to put this all together. We're basically taking each step
during the manual deployment and adding them to a GitHub Actions workflow yml
file:

```yml
name: Deploy to Digital Ocean

on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main

env:
  REGISTRY: "registry.digitalocean.com/deno-on-digital-ocean"
  IMAGE_NAME: "deno-image"

jobs:
  build_and_push:
    name: Build, Push, and Deploy
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout main
        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Set $TAG from shortened sha
        run: echo "TAG=`echo ${GITHUB_SHA} | cut -c1-8`" >> $GITHUB_ENV

      - name: Build container image
        run: docker compose -f docker-compose.yml build

      - name: Tag container image
        run: docker tag ${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }} ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}:${{ env.TAG }}

      - name: Install `doctl`
        uses: digitalocean/action-doctl@v2
        with:
          token: ${{ secrets.DIGITALOCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN }}

      - name: Log in to Digital Ocean Container Registry
        run: doctl registry login --expiry-seconds 600

      - name: Push image to Digital Ocean Container Registry
        run: docker push ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}:${{ env.TAG }}

      - name: Deploy via SSH
        uses: appleboy/ssh-action@master
        with:
          host: ${{ secrets.DIGITALOCEAN_HOST }}
          username: ${{ secrets.DIGITALOCEAN_USERNAME }}
          key: ${{ secrets.DIGITALOCEAN_SSHKEY }}
          script: |
            # Login to Digital Ocean Container Registry
            docker login -u ${{ secrets.DIGITALOCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN }} -p ${{ secrets.DIGITALOCEAN_ACCESS_TOKEN }} registry.digitalocean.com
            # Stop and remove a running image.
            docker stop ${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}
            docker rm ${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}
            # Run a new container from a new image
            docker run -d --restart always -it -p 8000:8000 --name ${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }} ${{ env.REGISTRY }}/${{ env.IMAGE_NAME }}:${{ env.TAG }}
```

When you push to GitHub, this yml file is automatically detected, triggering the
Deploy action.


---

# Build a Database App with Drizzle ORM and Deno

> Step-by-step guide to building database applications with Drizzle ORM and Deno. Learn about schema management, type-safe queries, PostgreSQL integration, migrations, and how to implement CRUD operations.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/drizzle


[Drizzle ORM](https://orm.drizzle.team/) is a TypeScript ORM that provides a
type-safe way to interact with your database. In this tutorial, we'll set up
Drizzle ORM with Deno and PostgreSQL to create, read, update, and delete
dinosaur data:

- [Install Drizzle](#install-drizzle)
- [Configure Drizzle](#configure-drizzle)
- [Define schemas](#define-schemas)
- [Interact with the database](#interact-with-the-database)
- [What's next?](#whats-next)

You can find all the code for this tutorial in
[this GitHub repo](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-drizzle).

## Install Drizzle

First, we'll install the required dependencies using Deno's npm compatibility.
We'll be using Drizzle with
[Postgres](https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/get-started-postgresql), but you can
also use [MySQL](https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/get-started-mysql) or
[SQLite](https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/get-started-sqlite). (If you don't have
Postgres, you can [install it here](https://www.postgresql.org/download/).)

```bash
deno install npm:drizzle-orm npm:drizzle-kit npm:pg npm:@types/pg
```

This installs Drizzle ORM and its associated tools —
[drizzle-kit](https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/kit-overview) for schema migrations,
[pg](https://www.npmjs.com/package/pg) for PostgreSQL connectivity, and
[the TypeScript types for PostgreSQL](https://www.npmjs.com/package/@types/pg).
These packages will allow us to interact with our database in a type-safe way
while maintaining compatibility with Deno's runtime environment.

It will also create a `deno.json` file in your project root to manage the npm
dependencies:

```json
{
  "imports": {
    "@types/pg": "npm:@types/pg@^8.11.10",
    "drizzle-kit": "npm:drizzle-kit@^0.27.2",
    "drizzle-orm": "npm:drizzle-orm@^0.36.0",
    "pg": "npm:pg@^8.13.1"
  }
}
```

## Configure Drizzle

Next, let's create a `drizzle.config.ts` file in your project root. This file
will configure Drizzle to work with your PostgreSQL database:

```tsx
import { defineConfig } from "drizzle-kit";

export default defineConfig({
  out: "./drizzle",
  schema: "./src/db/schema.ts",
  dialect: "postgresql",
  dbCredentials: {
    url: Deno.env.get("DATABASE_URL")!,
  },
});
```

These config settings determine:

- where to output migration files (`./drizzle`)
- where to find your schema definition (`./src/db/schema.ts`)
- that PostgreSQL as your database dialect, and
- how to connect to your database using the URL stored in your environment
  variables

The `drizzle-kit` will use this configuration to manage your database schema and
generate SQL migrations automatically.

We’ll also need a `.env` file in the project root containing the `DATABASE_URL`
connection string:

```bash
DATABASE_URL=postgresql://[user[:password]@][host][:port]/[dbname]
```

Be sure to replace the login credentials with yours.

Next, let's connect to the database and use Drizzle to populate our tables.

## Define schemas

There are two ways that you can define your table schema with Drizzle. If you
already have Postgres tables defined, you can infer them with `pull`; otherwise,
you can define them in code, then use Drizzle to create a new table. We'll
explore both approaches below.

### Infer schema with `pull`

If you already have Postgres tables before adding Drizzle, then you can
introspect your database schema to automatically generate TypeScript types and
table definitions with the command
[`npm:drizzle-kit pull`](https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/drizzle-kit-pull). This
is particularly useful when working with an existing database or when you want
to ensure your code stays in sync with your database structure.

Let's say our current database already has the following table schemas:

![Diagram of table schema in postgres](./images/how-to/drizzle/table-diagram.png)

We'll run the following command to instrospect the database and populate several
files under a `./drizzle` directory:

<figure>

```bash
deno --env -A --node-modules-dir npm:drizzle-kit pull

Failed to find Response internal state key
No config path provided, using default 'drizzle.config.ts'
Reading config file '/private/tmp/deno-drizzle-example/drizzle.config.ts'
Pulling from ['public'] list of schemas

Using 'pg' driver for database querying
[✓] 2 tables fetched
[✓] 8 columns fetched
[✓] 0 enums fetched
[✓] 0 indexes fetched
[✓] 1 foreign keys fetched
[✓] 0 policies fetched
[✓] 0 check constraints fetched
[✓] 0 views fetched

[i] No SQL generated, you already have migrations in project
[✓] You schema file is ready ➜ drizzle/schema.ts 🚀
[✓] You relations file is ready ➜ drizzle/relations.ts 🚀
```

<figcaption>
We use the <code>--env</code> flag to read the <code>.env</code> file with our database url and the
<code>--node-modules-dir</code> flag to create a <code>node_modules</code> folder that will allow us
to use <code>drizzle-kit</code> correctly.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>

The above command will create a number of files within a `./drizzle` directory
that define the schema, track changes, and provide the necessary information for
database migrations:

- `drizzle/schema.ts`: This file defines the database schema using Drizzle ORM's
  schema definition syntax.
- `drizzle/relations.ts`: This file is intended to define relationships between
  tables using Drizzle ORM's relations API.
- `drizzle/0000_long_veda.sql`: A SQL migration file that contains the SQL
  code to create the database table(s). The code is commented out — you can
  uncomment this code if you want to run this migration to create the table(s)
  in a new environment.
- `drizzle/meta/0000_snapshot.json`: A snapshot file that represents the current
  state of your database schema.
- `drizzle/meta/_journal.json`: This file keeps track of the migrations that
  have been applied to your database. It helps Drizzle ORM know which migrations
  have been run and which ones still need to be applied.

### Define schema in Drizzle first

If you don't already have an existing table defined in Postgres (e.g. you're
starting a completely new project), you can define the tables and types in code
and have Drizzle create them.

Let's create a new directory `./src/db/` and in it, a `schema.ts` file, which
we'll populate with the below:

<figure>

```ts
// schema.ts
import {
  boolean,
  foreignKey,
  integer,
  pgTable,
  serial,
  text,
  timestamp,
} from "drizzle-orm/pg-core";

export const dinosaurs = pgTable("dinosaurs", {
  id: serial().primaryKey().notNull(),
  name: text(),
  description: text(),
});

export const tasks = pgTable("tasks", {
  id: serial().primaryKey().notNull(),
  dinosaurId: integer("dinosaur_id"),
  description: text(),
  dateCreated: timestamp("date_created", { mode: "string" }).defaultNow(),
  isComplete: boolean("is_complete"),
}, (table) => {
  return {
    tasksDinosaurIdFkey: foreignKey({
      columns: [table.dinosaurId],
      foreignColumns: [dinosaurs.id],
      name: "tasks_dinosaur_id_fkey",
    }),
  };
});
```

<figcaption>
The above represents in code the two tables, <code>dinosaurs</code> and <code>tasks</code> and their relation. <a href="https://orm.drizzle.team/docs/schemas">Learn more about using Drizzle to define schemas and their relations</a>.
</figcaption>
</figure>
</br>

Once we have defined `./src/db/schema.ts`, we can create the tables and their
specified relationship by creating a migration:

```bash
deno -A --node-modules-dir npm:drizzle-kit generate

Failed to find Response internal state key
No config path provided, using default 'drizzle.config.ts'
Reading config file '/private/tmp/drizzle/drizzle.config.ts'
2 tables
dinosaurs 3 columns 0 indexes 0 fks
tasks 5 columns 0 indexes 1 fks
```

The above command will create a `./drizzle/` folder that contains migration
scripts and logs.

## Interact with the database

Now that we have setup Drizzle ORM, we can use it to simplify managing data in
our Postgres database. First, Drizzle suggests taking the `schema.ts` and
`relations.ts` and copying them to the `./src/db` directory to use within an
application.

Let's create a `./src/db/db.ts` which exports a few helper functions that'll
make it easier for us to interact with the database:

```ts
import { drizzle } from "drizzle-orm/node-postgres";
import { dinosaurs as dinosaurSchema, tasks as taskSchema } from "./schema.ts";
import { dinosaursRelations, tasksRelations } from "./relations.ts";
import pg from "pg";
import { integer } from "drizzle-orm/sqlite-core";
import { eq } from "drizzle-orm/expressions";

// Use pg driver.
const { Pool } = pg;

// Instantiate Drizzle client with pg driver and schema.
export const db = drizzle({
  client: new Pool({
    connectionString: Deno.env.get("DATABASE_URL"),
  }),
  schema: { dinosaurSchema, taskSchema, dinosaursRelations, tasksRelations },
});

// Insert dinosaur.
export async function insertDinosaur(dinosaurObj: typeof dinosaurSchema) {
  return await db.insert(dinosaurSchema).values(dinosaurObj);
}

// Insert task.
export async function insertTask(taskObj: typeof taskSchema) {
  return await db.insert(taskSchema).values(taskObj);
}

// Find dinosaur by id.
export async function findDinosaurById(dinosaurId: typeof integer) {
  return await db.select().from(dinosaurSchema).where(
    eq(dinosaurSchema.id, dinosaurId),
  );
}

// Find dinosaur by name.
export async function findDinosaurByName(name: string) {
  return await db.select().from(dinosaurSchema).where(
    eq(dinosaurSchema.name, name),
  );
}

// Find tasks based on dinosaur id.
export async function findDinosaurTasksByDinosaurId(
  dinosaurId: typeof integer,
) {
  return await db.select().from(taskSchema).where(
    eq(taskSchema.dinosaurId, dinosaurId),
  );
}

// Update dinosaur.
export async function updateDinosaur(dinosaurObj: typeof dinosaurSchema) {
  return await db.update(dinosaurSchema).set(dinosaurObj).where(
    eq(dinosaurSchema.id, dinosaurObj.id),
  );
}

// Update task.
export async function updateTask(taskObj: typeof taskSchema) {
  return await db.update(taskSchema).set(taskObj).where(
    eq(taskSchema.id, taskObj.id),
  );
}

// Delete dinosaur by id.
export async function deleteDinosaurById(id: typeof integer) {
  return await db.delete(dinosaurSchema).where(
    eq(dinosaurSchema.id, id),
  );
}

// Delete task by id.
export async function deleteTask(id: typeof integer) {
  return await db.delete(taskSchema).where(eq(taskSchema.id, id));
}
```

Now we can import some of these helper functions to a script where we can
perform some simple CRUD operations on our database. Let's create a new file
`./src/script.ts`:

```ts
import {
  deleteDinosaurById,
  findDinosaurByName,
  insertDinosaur,
  insertTask,
  updateDinosaur,
} from "./db/db.ts";

// Create a new dinosaur.
await insertDinosaur({
  name: "Denosaur",
  description: "Dinosaurs should be simple.",
});

// Find that dinosaur by name.
const res = await findDinosaurByName("Denosaur");

// Create a task with that dinosaur by its id.
await insertTask({
  dinosaurId: res.id,
  description: "Remove unnecessary config.",
  isComplete: false,
});

// Update a dinosaur with a new description.
const newDeno = {
  id: res.id,
  name: "Denosaur",
  description: "The simplest dinosaur.",
};
await updateDinosaur(newDeno);

// Delete the dinosaur (and any tasks it has).
await deleteDinosaurById(res.id);
```

We can run it and it will perform all of the actions on the database:

```ts
deno -A --env ./src/script.ts
```

## What's next?

Drizzle ORM is a popular data mapping tool to simplify managing and maintaining
data models and working with your database. Hopefully, this tutorial gives you a
start on how to use Drizzle in your Deno projects.

Now that you have a basic understanding of how to use Drizzle ORM with Deno, you
could:

1. Add more complex database relationships
2. [Implement a REST API](https://docs.deno.com/examples/) using
   [Hono](https://jsr.io/@hono/hono) to serve your dinosaur data
3. Add validation and error handling to your database operations
4. Write tests for your database interactions
5. [Deploy your application to the cloud](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/#deploying-deno-projects)

🦕 Happy coding with Deno and Drizzle ORM! The type-safety and simplicity of
this stack make it a great choice for building modern web applications.


---

# How to use Express with Deno

> Step-by-step guide to using Express.js with Deno. Learn how to set up an Express server, configure routes, handle middleware, and build REST APIs using Deno's Node.js compatibility features.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/express


[Express](https://expressjs.com/) is a popular web framework known for being
simple and unopinionated with a large ecosystem of middleware.

This How To guide will show you how to create a simple API using Express and
Deno.

[View source here.](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-express)

## Initialize a new deno project

In your commandline run the command to create a new starter project, then
navigate into the project directory:

```sh
deno init my-express-project
cd my-express-project
```

## Install Express

To install Express, we'll use the `npm:` module specifier. This specifier allows
us to import modules from npm:

```sh
deno add npm:express
```

This will add the latest `express` package to the `imports` field in your
`deno.json` file. Now you can import `express` in your code with
`import express from "express";`.

## Update `main.ts`

In the `main.ts`, let's create a simple server:

```ts
import express from "express";

const app = express();

app.get("/", (req, res) => {
  res.send("Welcome to the Dinosaur API!");
});

app.listen(8000);
console.log(`Server is running on http://localhost:8000`);
```

You may notice that your editor is complaining about the `req` and `res`
parameters. This is because Deno does not have types for the `express` module.
To fix this, you can import the Express types file directly from npm. Add the
following comment to the top of your `main.ts` file:

```ts
// @ts-types="npm:@types/express@4.17.15"
```

This comment tells Deno to use the types from the `@types/express` package.

## Run the server

When you initialized the project, Deno set up a task which will run the main.ts
file, you can see it in the `deno.json` file. Update the `dev` task to include
the [`--allow-net`](/runtime/fundamentals/security/#network-access) flag:

```jsonc
{
  "scripts": {
    "dev": "deno run --allow-net main.ts"
  }, 
  ...
}
```

This will allow the project to make network requests. You can
[read more about permissions flags](/runtime/fundamentals/security/).

Now you can run the server with:

```sh
deno run dev
```

If you visit `localhost:8000` in your browser, you should see:

**Welcome to the Dinosaur API!**

## Add data and routes

The next step here is to add some data. We'll use this Dinosaur data that we
found from [this article](https://www.thoughtco.com/dinosaurs-a-to-z-1093748).
Feel free to
[copy it from here](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/denoland/tutorial-with-express/refs/heads/main/data.json).

Create a `data.json` file in the root of your project, and paste in the dinosaur
data.

Next, we'll import that data into `main.ts`:

```ts
import data from "./data.json" with { type: "json" };
```

We will create the routes to access that data.

To keep it simple, let's just define `GET` handlers for `/api/` and
`/api/:dinosaur`. Add the following code after the `const app = express();`
line:

```ts
app.get("/", (req, res) => {
  res.send("Welcome to the Dinosaur API!");
});

app.get("/api", (req, res) => {
  res.send(data);
});

app.get("/api/:dinosaur", (req, res) => {
  if (req?.params?.dinosaur) {
    const found = data.find((item) =>
      item.name.toLowerCase() === req.params.dinosaur.toLowerCase()
    );
    if (found) {
      res.send(found);
    } else {
      res.send("No dinosaurs found.");
    }
  }
});

app.listen(8000);
console.log(`Server is running on http://localhost:8000`);
```

Let's run the server with `deno run dev` and check out `localhost:8000/api` in
your browser. You should see a list of dinosaurs!

```jsonc
[
  {
    "name": "Aardonyx",
    "description": "An early stage in the evolution of sauropods."
  },
  {
    "name": "Abelisaurus",
    "description": "\"Abel's lizard\" has been reconstructed from a single skull."
  },
  {
    "name": "Abrictosaurus",
    "description": "An early relative of Heterodontosaurus."
  },
...
```

You can also get the details of a specific dinosaur by visiting "/api/dinosaur
name", for example `localhost:8000/api/aardonyx` will display:

```json
{
  "name": "Aardonyx",
  "description": "An early stage in the evolution of sauropods."
}
```

🦕 Now you're all set to use Express with Deno. You could consider expanding
this example into a dinosaur web app. Or take a look at
[Deno's built in HTTP server](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/http_server/).


---

# Fetch and stream data

> A tutorial on working with network requests in Deno. Learn how to use the fetch API for HTTP requests, handle responses, implement data streaming, and manage file uploads and downloads.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/fetch_data


Deno brings several familiar Web APIs to the server-side environment. If you've
worked with browsers you may recognize the [`fetch()`](/api/web/fetch) method
and the [`streams`](/api/web/streams) API, which are used to make network
requests and access streams of data over the network. Deno implements these
APIs, allowing you to fetch and stream data from the web.

## Fetching data

When building a web application, developers will often need to retrieve
resources from somewhere else on the web. We can do so with the `fetch` API.
We'll look at how to fetch different shapes of data from a url and how to handle
an error if the request fails.

Create a new file called `fetch.js` and add the following code:

```ts title="fetch.js"
// Output: JSON Data
const jsonResponse = await fetch("https://api.github.com/users/denoland");
const jsonData = await jsonResponse.json();

console.log(jsonData, "\n");

// Output: HTML Data
const textResponse = await fetch("https://deno.land/");
const textData = await textResponse.text();

console.log(textData, "\n");

// Output: Error Message
try {
  await fetch("https://does.not.exist/");
} catch (error) {
  console.log(error);
}
```

You can run this code with the `deno run` command. Because it is fetching data
across the network, you need to grant the `--allow-net` permission:

```sh
deno run --allow-net fetch.js
```

You should see the JSON data, HTML data as text, and an error message in the
console.

## Streaming data

Sometimes you may want to send or receive large files over the network. When you
don't know the size of a file in advance, streaming is a more efficient way to
handle the data. The client can read from the stream until it says it is done.

Deno provides a way to stream data using the `Streams API`. We'll look at how to
convert a file into a readable or writable stream and how to send and receive
files using streams.

Create a new file called `stream.js`.

We'll use the `fetch` API to retrieve a file. Then we'll use the
[`Deno.open`](/api/deno/Deno.open) method to create and open a writable file and
the [`pipeTo`](/api/web/~/ReadableStream.pipeTo) method from the Streams API to
send the byte stream to the created file.

Next, we'll use the `readable` property on a `POST` request to send the byte
stream of the file to a server.

```ts title="stream.js"
// Receiving a file
const fileResponse = await fetch("https://deno.land/logo.svg");

if (fileResponse.body) {
  const file = await Deno.open("./logo.svg", { write: true, create: true });

  await fileResponse.body.pipeTo(file.writable);
}

// Sending a file
const file = await Deno.open("./logo.svg", { read: true });

await fetch("https://example.com/", {
  method: "POST",
  body: file.readable,
});
```

You can run this code with the `deno run` command. Because it is fetching data
across the network and writing to a file, you need to grant the `--allow-net`,
`--allow-write` and `--allow-read` permissions:

```sh
deno run --allow-read --allow-write --allow-net stream.js
```

You should see the file `logo.svg` created and populated in the current
directory and, if you owned example.com you would see the file being sent to the
server.

🦕 Now you know how to fetch and stream data across a network and how to stream
that data to and from files! Whether you're serving static files, processing
uploads, generating dynamic content or streaming large datasets, Deno’s file
handling and streaming capabilities are great tools to have in your developer
toolbox!


---

# examples/tutorials/file_based_routing.md

> Tutorial on implementing file-based routing in Deno. Learn how to create a dynamic routing system similar to Next.js, handle HTTP methods, manage nested routes, and build a flexible server architecture.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/file_based_routing


If you've used frameworks like [Next.js](https://nextjs.org/), you might be
familiar with file based routing - you add a file in a specific directory and it
automatically becomes a route. This tutorial demonstrates how to create a simple
HTTP server that uses file based routing.

## Route requests

Create a new file called `server.ts`. This file will be used to route requests.
Set up an async function called `handler` that takes a request object as an
argument:

```ts title="server.ts"
async function handler(req: Request): Promise<Response> {
  const url = new URL(req.url);
  const path = url.pathname;
  const method = req.method;
  let module;

  try {
    module = await import(`.${path}.ts`);
  } catch (_error) {
    return new Response("Not found", { status: 404 });
  }

  if (module[method]) {
    return module[method](req);
  }

  return new Response("Method not implemented", { status: 501 });
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```

The `handler` function sets up a path variable which contains the path,
extracted from the request URL, and a method variable which contains the request
method.

It then tries to import a module based on the path. If the module is not found,
it returns a 404 response.

If the module is found, it checks if the module has a method handler for the
request method. If the method handler is found, it calls the method handler with
the request object. If the method handler is not found, it returns a 501
response.

Finally, it serves the handler function using `Deno.serve`.

> The path could be any valid URL path such as `/users`, `/posts`, etc. For
> paths like `/users`, the file `./users.ts` will be imported. However, deeper
> paths like `/org/users` will require a file `./org/users.ts`. You can create
> nested routes by creating nested directories and files.

## Handle requests

Create a new file called `users.ts` in the same directory as `server.ts`. This
file will be used to handle requests to the `/users` path. We'll use a `GET`
request as an example. You could add more HTTP methods such as `POST`, `PUT`,
`DELETE`, etc.

In `users.ts`, set up an async function called `GET` that takes a request object
as an argument:

```ts title="users.ts"
export function GET(_req: Request): Response {
  return new Response("Hello from user.ts", { status: 200 });
}
```

## Start the server

To start the server, run the following command:

```sh
deno run --allow-net --allow-read server.ts
```

This will start the server on `localhost:8080`. You can now make a `GET` request
to `localhost:8000/users` and you should see the response `Hello from user.ts`.

This command requires the `--allow-net` and `--allow-read`
[permissions flags](/runtime/fundamentals/security/) to allow access to the
network to start the server and to read the `users.ts` file from the file
system.

🦕 Now you can set up routing in your apps based on file structure. You can
extend this example to add more routes and methods as needed.

<small>Thanks to [@naishe](https://github.com/naishe) for contributing this
tutorial.</small>


---

# Write a file server

> Tutorial on building a file server with Deno. Learn how to handle HTTP requests, serve static files, implement streaming responses, and use the standard library's file server module for production deployments.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/file_server


A file server listens for incoming HTTP requests and serves files from the local
file system. This tutorial demonstrates how to create a simple file server using
Deno's built-in [file system APIs](/api/deno/file-system).

## Write a simple File Server

To start, create a new file called `file-server.ts`.

We'll use Deno's built in [HTTP server](/api/deno/~/Deno.serve) to listen for
incoming requests. In your new `file-server.ts` file, add the following code:

```ts title="file-server.ts"
Deno.serve(
  { hostname: "localhost", port: 8080 },
  async (request) => {
    const url = new URL(request.url);
    const filepath = decodeURIComponent(url.pathname);
  },
);
```

> If you're not familiar with the `URL` object, you can learn more about it in
> the [URL API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/URL)
> documentation. The
> [decodeURIComponent function](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/decodeURIComponent)
> is used to decode the URL-encoded path, in the case that characters have been
> percent-encoded.)

### Open a file and stream its contents

When a request is received, we'll attempt to open the file specified in the
request URL with [`Deno.open`](/api/deno/~/Deno.open).

If the requested file exists, we'll convert it into a readable stream of data
with the
[ReadableStream API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/ReadableStream),
and stream its contents to the response. We don't know how large the requested
file might be, so streaming it will prevent memory issues when serving large
files or multiple requests concurrently.

If the file does not exist, we'll return a "404 Not Found" response.

In the body of the request handler, below the two variables, add the following
code:

```ts
try {
  const file = await Deno.open("." + filepath, { read: true });
  return new Response(file.readable);
} catch {
  return new Response("404 Not Found", { status: 404 });
}
```

### Run the file server

Run your new file server with the `deno run` command, allowing read access and
network access:

```shell
deno run --allow-read=. --allow-net file-server.ts
```

## Using the file server provided by the Deno Standard Library

Writing a file server from scratch is a good exercise to understand how Deno's
HTTP server works. However, writing production ready file server from scratch
can be complex and error-prone. It's better to use a tested and reliable
solution.

The Deno Standard Library provides you with a
[file server](https://jsr.io/@std/http/doc/file-server/~) so that you don't have
to write your own.

To use it, first install the remote script to your local file system:

```shell
# Deno 1.x
deno install --allow-net --allow-read jsr:@std/http/file-server
# Deno 2.x
deno install --global --allow-net --allow-read jsr:@std/http/file-server
```

> This will install the script to the Deno installation root, e.g.
> `/home/user/.deno/bin/file-server`.

You can now run the script with the simplified script name:

```shell
$ file-server .
Listening on:
- Local: http://0.0.0.0:8000
```

To see the complete list of options available with the file server, run
`file-server --help`.

If you visit [http://0.0.0.0:8000/](http://0.0.0.0:8000/) in your web browser
you will see the contents of your local directory.

### Using the @std/http file server in a Deno project

To use the file-server in a
[Deno project](/runtime/getting_started/first_project), you can add it to your
`deno.json` file with:

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/http
```

And then import it in your project:

```ts title="file-server.ts"
import { serveDir } from "@std/http/file-server";

Deno.serve((req) => {
  const pathname = new URL(req.url).pathname;
  if (pathname.startsWith("/static")) {
    return serveDir(req, {
      fsRoot: "path/to/static/files/dir",
    });
  }
  return new Response();
});
```

This code will set up an HTTP server with `Deno.serve`. When a request comes in,
it checks if the requested path starts with “/static”. If so, it serves files
from the specified directory. Otherwise, it responds with an empty response.

🦕 Now you know how to write your own simple file server, and how to use the
file-server utility provided by the Deno Standard Library. You're equipped to
tackle a whole variety of tasks - whether it’s serving static files, handling
uploads, transforming data, or managing access control - you're ready to serve
files with Deno.


---

# File system events

> Tutorial on monitoring file system changes with Deno. Learn how to watch directories for file modifications, handle change events, and understand platform-specific behaviors across Linux, macOS, and Windows.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/file_system_events


## Concepts

- Use [Deno.watchFs](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.watchFs) to watch for
  file system events.
- Results may vary between operating systems.

## Example

To poll for file system events in the current directory:

```ts title="watcher.ts"
const watcher = Deno.watchFs(".");
for await (const event of watcher) {
  console.log(">>>> event", event);
  // Example event: { kind: "create", paths: [ "/home/alice/deno/foo.txt" ] }
}
```

Run with:

```shell
deno run --allow-read watcher.ts
```

Now try adding, removing and modifying files in the same directory as
`watcher.ts`.

Note that the exact ordering of the events can vary between operating systems.
This feature uses different syscalls depending on the platform:

- Linux: [inotify](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man7/inotify.7.html)
- macOS:
  [FSEvents](https://developer.apple.com/library/archive/documentation/Darwin/Conceptual/FSEvents_ProgGuide/Introduction/Introduction.html)
- Windows:
  [ReadDirectoryChangesW](https://docs.microsoft.com/en-us/windows/win32/api/winbase/nf-winbase-readdirectorychangesw)


---

# Build a Fresh App

> Complete guide to building Full-stack applications with Fresh and Deno. Learn how to set up a project, implement server-side rendering with islands architecture, add API routes, and deploy your TypeScript application.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/fresh


[Fresh](https://fresh.deno.dev/) is a full-stack web framework for Deno that
emphasizes server-side rendering with islands of interactivity. It sends no
JavaScript to the client by default, making it incredibly fast and efficient.
Fresh uses a file-based routing system and leverages Deno's modern runtime
capabilities.

In this tutorial, we'll build a simple dinosaur catalog app that demonstrates
Fresh's key features. The app will display a list of dinosaurs, allow you to
view individual dinosaur details, and include interactive components using
Fresh's islands architecture.

You can see the
[finished app repo on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-fresh)
and a
[demo of the app on Deno Deploy](https://tutorial-with-fresh.deno.deno.net/).

:::info Deploy your own

Want to skip the tutorial and deploy the finished app right now? Click the
button below to instantly deploy your own copy of the complete Fresh dinosaur
app to Deno Deploy. You'll get a live, working application that you can
customize and modify as you learn!

[![Deploy on Deno](https://deno.com/button)](https://console.deno.com/new?clone=https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-fresh)

:::

## Create a Fresh project

Fresh provides a convenient scaffolding tool to create a new project. In your
terminal, run the following command:

```sh
deno run -Ar jsr:@fresh/init
```

This command will:

- Download the latest Fresh scaffolding script
- Create a new directory called `my-fresh-app`
- Set up a basic Fresh project structure
- Install all necessary dependencies

Navigate into your new project directory:

```sh
cd my-fresh-app
```

Start the development server:

```sh
deno task dev
```

Open your browser to `http://localhost:5173` to see your new Fresh app running!

## Understanding the project structure

The project contains the following key directories and files:

```text
my-fresh-app/
├── assets/           # Static assets (images, CSS, etc.)
├── components/        # Reusable UI components
├── islands/           # Interactive components (islands)
├── routes/            # File-based routing
│  └── api/             # API routes
├── static/            # Static assets (images, CSS, etc.)
├── main.ts            # Entry point of the application
├── deno.json          # Deno configuration file
└── README.md          # Project documentation
```

## Adding dinosaur data

To add dinosaur data to our app, we'll create a simple data file which contains
some information about dinosaurs in json. In a real application, this data might
come from a database or an external API, but for simplicity, we'll use a static
file.

In the `routes/api` directory, create a new file called `data.json` and copy the
content from
[here](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-fresh/blob/main/routes/api/data.json).

## Displaying the dinosaur list

The homepage will display a list of dinosaurs that the user can click on to view
more details. Lets update the `routes/index.tsx` file to fetch and display the
dinosaur data.

First update the `<title>` in the head of the file to read "Dinosaur
Encyclopedia". Then we'll add some basic HTML to introduce the app.

```tsx title="index.tsx"
<main>
  <h1>🦕 Welcome to the Dinosaur Encyclopedia</h1>
  <p>Click on a dinosaur below to learn more.</p>
  <div class="dinosaur-list">
    {/* Dinosaur list will go here */}
  </div>
</main>;
```

We'll make a new component which will be used to display each dinosaur in the
list.

## Creating a component

Create a new file at `components/LinkButton.tsx` and add the following code:

```tsx title="LinkButton.tsx"
import type { ComponentChildren } from "preact";

export interface LinkButtonProps {
  href?: string;
  class?: string;
  children?: ComponentChildren;
}

export function LinkButton(props: LinkButtonProps) {
  return (
    <a
      {...props}
      class={"btn " +
        (props.class ?? "")}
    />
  );
}
```

This component renders a styled link that looks like a button. It accepts
`href`, `class`, and `children` props.

finally, update the `routes/index.tsx` file to import and use the new
`LinkButton` component to display each dinosaur in the list.

```tsx title="index.tsx"
import { Head } from "fresh/runtime";
import { define } from "../utils.ts";
import data from "./api/data.json" with { type: "json" };
import { LinkButton } from "../components/LinkButton.tsx";

export default define.page(function Home() {
  return (
    <>
      <Head>
        <title>Dinosaur Encyclopedia</title>
      </Head>
      <main>
        <h1>🦕 Welcome to the Dinosaur Encyclopedia</h1>
        <p>Click on a dinosaur below to learn more.</p>
        <div class="dinosaur-list">
          {data.map((dinosaur: { name: string; description: string }) => (
            <LinkButton
              href={`/dinosaurs/${dinosaur.name.toLowerCase()}`}
              class="btn-primary"
            >
              {dinosaur.name}
            </LinkButton>
          ))}
        </div>
      </main>
    </>
  );
});
```

## Creating dynamic routes

Fresh allows us to create dynamic routes using file-based routing. We'll create
a new route to display individual dinosaur details.

Create a new file at `routes/dinosaurs/[name].tsx`. In this file, we'll fetch
the dinosaur data based on the name parameter and display it.

```tsx title="[dinosaur].tsx"
import { PageProps } from "$fresh/server.ts";
import data from "../api/data.json" with { type: "json" };
import { LinkButton } from "../../components/LinkButton.tsx";

export default function DinosaurPage(props: PageProps) {
  const name = props.params.dinosaur;
  const dinosaur = data.find((d: { name: string }) =>
    d.name.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase()
  );

  if (!dinosaur) {
    return (
      <main>
        <h1>Dinosaur not found</h1>
      </main>
    );
  }

  return (
    <main>
      <h1>{dinosaur.name}</h1>
      <p>{dinosaur.description}</p>
      <LinkButton href="/" class="btn-secondary">← Back to list</LinkButton>
    </main>
  );
}
```

## Adding interactivity with islands

Fresh's islands architecture allows us to add interactivity to specific
components without sending unnecessary JavaScript to the client. Let's create a
simple interactive component that allows users to "favorite" a dinosaur.

Create a new file at `islands/FavoriteButton.tsx` and add the following code:

```tsx title="FavoriteButton.tsx"
import { useState } from "preact/hooks";

export default function FavoriteButton() {
  const [favorited, setFavorited] = useState(false);

  return (
    <button
      type="button"
      className={`btn fav ${favorited ? "btn-favorited" : "btn-primary"}`}
      onClick={() => setFavorited((f) => !f)}
    >
      {favorited ? "★ Favorited!" : "☆ Add to Favorites"}
    </button>
  );
}
```

This is just a simple button that toggles its state when clicked. You could
update it to store the favorite state in a database or local storage for a more
complete feature.

Now we need to import and use this `FavoriteButton` island in our dinosaur
detail page. Add the import at the top of `routes/dinosaurs/[dinosaur].tsx`:

```tsx title="[dinosaur].tsx"
import FavoriteButton from "../../islands/FavoriteButton.tsx";
```

and then include the `<FavoriteButton />` component in the JSX where you want it
to appear, for example, before the back button:

```tsx title="[dinosaur].tsx"
<FavoriteButton />;
```

## Styling the app

We've created some basic styles to add to your app, but of course you can add
your own css in the `assets/styles.css` file. Add a link to our provided
stylesheet in the `<head>` of `routes/_app.tsx`:

```tsx title="_app.tsx"
<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://demo-styles.deno.deno.net/styles.css" />;
```

## Running the app

Make sure your development server is running with:

```sh
deno task dev
```

Open your browser to `http://localhost:5173` to see your dinosaur catalog app in
action! You should be able to view the list of dinosaurs, click on one to see
its details, and use the "Favorite" button to toggle its favorite status.

## Build and deploy

The default Fresh app comes with a `build` task that builds the app with Vite.
You can run the following command to build the app for production mode:

```sh
deno run build
```

This will build out the optimized files to a directory called `_fresh`.

To run the built app, you can use the `start` task, which will automatically
pick up the optimized assets in the `_fresh` directory:

```sh
deno task start
```

Open your browser to `http://localhost:8000` to see the production version of
your app.

You can deploy this app to your favorite cloud provider. We recommend using
[Deno Deploy](https://deno.com/deploy) for a simple and easy deployment
experience. You can deploy your app directly from GitHub, simply create a GitHub
repository and push your code there, then connect it to Deno Deploy.

### Create a GitHub repository

[Create a new GitHub repository](https://github.com/new), then initialize and
push your app to GitHub:

```sh
git init -b main
git remote add origin https://github.com/<your_github_username>/<your_repo_name>.git
git add .
git commit -am 'my fresh app'
git push -u origin main
```

### Deploy to Deno Deploy

Once your app is on GitHub, you can
[deploy it to Deno Deploy](https://console.deno.com/).

For a walkthrough of deploying your app, check out the
[Deno Deploy tutorial](/examples/deno_deploy_tutorial/).

🦕 Now you have a starter Fresh app! Here are some ideas to extend your dinosaur
catalog:

- Add a database (try [Deno KV](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/kv/)
  or connect to
  [PostgreSQL](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/connecting_to_databases/))
- Implement user authentication with
- Add more interactive features like favorites or ratings
- Connect to external APIs for more dinosaur data

Fresh's architecture makes it easy to build fast, scalable web applications
while maintaining a great developer experience. The combination of server-side
rendering by default with optional client-side interactivity gives you the best
of both worlds.


---

# How to deploy to Google Cloud Run

> Step-by-step guide to deploying Deno applications on Google Cloud Run. Learn about Docker containerization, Artifact Registry configuration, GitHub Actions automation, and how to set up continuous deployment to Google Cloud.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/google_cloud_run


[Google Cloud Run](https://cloud.google.com/run) is a managed compute platform
that lets you run containers on Google's scalable infrastructure.

This How To guide will show you how to use Docker to deploy your Deno app to
Google Cloud Run.

First, we'll show you how to deploy manually, then we'll show you how to
automate it with GitHub Actions.

Pre-requisites:

- [Google Cloud Platform account](https://cloud.google.com/gcp)
- [`docker` CLI](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/cli/)
  installed
- [`gcloud`](https://cloud.google.com/sdk/gcloud) installed

## Manual Deployment

### Create `Dockerfile` and `docker-compose.yml`

To focus on the deployment, our app will simply be a `main.ts` file that returns
a string as an HTTP response:

```ts title="main.ts"
import { Application } from "jsr:@oak/oak";

const app = new Application();

app.use((ctx) => {
  ctx.response.body = "Hello from Deno and Google Cloud Run!";
});

await app.listen({ port: 8000 });
```

Then, we'll create two files -- `Dockerfile` and `docker-compose.yml` -- to
build the Docker image.

In our `Dockerfile`, let's add:

```Dockerfile
FROM denoland/deno

EXPOSE 8000

WORKDIR /app

ADD . /app

RUN deno install --entrypoint main.ts

CMD ["run", "--allow-net", "main.ts"]
```

Then, in our `docker-compose.yml`:

```yml
version: "3"

services:
  web:
    build: .
    container_name: deno-container
    image: deno-image
    ports:
      - "8000:8000"
```

Let's test this locally by running `docker compose -f docker-compose.yml build`,
then `docker compose up`, and going to `localhost:8000`.

![Hello from localhost](./images/how-to/google-cloud-run/hello-world-from-localhost.png)

It works!

### Set up Artifact Registry

Artifact Registry is GCP's private registry of Docker images.

Before we can use it, go to GCP's
[Artifact Registry](https://console.cloud.google.com/artifacts) and click
"Create repository". You'll be asked for a name (`deno-repository`) and a region
(`us-central1`). Then click "Create".

![New repository in Google Artifact Repository](./images/how-to/google-cloud-run/new-repository-in-google-artifact-repository.png)

### Build, Tag, and Push to Artifact Registry

Once we've created a repository, we can start pushing images to it.

First, let's add the registry's address to `gcloud`:

```shell
gcloud auth configure-docker us-central1-docker.pkg.dev
```

Then, let's build your Docker image. (Note that the image name is defined in our
`docker-compose.yml` file.)

```shell
docker compose -f docker-compose.yml build
```

Then, [tag](https://docs.docker.com/engine/reference/commandline/tag/) it with
the new Google Artifact Registry address, repository, and name. The image name
should follow this structure:
`{{ location }}-docker.pkg.dev/{{ google_cloudrun_project_name }}/{{ repository }}/{{ image }}`.

```shell
docker tag deno-image us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/deno-app-368305/deno-repository/deno-cloudrun-image
```

If you don't specify a tag, it'll use `:latest` by default.

Next, push the image:

```shell
docker push us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/deno-app-368305/deno-repository/deno-cloudrun-image
```

_[More info on how to push and pull images to Google Artifact Registry](https://cloud.google.com/artifact-registry/docs/docker/pushing-and-pulling)._

Your image should now appear in your Google Artifact Registry!

![Image in Google Artifact Registry](./images/how-to/google-cloud-run/image-in-google-artifact-registry.png)

### Create a Google Cloud Run Service

We need an instance where we can build these images, so let's go to
[Google Cloud Run](https://console.cloud.google.com/run) and click "Create
Service".

Let's name it "hello-from-deno".

Select "Deploy one revision from an existing container image". Use the drop down
to select the image from the `deno-repository` Artifact Registry.

Select "allow unauthenticated requests" and then click "Create service". Make
sure the port is `8000`.

When it's done, your app should now be live:

![Hello from Google Cloud Run](./images/how-to/google-cloud-run/hello-from-google-cloud-run.png)

Awesome!

### Deploy with `gcloud`

Now that it's created, we'll be able to deploy to this service from the `gcloud`
CLI. The command follows this structure:
`gcloud run deploy {{ service_name }} --image={{ image }} --region={{ region }} --allow-unauthenticated`.
Note that the `image` name follows the structure from above.

For this example, the command is:

```shell
gcloud run deploy hello-from-deno --image=us-central1-docker.pkg.dev/deno-app-368305/deno-repository/deno-cloudrun-image --region=us-central1 --allow-unauthenticated
```

![Hello from Google Cloud Run](./images/how-to/google-cloud-run/hello-from-google-cloud-run.png)

Success!

## Automate Deployment with GitHub Actions

In order for automation to work, we first need to make sure that these both have
been created:

- the Google Artifact Registry
- the Google Cloud Run service instance

(If you haven't done that, please see the section before.)

Now that we have done that, we can automate it with a GitHub workflow. Here's
the yaml file:

```yml
name: Build and Deploy to Cloud Run

on:
  push:
    branches:
      - main

env:
  PROJECT_ID: { { PROJECT_ID } }
  GAR_LOCATION: { { GAR_LOCATION } }
  REPOSITORY: { { GAR_REPOSITORY } }
  SERVICE: { { SERVICE } }
  REGION: { { REGION } }

jobs:
  deploy:
    name: Deploy
    permissions:
      contents: "read"
      id-token: "write"

    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - name: Checkout
        uses: actions/checkout@v4

      - name: Google Auth
        id: auth
        uses: "google-github-actions/auth@v0"
        with:
          credentials_json: "${{ secrets.GCP_CREDENTIALS }}"

      - name: Login to GAR
        uses: docker/login-action@v2.1.0
        with:
          registry: ${{ env.GAR_LOCATION }}-docker.pkg.dev
          username: _json_key
          password: ${{ secrets.GCP_CREDENTIALS }}

      - name: Build and Push Container
        run: |-
          docker build -t "${{ env.GAR_LOCATION }}-docker.pkg.dev/${{ env.PROJECT_ID }}/${{ env.REPOSITORY }}/${{ env.SERVICE }}:${{ github.sha }}" ./
          docker push "${{ env.GAR_LOCATION }}-docker.pkg.dev/${{ env.PROJECT_ID }}/${{ env.REPOSITORY }}/${{ env.SERVICE }}:${{ github.sha }}"

      - name: Deploy to Cloud Run
        id: deploy
        uses: google-github-actions/deploy-cloudrun@v0
        with:
          service: ${{ env.SERVICE }}
          region: ${{ env.REGION }}
          image: ${{ env.GAR_LOCATION }}-docker.pkg.dev/${{ env.PROJECT_ID }}/${{ env.REPOSITORY }}/${{ env.SERVICE }}:${{ github.sha }}

      - name: Show Output
        run: echo ${{ steps.deploy.outputs.url }}
```

The environment variables that we need to set are (the examples in parenthesis
are the ones for this repository)

- `PROJECT_ID`: your project id (`deno-app-368305`)
- `GAR_LOCATION`: the location your Google Artifact Registry is set
  (`us-central1`)
- `GAR_REPOSITORY`: the name you gave your Google Artifact Registry
  (`deno-repository`)
- `SERVICE`: the name of the Google Cloud Run service (`hello-from-deno`)
- `REGION`: the region of your Google Cloud Run service (`us-central1`)

The secret variables that we need to set are:

- `GCP_CREDENTIALS`: this is the
  [service account](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/service-accounts) json
  key. When you create the service account, be sure to
  [include the roles and permissions necessary](https://cloud.google.com/iam/docs/granting-changing-revoking-access#granting_access_to_a_user_for_a_service_account)
  for Artifact Registry and Google Cloud Run.

[Check out more details and examples of deploying to Cloud Run from GitHub Actions.](https://github.com/google-github-actions/deploy-cloudrun)

For reference:
https://github.com/google-github-actions/example-workflows/blob/main/workflows/deploy-cloudrun/cloudrun-docker.yml


---

# How to export telemetry data to Grafana

> Complete guide to exporting telemetry data with OpenTelemetry and Grafana. Learn how to configure collectors, visualize traces, and monitor application performance.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/grafana


[OpenTelemetry](https://opentelemetry.io/) (often abbreviated as OTel) is an
open-source observability framework that provides a standardized way to collect
and export telemetry data such as traces, metrics and logs. Deno has built-in
support for OpenTelemetry, making it easy to instrument your applications
without adding external dependencies. This integration works out of the box with
observability platforms like [Grafana](https://grafana.com/).

Grafana is an open-source observability platform that lets DevOps teams
visualize, query, and alert on metrics, logs, and traces from diverse data
sources in real time. It’s widely used for building dashboards to monitor
infrastructure, applications, and systems health.

Grafana also offers a hosted version called
[Grafana Cloud](https://grafana.com/products/cloud/). This tutorial will help
you configure your project to export OTel data to Grafana Cloud.

In this tutorial, we'll build a simple application and export its telemetry data
to Grafana Cloud. We'll cover:

- [Set up your chat app](#set-up-your-chat-app)
- [Set up a Docker collector](#set-up-a-docker-collector)
- [Generating telemetry data](#generating-telemetry-data)
- [Viewing telemetry data](#viewing-telemetry-data)

You can find the complete source code for this tutorial
[on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-grafana).

## Set up your chat app

For this tutorial, we'll use a simple chat application to demonstrate how to
export telemetry data. You can find the
[code for the app on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-grafana).

Either take a copy of that repository or create a
[main.ts](https://github.com/denoland/examples/blob/main/with-grafana/main.ts)
file and a
[.env](https://github.com/denoland/examples/blob/main/with-grafana/.env.example)
file.

In order to run the app you will need an OpenAI API key. You can get one by
signing up for an account at [OpenAI](https://platform.openai.com/signup) and
creating a new secret key. You can find your API key in the
[API keys section](https://platform.openai.com/account/api-keys) of your OpenAI
account. Once you have an API key, set up an `OPENAI_API-KEY` environment
variable in your `.env` file:

```env title=".env"
OPENAI_API_KEY=your_openai_api_key
```

## Set up a Docker collector

Next, we'll set up a Docker container to run the OpenTelemetry collector. The
collector is responsible for receiving telemetry data from your application and
exporting it to Grafana Cloud.

In the same directory as your `main.ts` file, create a `Dockerfile` and an
`otel-collector.yml` file. The `Dockerfile` will be used to build a Docker
image:

```dockerfile title="Dockerfile"
FROM otel/opentelemetry-collector-contrib:latest

COPY otel-collector.yml /otel-config.yml

CMD ["--config", "/otel-config.yml"]
```

[`FROM otel/opentelemetry-collector-contrib:latest`](https://hub.docker.com/r/otel/opentelemetry-collector-contrib/) -
This line specifies the base image for the container. It uses the official
OpenTelemetry Collector Contributor image, which contains all receivers,
exporters, processors, connectors, and other optional components, and pulls the
latest version.

`COPY otel-collector.yml /otel-config.yml` - This instruction copies our
configuration file named `otel-collector.yml` from the local build context into
the container. The file is renamed to `/otel-config.yml` inside the container.

`CMD ["--config", "/otel-config.yml"]` - This sets the default command that will
run when the container starts. It tells the OpenTelemetry Collector to use the
configuration file we copied in the previous step.

Next, let's setup a Grafana Cloud account and grab some info.

If you have not already,
[create a free Grafana Cloud account](https://grafana.com/auth/sign-up/create-user).
Once created, you will receive a Grafana Cloud stack. Click "Details".

![Click details on your Grafana Cloud stack](./images/how-to/grafana/grafana-1.png)

Next, find "OpenTelemetry" and click "Configure".

![Find and configure OpenTelemetry](./images/how-to/grafana/grafana-2.png)

This page will provide you with all the details you'll need to configure your
OpenTelemetry collector. Make note of your **OTLP Endpoint**, **Instance ID**,
and **Password / API Token** (you will have to generate one).

![Configuring OTel in Grafana Cloud](./images/how-to/grafana/grafana-3.png)

Next, add the following to your `otel-collector.yml` file to define how how
telemetry data should be collected and exported to Grafana Cloud:

```yml title="otel-collector.yml"
receivers:
  otlp:
    protocols:
      grpc:
        endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4317
      http:
        endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4318

exporters:
  otlphttp/grafana_cloud:
    endpoint: $_YOUR_GRAFANA_OTLP_ENDPOINT
    auth:
      authenticator: basicauth/grafana_cloud

extensions:
  basicauth/grafana_cloud:
    client_auth:
      username: $_YOUR_INSTANCE_ID
      password: $_YOUR_API_TOKEN

processors:
  batch:

service:
  extensions: [basicauth/grafana_cloud]
  pipelines:
    traces:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [batch]
      exporters: [otlphttp/grafana_cloud]
    metrics:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [batch]
      exporters: [otlphttp/grafana_cloud]
    logs:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [batch]
      exporters: [otlphttp/grafana_cloud]
```

The `receivers` section configures how the collector receives data. It sets up
an OTLP (OpenTelemetry Protocol) receiver that listens on two protocols, `gRPC`
and `HTTP`, the `0.0.0.0` address means it will accept data from any source.

The `exporters` section defines where the collected data should be sent. Be sure
to include **the OTLP endpoint** provided by your Grafana Cloud instance.

The `extensions` section defines the authentication for OTel to export data to
Grafana Cloud. Be sure to include your Grafana Cloud **Instance ID**, as well as
your generated **Password / API Token**.

The `processors` section defines how the data should be processed before export.
It uses batch processing with a timeout of 5 seconds and a maximum batch size of
5000 items.

The `service` section ties everything together by defining three pipelines. Each
pipeline is responsible for a different type of telemetry data. The logs
pipeline collects application logs. The traces pipeline is for distributed
tracing data. The metric pipeline is for performance metrics.

Build and run the docker instance to start collecting your telemetry data with
the following command:

```sh
docker build -t otel-collector . && docker run -p 4317:4317 -p 4318:4318 otel-collector
```

## Generating telemetry data

Now that we have the app and the docker container set up, we can start
generating telemetry data. Run your application with these environment variables
to send data to the collector:

```sh
OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:4318 \
OTEL_SERVICE_NAME=chat-app \
OTEL_DENO=true \
deno run --allow-net --allow-env --env-file --allow-read main.ts
```

This command:

- Points the OpenTelemetry exporter to your local collector (`localhost:4318`)
- Names your service "chat-app" in Grafana Cloud
- Enables Deno's OpenTelemetry integration
- Runs your application with the necessary permissions

To generate some telemetry data, make a few requests to your running application
in your browser at [`http://localhost:8000`](http://localhost:8000).

Each request will:

1. Generate traces as it flows through your application
2. Send logs from your application's console output
3. Create metrics about the request performance
4. Forward all this data through the collector to Grafana Cloud

## Viewing telemetry data

After making some requests to your application, you'll see three types of data
in your Grafana Cloud dashboard:

1. **Traces** - End-to-end request flows through your system
2. **Logs** - Console output and structured log data
3. **Metrics** - Performance and resource utilization data

![Viewing logs in Grafana](./images/how-to/grafana/grafana-logs.png)

You can drill down into individual spans to debug performance issues:

![Viewing traces in Grafana](./images/how-to/grafana/grafana-traces.png)

🦕 Now that you have telemetry export working, you could:

1. Add custom spans and attributes to better understand your application
2. Set up alerts based on latency or error conditions
3. Deploy your application and collector to production using platforms like:
   - [Fly.io](https://docs.deno.com/examples/deploying_deno_with_docker/)
   - [Digital Ocean](https://docs.deno.com/examples/digital_ocean_tutorial/)
   - [AWS Lightsail](https://docs.deno.com/examples/aws_lightsail_tutorial/)

For more details on OpenTelemetry configuration, check out the
[Grafana Cloud documentation](https://grafana.com/docs/grafana-cloud/monitor-applications/application-observability/collector/).


---

# Executable scripts

> Guide to creating executable scripts with Deno. Learn about hashbangs, file permissions, cross-platform compatibility, and how to create command-line tools that can run directly from the terminal.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/hashbang


Making Deno scripts executable can come in handy when creating small tools or
utilities for tasks like file manipulation, data processing or repetitive tasks
that you might want to run from the command line. Executable scripts allow you
to create ad-hoc solutions without setting up an entire project.

## Creating an example script

To make a script executable, start the script with a hashbang, (sometimes called
a shebang). This is a sequence of characters (#!) that tells your operating
system how to execute a script. It is followed by the path to the interpreter
that should be used to run the script.

:::note

To use a hashbang on Windows you will need to install the Windows Subsystem for
Linux (WSL) or use a Unix-like shell like
[Git Bash](https://git-scm.com/downloads).

:::

We'll make a simple script that prints the Deno installation path using the
[Deno.env](/api/deno/~/Deno.env) API.

Create a file named `hashbang.ts` with the following content:

```ts title="hashbang.ts"
#!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-env
const path = Deno.env.get("DENO_INSTALL");

console.log("Deno Install Path:", path);
```

This script tells the system to use the deno runtime to run the script. The -S
flag splits the command into arguments and indicates that the following argument
(`deno run --allow-env`) should be passed to the env command.

The script then retrieves the value associated with the environment variable
named `DENO_INSTALL` with `Deno.env.get()` and assigns it to a variable called
`path`. Finally, it prints the path to the console using `console.log()`.

### Execute the script

In order to execute the script, you may need to give the script execution
permissions, you can do so using the `chmod` command with a `+x` flag (for
execute):

```sh
chmod +x hashbang.ts
```

You can execute the script directly in the command line with:

```sh
./hashbang.ts
```

## Using hashbang in files with no extension

For brevity, you may wish to omit the extension for your script's filename. In
this case, supply one using the `--ext` flag in the script itself, then you can
run the script with just the file name:

```shell title="my_script"
$ cat my_script
#!/usr/bin/env -S deno run --allow-env --ext=js
console.log("Hello!");
$ ./my_script
Hello!
```

🦕 Now you can directly execute Deno scripts from the command line! Remember to
set the execute permission (`chmod +x`) for your script file, and you’re all set
to build anything from simple utilities to complex tools. Check out the
[Deno examples](/examples/) for inspiration on what you can script.


---

# How to export telemetry data to Honeycomb

> Complete guide to exporting telemetry data with OpenTelemetry and Honeycomb.io. Learn how to configure collectors, visualize traces, and monitor application performance.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/honeycomb


[OpenTelemetry](https://opentelemetry.io/) (often abbreviated as OTel) is an
open-source observability framework that provides a standardized way to collect
and export telemetry data such as traces, metrics and logs. Deno has built-in
support for OpenTelemetry, making it easy to instrument your applications
without adding external dependencies. This integration works out of the box with
observability platforms like [Honeycomb](https://honeycomb.io).

Honeycomb is an observability platform designed for debugging and understanding
complex, modern distributed systems.

In this tutorial, we'll build a simple application and export its telemetry data
to Honeycomb. We'll cover:

- [Set up your chat app](#set-up-your-chat-app)
- [Set up a Docker collector](#set-up-a-docker-collector)
- [Generating telemetry data](#generating-telemetry-data)
- [Viewing telemetry data](#viewing-telemetry-data)

You can find the complete source code for this tutorial
[on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-honeycomb).

## Set up your chat app

For this tutorial, we'll use a simple chat application to demonstrate how to
export telemetry data. You can find the
[code for the app on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-honeycomb).

Either take a copy of that repository or create a
[main.ts](https://github.com/denoland/examples/blob/main/with-honeycomb/main.ts)
file and a
[.env](https://github.com/denoland/examples/blob/main/with-honeycomb/.env.example)
file.

In order to run the app you will need an OpenAI API key. You can get one by
signing up for an account at [OpenAI](https://platform.openai.com/signup) and
creating a new secret key. You can find your API key in the
[API keys section](https://platform.openai.com/account/api-keys) of your OpenAI
account. Once you have an API key, set up an `OPENAI_API-KEY` environment
variable in your `.env` file:

```env title=".env"
OPENAI_API_KEY=your_openai_api_key
```

## Set up a Docker collector

Next, we'll set up a Docker container to run the OpenTelemetry collector. The
collector is responsible for receiving telemetry data from your application and
exporting it to Honeycomb.

If you have not already, create a free Honeycomb account and set up an
[ingest API key](https://docs.honeycomb.io/configure/environments/manage-api-keys/).

In the same directory as your `main.ts` file, create a `Dockerfile` and an
`otel-collector.yml` file. The `Dockerfile` will be used to build a Docker
image:

```dockerfile title="Dockerfile"
FROM otel/opentelemetry-collector:latest

COPY otel-collector.yml /otel-config.yml

CMD ["--config", "/otel-config.yml"]
```

`FROM otel/opentelemetry-collector:latest` - This line specifies the base image
for the container. It uses the official OpenTelemetry Collector image and pulls
the latest version.

`COPY otel-collector.yml /otel-config.yml` - This instruction copies our
configuration file named `otel-collector.yml` from the local build context into
the container. The file is renamed to `/otel-config.yml` inside the container.

`CMD ["--config", "/otel-config.yml"]` - This sets the default command that will
run when the container starts. It tells the OpenTelemetry Collector to use the
configuration file we copied in the previous step.

Next, add the following to your `otel-collector.yml` file to define how how
telemetry data should be collected and exported to Honeycomb:

```yml title="otel-collector.yml"
receivers:
  otlp:
    protocols:
      grpc:
        endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4317
      http:
        endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4318

exporters:
  otlp:
    endpoint: "api.honeycomb.io:443"
    headers:
      x-honeycomb-team: $_HONEYCOMB_API_KEY

processors:
  batch:
    timeout: 5s
    send_batch_size: 5000

service:
  pipelines:
    logs:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [batch]
      exporters: [otlp]
    traces:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [batch]
      exporters: [otlp]
    metrics:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [batch]
      exporters: [otlp]
```

The `receivers` section configures how the collector receives data. It sets up
an OTLP (OpenTelemetry Protocol) receiver that listens on two protocols, `gRPC`
and `HTTP`, the `0.0.0.0` address means it will accept data from any source.

The `exporters` section defines where the collected data should be sent. It's
configured to send data to Honeycomb's API endpoint at `api.honeycomb.io:443`.
The configuration requires an API key for authentication, swap
`$_HONEYCOMB_API_KEY` for your actual Honeycomb API key.

The `processors` section defines how the data should be processed before export.
It uses batch processing with a timeout of 5 seconds and a maximum batch size of
5000 items.

The `service` section ties everything together by defining three pipelines. Each
pipeline is responsible for a different type of telemetry data. The logs
pipeline collects application logs. The traces pipeline is for distributed
tracing data. The metric pipeline is for performance metrics.

Build and run the docker instance to start collecting your telemetry data with
the following command:

```sh
docker build -t otel-collector . && docker run -p 4317:4317 -p 4318:4318 otel-collector
```

## Generating telemetry data

Now that we have the app and the docker container set up, we can start
generating telemetry data. Run your application with these environment variables
to send data to the collector:

```sh
OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:4318 \
OTEL_SERVICE_NAME=chat-app \
OTEL_DENO=true \
deno run --allow-net --allow-env --env-file --allow-read main.ts
```

This command:

- Points the OpenTelemetry exporter to your local collector (`localhost:4318`)
- Names your service "chat-app" in Honeycomb
- Enables Deno's OpenTelemetry integration
- Runs your application with the necessary permissions

To generate some telemetry data, make a few requests to your running application
in your browser at [`http://localhost:8000`](http://localhost:8000).

Each request will:

1. Generate traces as it flows through your application
2. Send logs from your application's console output
3. Create metrics about the request performance
4. Forward all this data through the collector to Honeycomb

## Viewing telemetry data

After making some requests to your application, you'll see three types of data
in your Honeycomb.io dashboard:

1. **Traces** - End-to-end request flows through your system
2. **Logs** - Console output and structured log data
3. **Metrics** - Performance and resource utilization data

![Viewing traces in Honeycomb](./images/how-to/honeycomb/honeycomb-3.webp)

You can drill down into individual spans to debug performance issues:

![Viewing expanded traces in Honeycomb](./images/how-to/honeycomb/honeycomb-4.webp)

🦕 Now that you have telemetry export working, you could:

1. Add custom spans and attributes to better understand your application
2. Set up alerts based on latency or error conditions
3. Deploy your application and collector to production using platforms like:
   - [Fly.io](https://docs.deno.com/examples/deploying_deno_with_docker/)
   - [Digital Ocean](https://docs.deno.com/examples/digital_ocean_tutorial/)
   - [AWS Lightsail](https://docs.deno.com/examples/aws_lightsail_tutorial/)

For more details on OpenTelemetry configuration, check out the
[Honeycomb documentation](https://docs.honeycomb.io/send-data/opentelemetry/collector/).


---

# How to export telemetry data to HyperDX

> Complete guide to exporting telemetry data with OpenTelemetry and HyperDX. Learn how to configure collectors, visualize traces, logs, metrics, and debug distributed applications effectively.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/hyperdx


[HyperDX](https://hyperdx.io) is an open source observability platform that
unifies logs, traces, metrics, exceptions, and session replays into a single
interface. It helps developers debug applications faster by providing a complete
view of your system's behavior and performance.

[OpenTelemetry](https://opentelemetry.io/) (often abbreviated as OTel) provides
a standardized way to collect and export telemetry data. Deno includes built-in
OpenTelemetry support, allowing you to instrument your applications without
additional dependencies. This integration works seamlessly with platforms like
HyperDX to collect and visualize telemetry data.

In this tutorial, we'll build a simple application and export its telemetry data
to HyperDX:

- [Set up your chat app](#set-up-your-chat-app)
- [Set up a Docker collector](#set-up-a-docker-collector)
- [Generating telemetry data](#generating-telemetry-data)
- [Viewing telemetry data](#viewing-telemetry-data)

You can find the complete source code for this tutorial
[on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-hyperdx).

## Set up the app

For this tutorial, we'll use a simple chat application to demonstrate how to
export telemetry data. You can find the
[code for the app on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-hyperdx).

Either take a copy of that repository or create a
[main.ts](https://github.com/denoland/examples/blob/main/with-hyperdx/main.ts)
file and a
[.env](https://github.com/denoland/examples/blob/main/with-hyperdx/.env.example)
file.

In order to run the app you will need an OpenAI API key. You can get one by
signing up for an account at [OpenAI](https://platform.openai.com/signup) and
creating a new secret key. You can find your API key in the
[API keys section](https://platform.openai.com/account/api-keys) of your OpenAI
account. Once you have an API key, set up an `OPENAI_API-KEY` environment
variable in your `.env` file:

```env title=".env"
OPENAI_API_KEY=your_openai_api_key
```

## Set up the collector

First, create a free HyperDX account to get your API key. Then, we'll set up two
files to configure the OpenTelemetry collector:

1. Create a `Dockerfile`:

```dockerfile title="Dockerfile"
FROM otel/opentelemetry-collector:latest

COPY otel-collector.yml /otel-config.yml

CMD ["--config", "/otel-config.yml"]
```

This Dockerfile:

- Uses the official OpenTelemetry Collector as the base image
- Copies your configuration into the container
- Sets up the collector to use your config when it starts

2. Create a file called `otel-collector.yml`:

```yml title="otel-collector.yml"
receivers:
  otlp:
    protocols:
      grpc:
        endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4317
      http:
        endpoint: 0.0.0.0:4318

exporters:
  otlphttp/hdx:
    endpoint: "https://in-otel.hyperdx.io"
    headers:
      authorization: $_HYPERDX_API_KEY
    compression: gzip

processors:
  batch:

service:
  pipelines:
    traces:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [batch]
      exporters: [otlphttp/hdx]
    metrics:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [batch]
      exporters: [otlphttp/hdx]
    logs:
      receivers: [otlp]
      processors: [batch]
      exporters: [otlphttp/hdx]
```

This configuration file sets up the OpenTelemetry collector to receive telemetry
data from your application and export it to HyperDX. It includes:

- The receivers section accepts data via gRPC (4317) and HTTP (4318)
- The Exporters section sends data to HyperDX with compression and
  authentication
- The processors section batches telemetry data for efficient transmission
- The pipelines section defines separate flows for logs, traces, and metrics

Build and run the docker instance to start collecting your telemetry data with
the following command:

```sh
docker build -t otel-collector . && docker run -p 4317:4317 -p 4318:4318 otel-collector
```

## Generating telemetry data

Now that we have the app and the docker container set up, we can start
generating telemetry data. Run your application with these environment variables
to send data to the collector:

```sh
OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT=http://localhost:4318 \
OTEL_SERVICE_NAME=chat-app \
OTEL_DENO=true \
deno run --allow-net --allow-env --env-file --allow-read main.ts
```

This command:

- Points the OpenTelemetry exporter to your local collector (`localhost:4318`)
- Names your service "chat-app" in HyperDX
- Enables Deno's OpenTelemetry integration
- Runs your application with the necessary permissions

To generate some telemetry data, make a few requests to your running application
in your browser at [`http://localhost:8000`](http://localhost:8000).

Each request will:

1. Generate traces as it flows through your application
2. Send logs from your application's console output
3. Create metrics about the request performance
4. Forward all this data through the collector to HyperDX

## Viewing telemetry data

In your HyperDX dashboard, you'll see different views of your telemetry data:

### Logs View

![Viewing logs in HyperDX](./images/how-to/hyperdx/hyperdx-1.webp)

Click any log to see details:
![Viewing a single log in HyperDX](./images/how-to/hyperdx/hyperdx-2.webp)

### Request Traces

See all logs within a single request:
![Viewing all logs in a request in HyperDX](./images/how-to/hyperdx/hyperdx-3.webp)

### Metrics Dashboard

Monitor system performance:
![Viewing metrics in HyperDX](./images/how-to/hyperdx/hyperdx-4.webp)

🦕 Now that you have telemetry export working, you could:

1. Add custom spans and attributes to better understand your application
2. Set up alerts based on latency or error conditions
3. Deploy your application and collector to production using platforms like:
   - [Fly.io](https://docs.deno.com/examples/deploying_deno_with_docker/)
   - [Digital Ocean](https://docs.deno.com/examples/digital_ocean_tutorial/)
   - [AWS Lightsail](https://docs.deno.com/examples/aws_lightsail_tutorial/)

🦕 For more details on OpenTelemetry configuration with HyperDX, see their
[documentation](https://www.hyperdx.io/docs/install/opentelemetry).


---

# Initialize a project

> Guide to creating and structuring new Deno projects. Learn about starting a new project, task configuration, dependency management, and best practices for growing applications.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/initialize_project


While it is possible to run scripts directly with `deno run`, for larger
projects it is recommended to create a sensible directory structure. This way
you can organize your code, manage dependencies, script tasks and run tests more
easily.

Initialize a new project by running the following command:

```sh
deno init my_project
```

Where `my_project` is the name of your project. You can
[read more about the project structure](/runtime/getting_started/first_project/).

### Run your project

Navigate to the project directory:

```sh
cd my_project
```

Then you can run the project directly using the `deno task` command:

```sh
deno run dev
```

Take a look in the `deno.json` file in your new project. You should see a `dev`
task in the "tasks" field.

```json title="deno.json"
"tasks": {
  "dev": "deno run --watch main.ts"
},
```

The `dev` task is a common task that runs the project in development mode. As
you can see, it runs the `main.ts` file with the `--watch` flag, which will
automatically reload the script when changes are made. You can see this in
action if you open the `main.ts` file and make a change.

### Run the tests

In the project directory run:

```sh
deno test
```

This will execute all the tests in the project. You can read more about
[testing in Deno](/runtime/fundamentals/testing/) and we'll cover tests in a
little more depth in a later tutorial. At the moment you have one test file,
`main_test.ts`, which tests the `add` function in `main.ts`.

### Adding to your project

The `main.ts` file serves as the entry point for your application. It’s where
you’ll write your main program logic. When developing your project you will
start by removing the default addition program and replace it with your own
code. For example, if you’re building a web server, this is where you’d set up
your routes and handle requests.

Beyond the initial files, you’ll likely create additional modules (files) to
organize your code. Consider grouping related functionality into separate files.
Remember that Deno [supports ES modules](/runtime/fundamentals/modules/), so you
can use import and export statements to structure your code.

Example folder structure for a deno project:

```sh
my_project/
├── deno.json
├── main.ts
├── main_test.ts
├── routes/
│   ├── home.ts
│   ├── about.ts
├── services/
│   ├── user.ts
│   ├── post.ts
└──utils/
    ├── logger.ts
    ├── logger_test.ts
    ├── validator_test.ts
    └── validator.ts
```

This kind of structure keeps your project clean and makes it easier to find and
manage files.

🦕 Congratulations! Now you know how to create a brand new project with
`deno init`. Remember that Deno encourages simplicity and avoids complex build
tools. Keep your project modular, testable, and organized. As your project
grows, adapt the structure to fit your needs. And most importantly, have fun
exploring Deno’s capabilities!


---

# How to deploy Deno on Kinsta

> Step-by-step guide to deploying Deno applications on Kinsta. Learn how to configure package.json, handle environment variables, set up Git deployments, and use Kinsta's application hosting platform.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/kinsta


[Kinsta Application Hosting](https://kinsta.com/application-hosting) is a
service that lets you build and deploy your web apps directly from your Git
repository.

## Preparing your application

At **Kinsta**, we recommend using the
[`deno-bin`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/deno-bin) package to run Deno
applications.

To do so, your `package.json` should look like this:

```json title="package.json"
{
  "name": "deno app",
  "scripts": {
    "start": "deno run --allow-net index.js --port=${PORT}"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "deno-bin": "^1.28.2"
  }
}
```

## Example application

```js
import { parseArgs } from "jsr:@std/cli";

const { args } = Deno;
const port = parseArgs(args).port ? Number(parseArgs(args).port) : 8000;

Deno.serve({ port }, (_req) => new Response("Hello, world"));
```

The application itself is self-explanatory. It's crucial not to hardcode the
`PORT` but use the environmental variable **Kinsta** provides.

There is also a [repository](https://github.com/kinsta/hello-world-deno) that
should help you to get started.

## Deployment

1. Register on
   [Kinsta Application Hosting](https://kinsta.com/signup/?product_type=app-db)
   or login directly to [My Kinsta](https://my.kinsta.com/) admin panel.
2. Go to the Applications tab.
3. Connect your GitHub repository.
4. Press the **Add service > Application button**.
5. Follow the wizard steps.


---

# Build a Real-time LLM Chat App with Deno

> Learn how to integrate Large Language Models (LLM) with Deno to create an interactive roleplay chat application with AI characters using OpenAI or Anthropic APIs.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/llm


Large Language Models (LLMs) like OpenAI's GPT and Anthropic's Claude are
powerful tools for creating intelligent, conversational applications. In this
tutorial, we'll build a real-time chat application where AI characters powered
by LLMs interact with users in a roleplay game setting.

You can see the code for the
[finished app on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-llm).

:::info Deploy your own

Want to skip the tutorial and deploy the finished app right now? Click the
button below to instantly deploy your own copy of the complete LLM chat
application to Deno Deploy. You'll get a live, working application that you can
customize and modify as you learn!

[![Deploy on Deno](https://deno.com/button)](https://console.deno.com/new?clone=https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-llm&mode=dynamic&entrypoint=main.ts&install=deno+install)

Once you have deployed, add your `OPENAI_API_KEY` or `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY` in the
project "Settings".

:::

## Initialize a new project

First, create a new directory for your project and initialize it:

```bash
mkdir deno-llm-chat
cd deno-llm-chat
deno init
```

## Project structure

We'll create a modular structure that separates concerns between LLM
integration, game logic, and server management:

```sh
├── main.ts                 # Main server entry point
├── main_test.ts            # Test file
├── deno.json               # Deno configuration
├── .env                    # Environment variables (API keys)
├── src/
│   ├── config/
│   │   ├── characters.ts   # Character configurations and presets
│   │   └── scenarios.ts    # Pre-defined scenario templates
│   ├── game/
│   │   ├── GameManager.ts  # Core game logic and state management
│   │   └── Character.ts    # AI character implementation
│   ├── llm/
│   │   └── LLMProvider.ts  # LLM integration layer (OpenAI/Anthropic)
│   └── server/
│       └── WebSocketHandler.ts # Real-time communication
└── static/
    ├── index.html         # Web interface
    ├── app.js            # Frontend JavaScript
    └── styles.css        # Application styling
```

## Set up dependencies

Add the required dependencies to your `deno.json`:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno run -A --env-file --watch main.ts",
    "start": "deno run --allow-net --allow-env --allow-read main.ts",
    "test": "deno test --allow-net --allow-env"
  },
  "imports": {
    "@std/assert": "jsr:@std/assert@1",
    "@std/http": "jsr:@std/http@1",
    "@std/uuid": "jsr:@std/uuid@1",
    "@std/json": "jsr:@std/json@1"
  },
  "compilerOptions": {
    "lib": [
      "dom",
      "dom.asynciterable",
      "deno.ns"
    ]
  }
}
```

## Configure environment variables

Create a `.env` file for your API keys. The application supports both OpenAI and
Anthropic. Comment out the config that you won't be using with a `#`.

```bash title=".env"
# Choose one of the following LLM providers:

# OpenAI Configuration
OPENAI_API_KEY=your-openai-api-key-here

# OR Anthropic Configuration  
# ANTHROPIC_API_KEY=your-anthropic-api-key-here

# Server Configuration (optional)
PORT=8000
```

You can get API keys from:

- [OpenAI Platform](https://platform.openai.com/api-keys)
- [Anthropic Console](https://console.anthropic.com/)

## Build the LLM Provider

The core of our application is the LLM provider that handles communication with
AI services. Create `src/llm/LLMProvider.ts`:

```typescript title="src/llm/LLMProvider.ts"
export interface LLMConfig {
  provider: "openai" | "anthropic" | "mock";
  apiKey?: string;
  model?: string;
  maxTokens?: number;
  temperature?: number;
}

export class LLMProvider {
  private config: LLMConfig;
  private rateLimitedUntil: number = 0;
  private retryCount: number = 0;
  private maxRetries: number = 3;

  constructor(config?: Partial<LLMConfig>) {
    const apiKey = config?.apiKey ||
      Deno.env.get("OPENAI_API_KEY") ||
      Deno.env.get("ANTHROPIC_API_KEY");

    // Auto-detect provider based on available API keys
    let provider = config?.provider;
    if (!provider && apiKey) {
      if (Deno.env.get("OPENAI_API_KEY")) {
        provider = "openai";
      } else if (Deno.env.get("ANTHROPIC_API_KEY")) {
        provider = "anthropic";
      }
    }

    this.config = {
      provider: provider || "mock",
      model: provider === "anthropic"
        ? "claude-3-haiku-20240307"
        : "gpt-3.5-turbo",
      maxTokens: 150,
      temperature: 0.8,
      ...config,
      apiKey,
    };

    console.log(`LLM Provider initialized: ${this.config.provider}`);
  }

  async generateResponse(prompt: string): Promise<string> {
    // Check rate limiting
    if (this.rateLimitedUntil > Date.now()) {
      console.warn("Rate limited, using mock response");
      return this.mockResponse(prompt);
    }

    try {
      switch (this.config.provider) {
        case "openai":
          return await this.callOpenAI(prompt);
        case "anthropic":
          return await this.callAnthropic(prompt);
        case "mock":
        default:
          return this.mockResponse(prompt);
      }
    } catch (error) {
      console.error("LLM API error:", error);

      if (this.shouldRetry(error)) {
        this.retryCount++;
        if (this.retryCount <= this.maxRetries) {
          console.log(`Retrying... (${this.retryCount}/${this.maxRetries})`);
          await this.delay(1000 * this.retryCount);
          return this.generateResponse(prompt);
        }
      }

      return this.mockResponse(prompt);
    }
  }

  private async callOpenAI(prompt: string): Promise<string> {
    const response = await fetch("https://api.openai.com/v1/chat/completions", {
      method: "POST",
      headers: {
        "Authorization": `Bearer ${this.config.apiKey}`,
        "Content-Type": "application/json",
      },
      body: JSON.stringify({
        model: this.config.model,
        messages: [{ role: "user", content: prompt }],
        max_tokens: this.config.maxTokens,
        temperature: this.config.temperature,
      }),
    });

    if (!response.ok) {
      throw new Error(`OpenAI API error: ${response.status}`);
    }

    const data = await response.json();
    this.retryCount = 0; // Reset on success
    return data.choices[0].message.content.trim();
  }

  private async callAnthropic(prompt: string): Promise<string> {
    const response = await fetch("https://api.anthropic.com/v1/messages", {
      method: "POST",
      headers: {
        "x-api-key": this.config.apiKey!,
        "Content-Type": "application/json",
        "anthropic-version": "2023-06-01",
      },
      body: JSON.stringify({
        model: this.config.model,
        max_tokens: this.config.maxTokens,
        messages: [{ role: "user", content: prompt }],
        temperature: this.config.temperature,
      }),
    });

    if (!response.ok) {
      throw new Error(`Anthropic API error: ${response.status}`);
    }

    const data = await response.json();
    this.retryCount = 0; // Reset on success
    return data.content[0].text.trim();
  }

  private mockResponse(prompt: string): string {
    const responses = [
      "I understand! Let me think about this...",
      "That's an interesting approach to the situation.",
      "I see what you're getting at. Here's what I think...",
      "Fascinating! I would approach it this way...",
      "Good point! That gives me an idea...",
    ];

    return responses[Math.floor(Math.random() * responses.length)];
  }

  private shouldRetry(error: any): boolean {
    // Retry on rate limits and temporary server errors
    const errorMessage = error.message?.toLowerCase() || "";
    return errorMessage.includes("rate limit") ||
      errorMessage.includes("429") ||
      errorMessage.includes("500") ||
      errorMessage.includes("502") ||
      errorMessage.includes("503");
  }

  private delay(ms: number): Promise<void> {
    return new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, ms));
  }
}
```

In this file we set an LLM provider, this allows us to easily switch between
different LLM APIs or mock responses for testing. We also add a retry mechanism
for handling API errors.

## Create AI Characters

Characters are the heart of our roleplay application. Create
`src/game/Character.ts`:

```typescript title="src/game/Character.ts"
import { LLMProvider } from "../llm/LLMProvider.ts";

export class Character {
  public name: string;
  public class: string;
  public personality: string;
  public conversationHistory: string[] = [];
  private llmProvider: LLMProvider;

  constructor(
    name: string,
    characterClass: string,
    personality: string,
    llmProvider: LLMProvider,
  ) {
    this.name = name;
    this.class = characterClass;
    this.personality = personality;
    this.llmProvider = llmProvider;
  }

  async generateResponse(
    context: string,
    userMessage: string,
  ): Promise<string> {
    // Build the character's prompt with personality and context
    const characterPrompt = `
You are ${this.name}, a ${this.class} with this personality: ${this.personality}

Context: ${context}

Recent conversation:
${this.conversationHistory.slice(-3).join("\n")}

User message: ${userMessage}

Respond as ${this.name} in character. Keep responses under 150 words and maintain your personality traits. Be engaging and helpful to advance the roleplay scenario.
        `.trim();

    try {
      const response = await this.llmProvider.generateResponse(characterPrompt);

      // Add to conversation history
      this.conversationHistory.push(`User: ${userMessage}`);
      this.conversationHistory.push(`${this.name}: ${response}`);

      // Keep history manageable
      if (this.conversationHistory.length > 20) {
        this.conversationHistory = this.conversationHistory.slice(-10);
      }

      return response;
    } catch (error) {
      console.error(`Error generating response for ${this.name}:`, error);
      return `*${this.name} seems lost in thought and doesn't respond*`;
    }
  }

  getCharacterInfo() {
    return {
      name: this.name,
      class: this.class,
      personality: this.personality,
    };
  }

  clearHistory() {
    this.conversationHistory = [];
  }
}
```

Here we define the `Character` class, which represents each player character in
the game. This class will handle generating responses based on the character's
personality and the current game context.

## Set up character configurations

Create predefined character templates in `src/config/characters.ts`:

```typescript title="src/config/characters.ts"
export interface CharacterConfig {
  name: string;
  class: string;
  personality: string;
  emoji?: string;
  backstory?: string;
}

export const defaultCharacters: CharacterConfig[] = [
  {
    name: "Tharin",
    emoji: "⚔️",
    class: "Fighter",
    personality:
      "Brave and loyal team leader, always ready to protect allies. Takes charge in dangerous situations but listens to party input.",
    backstory: "A former city guard seeking adventure and justice.",
  },
  {
    name: "Lyra",
    emoji: "🔮",
    class: "Wizard",
    personality:
      "Curious and analytical strategist, loves solving puzzles. Uses magic creatively to support the party.",
    backstory: "A scholar of ancient magic seeking forgotten spells.",
  },
  {
    name: "Finn",
    emoji: "🗡️",
    class: "Rogue",
    personality:
      "Witty and sneaky scout, prefers clever solutions. Acts quickly and adapts to what allies need.",
    backstory: "A former street thief now using skills for good.",
  },
];
```

These templates are what the `Character` class will use to instantiate each
character with their unique traits. The LLM will use these traits to generate
responses that are consistent with each character's personality and backstory.

## Build the Game Manager

The Game Manager coordinates characters and maintains game state. Create
`src/game/GameManager.ts`:

```typescript title="src/game/GameManager.ts"
import { Character } from "./Character.ts";
import { LLMProvider } from "../llm/LLMProvider.ts";

export interface GameState {
  id: string;
  gmPrompt: string;
  characters: Character[];
  messages: GameMessage[];
  currentTurn: number;
  isActive: boolean;
  createdAt: Date;
}

export interface GameMessage {
  id: string;
  speaker: string;
  message: string;
  timestamp: Date;
  type: "gm" | "character" | "system";
}

export interface StartGameRequest {
  gmPrompt: string;
  characters: Array<{
    name: string;
    class: string;
    personality: string;
  }>;
}

export class GameManager {
  private games: Map<string, GameState> = new Map();
  private llmProvider: LLMProvider;

  constructor() {
    this.llmProvider = new LLMProvider();
  }

  async startNewGame(
    gmPrompt: string,
    characterConfigs: StartGameRequest["characters"],
  ): Promise<string> {
    const gameId = crypto.randomUUID();

    // Create characters with their LLM personalities
    const characters = characterConfigs.map((config) =>
      new Character(
        config.name,
        config.class,
        config.personality,
        this.llmProvider,
      )
    );

    const gameState: GameState = {
      id: gameId,
      gmPrompt,
      characters,
      messages: [],
      currentTurn: 0,
      isActive: true,
      createdAt: new Date(),
    };

    this.games.set(gameId, gameState);

    // Add initial system message
    this.addMessage(gameId, {
      speaker: "System",
      message: `Game started! Players: ${
        characters.map((c) => c.name).join(", ")
      }`,
      type: "system",
    });

    console.log(`New game started: ${gameId}`);
    return gameId;
  }

  async handlePlayerMessage(
    gameId: string,
    message: string,
  ): Promise<GameMessage[]> {
    const game = this.games.get(gameId);
    if (!game || !game.isActive) {
      throw new Error("Game not found or inactive");
    }

    // Add player message
    this.addMessage(gameId, {
      speaker: "Player",
      message,
      type: "gm",
    });

    // Generate responses from each character
    const responses: GameMessage[] = [];

    for (const character of game.characters) {
      try {
        const context = this.buildContext(game);
        const response = await character.generateResponse(context, message);

        const characterMessage = this.addMessage(gameId, {
          speaker: character.name,
          message: response,
          type: "character",
        });

        responses.push(characterMessage);

        // Small delay between character responses for realism
        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 500));
      } catch (error) {
        console.error(`Error getting response from ${character.name}:`, error);
      }
    }

    game.currentTurn++;
    return responses;
  }

  private buildContext(game: GameState): string {
    const recentMessages = game.messages.slice(-5);
    const context = [
      `Scenario: ${game.gmPrompt}`,
      `Current turn: ${game.currentTurn}`,
      "Recent events:",
      ...recentMessages.map((m) => `${m.speaker}: ${m.message}`),
    ].join("\n");

    return context;
  }

  private addMessage(
    gameId: string,
    messageData: Omit<GameMessage, "id" | "timestamp">,
  ): GameMessage {
    const game = this.games.get(gameId);
    if (!game) throw new Error("Game not found");

    const message: GameMessage = {
      id: crypto.randomUUID(),
      timestamp: new Date(),
      ...messageData,
    };

    game.messages.push(message);
    return message;
  }

  getGame(gameId: string): GameState | undefined {
    return this.games.get(gameId);
  }

  getActiveGames(): string[] {
    return Array.from(this.games.entries())
      .filter(([_, game]) => game.isActive)
      .map(([id, _]) => id);
  }

  endGame(gameId: string): boolean {
    const game = this.games.get(gameId);
    if (game) {
      game.isActive = false;
      console.log(`Game ended: ${gameId}`);
      return true;
    }
    return false;
  }
}
```

The game manager will handle all game-related logic, including starting new
games, processing player messages, and managing game state. When a player sends
a message, the game manager will route it to the appropriate character for
response generation.

## Add WebSocket Support

Real-time communication makes the roleplay experience more engaging. Create
`src/server/WebSocketHandler.ts`:

```typescript title="src/server/WebSocketHandler.ts"
import { GameManager } from "../game/GameManager.ts";

export interface WebSocketMessage {
  type: "start_game" | "send_message" | "join_game" | "get_game_state";
  gameId?: string;
  data?: any;
}

export class WebSocketHandler {
  private gameManager: GameManager;
  private connections: Map<string, WebSocket> = new Map();

  constructor(gameManager: GameManager) {
    this.gameManager = gameManager;
  }

  handleConnection(request: Request): Response {
    const { socket, response } = Deno.upgradeWebSocket(request);

    const connectionId = crypto.randomUUID();
    this.connections.set(connectionId, socket);

    socket.onopen = () => {
      console.log(`WebSocket connection opened: ${connectionId}`);
      this.sendMessage(socket, {
        type: "connection",
        data: { connectionId, message: "Connected to LLM Chat server" },
      });
    };

    socket.onmessage = async (event) => {
      try {
        const message: WebSocketMessage = JSON.parse(event.data);
        await this.handleMessage(socket, message);
      } catch (error) {
        console.error("Error handling WebSocket message:", error);
        this.sendError(socket, "Invalid message format");
      }
    };

    socket.onclose = () => {
      console.log(`WebSocket connection closed: ${connectionId}`);
      this.connections.delete(connectionId);
    };

    socket.onerror = (error) => {
      console.error(`WebSocket error for ${connectionId}:`, error);
    };

    return response;
  }

  private async handleMessage(socket: WebSocket, message: WebSocketMessage) {
    switch (message.type) {
      case "start_game":
        await this.handleStartGame(socket, message.data);
        break;
      case "send_message":
        await this.handleSendMessage(socket, message);
        break;
      case "get_game_state":
        await this.handleGetGameState(socket, message.gameId!);
        break;
      default:
        this.sendError(socket, `Unknown message type: ${message.type}`);
    }
  }

  private async handleStartGame(socket: WebSocket, data: any) {
    try {
      const { gmPrompt, characters } = data;
      const gameId = await this.gameManager.startNewGame(gmPrompt, characters);

      this.sendMessage(socket, {
        type: "game_started",
        data: {
          gameId,
          message:
            "Game started successfully! You can now send messages to interact with your characters.",
        },
      });
    } catch (error) {
      this.sendError(socket, `Failed to start game: ${error.message}`);
    }
  }

  private async handleSendMessage(
    socket: WebSocket,
    message: WebSocketMessage,
  ) {
    try {
      const { gameId, data } = message;
      if (!gameId) {
        this.sendError(socket, "Game ID required");
        return;
      }

      const responses = await this.gameManager.handlePlayerMessage(
        gameId,
        data.message,
      );

      this.sendMessage(socket, {
        type: "character_responses",
        data: { gameId, responses },
      });
    } catch (error) {
      this.sendError(socket, `Failed to process message: ${error.message}`);
    }
  }

  private async handleGetGameState(socket: WebSocket, gameId: string) {
    try {
      const game = this.gameManager.getGame(gameId);
      if (!game) {
        this.sendError(socket, "Game not found");
        return;
      }

      this.sendMessage(socket, {
        type: "game_state",
        data: {
          gameId,
          characters: game.characters.map((c) => c.getCharacterInfo()),
          messages: game.messages.slice(-10), // Last 10 messages
          isActive: game.isActive,
        },
      });
    } catch (error) {
      this.sendError(socket, `Failed to get game state: ${error.message}`);
    }
  }

  private sendMessage(socket: WebSocket, message: any) {
    if (socket.readyState === WebSocket.OPEN) {
      socket.send(JSON.stringify(message));
    }
  }

  private sendError(socket: WebSocket, error: string) {
    this.sendMessage(socket, {
      type: "error",
      data: { error },
    });
  }
}
```

Here we set up the WebSocket server to handle connections and messages.
Websockets allow for real-time communication between the client and server,
making them ideal for interactive applications like a chat app, or game. We send
messages back and forth between the client and server to keep the game state in
sync.

## Create the main server

Now let's tie everything together in `main.ts`:

```typescript title="main.ts"
import { GameManager } from "./src/game/GameManager.ts";
import { WebSocketHandler } from "./src/server/WebSocketHandler.ts";
import { defaultCharacters } from "./src/config/characters.ts";

const gameManager = new GameManager();
const wsHandler = new WebSocketHandler(gameManager);

async function handler(req: Request): Promise<Response> {
  const url = new URL(req.url);

  // Handle WebSocket connections
  if (req.headers.get("upgrade") === "websocket") {
    return wsHandler.handleConnection(req);
  }

  // Serve static files and API endpoints
  switch (url.pathname) {
    case "/":
      return new Response(await getIndexHTML(), {
        headers: { "content-type": "text/html" },
      });

    case "/api/characters":
      return new Response(JSON.stringify(defaultCharacters), {
        headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
      });

    case "/api/game/start":
      if (req.method === "POST") {
        try {
          const body = await req.json();
          const gameId = await gameManager.startNewGame(
            body.gmPrompt,
            body.characters,
          );
          return new Response(JSON.stringify({ gameId }), {
            headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
          });
        } catch (error) {
          return new Response(
            JSON.stringify({ error: error.message }),
            {
              status: 400,
              headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
            },
          );
        }
      }
      break;

    case "/api/game/message":
      if (req.method === "POST") {
        try {
          const body = await req.json();
          const responses = await gameManager.handlePlayerMessage(
            body.gameId,
            body.message,
          );
          return new Response(JSON.stringify({ responses }), {
            headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
          });
        } catch (error) {
          return new Response(
            JSON.stringify({ error: error.message }),
            {
              status: 400,
              headers: { "content-type": "application/json" },
            },
          );
        }
      }
      break;

    default:
      return new Response("Not Found", { status: 404 });
  }

  return new Response("Method Not Allowed", { status: 405 });
}

async function getIndexHTML(): Promise<string> {
  try {
    return await Deno.readTextFile("./static/index.html");
  } catch {
    // Return a basic HTML template if file doesn't exist
    return `
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
<head>
    <title>LLM Roleplay Chat</title>
</head>
<body>
   <h1>Oops! Something went wrong.</h1>
</body>
</html>
    `;
  }
}

const port = parseInt(Deno.env.get("PORT") || "8000");
console.log(`🎭 LLM Chat server starting on http://localhost:${port}`);

Deno.serve({ port }, handler);
```

In the `main.ts` file we set up an HTTP server and a WebSocket server to handle
real-time communication. We use the HTTP server to serve static files and
provide API endpoints, while the WebSocket server manages real-time interactions
between clients.

## Add a frontend

The frontend of our app will live in the `static` directory. Create an
`index.html`, `app.js` and a `style.css` file in the `static` directory.

### `index.html`

We'll create a very basic layout with a textarea to collect the user's scenario
input and a section to show the response messages with a text input to send
messages. Copy the content from
[this html file](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-llm/blob/main/static/index.html)
into your `index.html`.

### `app.js`

In `app.js`, we'll add the JavaScript to handle user input and display
responses. Copy the content from
[this js file](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-llm/blob/main/static/app.js)
into your `app.js`.

### `style.css`

We'll add some basic styles to make our app look nicer. Copy the content from
[this css file](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-llm/blob/main/static/style.css)
into your `style.css`.

## Run your application

Start your development server:

```bash
deno task dev
```

Your LLM chat application will be available at `http://localhost:8000`. The
application will:

1. **Auto-detect your LLM provider** based on available API keys
2. **Fall back to mock responses** if no API keys are configured
3. **Handle rate limiting** gracefully with retries and fallbacks
4. **Provide real-time interaction** through WebSockets

## Deploy your application to the cloud

Now that you have your working LLM chat application, you can deploy it to the
cloud with Deno Deploy.

For the best experience, you can deploy your app directly from GitHub, which
will set up automated deployments. Create a GitHub repository and push your app
there.

[Create a new GitHub repository](https://github.com/new), then initialize and
push your app to GitHub:

```sh
git init -b main
git remote add origin https://github.com/<your_github_username>/<your_repo_name>.git
git add .
git commit -am 'initial commit'
git push -u origin main
```

Once your app is on GitHub, you can
[deploy it to Deno Deploy](https://console.deno.com/).

Don't forget to add your `OPENAI_API_KEY` or `ANTHROPIC_API_KEY` environment
variables in the project "Settings".

For a walkthrough of deploying your app, check out the
[Deno Deploy tutorial](/examples/deno_deploy_tutorial/).

## Testing

We've provided tests to verify your setup, copy the
[`main.test.ts`](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-llm/blob/main/tests/main.test.ts)
file to your project directory and run the included tests to verify your setup:

```bash
deno task test
```

🦕 You now have a working LLM chat application, with realtime interaction, rate
limiting and error handling. Next you can customise it to your own play style!
Consider giving the LLM instructions on how to behave in different scenarios, or
how to respond to specific user inputs. You can add these into the character
configuration files.

You could also consider adding a database to store the conversation history for
long-term character and story development.


---

# Migrating a custom domain from Deploy Classic to Deno Deploy

> Learn how to migrate your custom domain from Deploy Classic to Deno Deploy

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/migrate_custom_domain


If you have previously set up a custom domain on Deploy Classic and want to
migrate it to Deno Deploy, follow these steps:

## Add your domain to Deno Deploy

1. Visit the [Deno Deploy dashboard](https://dash.deno.com) and navigate to the
   project you want to associate with your custom domain.

2. Click the **"Settings"** tab.

3. Under "Production Domains", click **"+ Add Domain"**.

4. Enter your custom domain (e.g., `test.mywebsite.com`), select whether you
   want just the base url or base and wildcard, then click **"Save"**.

This will kick off DNS record configuration, which may take a few minutes.

You will be presented with DNS records that you need to add to your DNS
provider.

## Provision a TLS certificate

In your DNS provider's settings, update your domain's DNS records to include the
provided `_acme-challenge` CNAME record. This is necessary for Deno Deploy to
verify your domain and provision a TLS certificate.

![DNS Records modal](/deploy/images/dns_config.png)

Once the DNS records are picked up, provision a new TLS certificate by clicking
the **"Verify DNS and provision certificate"** button.

## Update DNS records

In your DNS provider's settings, remove any existing CNAME/A/AAAA records for
your domain and replace them with the CNAME or ANAME records provided by Deno
Deploy.

This may take some time due to DNS propagation delays. Allow up to 48 hours for
the changes to take effect before removing the domain from Deploy Classic.


---

# Testing in isolation with mocks

> Master the art of mocking in your unit tests. Learn how spies, stubs, fake time, and other Deno tools let you improve your code and confidence

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/mocking


This guide builds on the
[basics of testing in Deno](/examples/testing_tutorial/) to focus specifically
on mocking techniques that help you isolate your code during testing.

For effective unit testing, you'll often need to "mock" the data that your code
interacts with. Mocking is a technique used in testing where you replace real
data with simulated versions that you can control. This is particularly useful
when testing components that interact with external services, such as APIs or
databases.

Deno provides [helpful mocking utilities](https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/mock)
through the Deno Standard Library, making your tests easier to write, more
reliable and faster.

### Spying

In Deno, you can [`spy`](https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/mock#spying) on a
function to track how it's called during test execution. Spies don't change how
a function behaves, but they record important details like how many times the
function was called and what arguments were passed to it.

By using spies, you can verify that your code interacts correctly with its
dependencies without setting up complex infrastructure.

In the following example we will test a function called `saveUser()`, which
takes a user object and a database object and calls the database's `save`
method:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { assertSpyCalls, spy } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";

// Define types for better code quality
interface User {
  name: string;
}

interface Database {
  save: (user: User) => Promise<User & { id: number }>;
}

// Function to test
function saveUser(
  user: User,
  database: Database,
): Promise<User & { id: number }> {
  return database.save(user);
}

// Test with a mock
Deno.test("saveUser calls database.save", async () => {
  // Create a mock database with a spy on the save method
  const mockDatabase = {
    save: spy((user: User) => Promise.resolve({ id: 1, ...user })),
  };

  const user: User = { name: "Test User" };
  const result = await saveUser(user, mockDatabase);

  // Verify the mock was called correctly
  assertSpyCalls(mockDatabase.save, 1);
  assertEquals(mockDatabase.save.calls[0].args[0], user);
  assertEquals(result, { id: 1, name: "Test User" });
});
```

We import the necessary functions from the Deno Standard Library to assert
equality and to create and verify spy functions.

The mock database is a stand-in for a real database object, with a `save` method
that is wrapped in a `spy`. The spy function tracks calls to the method, records
arguments passed to it and executes the underlying implementation (in this case
returning a promise with the `user` and an `id`).

The test calls `saveUser()` with the mock data and we use assertions to verify
that:

1. The save method was called exactly once
2. The first argument of the call was the `user` object we passed in
3. The result contains both the original user data and the added ID

We were able to test the `saveUser` operation without setting up or tearing down
any complex database state.

### Clearing spies

When working with multiple tests that use spies, it's important to reset or
clear spies between tests to avoid interference. The Deno testing library
provides a simple way to restore all spies to their original state using the
`restore()` method.

Here's how to clear a spy after you're done with it:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { assertSpyCalls, spy } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";

Deno.test("spy cleanup example", () => {
  // Create a spy on a function
  const myFunction = spy((x: number) => x * 2);

  // Use the spy
  const result = myFunction(5);
  assertEquals(result, 10);
  assertSpyCalls(myFunction, 1);

  // After testing, restore the spy
  try {
    // Test code using the spy
    // ...
  } finally {
    // Always clean up spies
    myFunction.restore();
  }
});
```

Method spies are disposable, they can automatically restore themselves with the
`using` keyword. This approach means that you do not need to wrap your
assertions in a try statement to ensure you restore the methods before the tests
finish.

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { assertSpyCalls, spy } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";

Deno.test("using disposable spies", () => {
  const calculator = {
    add: (a: number, b: number) => a + b,
    multiply: (a: number, b: number) => a * b,
  };

  // The spy will automatically be restored when it goes out of scope
  using addSpy = spy(calculator, "add");

  // Use the spy
  const sum = calculator.add(3, 4);
  assertEquals(sum, 7);
  assertSpyCalls(addSpy, 1);
  assertEquals(addSpy.calls[0].args, [3, 4]);

  // No need for try/finally blocks - the spy will be restored automatically
});

Deno.test("using multiple disposable spies", () => {
  const calculator = {
    add: (a: number, b: number) => a + b,
    multiply: (a: number, b: number) => a * b,
  };

  // Both spies will automatically be restored
  using addSpy = spy(calculator, "add");
  using multiplySpy = spy(calculator, "multiply");

  calculator.add(5, 3);
  calculator.multiply(4, 2);

  assertSpyCalls(addSpy, 1);
  assertSpyCalls(multiplySpy, 1);

  // No cleanup code needed
});
```

For cases where you have multiple spies that don't support the `using` keyword,
you can track them in an array and restore them all at once:

```ts
Deno.test("multiple spies cleanup", () => {
  const spies = [];

  // Create spies
  const functionA = spy((x: number) => x + 1);
  spies.push(functionA);

  const objectB = {
    method: (x: number) => x * 2,
  };
  const spyB = spy(objectB, "method");
  spies.push(spyB);

  // Use the spies in tests
  // ...

  // Clean up all spies at the end
  try {
    // Test code using spies
  } finally {
    // Restore all spies
    spies.forEach((spyFn) => spyFn.restore());
  }
});
```

By properly cleaning up spies, you ensure that each test starts with a clean
state and avoid side effects between tests.

### Stubbing

While spies track method calls without changing behavior, stubs replace the
original implementation entirely.
[Stubbing](https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/mock#stubbing) is a form of mocking
where you temporarily replace a function or method with a controlled
implementation. This allows you to simulate specific conditions or behaviors and
return predetermined values. It can also be used when you need to override
environment-dependent functionality.

In Deno, you can create stubs using the `stub` function from the standard
testing library:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { Stub, stub } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";

// Define types for better code quality
interface User {
  name: string;
  role: string;
}

// Original function
function getCurrentUser(userId: string): User {
  // Implementation that might involve database calls
  return { name: "Real User", role: "admin" };
}

// Function we want to test
function hasAdminAccess(userId: string): boolean {
  const user = getCurrentUser(userId);
  return user.role === "admin";
}

Deno.test("hasAdminAccess with stubbed user", () => {
  // Create a stub that replaces getCurrentUser
  const getUserStub: Stub<typeof getCurrentUser> = stub(
    globalThis,
    "getCurrentUser",
    // Return a test user with non-admin role
    () => ({ name: "Test User", role: "guest" }),
  );

  try {
    // Test with the stubbed function
    const result = hasAdminAccess("user123");
    assertEquals(result, false);

    // You can also change the stub's behavior during the test
    getUserStub.restore(); // Remove first stub

    const adminStub = stub(
      globalThis,
      "getCurrentUser",
      () => ({ name: "Admin User", role: "admin" }),
    );

    try {
      const adminResult = hasAdminAccess("admin456");
      assertEquals(adminResult, true);
    } finally {
      adminStub.restore();
    }
  } finally {
    // Always restore the original function
    getUserStub.restore();
  }
});
```

Here we import the necessary functions from the Deno Standard Library, then we
set up the function we're going to stub. In a real application this might
connect to a database, make an API call, or perform other operations that we may
want to avoid during testing.

We set up the function under test, in this case the `hasAdminAccess()` function.
We want to test whether it:

- Calls the `getCurrentUser()` function to get a user object
- Checks if the user's role is "admin"
- Returns a boolean indicating whether the user has admin access

Next we create a test named `hasAdminAccess with a stubbed user` and set up a
stub for the `getCurrentUser` function. This will replace the real
implementation with one that returns a user with a `guest` role.

We run the test with the stubbed function, it will call `hasAdminAccess` with a
user ID. Even though the real function would return a user with `admin` role,
our stub returns `guest`, so we can assert that `hasAdminAccess` returns `false`
(since our stub returns a non-admin user).

We can change the stub behavior to return `admin` instead and assert that the
function now returns `true`.

At the end we use a `finally` block to ensure the original function is restored
so that we don't accidentally affect other tests.

### Stubbing environment variables

For deterministic testing, you often need to control environment variables.
Deno's Standard Library provides utilities to achieve this:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { stub } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";

// Function that depends on environment variables and time
function generateReport() {
  const environment = Deno.env.get("ENVIRONMENT") || "development";
  const timestamp = new Date().toISOString();

  return {
    environment,
    generatedAt: timestamp,
    data: {/* report data */},
  };
}

Deno.test("report generation with controlled environment", () => {
  // Stub environment
  const originalEnv = Deno.env.get;
  const envStub = stub(Deno.env, "get", (key: string) => {
    if (key === "ENVIRONMENT") return "production";
    return originalEnv.call(Deno.env, key);
  });

  // Stub time
  const dateStub = stub(
    Date.prototype,
    "toISOString",
    () => "2023-06-15T12:00:00Z",
  );

  try {
    const report = generateReport();

    // Verify results with controlled values
    assertEquals(report.environment, "production");
    assertEquals(report.generatedAt, "2023-06-15T12:00:00Z");
  } finally {
    // Always restore stubs to prevent affecting other tests
    envStub.restore();
    dateStub.restore();
  }
});
```

### Faking time

Time-dependent code can be challenging to test because it may produce different
results based on when the test runs. Deno provides a
[`FakeTime`](https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/time) utility that allows you to
simulate the passage of time and control date-related functions during tests.

The example below demonstrates how to test time-dependent functions:
`isWeekend()`, which returns true if the current day is Saturday or Sunday, and
`delayedGreeting()` which calls a callback after a 1-second delay:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { FakeTime } from "jsr:@std/testing/time";

// Function that depends on the current time
function isWeekend(): boolean {
  const date = new Date();
  const day = date.getDay();
  return day === 0 || day === 6; // 0 is Sunday, 6 is Saturday
}

// Function that works with timeouts
function delayedGreeting(callback: (message: string) => void): void {
  setTimeout(() => {
    callback("Hello after delay");
  }, 1000); // 1 second delay
}

Deno.test("time-dependent tests", () => {
  using fakeTime = new FakeTime();

  // Create a fake time starting at a specific date (a Monday)
  const mockedTime: FakeTime = fakeTime(new Date("2023-05-01T12:00:00Z"));

  try {
    // Test with the mocked Monday
    assertEquals(isWeekend(), false);

    // Move time forward to Saturday
    mockedTime.tick(5 * 24 * 60 * 60 * 1000); // Advance 5 days
    assertEquals(isWeekend(), true);

    // Test async operations with timers
    let greeting = "";
    delayedGreeting((message) => {
      greeting = message;
    });

    // Advance time to trigger the timeout immediately
    mockedTime.tick(1000);
    assertEquals(greeting, "Hello after delay");
  } finally {
    // Always restore the real time
    mockedTime.restore();
  }
});
```

Here we set up a test which creates a controlled time environment with
`fakeTime` which sets the starting date to May 1, 2023, (which was a Monday). It
returns a `FakeTime` controller object that lets us manipulate time.

We run tests with the mocked Monday and will see that the `isWeekend` function
returns `false`. Then we can advance time to Saturday and run the test again to
verify that `isWeekend` returns `true`.

The `fakeTime` function replaces JavaScript's timing functions (`Date`,
`setTimeout`, `setInterval`, etc.) with versions you can control. This allows
you to test code with specific dates or times regardless of when the test runs.
This powerful technique means you will avoid flaky tests that depend on the
system clock and can speed up tests by advancing time instantly instead of
waiting for real timeouts.

Fake time is particularly useful for testing:

- Calendar or date-based features, such as scheduling, appointments or
  expiration dates
- Code with timeouts or intervals, such as polling, delayed operations or
  debouncing
- Animations or transitions such as testing the completion of timed visual
  effects

Like with stubs, always restore the real time functions after your tests using
the `restore()` method to avoid affecting other tests.

## Advanced mocking patterns

### Partial mocking

Sometimes you only want to mock certain methods of an object while keeping
others intact:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { stub } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";

class UserService {
  async getUser(id: string) {
    // Complex database query
    return { id, name: "Database User" };
  }

  async formatUser(user: { id: string; name: string }) {
    return {
      ...user,
      displayName: user.name.toUpperCase(),
    };
  }

  async getUserFormatted(id: string) {
    const user = await this.getUser(id);
    return this.formatUser(user);
  }
}

Deno.test("partial mocking with stubs", async () => {
  const service = new UserService();

  // Only mock the getUser method
  const getUserMock = stub(
    service,
    "getUser",
    () => Promise.resolve({ id: "test-id", name: "Mocked User" }),
  );

  try {
    // The formatUser method will still use the real implementation
    const result = await service.getUserFormatted("test-id");

    assertEquals(result, {
      id: "test-id",
      name: "Mocked User",
      displayName: "MOCKED USER",
    });

    // Verify getUser was called with the right arguments
    assertEquals(getUserMock.calls.length, 1);
    assertEquals(getUserMock.calls[0].args[0], "test-id");
  } finally {
    getUserMock.restore();
  }
});
```

### Mocking fetch requests

Testing code that makes HTTP requests often requires mocking the `fetch` API:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { stub } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";

// Function that uses fetch
async function fetchUserData(userId: string) {
  const response = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/users/${userId}`);
  if (!response.ok) {
    throw new Error(`Failed to fetch user: ${response.status}`);
  }
  return await response.json();
}

Deno.test("mocking fetch API", async () => {
  const originalFetch = globalThis.fetch;

  // Create a response that the mock fetch will return
  const mockResponse = new Response(
    JSON.stringify({ id: "123", name: "John Doe" }),
    { status: 200, headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" } },
  );

  // Replace fetch with a stubbed version
  globalThis.fetch = stub(
    globalThis,
    "fetch",
    (_input: string | URL | Request, _init?: RequestInit) =>
      Promise.resolve(mockResponse),
  );

  try {
    const result = await fetchUserData("123");
    assertEquals(result, { id: "123", name: "John Doe" });
  } finally {
    // Restore original fetch
    globalThis.fetch = originalFetch;
  }
});
```

## Real-world example

Let's put everything together in a more comprehensive example. We'll test a user
authentication service that:

1. Validates user credentials
2. Calls an API to authenticate
3. Stores tokens with expiration times

In the example below, we'll create a full `AuthService` class that handles user
login, token management, and authentication. We'll test it thoroughly using
various mocking techniques covered earlier: stubbing fetch requests, spying on
methods, and manipulating time to test token expiration - all within organized
test steps.

Deno's testing API provides a useful `t.step()` function that allows you to
organize your tests into logical steps or sub-tests. This makes complex tests
more readable and helps pinpoint exactly which part of a test is failing. Each
step can have its own assertions and will be reported separately in the test
output.

```ts
import { assertEquals, assertRejects } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { spy, stub } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";
import { FakeTime } from "jsr:@std/testing/time";

// The service we want to test
class AuthService {
  private token: string | null = null;
  private expiresAt: Date | null = null;

  async login(username: string, password: string): Promise<string> {
    // Validate inputs
    if (!username || !password) {
      throw new Error("Username and password are required");
    }

    // Call authentication API
    const response = await fetch("https://api.example.com/login", {
      method: "POST",
      headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
      body: JSON.stringify({ username, password }),
    });

    if (!response.ok) {
      throw new Error(`Authentication failed: ${response.status}`);
    }

    const data = await response.json();

    // Store token with expiration (1 hour)
    this.token = data.token;
    this.expiresAt = new Date(Date.now() + 60 * 60 * 1000);

    return this.token;
  }

  getToken(): string {
    if (!this.token || !this.expiresAt) {
      throw new Error("Not authenticated");
    }

    if (new Date() > this.expiresAt) {
      this.token = null;
      this.expiresAt = null;
      throw new Error("Token expired");
    }

    return this.token;
  }

  logout(): void {
    this.token = null;
    this.expiresAt = null;
  }
}

Deno.test("AuthService comprehensive test", async (t) => {
  await t.step("login should validate credentials", async () => {
    const authService = new AuthService();
    await assertRejects(
      () => authService.login("", "password"),
      Error,
      "Username and password are required",
    );
  });

  await t.step("login should handle API calls", async () => {
    const authService = new AuthService();

    // Mock successful response
    const mockResponse = new Response(
      JSON.stringify({ token: "fake-jwt-token" }),
      { status: 200, headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" } },
    );

    const fetchStub = stub(
      globalThis,
      "fetch",
      (_url: string | URL | Request, options?: RequestInit) => {
        // Verify correct data is being sent
        const body = options?.body as string;
        const parsedBody = JSON.parse(body);
        assertEquals(parsedBody.username, "testuser");
        assertEquals(parsedBody.password, "password123");

        return Promise.resolve(mockResponse);
      },
    );

    try {
      const token = await authService.login("testuser", "password123");
      assertEquals(token, "fake-jwt-token");
    } finally {
      fetchStub.restore();
    }
  });

  await t.step("token expiration should work correctly", () => {
    using fakeTime = new FakeTime();

    const authService = new AuthService();
    const time = fakeTime(new Date("2023-01-01T12:00:00Z"));

    try {
      // Mock the login process to set token directly
      authService.login = spy(
        authService,
        "login",
        async () => {
          (authService as any).token = "fake-token";
          (authService as any).expiresAt = new Date(
            Date.now() + 60 * 60 * 1000,
          );
          return "fake-token";
        },
      );

      // Login and verify token
      authService.login("user", "pass").then(() => {
        const token = authService.getToken();
        assertEquals(token, "fake-token");

        // Advance time past expiration
        time.tick(61 * 60 * 1000);

        // Token should now be expired
        assertRejects(
          () => {
            authService.getToken();
          },
          Error,
          "Token expired",
        );
      });
    } finally {
      time.restore();
      (authService.login as any).restore();
    }
  });
});
```

This code defines `AuthService` class with three main functionalities:

- Login - Validates credentials, calls an API, and stores a token with an
  expiration time
- GetToken - Returns the token if valid and not expired
- Logout - Clears the token and expiration

The testing structure is organized as a single main test with three logical
**steps**, each testing a different aspect of the service; credential
validation, API call handling and token expiration.

🦕 Effective mocking is essential for writing reliable, maintainable unit tests.
Deno provides several powerful tools to help you isolate your code during
testing. By mastering these mocking techniques, you'll be able to write more
reliable tests that run faster and don't depend on external services.

For more testing resources, check out:

- [Deno Testing API Documentation](/api/deno/testing)
- [Deno Standard Library Testing Modules](https://jsr.io/@std/testing)
- [Basic Testing in Deno](/examples/testing_tutorial/)


---

# Module metadata

> A guide to working with module metadata in Deno. Learn about import.meta properties, main module detection, file paths, URL resolution, and how to access module context information in your applications.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/module_metadata


## Concepts

- [import.meta](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/import.meta)
  can provide information on the context of the module.
- The boolean
  [import.meta.main](https://docs.deno.com/api/web/~/ImportMeta#property_main)
  will let you know if the current module is the program entry point.
- The string
  [import.meta.url](https://docs.deno.com/api/web/~/ImportMeta#property_url)
  will give you the URL of the current module.
- The string
  [import.meta.filename](https://docs.deno.com/api/web/~/ImportMeta#property_filename)
  will give you the fully resolved path to the current module. _For local
  modules only_.
- The string
  [import.meta.dirname](https://docs.deno.com/api/web/~/ImportMeta#property_dirname)
  will give you the fully resolved path to the directory containing the current
  module. _For local modules only_.
- The
  [import.meta.resolve](https://docs.deno.com/api/web/~/ImportMeta#property_resolve)
  allows you to resolve specifier relative to the current module. This function
  takes into account an import map (if one was provided on startup).
- The string [Deno.mainModule](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.mainModule)
  will give you the URL of the main module entry point, i.e. the module invoked
  by the deno runtime.

## Example

The example below uses two modules to show the difference between
`import.meta.url`, `import.meta.main` and `Deno.mainModule`. In this example,
`module_a.ts` is the main module entry point:

```ts title="module_b.ts"
export function outputB() {
  console.log("Module B's import.meta.url", import.meta.url);
  console.log("Module B's mainModule url", Deno.mainModule);
  console.log(
    "Is module B the main module via import.meta.main?",
    import.meta.main,
  );
}
```

```ts title="module_a.ts"
import { outputB } from "./module_b.ts";

function outputA() {
  console.log("Module A's import.meta.url", import.meta.url);
  console.log("Module A's mainModule url", Deno.mainModule);
  console.log(
    "Is module A the main module via import.meta.main?",
    import.meta.main,
  );
  console.log(
    "Resolved specifier for ./module_b.ts",
    import.meta.resolve("./module_b.ts"),
  );
}

outputA();
console.log("");
outputB();
```

If `module_a.ts` is located in `/home/alice/deno` then the output of
`deno run --allow-read module_a.ts` is:

```console
Module A's import.meta.url file:///home/alice/deno/module_a.ts
Module A's mainModule url file:///home/alice/deno/module_a.ts
Is module A the main module via import.meta.main? true
Resolved specifier for ./module_b.ts file:///home/alice/deno/module_b.ts

Module B's import.meta.url file:///home/alice/deno/module_b.ts
Module B's mainModule url file:///home/alice/deno/module_a.ts
Is module B the main module via import.meta.main? false
```


---

# How to use Mongoose with Deno

> Step-by-step guide to using Mongoose with Deno. Learn how to set up MongoDB connectivity, create schemas, implement data models, and perform CRUD operations using Mongoose's schema-based modeling.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/mongoose


[Mongoose](https://mongoosejs.com/) is a popular, schema-based library that
models data for [MongoDB](https://www.mongodb.com/). It simplifies writing
MongoDB validation, casting, and other relevant business logic.

This tutorial will show you how to setup Mongoose and MongoDB with your Deno
project.

[View source](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-mongoose) or
[check out the video guide](https://youtu.be/dmZ9Ih0CR9g).

## Creating a Mongoose Model

Let's create a simple app that connects to MongoDB, creates a `Dinosaur` model,
and adds and updates a dinosaur to the database.

First, we'll create the necessary files and directories:

```console
touch main.ts && mkdir model && touch model/Dinosaur.ts
```

In `/model/Dinosaur.ts`, we'll import `npm:mongoose`, define the [schema], and
export it:

```ts title="model/Dinosaur.ts"
import mongoose, {
  type HydratedDocument,
  type Model,
  model,
  models,
  Schema,
} from "npm:mongoose@latest";

interface Dinosaur {
  name: string;
  description: string;
  createdAt?: Date;
  updatedAt?: Date;
}

interface DinosaurMethods {
  updateDescription(
    this: HydratedDocument<Dinosaur>,
    description: string,
  ): Promise<
    HydratedDocument<Dinosaur>
  >;
}

type DinosaurModel = Model<Dinosaur, {}, DinosaurMethods>;

const dinosaurSchema = new Schema<Dinosaur, DinosaurModel, DinosaurMethods>(
  {
    name: { type: String, unique: true, required: true },
    description: { type: String, required: true },
  },
  { timestamps: true },
);

dinosaurSchema.methods.updateDescription = async function (
  this: HydratedDocument<Dinosaur>,
  description: string,
) {
  this.description = description;
  return await this.save();
};

export default (models.Dinosaur as DinosaurModel) ||
  model<Dinosaur, DinosaurModel>("Dinosaur", dinosaurSchema);
```

## Connecting to MongoDB

Now, in our `main.ts` file, we'll import mongoose and the `Dinosaur` schema, and
connect to MongoDB:

```ts
import mongoose from "npm:mongoose@latest";
import Dinosaur from "./model/Dinosaur.ts";

const MONGODB_URI = Deno.env.get("MONGODB_URI") ??
  "mongodb://localhost:27017/deno_mongoose_tutorial";

await mongoose.connect(MONGODB_URI);

console.log(mongoose.connection.readyState);
```

Because Deno supports top-level `await`, we're able to simply
`await mongoose.connect()`.

Running the code with this command:

```shell
deno run --allow-env --allow-net main.ts
```

We expect a log of `1`.

## Manipulating Data

Let's add a typed instance
[method](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html#methods) to our `Dinosaur`
schema in `/model/Dinosaur.ts`:

```ts title="model/Dinosaur.ts"
dinosaurSchema.methods.updateDescription = async function (
  this: HydratedDocument<Dinosaur>,
  description: string,
) {
  this.description = description;
  return await this.save();
};

// ...
```

This instance method, `updateDescription`, will allow you to update a record's
description.

Back in `main.ts`, let's start adding and manipulating data in MongoDB.

```ts title="main.ts"
const deno = new Dinosaur({
  name: "Deno",
  description: "The fastest dinosaur that ever lived.",
});

await deno.save();

const denoFromMongoDb = await Dinosaur.findOne({ name: "Deno" }).exec();
if (!denoFromMongoDb) throw new Error("Deno not found");
console.log(
  `Finding Deno in MongoDB -- \n  ${denoFromMongoDb.name}: ${denoFromMongoDb.description}`,
);

await denoFromMongoDb.updateDescription(
  "The fastest and most secure dinosaur that ever lived.",
);

const newDenoFromMongoDb = await Dinosaur.findOne({ name: "Deno" }).exec();
if (!newDenoFromMongoDb) throw new Error("Deno not found after update");
console.log(
  `Finding Deno (again) -- \n  ${newDenoFromMongoDb.name}: ${newDenoFromMongoDb.description}`,
);
```

Running the code, we get:

```console
Finding Deno in MongoDB --
  Deno: The fastest dinosaur that ever lived.
Finding Deno (again) --
  Deno: The fastest and most secure dinosaur that ever lived.
```

🦕 Now you have a fully functional Deno application using Mongoose to interact
with MongoDB!

For more info on using Mongoose, please refer to
[their documentation](https://mongoosejs.com/docs/guide.html).


---

# How to use MySQL2 with Deno

> Step-by-step guide to using MySQL2 with Deno. Learn how to set up database connections, execute queries, handle transactions, and build data-driven applications using MySQL's Node.js driver.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/mysql2


[MySQL](https://www.mysql.com/) is the most popular database in the
[2022 Stack Overflow Developer Survey](https://survey.stackoverflow.co/2022/#most-popular-technologies-database)
and counts Facebook, Twitter, YouTube, and Netflix among its users.

[View source here.](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-mysql2)

You can manipulate and query a MySQL database with Deno using the `mysql2` node
package and importing via `npm:mysql2`. This allows us to use its Promise
wrapper and take advantage of top-level await.

```tsx
import mysql from "npm:mysql2@^2.3.3/promise";
```

## Connecting to MySQL

We can connect to our MySQL server using the `createConnection()` method. You
need the host (`localhost` if you are testing, or more likely a cloud database
endpoint in production) and the user and password:

```tsx
const connection = await mysql.createConnection({
  host: "localhost",
  user: "root",
  password: "password",
});
```

You can also optionally specify a database during the connection creation. Here
we are going to use `mysql2` to create the database on the fly.

## Creating and populating the database

Now that you have the connection running, you can use `connection.query()` with
SQL commands to create databases and tables as well as insert the initial data.

First we want to generate and select the database to use:

```tsx
await connection.query("CREATE DATABASE denos");
await connection.query("use denos");
```

Then we want to create the table:

```tsx
await connection.query(
  "CREATE TABLE `dinosaurs` (   `id` int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY,   `name` varchar(255) NOT NULL,   `description` varchar(255) )",
);
```

After the table is created we can populate the data:

```tsx
await connection.query(
  "INSERT INTO `dinosaurs` (id, name, description) VALUES (1, 'Aardonyx', 'An early stage in the evolution of sauropods.'), (2, 'Abelisaurus', 'Abels lizard has been reconstructed from a single skull.'), (3, 'Deno', 'The fastest dinosaur that ever lived.')",
);
```

We now have all the data ready to start querying.

## Querying MySQL

We can use the same connection.query() method to write our queries. First we try
and get all the data in our `dinosaurs` table:

```tsx
const results = await connection.query("SELECT * FROM `dinosaurs`");
console.log(results);
```

The result from this query is all the data in our database:

```tsx
[
  [
    {
      id: 1,
      name: "Aardonyx",
      description: "An early stage in the evolution of sauropods."
    },
    {
      id: 2,
      name: "Abelisaurus",
      description: `Abel's lizard" has been reconstructed from a single skull.`
    },
    { id: 3, name: "Deno", description: "The fastest dinosaur that ever lived." }
  ],
```

If we want to just get a single element from the database, we can change our
query:

```tsx
const [results, fields] = await connection.query(
  "SELECT * FROM `dinosaurs` WHERE `name` = 'Deno'",
);
console.log(results);
```

Which gives us a single row result:

```tsx
[{ id: 3, name: "Deno", description: "The fastest dinosaur that ever lived." }];
```

Finally, we can close the connection:

```tsx
await connection.end();
```

For more on `mysql2`, check out their documentation
[here](https://github.com/sidorares/node-mysql2).


---

# Build a Next.js App

> Walkthrough guide to building a Next.js application with Deno. Learn how to set up a project, create API routes, implement server-side rendering, and build a full-stack TypeScript application.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/next


[Next.js](https://nextjs.org/) is a popular framework for building
server-side-rendered applications. It is built on top of React and provides a
lot of features out of the box.

In this tutorial, we'll build a
[simple Next.js application](https://tutorial-with-next.deno.deno.net/) and run
it with Deno. The app will display a list of dinosaurs. When you click on one,
it'll take you to a dinosaur page with more details.

You can see the
[complete app on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-next/tree/main).

:::info Deploy your own

Want to skip the tutorial and deploy the finished app right now? Click the
button below to instantly deploy your own copy of the complete SvelteKit
dinosaur app to Deno Deploy. You'll get a live, working application that you can
customize and modify as you learn!

[![Deploy on Deno](https://deno.com/button)](https://console.deno.com/new?clone=https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-next)

:::

## Create a Next.js app with Deno

Next provides a CLI tool to quickly scaffold a new Next.js app. In your terminal
run the following command to create a new Next.js app with Deno:

```sh
deno run -A npm:create-next-app@latest
```

When prompted, select the default options to create a new Next.js app with
TypeScript.

Next.js has some dependencies that still rely on `Object.prototype.__proto__`
and requires CommonJS module support. To configure Deno for Next.js
compatibility, update your `deno.json` file with the following configuration:

```json deno.json
{
  "unstable": [
    "bare-node-builtins",
    "detect-cjs",
    "node-globals",
    "unsafe-proto",
    "sloppy-imports"
  ]
}
```

Now install the dependencies found in the package.json:

```sh
deno install --allow-scripts
```

Now you can serve your new Next.js app:

```sh
deno task dev
```

This will start the Next.js development server using Deno. The `deno task dev`
command runs `dev` task in the package.json, which starts the Next.js
development server with the necessary flags for CommonJS compatibility.

Visit [http://localhost:3000](http://localhost:3000) to see the app in the
browser.

## Add a backend

The next step is to add a backend API. We'll create a very simple API that
returns information about dinosaurs.

We'll use Next.js's
[built in API route handlers](https://nextjs.org/docs/app/building-your-application/routing/route-handlers)
to set up our dinosaur API. Next.js uses a file-system-based router, where the
folder structure directly defines the routes.

We'll define three routes, The first route at `/api` will return the string
`Welcome to the dinosaur API`, then we'll set up `/api/dinosaurs` to return all
the dinosaurs, and finally `/api/dinosaur/[dinosaur]` to return a specific
dinosaur based on the name in the URL.

### /api/

In the `src/app` folder of your new project, create an `api` folder. In that
folder, create a `route.ts` file, which will handle requests to `/api/.

Copy and paste the following code into the `api/route.ts` file:

```ts title="route.ts"
export function GET() {
  return Response.json("welcome to the dinosaur API");
}
```

This code defines a simple route handler that returns a JSON response with the
string `welcome to the dinosaur API`.

### /api/data.json

In the `api` folder, create a `data.json` file, which will contain the hard
coded dinosaur data. Copy and paste
[this json file](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/denoland/deno-vue-example/main/api/data.json)
into the `data.json` file.

### /api/dinosaurs

In the `api` folder, create a folder called `dinosaurs`, in that create a
`route.ts` file which will handle requests to `/api/dinosaurs`. In this route
we'll read the `data.json` file and return the dinosaurs as JSON:

```ts title="route.ts"
import data from "./data.json" with { type: "json" };

export function GET() {
  return Response.json(data);
}
```

### /api/dinosaurs/[dinosaur]

And for the final route, `/api/dinosaurs/[dinosaur]`, we'll create a folder
called `[dinosaur]` in the `dinosaurs` directory. In there, create a `route.ts`
file. In this file we'll read the `data.json` file, find the dinosaur with the
name in the URL, and return it as JSON:

```ts title="route.ts"
import data from "../../data.json" with { type: "json" };

type RouteParams = { params: Promise<{ dinosaur: string }> };

export const GET = async (_request: Request, { params }: RouteParams) => {
  const { dinosaur } = await params;

  if (!dinosaur) {
    return Response.json("No dinosaur name provided.");
  }

  const dinosaurData = data.find((item) =>
    item.name.toLowerCase() === dinosaur.toLowerCase()
  );

  return Response.json(dinosaurData ? dinosaurData : "No dinosaur found.");
};
```

Now, if you run the app with `deno task dev` and visit
`http://localhost:3000/api/dinosaurs/brachiosaurus` in your browser, you should
see the details of the brachiosaurus dinosaur.

## Build the frontend

Now that we have our backend API set up, let's build the frontend to display the
dinosaur data.

### Define the dinosaur type

Firstly we'll set up a new type, to define the shape of the dinosaur data. In
the `app` directory, create a `types.ts` file and add the following code:

```ts title="types.ts"
export type Dino = { name: string; description: string };
```

### Update the homepage

We'll update the `page.tsx` file in the `app` directory to fetch the dinosaur
data from our API and display it as a list of links.

To execute client-side code in Next.js we need to use the `use Client` directive
at the top of the file. Then we'll import the modules that we'll need in this
page and export the default function that will render the page:

```tsx title="page.tsx"
"use client";

import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
import { Dino } from "./types";
import Link from "next/link";

export default function Home() {
}
```

Inside the body of the `Home` function, we'll define a state variable to store
the dinosaur data, and a `useEffect` hook to fetch the data from the API when
the component mounts:

```tsx title="page.tsx"
const [dinosaurs, setDinosaurs] = useState<Dino[]>([]);

useEffect(() => {
  (async () => {
    const response = await fetch(`/api/dinosaurs`);
    const allDinosaurs = await response.json() as Dino[];
    setDinosaurs(allDinosaurs);
  })();
}, []);
```

Beneath this, still inside the body of the `Home` function, we'll return a list
of links, each linking to the dinosaur's page:

```tsx title="page.tsx"
return (
  <main id="content">
    <h1>Welcome to the Dinosaur app</h1>
    <p>Click on a dinosaur below to learn more.</p>
    <ul>
      {dinosaurs.map((dinosaur: Dino) => {
        return (
          <li key={dinosaur.name}>
            <Link href={`/${dinosaur.name.toLowerCase()}`}>
              {dinosaur.name}
            </Link>
          </li>
        );
      })}
    </ul>
  </main>
);
```

### Create the dinosaur page

Inside the `app` directory, create a new folder called `[dinosaur]`. Inside this
folder create a `page.tsx` file. This file will fetch the details of a specific
dinosaur from the API and render them on the page.

Much like the homepage, we'll need client side code, and we'll import the
modules we need and export a default function. We'll pass the incoming to the
function and set up a type for this parameter:

```tsx title="[dinosaur]/page.tsx"
"use client";

import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
import { Dino } from "../types";
import Link from "next/link";

type RouteParams = { params: Promise<{ dinosaur: string }> };

export default function Dinosaur({ params }: RouteParams) {
}
```

Inside the body of the `Dinosaur` function we'll get the selected dinosaur from
the request, set up a state variable to store the dinosaur data, and write a
`useEffect` hook to fetch the data from the API when the component mounts:

```tsx title="[dinosaur]/page.tsx"
const selectedDinosaur = params.then((params) => params.dinosaur);
const [dinosaur, setDino] = useState<Dino>({ name: "", description: "" });

useEffect(() => {
  (async () => {
    const resp = await fetch(`/api/dinosaurs/${await selectedDinosaur}`);
    const dino = await resp.json() as Dino;
    setDino(dino);
  })();
}, []);
```

Finally, still inside the `Dinosaur` function body, we'll return a paragraph
element containing the dinosaur's name and description:

```tsx title="[dinosaur]/page.tsx"
return (
  <main id="content">
    <h1>{dinosaur.name}</h1>
    <p>{dinosaur.description}</p>
    <Link href="/">🠠 Back to all dinosaurs</Link>
  </main>
);
```

### Add some styles

Let's add some basic styles to make the app look nicer. Update your
`app/globals.css` file with the
[styles from this file](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/denoland/tutorial-with-next/refs/heads/main/src/app/globals.css).

## Run the app

Now you can run the app with `deno run dev` and visit `http://localhost:3000` in
your browser to see the list of dinosaurs. Click on a dinosaur to see more
details!

## Deploy the app

Now that you have your working Next.js app, you can deploy it to the web with
Deno Deploy.

For the best experience, you can deploy your app directly from GitHub, which
will set up automated deployments. Create a GitHub repository and push your app
there.

[Create a new GitHub repository](https://github.com/new), then initialize and
push your app to GitHub:

```sh
git init -b main
git remote add origin https://github.com/<your_github_username>/<your_repo_name>.git
git add .
git commit -am 'my next app'
git push -u origin main
```

Once your app is on GitHub, you can
[deploy it to Deno Deploy](https://console.deno.com/).

For a walkthrough of deploying your app, check out the
[Deno Deploy tutorial](/examples/deno_deploy_tutorial/).

🦕 Now you can build and run a Next.js app with Deno! To build on your app you
could consider [adding a database](/runtime/tutorials/connecting_to_databases/)
to replace your `data.json` file, or consider
[writing some tests](/runtime/fundamentals/testing/) to make your app reliable
and production ready.


---

# Build a Nuxt app with Deno

> Step-by-step guide to building Nuxt applications with Deno. Learn how to create a full-stack Vue.js app, implement server-side rendering, add Tailwind styling, and deploy your application.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/nuxt


[Nuxt](https://nuxt.com/) is a framework that provides an intuitive way to
create full-stack applications based on [Vue](https://vuejs.org/). It offers
file-based routing, a variety of rendering options, and automatic code splitting
out of the box. With its modular architecture, Nuxt simplifies the development
process by providing a structured approach to building Vue applications.

In this tutorial, we'll build a simple Nuxt application with Deno that will
display a list of dinosaurs and allow you to learn more about each one when you
click on the name.

You can see the
[finished app on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-nuxt).

You can see a
[live version of the app on Deno Deploy](https://example-with-nuxt.deno.deno.net/).

:::info Deploy your own

Want to skip the tutorial and deploy the finished app right now? Click the
button below to instantly deploy your own copy of the complete Nuxt dinosaur app
to Deno Deploy. You'll get a live, working application that you can customize
and modify as you learn!

[![Deploy on Deno](https://deno.com/button)](https://console.deno.com/new?clone=https://github.com/denoland/examples&path=with-nuxt)

:::

## Scaffold a Nuxt app with Deno

We can create a new Nuxt project using Deno like this:

```bash
deno -A npm:nuxi@latest init
```

Select the directory where you want to create the project, and choose `deno` to
manage dependencies. You can also choose to initialize a git repository if you
want, or we can do that later.

Next change directory into the newly created project, you can check which tasks
Nuxt has available by running `deno task`.

```bash
cd nuxt-app
deno task
```

This will show you the available tasks, such as `dev`, `build`, and `preview`.
The `dev` task is used to start the development server.

## Start the development server

Now we can start the development server with:

```bash
deno task dev
```

This will start the Nuxt development server, and you can visit
[http://localhost:3000](http://localhost:3000) in your browser to see the
default Nuxt welcome page.

## Build out the app architecture

Now that we have a basic Nuxt app set up, we can start building out the
application architecture. We'll create a few directories to organize our code
and prepare for the features we want to implement. Create the following
directories in your project:

```bash
NUXT-APP/
├── pages/                 # Vue pages
│   └── dinosaurs/         # Dinosaur pages
├── public/                 # Static files
├── server/                # Server-side code
│   └── api/               # API routes
```

## Add dinosaur data

In the `api` directory, create a new file called `data.json` file, which will
contain the hard coded dinosaur data.

Copy and paste
[this json file](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/denoland/tutorial-with-nuxt/refs/heads/main/src/data/data.json)
into the `data.json` file. (If you were building a real app, you would probably
fetch this data from a database or an external API.)

## Setup the API routes

This app will have two API routes. They will serve the following:

- the full list of dinosaurs for an index page
- individual dinosaur information for an individual dinosaur page

Both will be `*.get.ts` files, which Nuxt automatically converts to API
endpoints to respond to `GET` requests.
[The filename convention determines both the HTTP method and the route path](https://nuxt.com/docs/guide/directory-structure/server#matching-http-method).

The initial `dinosaurs.get.ts` is fairly simple and uses
[`defineCachedEventHandler`](https://nitro.build/guide/cache) to create a cached
endpoint for better performance. This handler simply returns our full dinosaur
data array without any filtering:

```tsx title="server/api/dinosaurs.get.ts"
import data from "./data.json" with { type: "json" };

export default defineCachedEventHandler(() => {
  return data;
});
```

The `GET` route for the individual dinosaur has a little more logic. It extracts
the name parameter from the event context, performs case-insensitive matching to
find the requested dinosaur, and includes proper error handling for missing or
invalid dinosaur names. We'll create a `dinosaurs` directory, then to pass the
name parameter, we'll make a new file named `[name].get.ts`:

```tsx title="server/api/dinosaurs/[name].get.ts"
import data from "../data.json";

export default defineCachedEventHandler((event) => {
  const name = getRouterParam(event, "name");

  if (!name) {
    throw createError({
      statusCode: 400,
      message: "No dinosaur name provided",
    });
  }

  const dinosaur = data.find(
    (dino) => dino.name.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase(),
  );

  if (!dinosaur) {
    throw createError({
      statusCode: 404,
      message: "Dinosaur not found",
    });
  }

  return dinosaur;
});
```

Run the server with `deno task dev` and visit
[http://localhost:3000/api/dinosaurs](http://localhost:3000/api/dinosaurs) in
your browser, you should see the raw JSON response showing all of the dinosaurs!

![Setting up API](./images/how-to/nuxt/nuxt-1.webp)

You can also retrieve data for a single dinosaur by visiting a particular
dinosaur name, for example:
[http://localhost:3000/api/dinosaurs/aardonyx](http://localhost:3000/api/dinosaurs/aardonyx).

![Setting up API](./images/how-to/nuxt/nuxt-2.webp)

Next, we'll setup the frontend with Vue to display the index page and each
individual dinosaur page.

## Setup the Vue frontend

We want to set up two pages within the app:

- An index page which will list all of the dinosaurs
- An individual dinosaur page showing more information about the selected
  dinosaur.

First, create the index page. Nuxt uses
[file-system routing](https://nuxt.com/docs/getting-started/routing), so we will
create a `pages` directory in the root, and within that an index page called
`index.vue`.

To get the data, we’ll use the `useFetch` composable to hit the API endpoint we
created in the previous section:

```tsx title="pages/index.vue"
<script setup lang="ts">
const { data: dinosaurs } = await useFetch("/api/dinosaurs");
</script>

<template>
  <main id="content">
    <h1 class="text-2xl font-bold mb-4">Welcome to the Dinosaur app</h1>
    <p class="mb-4">Click on a dinosaur below to learn more.</p>
    <ul class="space-y-2">
      <li v-for="dinosaur in dinosaurs" :key="dinosaur.name">
        <NuxtLink
          :to="'/' + dinosaur.name.toLowerCase()"
          class="text-blue-600 hover:text-blue-800 hover:underline"
        >
          {{ dinosaur.name }}
        </NuxtLink>
      </li>
    </ul>
  </main>
</template>
```

For the page that shows information on each dinosaur, we'll create a new dynamic
page called `[name].vue`. This page uses Nuxt's
[dynamic route parameters](https://nuxt.com/docs/getting-started/routing#route-parameters),
where the `[name]` in the filename can be accessed in JavaScript as
`route.params.name`. We’ll use the `useRoute` composable to access the route
parameters and `useFetch` to get the specific dinosaur's data based on the name
parameter:

```tsx title="pages/[name].vue"
<script setup lang="ts">
const route = useRoute();
const { data: dinosaur } = await useFetch(
  `/api/dinosaurs/${route.params.name}`
);
</script>

<template>
  <main v-if="dinosaur">
    <h1 class="text-2xl font-bold mb-4">{{ dinosaur.name }}</h1>
    <p class="mb-4">{{ dinosaur.description }}</p>
    <NuxtLink to="/" class="text-blue-600 hover:text-blue-800 hover:underline">
      Back to all dinosaurs
    </NuxtLink>
  </main>
</template>
```

Next, we’ll have to connect these Vue components together so that they render
properly when we visit the root of the domain. Let’s update `app.vue` at the
root of the directory to serve our application’s root component. We’ll use
[`NuxtLayout`](https://nuxt.com/docs/api/components/nuxt-layout) for consistent
page structure and [`NuxtPage`](https://nuxt.com/docs/api/components/nuxt-page)
for dynamic page rendering:

```tsx title="app.vue"
<template>
  <NuxtLayout>
    <div>
      <nav class="p-4 bg-gray-100">
        <NuxtLink to="/" class="text-blue-600 hover:text-blue-800">
          Dinosaur Encyclopedia
        </NuxtLink>
      </nav>

      <div class="container mx-auto p-4">
        <NuxtPage />
      </div>
    </div>
  </NuxtLayout>
</template>;
```

Run the server with `deno task dev` and see how it looks at
[http://localhost:3000](http://localhost:3000):

Looks great!

```bash
deno install -D npm:tailwindcss npm:@tailwindcss/vite
```

Then, we're going to update the `nuxt.config.ts`. Import the Tailwind dependency
and configure the Nuxt application for Deno compatibility, We'll enable
development tools, and set up Tailwind CSS:

```tsx title="nuxt.config.ts"
import tailwindcss from "@tailwindcss/vite";

export default defineNuxtConfig({
  compatibilityDate: "2025-05-15",
  devtools: { enabled: true },
  nitro: {
    preset: "deno",
  },
  app: {
    head: {
      title: "Dinosaur Encyclopedia",
    },
  },
  css: ["~/assets/css/main.css"],
  vite: {
    plugins: [
      tailwindcss(),
    ],
  },
});
```

Next, create a new css file, `assets/css/main.css`, and add an import `@import`
that imports tailwind, as well as the tailwind utilities:

```tsx title="assets/css/main.css"
@import "tailwindcss";

@tailwind base;
@tailwind components;
@tailwind utilities;
```

## Running the application

We can then run the application using:

```bash
deno task dev
```

This will start the app at localhost:3000:

<figure>

<video class="w-full" alt="Build a Nuxt app with Deno." autoplay muted loop playsinline src="./images/how-to/nuxt/nuxt-4.mp4"></video>

</figure>

And we’re done!

🦕 Next steps for a Nuxt app might be to add authentication using the
[Nuxt Auth](https://auth.nuxtjs.org/) module, implement state management with
[Pinia](https://pinia.vuejs.org/), add server-side data persistence with
[Prisma](https://docs.deno.com/examples/prisma_tutorial/) or
[MongoDB](https://docs.deno.com/examples/mongoose_tutorial/), and set up
automated testing with Vitest. These features would make it production-ready for
larger applications.


---

# Handle OS signals

> Tutorial on handling operating system signals in Deno. Learn how to capture SIGINT and SIGBREAK events, manage signal listeners, and implement graceful shutdown handlers in your applications.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/os_signals


> ⚠️ Windows only supports listening for SIGINT and SIGBREAK as of Deno v1.23.

## Concepts

- [Deno.addSignalListener()](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.addSignalListener)
  can be used to capture and monitor OS signals.
- [Deno.removeSignalListener()](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.removeSignalListener)
  can be used to stop watching the signal.

## Set up an OS signal listener

APIs for handling OS signals are modelled after already familiar
[`addEventListener`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/EventTarget/addEventListener)
and
[`removeEventListener`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/EventTarget/removeEventListener)
APIs.

> ⚠️ Note that listening for OS signals doesn't prevent event loop from
> finishing, ie. if there are no more pending async operations the process will
> exit.

You can use `Deno.addSignalListener()` function for handling OS signals:

```ts title="add_signal_listener.ts"
console.log("Press Ctrl-C to trigger a SIGINT signal");

Deno.addSignalListener("SIGINT", () => {
  console.log("interrupted!");
  Deno.exit();
});

// Add a timeout to prevent process exiting immediately.
setTimeout(() => {}, 5000);
```

Run with:

```shell
deno run add_signal_listener.ts
```

You can use `Deno.removeSignalListener()` function to unregister previously
added signal handler.

```ts title="signal_listeners.ts"
console.log("Press Ctrl-C to trigger a SIGINT signal");

const sigIntHandler = () => {
  console.log("interrupted!");
  Deno.exit();
};
Deno.addSignalListener("SIGINT", sigIntHandler);

// Add a timeout to prevent process exiting immediately.
setTimeout(() => {}, 5000);

// Stop listening for a signal after 1s.
setTimeout(() => {
  Deno.removeSignalListener("SIGINT", sigIntHandler);
}, 1000);
```

Run with:

```shell
deno run signal_listeners.ts
```


---

# Distributed Tracing with Context Propagation in Deno

> Implement end-to-end distributed tracing with automatic context propagation in Deno applications. This tutorial covers creating traced services, automatic propagation of trace context, and visualizing distributed traces.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/otel_span_propagation


Modern applications are often built as distributed systems with multiple
services communicating with each other. When debugging issues or optimizing
performance in these systems, it's crucial to be able to trace requests as they
flow through different services. This is where distributed tracing comes in.

As of Deno 2.3, the runtime now automatically preserves trace context across
service boundaries, making end-to-end tracing in distributed systems simpler and
more powerful. This means that when one service makes a request to another, the
trace context is automatically propagated, allowing you to see the entire
request flow as a single trace.

## Setting up a distributed system

Our example system will consist of two parts:

1. A server that provides an API endpoint
2. A client that makes requests to the server

### The server

We'll set up a simple HTTP server that responds to GET requests with a JSON
message:

```ts title="server.ts"
import { trace } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";

const tracer = trace.getTracer("api-server", "1.0.0");

// Create a simple API server with Deno.serve
Deno.serve({ port: 8000 }, (req) => {
  return tracer.startActiveSpan("process-api-request", async (span) => {
    // Add attributes to the span for better context
    span.setAttribute("http.route", "/");
    span.updateName("GET /");

    // Add a span event to see in traces
    span.addEvent("processing_request", {
      request_id: crypto.randomUUID(),
      timestamp: Date.now(),
    });

    // Simulate processing time
    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 50));

    console.log("Server: Processing request in trace context");

    // End the span when we're done
    span.end();

    return new Response(JSON.stringify({ message: "Hello from server!" }), {
      headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" },
    });
  });
});
```

### The client

Now, let's create a client that will make requests to our server:

```ts title="client.ts"
import { SpanStatusCode, trace } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";

const tracer = trace.getTracer("api-client", "1.0.0");

// Create a parent span for the client operation
await tracer.startActiveSpan("call-api", async (parentSpan) => {
  try {
    console.log("Client: Starting API call");

    // The fetch call inside this span will automatically:
    // 1. Create a child span for the fetch operation
    // 2. Inject the trace context into the outgoing request headers
    const response = await fetch("http://localhost:8000/");
    const data = await response.json();

    console.log(`Client: Received response: ${JSON.stringify(data)}`);

    parentSpan.addEvent("received_response", {
      status: response.status,
      timestamp: Date.now(),
    });
  } catch (error) {
    console.error("Error calling API:", error);
    if (error instanceof Error) {
      parentSpan.recordException(error);
    }
    parentSpan.setStatus({
      code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
      message: error instanceof Error ? error.message : String(error),
    });
  } finally {
    parentSpan.end();
  }
});
```

## Tracing with OpenTelemetry

Both the client and server code already include basic OpenTelemetry
instrumentation:

1. Create a tracer - both files create a tracer using `trace.getTracer()` with a
   name and version.

2. Create spans - We use `startActiveSpan()` to create spans that represent
   operations.

3. Add context - We add attributes and events to spans to provide more context.

4. Ending spans - We make sure to end spans when operations are complete.

## Automatic context propagation

The magic happens when the client makes a request to the server. In the client
code there is a fetch call to the server:

```ts
const response = await fetch("http://localhost:8000/");
```

Since this fetch call happens inside an active span, Deno automatically creates
a child span for the fetch operation and Injects the trace context into the
outgoing request headers.

When the server receives this request, Deno extracts the trace context from the
request headers and establishes the server span as a child of the client's span.

## Running the example

To run this example, first, start the server, giving your otel service a name:

```sh
OTEL_DENO=true OTEL_SERVICE_NAME=server deno run --allow-net server.ts
```

Then, in another terminal, run the client, giving the client a different service
name to make observing the propagation clearer:

```sh
OTEL_DENO=true OTEL_SERVICE_NAME=client deno run --allow-net client.ts
```

You should see:

1. The client logs "Client: Starting API call"
2. The server logs "Server: Processing request in trace context"
3. The client logs the response received from the server

## Viewing traces

To actually see the traces, you'll need an OpenTelemetry collector and a
visualization tool,
[for example Grafana Tempo](/runtime/fundamentals/open_telemetry/#quick-start).

When you visualize the traces, you'll see:

1. A parent span from the client
2. Connected to a child span for the HTTP request
3. Connected to a span from the server
4. All as part of a single trace!

For example, in Grafana, the trace visualization may look like this:

![Viewing expanded traces in Grafana](./images/how-to/grafana/propagation.png)

🦕 Now that you understand distributed tracing with Deno, you could extend this
to more complex systems with multiple services and async operations.

With Deno's automatic context propagation, implementing distributed tracing in
your applications has never been easier!


---

# How to use Planetscale with Deno

> Step-by-step guide to using Planetscale with Deno. Learn how to set up serverless MySQL databases, manage connections, execute queries, and build scalable applications with Planetscale's developer-friendly platform.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/planetscale


Planetscale is a MySQL-compatible serverless database that is designed with a
developer workflow where developers can create, branch, and deploy databases
from the command line.

[View source here.](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-planetscale)

We'll use the Planetscale serverless driver, `@planetscale/database`, to work
with Deno. First we want to create `main.ts` and import the connect method from
this package:

```tsx
import { connect } from "npm:@planetscale/database@^1.4";
```

## Configuring our connection

The connection requires three credentials: host, username, and password. These
are database-specific, so we first need to create a database in Planetscale. You
can do that by following the initial instructions
[here](https://planetscale.com/docs/tutorials/planetscale-quick-start-guide).
Don't worry about adding the schema—we can do that through
`@planetscale/database`.

Once you have created the database, head to Overview, click "Connect", and
choose "Connect with `@planetscale/database`" to get the host and username. Then
click through to Passwords to create a new password for your database. Once you
have all three you can plug them in directly, or better, store them as
environment variables:

```bash
export HOST=<host>
export USERNAME=<username>
export PASSWORD=<password>
```

Then call them using `Deno.env`:

```tsx
const config = {
  host: Deno.env.get("HOST"),
  username: Deno.env.get("USERNAME"),
  password: Deno.env.get("PASSWORD"),
};

const conn = connect(config);
```

This will also work on Deno Deploy if you set the environment variables in the
dashboard. Run with:

```shell
deno run --allow-net --allow-env main.ts
```

The `conn` object is now an open connection to our Planetscale database.

## Creating and populating our database table

Now that you have the connection running, you can `conn.execute()` with SQL
commands to create tables and insert the initial data:

```tsx
await conn.execute(
  "CREATE TABLE dinosaurs (id int NOT NULL AUTO_INCREMENT PRIMARY KEY, name varchar(255) NOT NULL, description varchar(255) NOT NULL);",
);
await conn.execute(
  "INSERT INTO `dinosaurs` (id, name, description) VALUES (1, 'Aardonyx', 'An early stage in the evolution of sauropods.'), (2, 'Abelisaurus', 'Abels lizard has been reconstructed from a single skull.'), (3, 'Deno', 'The fastest dinosaur that ever lived.')",
);
```

## Querying Planetscale

We can use same `conn.execute()` to also write our queries. Let's get a list of
all our dinosaurs:

```tsx
const results = await conn.execute("SELECT * FROM `dinosaurs`");
console.log(results.rows);
```

The result:

```tsx
[
  {
    id: 1,
    name: "Aardonyx",
    description: "An early stage in the evolution of sauropods.",
  },
  {
    id: 2,
    name: "Abelisaurus",
    description: "Abels lizard has been reconstructed from a single skull.",
  },
  { id: 3, name: "Deno", description: "The fastest dinosaur that ever lived." },
];
```

We can also get just a single row from the database by specifying a dinosaur
name:

```tsx
const result = await conn.execute(
  "SELECT * FROM `dinosaurs` WHERE `name` = 'Deno'",
);
console.log(result.rows);
```

Which gives us a single row result:

```tsx
[{ id: 3, name: "Deno", description: "The fastest dinosaur that ever lived." }];
```

You can find out more about working with Planetscale in their
[docs](https://planetscale.com/docs).


---

# How to create a RESTful API with Prisma and Oak

> Guide to building a RESTful API using Prisma and Oak with Deno. Learn how to set up database schemas, generate clients, implement CRUD operations, and deploy your API with proper type safety.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/prisma


[Prisma](https://prisma.io) has been one of our top requested modules to work
with in Deno. The demand is understandable, given that Prisma's developer
experience is top notch and plays well with so many persistent data storage
technologies.

We're excited to show you how to use Prisma with Deno.

In this How To guide, we'll setup a simple RESTful API in Deno using Oak and
Prisma.

Let's get started.

[View source](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-prisma) or
[check out the video guide](https://youtu.be/P8VzA_XSF8w).

## Setup the application

Let's create the folder `rest-api-with-prisma-oak` and navigate there:

```shell
mkdir rest-api-with-prisma-oak
cd rest-api-with-prisma-oak
```

Then, let's run `prisma init` with Deno:

```shell
npx prisma@latest init --generator-provider prisma-client --output ./generated
```

Let's understand the key parameters:

- `--generator-provider prisma-client`: Define the provides as
  "prisma-client-js" instead of the default "prisma-client-js". The
  "prisma-client" provider is optimized for Deno and generates TypeScript code
  compatible with the Deno runtime.

- `--output`: Defines the directory where Prisma will save the generated client
  files, including type definitions and database access utilities.

This will generate
[`prisma/schema.prisma`](https://www.prisma.io/docs/orm/prisma-schema). Let's
update it with the following:

:::tip

Don't forget to add `runtime = "deno"` to the generator block in your
schema.prisma file. This is required for Prisma to work correctly with Deno.

:::

```ts
generator client {
  provider = "prisma-client"
  output   = "./generated"
  runtime = "deno"
}

datasource db {
  provider = "postgresql"
  url      = env("DATABASE_URL")
}

model Dinosaur {
  id          Int     @id @default(autoincrement())
  name        String  @unique
  description String
}
```

Prisma also generates a `.env` file with a `DATABASE_URL` environment variable.
Let's assign `DATABASE_URL` to a PostgreSQL connection string. In this example,
we'll use a free
[PostgreSQL database from Supabase](https://supabase.com/database).

Next, let's create the database schema:

```shell
deno run -A npm:prisma@latest db push
```

After that's complete, we'll need to generate a Prisma Client:

```shell
deno run -A npm:prisma@latest generate
```

## Setup Accelerate in the Prisma Data Platform

> Note: This is an optional step. Prisma Accelerate is not required for the
> basic functionality.

To get started with the Prisma Data Platform:

1. Sign up for a free [Prisma Data Platform account](https://console.prisma.io).
2. Create a project.
3. Navigate to the project you created.
4. Enable Accelerate by providing your database's connection string.
5. Generate an Accelerate connection string and copy it to your clipboard.

Assign the Accelerate connection string, that begins with `prisma://`, to
`DATABASE_URL` in your `.env` file replacing your existing connection string.

Next, let's create a seed script to seed the database.

## Seed your Database

Create `./prisma/seed.ts`:

```shell
touch prisma/seed.ts
```

And in `./prisma/seed.ts`:

```ts
import { Prisma, PrismaClient } from "./generated/client.ts";

const prisma = new PrismaClient({
  datasourceUrl: process.env.DATABASE_URL,
});

const dinosaurData: Prisma.DinosaurCreateInput[] = [
  {
    name: "Aardonyx",
    description: "An early stage in the evolution of sauropods.",
  },
  {
    name: "Abelisaurus",
    description: "Abel's lizard has been reconstructed from a single skull.",
  },
  {
    name: "Acanthopholis",
    description: "No, it's not a city in Greece.",
  },
];

/**
 * Seed the database.
 */

for (const u of dinosaurData) {
  const dinosaur = await prisma.dinosaur.create({
    data: u,
  });
  console.log(`Created dinosaur with id: ${dinosaur.id}`);
}
console.log(`Seeding finished.`);

await prisma.$disconnect();
```

We can now run `seed.ts` with:

```shell
deno run -A --env prisma/seed.ts
```

:::tip

The `--env` flag is used to tell Deno to load environment variables from the
`.env` file.

:::

After doing so, you should be able to see your data on Prisma Studio by running
the following command:

```bash
deno run -A npm:prisma studio
```

You should see something similar to the following screenshot:

![New dinosaurs are in Prisma dashboard](./images/how-to/prisma/1-dinosaurs-in-prisma.png)

## Create your API routes

We'll use [`oak`](https://jsr.io/@oak/oak) to create the API routes. Let's keep
them simple for now.

Let's create a `main.ts` file:

```shell
touch main.ts
```

Then, in your `main.ts` file:

```ts
import { PrismaClient } from "./prisma/generated/client.ts";
import { Application, Router } from "jsr:@oak/oak";

/**
 * Initialize.
 */

const prisma = new PrismaClient({
  datasources: {
    db: {
      url: process.env.DATABASE_URL,
    },
  },
});
const app = new Application();
const router = new Router();

/**
 * Setup routes.
 */

router
  .get("/", (context) => {
    context.response.body = "Welcome to the Dinosaur API!";
  })
  .get("/dinosaur", async (context) => {
    // Get all dinosaurs.
    const dinosaurs = await prisma.dinosaur.findMany();
    context.response.body = dinosaurs;
  })
  .get("/dinosaur/:id", async (context) => {
    // Get one dinosaur by id.
    const { id } = context.params;
    const dinosaur = await prisma.dinosaur.findUnique({
      where: {
        id: Number(id),
      },
    });
    context.response.body = dinosaur;
  })
  .post("/dinosaur", async (context) => {
    // Create a new dinosaur.
    const { name, description } = await context.request.body.json();
    const result = await prisma.dinosaur.create({
      data: {
        name,
        description,
      },
    });
    context.response.body = result;
  })
  .delete("/dinosaur/:id", async (context) => {
    // Delete a dinosaur by id.
    const { id } = context.params;
    const dinosaur = await prisma.dinosaur.delete({
      where: {
        id: Number(id),
      },
    });
    context.response.body = dinosaur;
  });

/**
 * Setup middleware.
 */

app.use(router.routes());
app.use(router.allowedMethods());

/**
 * Start server.
 */

await app.listen({ port: 8000 });
```

Now, let's run it:

```shell
deno run -A --env main.ts
```

Let's visit `localhost:8000/dinosaurs`:

![List of all dinosaurs from REST API](./images/how-to/prisma/2-dinosaurs-from-api.png)

Next, let's `POST` a new user with this `curl` command:

```shell
curl -X POST http://localhost:8000/dinosaur -H "Content-Type: application/json" -d '{"name": "Deno", "description":"The fastest, most secure, easiest to use Dinosaur ever to walk the Earth."}'
```

You should now see a new row on Prisma Studio:

![New dinosaur Deno in Prisma](./images/how-to/prisma/3-new-dinosaur-in-prisma.png)

Nice!

## What's next?

Building your next app will be more productive and fun with Deno and Prisma,
since both technologies deliver an intuitive developer experience with data
modeling, type-safety, and robust IDE support.

If you're interested in connecting Prisma to Deno Deploy,
[check out this awesome guide](https://www.prisma.io/docs/guides/deployment/deployment-guides/deploying-to-deno-deploy).


---

# Build Qwik with Deno

> Step-by-step guide to building Qwik applications with Deno. Learn about resumability, server-side rendering, route handling, and how to create fast, modern web applications with zero client-side JavaScript by default.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/qwik


[Qwik](https://qwik.dev/) is a JavaScript framework that delivers
instant-loading web applications by leveraging resumability instead of
hydration. In this tutorial, we'll build a simple Qwik application and run it
with Deno. The app will display a list of dinosaurs. When you click on one,
it'll take you to a dinosaur page with more details.

We'll go over how to build a simple Qwik app using Deno:

- [Scaffold a Qwik app](#scaffold-a-qwik-app)
- [Setup data and type definitions](#setup-data-and-type-definitions)
- [Build the frontend](#build-the-frontend)
- [Next steps](#next-steps)

Feel free to skip directly to
[the source code](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-qwik) or
follow along below!

## Scaffold a Qwik app

We can create a new Qwik project using deno like this:

```bash
deno init --npm qwik@latest
```

This will run you through the setup process for Qwik and Qwik City. Here, we
chose the simplest “Empty App” deployment with npm dependencies.

When complete, you’ll have a project structure that looks like this:

```
.
├── node_modules/
├── public/
└── src/
    ├── components/
    │   └── router-head/
    │       └── router-head.tsx
    └── routes/
        ├── index.tsx
        ├── layout.tsx
        ├── service-worker.ts
        ├── entry.dev.tsx
        ├── entry.preview.tsx
        ├── entry.ssr.tsx
        ├── global.css
        └── root.tsx
├── .eslintignore
├── .eslintrc.cjs
├── .gitignore
├── .prettierignore
├── package-lock.json
├── package.json
├── qwik.env.d.ts
├── README.md
├── tsconfig.json
└── vite.config.ts
```

Most of this is boilerplate configuration that we won’t touch. A few of the
important files to know for how Qwik works are:

- `src/components/router-head/router-head.tsx`: Manages the HTML head elements
  (like title, meta tags, etc.) across different routes in your Qwik
  application.
- `src/routes/index.tsx`: The main entry point and home page of your application
  that users see when they visit the root URL.
- `src/routes/layout.tsx`: Defines the common layout structure that wraps around
  pages, allowing you to maintain consistent UI elements like headers and
  footers.
- `src/routes/service-worker.ts`: Handles Progressive Web App (PWA)
  functionality, offline caching, and background tasks for your application.
- `src/routes/entry.ssr.tsx`: Controls how your application is server-side
  rendered, managing the initial HTML generation and hydration process.
- `src/routes/root.tsx`: The root component that serves as the application's
  shell, containing global providers and the main routing structure.

Now we can build out our own routes and files within the application.

## Setup data and type definitions

We’ll start by adding our
[dinosaur data](https://github.com/denoland/examples/blob/main/with-qwik/src/data/dinosaurs.json)
to a new `./src/data` directory as `dinosaurs.json`:

```jsonc
// ./src/data/dinosaurs.json

{
  "dinosaurs": [
    {
      "name": "Tyrannosaurus Rex",
      "description": "A massive carnivorous dinosaur with powerful jaws and tiny arms."
    },
    {
      "name": "Brachiosaurus",
      "description": "A huge herbivorous dinosaur with a very long neck."
    },
    {
      "name": "Velociraptor",
      "description": "A small but fierce predator that hunted in packs."
    }
    // ...
  ]
}
```

This is where our data will be pulled from. In a full application, this data
would come from a database.

> ⚠️️ In this tutorial we hard code the data. But you can connect
> to [a variety of databases](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/connecting_to_databases/) and [even use ORMs like Prisma](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/how_to_with_npm/prisma/) with
> Deno.

Next, let's add type definitions for our dinosaur data. We'll put it in
`types.ts` in `./src/`:

```tsx
// ./src/types.ts

export type Dino = {
  name: string;
  description: string;
};
```

Next, let's add API routes to server this data.

## Add API routes

First, let's create the route to load all dinosaurs for the index page. This API
endpoint uses Qwik City's
[`RequestHandler`](https://qwik.dev/docs/advanced/request-handling/) to create a
`GET` endpoint that loads and returns our dinosaur data using the json helper
for proper response formatting. We'll add the below to a new file in
`./src/routes/api/dinosaurs/index.ts`:

```tsx
// ./src/routes/api/dinosaurs/index.ts

import { RequestHandler } from "@builder.io/qwik-city";
import data from "~/data/dinosaurs.json" with { type: "json" };

export const onGet: RequestHandler = async ({ json }) => {
  const dinosaurs = data;
  json(200, dinosaurs);
};
```

Next, let's create the API route to get the information for a single dinosaur.
This takes the parameter from the URL and uses it to search through our dinosaur
data. We'll add the below code to `./src/routes/api/dinosaurs/[name]/index.ts`:

```tsx
// ./src/routes/api/dinosaurs/[name]/index.ts

import { RequestHandler } from "@builder.io/qwik-city";
import data from "~/data/dinosaurs.json" with { type: "json" };

export const onGet: RequestHandler = async ({ params, json }) => {
  const { name } = params;
  const dinosaurs = data;

  if (!name) {
    json(400, { error: "No dinosaur name provided." });
    return;
  }

  const dinosaur = dinosaurs.find(
    (dino) => dino.name.toLowerCase() === name.toLowerCase(),
  );

  if (!dinosaur) {
    json(404, { error: "No dinosaur found." });
    return;
  }

  json(200, dinosaur);
};
```

Now that the API routes are wired up and serving data, let's create the two
frontend pages: the index page and the individual dinosaur detail pages.

## Build the frontend

We'll create our homepage by updating our `./src/routes/index.tsx` file using
Qwik's [`routeLoader$`](https://qwik.dev/docs/route-loader/) for server-side
data fetching. This `component$` loads and renders the dinosaur data during SSR
via `useDinosaurs()`:

```tsx
// ./src/routes/index.tsx

import { component$ } from "@builder.io/qwik";
import { Link, routeLoader$ } from "@builder.io/qwik-city";
import type { Dino } from "~/types";
import data from "~/data/dinosaurs.json" with { type: "json" };

export const useDinosaurs = routeLoader$(() => {
  return data;
});

export default component$(() => {
  const dinosaursSignal = useDinosaurs();

  return (
    <div class="container mx-auto p-4">
      <h1 class="text-3xl font-bold mb-4">Welcome to the Dinosaur app</h1>
      <p class="mb-4">Click on a dinosaur below to learn more.</p>
      <ul class="space-y-2">
        {dinosaursSignal.value.dinosaurs.map((dinosaur: Dino) => (
          <li key={dinosaur.name}>
            <Link
              href={`/${dinosaur.name.toLowerCase()}`}
              class="text-blue-600 hover:underline"
            >
              {dinosaur.name}
            </Link>
          </li>
        ))}
      </ul>
    </div>
  );
});
```

Now that we have our main index page, let's add a page for the individual
dinosaur information. We'll use Qwik's
[dynamic routing](https://qwik.dev/docs/routing/), with `[name]` as the key for
each dinosaur. This page leverages `routeLoader$` to fetch individual dinosaur
details based on the URL parameter, with built-in error handling if the dinosaur
isn't found.

The component uses the same SSR pattern as our index page, but with
parameter-based data loading and a simpler display layout for individual
dinosaur details:

```tsx
// ./src/routes/[name]/index.tsx

import { component$ } from "@builder.io/qwik";
import { Link, routeLoader$ } from "@builder.io/qwik-city";
import type { Dino } from "~/types";
import data from "~/data/dinosaurs.json" with { type: "json" };

export const useDinosaurDetails = routeLoader$(({ params }): Dino => {
  const { dinosaurs } = data;
  const dinosaur = dinosaurs.find(
    (dino: Dino) => dino.name.toLowerCase() === params.name.toLowerCase(),
  );

  if (!dinosaur) {
    throw new Error("Dinosaur not found");
  }

  return dinosaur;
});

export default component$(() => {
  const dinosaurSignal = useDinosaurDetails();

  return (
    <div class="container mx-auto p-4">
      <h1 class="text-3xl font-bold mb-4">{dinosaurSignal.value.name}</h1>
      <p class="mb-4">{dinosaurSignal.value.description}</p>
      <Link href="/" class="text-blue-600 hover:underline">
        Back to all dinosaurs
      </Link>
    </div>
  );
});
```

Now that we have built our routes and the frontend components, we can run our
application:

```bash
deno task dev
```

This will start the app at `localhost:5173`:

<figure>

<video class="w-full" alt="Build a qwik app with Deno." autoplay muted loop playsinline src="./images/how-to/qwik/demo.mp4"></video>

</figure>

Tada!

## Next steps

🦕 Now you can build and run a Qwik app with Deno! Here are some ways you could
enhance your dinosaur application:

Next steps for a Qwik app might be to use Qwik's lazy loading capabilities for
dinosaur images and other components, or add client-side state management for
complex features.

- Add persistent data store
  [using a database like Postgres or MongoDB](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/connecting_to_databases/)
  and an ORM like [Drizzle](https://docs.deno.com/examples/drizzle_tutorial/) or
  [Prisma](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/how_to_with_npm/prisma/)
- use Qwik's lazy loading capabilities for dinosaur images and components
- add client-side state management
- self-host your app to
  [AWS](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/aws_lightsail/),
  [Digital Ocean](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/digital_ocean/), and
  [Google Cloud Run](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/google_cloud_run/)


---

# React app with Vite

> Complete guide to building React applications with Deno and Vite. Learn how to set up a project, implement routing, add API endpoints, and deploy your full-stack TypeScript application.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/react


[React](https://reactjs.org) is the most widely used JavaScript frontend
library.

In this tutorial we'll build a simple React app with Deno. The app will display
a list of dinosaurs. When you click on one, it'll take you to a dinosaur page
with more details. You can see the
[finished app repo on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-react)
and a
[demo of the app on Deno Deploy](https://tutorial-with-react.deno.deno.net/)

:::info Deploy your own

Want to skip the tutorial and deploy the finished app right now? Click the
button below to instantly deploy your own copy of the complete SvelteKit
dinosaur app to Deno Deploy. You'll get a live, working application that you can
customize and modify as you learn!

[![Deploy on Deno](https://deno.com/button)](https://console.deno.com/new?clone=https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-react&mode=dynamic&entrypoint=api/main.ts&build=deno+task+build&install=deno+install)

:::

## Create a basic react app with Vite

This tutorial will use [Vite](https://vitejs.dev/) to serve the app locally.
Vite is a build tool and development server for modern web projects. It pairs
well with React and Deno, leveraging ES modules and allowing you to import React
components directly.

In your terminal run the following command to create a new React app with Vite
using the typescript template:

```sh
$ deno init --npm vite my-react-app --template react-ts
```

## Run the dev server

Change directory to your new react app and install the dependencies:

```sh
cd <your_new_react_app>
deno install
```

Now you can serve your new react app by running:

```sh
deno run dev
```

This will start the Vite server, click the output link to localhost to see your
app in the browser.

## Configure the project

We're going to build a full-stack React app with a Deno backend. We'll need to
configure both vite and Deno to work together.

Install the deno plugin for Vite, the React types and the Vite React plugin:

```sh
deno add npm:@deno/vite-plugin@latest npm:@types/react@latest npm:@vitejs/plugin-react@latest
```

We'll also need to install the Oak web framework for Deno to handle our API
requests, and CORS middleware to allow cross-origin requests from the React app:

```sh
deno add jsr:@oak/oak jsr:@tajpouria/cors
```

This will add these dependencies to a new `deno.json` file.

In that file, we'll also add some tasks to make it easier to run the app in
development and production modes and some configuration to set up Deno with
React and Vite. Add the following to your `deno.json` file:

```json
"tasks": {
    "dev": "deno run -A npm:vite & deno run server:start",
    "build": "deno run -A npm:vite build",
    "server:start": "deno run -A --watch ./api/main.ts",
    "serve": "deno run build && deno run server:start"
},
"nodeModulesDir": "auto",
"compilerOptions": {
    "types": [
        "react",
        "react-dom",
        "@types/react"
    ],
    "lib": [
        "dom",
        "dom.iterable",
        "deno.ns"
    ],
    "jsx": "react-jsx",
    "jsxImportSource": "react"
}
```

We can use both `package.json` and `deno.json` for dependency and configuration,
but if you'd rather you can remove the `package.json` file and use only
`deno.json` for your project configuration, be sure to move across the
dependencies from `package.json` to `deno.json` imports first.

## Add a backend API

Our project will have a backend API that serves dinosaur data. This API will be
built using Deno and Oak, and will provide endpoints to fetch a list of
dinosaurs and details about a specific dinosaur from a JSON file. In a
production app this data would likely come from a database, but for this
tutorial we'll use a static JSON file.

In the root of your project, create a new directory called `api`. In this
directory, create a file called `data.json` and copy across
[the dinosaur data](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-react/blob/main/api/data.json).

Next make a file called `main.ts` in the `api` directory. This file will contain
the Oak server code to handle API requests. In this file we will set up the Oak
server, define API routes, and serve static files for the React app. First set
up the imports and create the Oak application and router:

```ts title="api/main.ts"
import { Application, Router } from "@oak/oak";
import { oakCors } from "@tajpouria/cors";
import routeStaticFilesFrom from "./util/routeStaticFilesFrom.ts";
import data from "./data.json" with { type: "json" };

export const app = new Application();
const router = new Router();
```

Then we'll define the two main API routes:

```ts title="api/main.ts"
router.get("/api/dinosaurs", (context) => {
  context.response.body = data;
});

router.get("/api/dinosaurs/:dinosaur", (context) => {
  if (!context?.params?.dinosaur) {
    context.response.body = "No dinosaur name provided.";
  }

  const dinosaur = data.find((item) =>
    item.name.toLowerCase() === context.params.dinosaur.toLowerCase()
  );

  context.response.body = dinosaur ?? "No dinosaur found.";
});
```

Finally, we'll configure the server with middleware and start it listening:

```ts title="api/main.ts"
app.use(oakCors());
app.use(router.routes());
app.use(router.allowedMethods());
app.use(routeStaticFilesFrom([
  `${Deno.cwd()}/dist`,
  `${Deno.cwd()}/public`,
]));

if (import.meta.main) {
  console.log("Server listening on port http://localhost:8000");
  await app.listen({ port: 8000 });
}
```

The server handles CORS, serves the API routes, and also serves static files
from the `dist` (built app) and `public` directories.

## Serve static files

The Oak server will also serve the built React app. To do this, we need to
configure it to serve static files from the `dist` directory where Vite outputs
the built app. We can use the `routeStaticFilesFrom` utility function to set
this up. Create a new file called `util/routeStaticFilesFrom.ts` in the `api`
directory with the following code:

```ts title="api/util/routeStaticFilesFrom.ts"
import { Context, Next } from "jsr:@oak/oak";

export default function routeStaticFilesFrom(staticPaths: string[]) {
  return async (context: Context<Record<string, object>>, next: Next) => {
    for (const path of staticPaths) {
      try {
        await context.send({ root: path, index: "index.html" });
        return;
      } catch {
        continue;
      }
    }

    await next();
  };
}
```

This utility function attempts to serve static files from the provided paths,
falling back to the next middleware if no file is found. It will serve the
`index.html` file from the `dist` directory, which is the entry point for the
React app.

You can test the API by running `deno run dev` and visiting
`localhost:8000/api/dinosaurs` in your browser to see the JSON response with all
dinosaurs.

## React app setup

### Entry point

The React app entry point is in `src/main.tsx`. We don't need to change anything
here, but it's worth noting that this is where the React app is rendered into
the DOM. The `createRoot` function from `react-dom/client` is used to render the
`App` component into the `root` element in `index.html`. Here's the code in
`src/main.tsx`:

```tsx title="src/main.tsx"
import { StrictMode } from "react";
import { createRoot } from "react-dom/client";
import "./index.css";
import App from "./App.tsx";

createRoot(document.getElementById("root")!).render(
  <StrictMode>
    <App />
  </StrictMode>,
);
```

## Add a router

The app will have two routes: `/` and `/:dinosaur`.

We'll set up the routing in `src/App.tsx`:

```tsx title="src/App.tsx"
import { BrowserRouter, Route, Routes } from "react-router-dom";
import Index from "./pages/index.tsx";
import Dinosaur from "./pages/Dinosaur.tsx";

function App() {
  return (
    <BrowserRouter>
      <Routes>
        <Route path="/" element={<Index />} />
        <Route path="/:selectedDinosaur" element={<Dinosaur />} />
      </Routes>
    </BrowserRouter>
  );
}

export default App;
```

## Proxy to forward the api requests

Vite serves the React application on port `3000` while the API runs on port
`8000`. We'll need to set up proxy configuration in `vite.config.ts` to forward
API requests:

```ts title="vite.config.ts"
import { defineConfig } from "vite";
import react from "@vitejs/plugin-react";
import deno from "@deno/vite-plugin";

export default defineConfig({
  server: {
    port: 3000,
    proxy: {
      "/api": {
        target: "http://localhost:8000",
        changeOrigin: true,
      },
    },
  },
  plugins: [react(), deno()],
  optimizeDeps: {
    include: ["react/jsx-runtime"],
  },
});
```

## Create the pages

Create a new directory called `pages`, and inside we'll make two new files
`src/pages/index.tsx` and `src/pages/Dinosaur.tsx`. The `Index` page lists all
dinosaurs and the `Dinosaur` page shows details of a specific dinosaur.

### index.tsx

This page fetches the list of dinosaurs from the API and renders them as links:

```tsx title="src/pages/index.tsx"
import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
import { Link } from "react-router-dom";

export default function Index() {
  const [dinosaurs, setDinosaurs] = useState([]);

  useEffect(() => {
    (async () => {
      const response = await fetch(`/api/dinosaurs/`);
      const allDinosaurs = await response.json();
      setDinosaurs(allDinosaurs);
    })();
  }, []);

  return (
    <main id="content">
      <h1>🦕 Dinosaur app</h1>
      <p>Click on a dinosaur below to learn more.</p>
      {dinosaurs.map((dinosaur: { name: string; description: string }) => {
        return (
          <Link
            to={`/${dinosaur.name.toLowerCase()}`}
            key={dinosaur.name}
            className="dinosaur"
          >
            {dinosaur.name}
          </Link>
        );
      })}
    </main>
  );
}
```

### Dinosaur.tsx

This page will fetch the details of a specific dinosaur from the API and render
it in a paragraph:

```tsx title="src/pages/Dinosaur.tsx"
import { useEffect, useState } from "react";
import { Link, useParams } from "react-router-dom";

export default function Dinosaur() {
  const { selectedDinosaur } = useParams();
  const [dinosaur, setDino] = useState({ name: "", description: "" });

  useEffect(() => {
    (async () => {
      const resp = await fetch(`/api/dinosaurs/${selectedDinosaur}`);
      const dino = await resp.json();
      setDino(dino);
    })();
  }, [selectedDinosaur]);

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{dinosaur.name}</h1>
      <p>{dinosaur.description}</p>
      <Link to="/">🠠 Back to all dinosaurs</Link>
    </div>
  );
}
```

### Styling your app

We've written
[some basic styles for you](https://raw.githubusercontent.com/denoland/tutorial-with-react/refs/heads/main/src/index.css),
which can be copied into `src/index.css`.

## Run the app

To run the app, use the dev task defined in `deno.json`:

```sh
deno run dev
```

This command will:

1. Start the Vite development server on port 3000
2. Start the API server on port 8000
3. Set up the proxy to forward `/api` requests from the frontend to the backend

Navigate to `localhost:3000` in your browser and you should see the dinosaur app
with a list of dinosaurs that you can click through to learn about each one.

## Understanding the project structure

Let's walk through the key files and folders in this project:

```text
tutorial-with-react/
├── api/                    # Backend API
│   ├── data.json          # Dinosaur data (700+ dinosaurs)
│   ├── main.ts            # Oak server with API routes
│   └── util/
│       └── routeStaticFilesFrom.ts
├── src/                    # React frontend
│   ├── main.tsx           # React app entry point
│   ├── App.tsx            # Main app with routing
│   ├── index.css          # Global styles
│   └── pages/
│       ├── index.tsx      # Homepage with dinosaur list
│       └── Dinosaur.tsx   # Individual dinosaur page
├── public/                 # Static assets
├── deno.json              # Deno configuration and tasks
├── package.json           # npm dependencies for Vite
├── vite.config.ts         # Vite configuration with proxy
└── index.html             # HTML template
```

### Key concepts

1. **Hybrid dependency management**: The project uses both Deno and npm
   dependencies. Deno handles server-side dependencies like Oak, while npm
   handles frontend dependencies through Vite.

2. **Development vs Production**: In development, Vite serves the React app on
   port 3000 and proxies API requests to the Oak server on port 8000. In
   production, the Oak server serves both the built React app and the API from
   port 8000.

3. **Modern React patterns**: The app uses React 19, functional components,
   hooks, and React Router for navigation.

4. **Type safety**: While this example doesn't use a separate types file, in a
   larger app you'd typically create TypeScript interfaces for your data
   structures.

You can see a version of the
[app running on Deno Deploy](https://tutorial-with-react.deno.deno.net/)

## Build and deploy

We set up the project with a `serve` task that builds the React app and serves
it with the Oak backend server. Run the following command to build and serve the
app in production mode:

```sh
deno run build
deno run serve
```

This will:

1. Build the React app using Vite (output goes to `dist/`)
2. Start the Oak server which serves both the API and the built React app

Visit `localhost:8000` in your browser to see the production version of the app!

You can deploy this app to your favorite cloud provider. We recommend using
[Deno Deploy](https://deno.com/deploy) for a simple and easy deployment
experience. You can deploy your app directly from GitHub, simply create a GitHub
repository and push your code there, then connect it to Deno Deploy.

### Create a GitHub repository

[Create a new GitHub repository](https://github.com/new), then initialize and
push your app to GitHub:

```sh
git init -b main
git remote add origin https://github.com/<your_github_username>/<your_repo_name>.git
git add .
git commit -am 'my react app'
git push -u origin main
```

### Deploy to Deno Deploy

Once your app is on GitHub, you can
[deploy it to Deno Deploy](https://console.deno.com/).

For a walkthrough of deploying your app, check out the
[Deno Deploy tutorial](/examples/deno_deploy_tutorial/).

🦕 Now you can scaffold and develop a React app with Vite and Deno! You’re ready
to build blazing-fast web applications. We hope you enjoy exploring these
cutting-edge tools, we can't wait to see what you make!


---

# How to use Redis with Deno

> Step-by-step guide to using Redis with Deno. Learn how to set up caching, implement message brokers, handle data streaming, and optimize your applications with Redis's in-memory data store.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/redis


[Redis](https://redis.io/) is an in-memory data store you can use for caching,
as a message broker, or for streaming data.

[View source here.](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-redis)

Here we're going to set up Redis to cache data from an API call to speed up any
subsequent requests for that data. We're going to:

- Set up a Redis client to save data from every API call in memory
- Set up a Deno server so we can easily request certain data
- Call the Github API within the server handler to get the data on first request
- Serve data from Redis on every subsequent request

We can do this within a single file, `main.ts`.

## Connecting to a Redis client

We need two modules. The first is the Deno server. We'll use this to get the
information from the user to query our API. The second is Redis. We can grab the
node package for Redis using the `npm:` modifier:

```tsx
import { createClient } from "npm:redis@^4.5";
```

We create a Redis client using `createClient` and connect to our local Redis
server:

```tsx
// make a connection to the local instance of redis
const client = createClient({
  url: "redis://localhost:6379",
});

await client.connect();
```

You can also set host, user, password, and port individually in this
[configuration](https://github.com/redis/node-redis/blob/master/docs/client-configuration.md)
object.

## Setting up the server

Our server is going to act as a wrapper around the Github API. A client can call
our server with a Github username in the URL pathname, such as
`http://localhost:3000/{username}`.

Parsing out the pathname and calling the Github API will take place inside a
handler function in our server. We strip the leading slash so we are left with a
variable we can pass to the Github API as a username. We'll then pass the
response back to the user.

```tsx
Deno.serve({ port: 3000 }, async (req) => {
  const { pathname } = new URL(req.url);
  // strip the leading slash
  const username = pathname.substring(1);
  const resp = await fetch(`https://api.github.com/users/${username}`);
  const user = await resp.json();
  return new Response(JSON.stringify(user), {
    headers: {
      "content-type": "application/json",
    },
  });
});
```

We'll run this with:

```tsx
deno run --allow-net main.ts
```

If we then go to [http://localhost:3000/ry](http://localhost:3000/ry) in
Postman, we'll get the Github response:

![uncached-redis-body.png](./images/how-to/redis/uncached-redis-body.png)

Let's cache this response using Redis.

## Checking the cache

Once we have our response from the Github API, we can cache this within Redis
using `client.set`, with our username as the key and the user object as the
value:

```tsx
await client.set(username, JSON.stringify(user));
```

Next time we request the same username, we can use `client.get` to get the
cached user:

```tsx
const cached_user = await client.get(username);
```

This returns null if the key doesn't exist. So we can use it in some flow
control. When we get the username, we'll initially check whether we already have
that user in the cache. If we do we'll serve the cached result. If not, we'll
call the Github API to get the user, cache it, the serve the API result. In both
cases, we'll add a custom header to show which version we're serving:

```tsx
const server = new Server({
  handler: async (req) => {
    const { pathname } = new URL(req.url);
    // strip the leading slash
    const username = pathname.substring(1);
    const cached_user = await client.get(username);
    if (cached_user) {
      return new Response(cached_user, {
        headers: {
          "content-type": "application/json",
          "is-cached": "true",
        },
      });
    } else {
      const resp = await fetch(`https://api.github.com/users/${username}`);
      const user = await resp.json();
      await client.set(username, JSON.stringify(user));
      return new Response(JSON.stringify(user), {
        headers: {
          "content-type": "application/json",
          "is-cached": "false",
        },
      });
    }
  },

  port: 3000,
});

server.listenAndServe();
```

Running this first time gives us the same response as above, and we'll see the
`is-cached` header set to `false`:

![uncached-redis-header.png](./images/how-to/redis/uncached-redis-header.png)

But call with the same username again, and we get the cached result. The body is
identical:

![cached-redis-body.png](./images/how-to/redis/cached-redis-body.png)

But the header shows we have the cache:

![cached-redis-header.png](./images/how-to/redis/cached-redis-header.png)

We can also see that the response was ~200ms quicker!

You can check out the Redis documentation [here](https://redis.io/docs/) and the
Redis node package [here](https://github.com/redis/node-redis).


---

# Run a script

> A guide to creating and running basic scripts with Deno. Learn how to write and execute JavaScript and TypeScript code, understand runtime environments, and get started with fundamental Deno concepts.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/run_script


Deno is a secure runtime for JavaScript and TypeScript.

A runtime is the environment where your code executes. It provides the necessary
infrastructure for your programs to run, handling things like memory management,
I/O operations, and interaction with external resources. The runtime is
responsible for translating your high-level code (JavaScript or TypeScript) into
machine instructions that the computer can understand.

When you run JavaScript in a web browser (like Chrome, Firefox, or Edge), you’re
using a browser runtime.

Browser runtimes are tightly coupled with the browser itself. They provide APIs
for manipulating the Document Object Model (DOM), handling events, making
network requests, and more. These runtimes are sandboxed, they operate within
the browser’s security model. They can’t access resources outside the browser,
such as the file system or environment variables.

When you run your code with Deno, you’re executing your JavaScript or TypeScript
code directly on your machine, outside the browser context. Therefore, Deno
programs can access resources on the host computer, such as the file system,
environment variables, and network sockets.

Deno provides a seamless experience for running JavaScript and TypeScript code.
Whether you prefer the dynamic nature of JavaScript or the type safety of
TypeScript, Deno has you covered.

## Running a script

In this tutorial we'll create a simple "Hello World" example in both JavaScript
and TypeScript using Deno.

We'll define a `capitalize` function that capitalizes the first letter of a
word. Then, we define a `hello` function that returns a greeting message with
the capitalized name. Finally, we call the `hello` function with different names
and print the output to the console.

### JavaScript

First, create a `hello-world.js` file and add the following code:

```js title="hello-world.js"
function capitalize(word) {
  return word.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + word.slice(1);
}

function hello(name) {
  return "Hello " + capitalize(name);
}

console.log(hello("john"));
console.log(hello("Sarah"));
console.log(hello("kai"));
```

Run the script using the `deno run` command:

```sh
$ deno run hello-world.js
Hello John
Hello Sarah
Hello Kai
```

### TypeScript

This TypeScript example is exactly the same as the JavaScript example above, the
code just has the additional type information which TypeScript supports.

Create a `hello-world.ts` file and add the following code:

```ts title="hello-world.ts"
function capitalize(word: string): string {
  return word.charAt(0).toUpperCase() + word.slice(1);
}

function hello(name: string): string {
  return "Hello " + capitalize(name);
}

console.log(hello("john"));
console.log(hello("Sarah"));
console.log(hello("kai"));
```

Run the TypeScript script using the `deno run` command:

```sh
$ deno run hello-world.ts
Hello John
Hello Sarah
Hello Kai
```

🦕 Congratulations! Now you know how to create a simple script in both JS and TS
and how to run it in Deno with the `deno run` command. Keep exploring the
tutorials and examples to learn more about Deno!


---

# Simple API server

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/simple_api


Deno makes it easy to build lightweight, standards-based HTTP APIs using just
the Web Platform primitives (Request, Response, fetch) with built‑in data
storage in KV. In this tutorial you'll build and deploy a small link shortener
backed by Deno KV, then push it to production on Deno Deploy.

We'll implement a simple link shortener service using
[Deno KV](/deploy/kv/manual). The modern Deno runtime provides `Deno.serve()`
which starts an HTTP server with zero configuration.

## Create a local API server

Make a new directory for your project and run `deno init` to create a basic Deno
project.

Update the `main.ts` file with the following code:

```ts title="main.ts"
const kv = await Deno.openKv();

interface CreateLinkBody {
  slug: string;
  url: string;
}

function json(body: unknown, init: ResponseInit = {}) {
  const headers = new Headers(init.headers);
  headers.set("content-type", "application/json; charset=utf-8");
  return new Response(JSON.stringify(body), { ...init, headers });
}

function isValidSlug(slug: string) {
  return /^[a-zA-Z0-9-_]{1,40}$/.test(slug);
}

export function handler(req: Request): Promise<Response> | Response {
  return (async () => {
    // Basic CORS support (optional – remove if not needed)
    if (req.method === "OPTIONS") {
      return new Response(null, {
        headers: {
          "access-control-allow-origin": "*",
          "access-control-allow-methods": "GET,POST,OPTIONS",
          "access-control-allow-headers": "content-type",
        },
      });
    }

    if (req.method === "POST") {
      let body: CreateLinkBody;
      try {
        body = await req.json();
      } catch {
        return json({ error: "Invalid JSON body" }, { status: 400 });
      }

      const { slug, url } = body;
      if (!slug || !url) {
        return json({ error: "'slug' and 'url' are required" }, {
          status: 400,
        });
      }
      if (!isValidSlug(slug)) {
        return json({ error: "Invalid slug format" }, { status: 422 });
      }
      try {
        new URL(url);
      } catch {
        return json({ error: "'url' must be an absolute URL" }, {
          status: 422,
        });
      }

      // Prevent overwriting an existing slug using an atomic check
      const key = ["links", slug];
      const txResult = await kv.atomic().check({ key, versionstamp: null }).set(
        key,
        url,
      ).commit();
      if (!txResult.ok) {
        return json({ error: "Slug already exists" }, { status: 409 });
      }
      return json({ slug, url }, { status: 201 });
    }

    // Redirect short links – extract slug from pathname
    const slug = new URL(req.url).pathname.slice(1); // remove leading '/'
    if (!slug) {
      return json({
        message: "Provide a slug in the path or POST to create one.",
      }, { status: 400 });
    }
    const result = await kv.get<[string] | string>(["links", slug]);
    const target = result.value as string | null;
    if (!target) {
      return json({ error: "Slug not found" }, { status: 404 });
    }
    return Response.redirect(target, 301);
  })();
}

export function startServer(port = 8000) {
  return Deno.serve({ port }, handler);
}

startServer();
```

## Run and test your server locally

Update the `dev` task in the `deno.json` file to allow network permissions and
add the `--unstable-kv` flag to allow using Deno KV locally:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno run --unstable-kv -N main.ts"
  }
}
```

Now you can run your server with:

```sh
deno task dev
```

> For rapid iteration you could grant all permissions (`-A`) instead of just
> network (`-N`), but we do not recommend this for production environments.

### Test your API server

This server will respond to HTTP `GET` and `POST` requests. The `POST` handler
expects to receive a JSON document in request the body with `slug` and `url`
properties. The `slug` is the short URL component, and the `url` is the full URL
you want to redirect to.

Here's an example of creating a short link with cURL (expects a 201 Created
response):

```shell
curl --header "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --request POST \
  --data '{"url":"https://docs.deno.com/","slug":"denodocs"}' \
  http://localhost:8000/
```

In response, the server returns JSON describing the stored link:

```json
{ "slug": "denodocs", "url": "https://docs.deno.com/" }
```

If you try to run the curl to create the same slug again you'll get a 409
Conflict:

```json
{ "error": "Slug already exists" }
```

A `GET` request to our server will take a URL slug as a path parameter, and
redirect to the provided URL. You can visit this URL in the browser, or make
another cURL request to see this in action!

```shell
curl -v http://localhost:8000/denodocs
```

## Deploy your API server

::: Deno Deploy account required

You will need an account on Deno Deploy to complete this section. If you haven't
already, [sign up for a free Deno Deploy account](https://console.deno.com/).

:::

### Provision a KV database on Deno Deploy

First, we will 'provision' a KV database in Deno Deploy for our deployed app to
use.

1. Visit [Deno Deploy](https://console.deno.com/) and click on the "Databases"
   tab.
2. Click the "+ Provision database" button.
3. Click the "Provision" button to create a free KV database.
4. Give your database an identifying slug, select a region and click "Provision
   Database".

### Deploy your server

Deploy your server with the following command:

```sh
deno deploy
```

This will briefly redirect you to a browser to authenticate with your Deno
Deploy account, once authenticated, return to your terminal.

1. Select an organization (if you belong to more than one).
2. Select 'Create a new application'.
3. Return to the browser to see your new project and give it a name.
4. Click "Create App".
5. Once created, click on the "Timelines" menu item on the left side.
6. Click "Manage" next to the Databases section.
7. Find the KV database you created earlier and click "Assign".
8. Select your newly created app.
9. Click on the app name in the "Assignments" column to return to your app.
10. Click on the recent deployment link (which will have failed because it has
    no KV assigned).
11. Click the "Retry Build" button to redeploy your app with the KV database
    assigned.

Once successfully built, in the "Overview" tab, you will see your Production
URL, you can now use this with your curl commands to test your deployed API.

## Test out your new link shortener

Without any additional configuration (Deno KV just works on Deploy), your app
should run the same as it did on your local machine.

You can add new links using the `POST` handler as you did before. Just replace
the `localhost` URL with your live production URL on Deno Deploy:

```shell
curl --header "Content-Type: application/json" \
  --request POST \
  --data '{"url":"https://docs.deno.com/runtime/","slug":"denodocs"}' \
  https://your-project.yourusername.deno.net/
```

Similarly, you can visit your shortened URLs in the browser, or view the
redirect coming back with a cURL command:

```shell
curl -v https://your-project.yourusername.deno.net/denodocs
```

🦕 Now you know how to make a basic API with Deno and how to deploy it to Deno
Deploy. Now that you have a working url shortener, you could consider making a
frontend for it to allow users to create and manage their short links. Take a
look at our (web
frameworks)[/frameworks](/examples/#web-frameworks-and-libraries) page for some
ideas on how to get started!


---

# Snapshot testing

> Learn how to use snapshot testing in Deno to compare outputs against recorded references, making it easier to detect unintended changes in your code

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/snapshot


Snapshot testing is a testing technique that captures the output of your code
and compares it against a stored reference version. Rather than manually writing
assertions for each property, you let the test runner record the entire output
structure, making it easier to detect any unexpected changes.

The [Deno Standard Library](/runtime/reference/std/) has a
[snapshot module](https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/snapshot), which enables
developers to write tests which assert a value against a reference snapshot.
This reference snapshot is a serialized representation of the original value and
is stored alongside the test file.

## Basic usage

The `assertSnapshot` function will create a snapshot of a value and compare it
to a reference snapshot, which is stored alongside the test file in the
`__snapshots__` directory.

To create an initial snapshot (or to update an existing snapshot), use the
`-- --update` flag with the `deno test` command.

### Basic snapshot example

The below example shows how to use the snapshot library with the `Deno.test`
API. We can test a snapshot of a basic object, containing string and number
properties.

The `assertSnapshot(t, a)` function compares the object against a stored
snapshot. The `t` parameter is the test context that Deno provides, which the
snapshot function uses to determine the test name and location for storing
snapshots.

```ts title="example_test.ts"
import { assertSnapshot } from "jsr:@std/testing/snapshot";

Deno.test("isSnapshotMatch", async (t) => {
  const a = {
    hello: "world!",
    example: 123,
  };
  await assertSnapshot(t, a);
});
```

You will need to grant read and write file permissions in order for Deno to
write a snapshot file and then read it to test the assertion. If it is the first
time you are running the test a do not already have a snapshot, add the
`--update` flag:

```bash
deno test --allow-read --allow-write -- --update
```

If you already have a snapshot file, you can run the test with:

```bash
deno test --allow-read
```

The test will compare the current output of the object against the stored
snapshot. If they match, the test passes; if they differ, the test fails.

The snapshot file will look like this:

```ts title="__snapshots__/example_test.ts.snap"
export const snapshot = {};

snapshot[`isSnapshotMatch 1`] = `
{
  example: 123,
  hello: "world!",
}
`;
```

You can edit your test to change the `hello` string to `"everyone!"` and run the
test again with `deno test --allow-read`. This time the `assertSnapshot`
function will throw an `AssertionError`, causing the test to fail because the
snapshot created during the test does not match the one in the snapshot file.

## Updating snapshots

When adding new snapshot assertions to your test suite, or when intentionally
making changes which cause your snapshots to fail, you can update your snapshots
by running the snapshot tests in update mode. Tests can be run in update mode by
passing the `--update` or `-u` flag as an argument when running the test. When
this flag is passed, then any snapshots which do not match will be updated.

```bash
deno test --allow-read --allow-write -- --update
```

:::note

New snapshots will only be created when the `--update` flag is present.

:::

## Permissions

When running snapshot tests, the `--allow-read` permission must be enabled, or
else any calls to `assertSnapshot` will fail due to insufficient permissions.
Additionally, when updating snapshots, the `--allow-write` permission must be
enabled, as this is required in order to update snapshot files.

The assertSnapshot function will only attempt to read from and write to snapshot
files. As such, the allow list for `--allow-read` and `--allow-write` can be
limited to only include existing snapshot files, if desired.

## Version Control

Snapshot testing works best when changes to snapshot files are committed
alongside other code changes. This allows for changes to reference snapshots to
be reviewed along side the code changes that caused them, and ensures that when
others pull your changes, their tests will pass without needing to update
snapshots locally.

## Options

The `assertSnapshot` function can be called with an `options` object which
offers greater flexibility and enables some non standard use cases:

```ts
import { assertSnapshot } from "jsr:@std/testing/snapshot";

Deno.test("isSnapshotMatch", async (t) => {
  const a = {
    hello: "world!",
    example: 123,
  };
  await assertSnapshot(t, a, {/*custom options go here*/});
});
```

### serializer

When you run a test with `assertSnapshot`, the data you're testing needs to be
converted to a string format that can be written to the snapshot file (when
creating or updating snapshots) and compared with the existing snapshot (when
validating), this is called serialization.

The `serializer` option allows you to provide a custom serializer function. This
custom function will be called by `assertSnapshot` and be passed the value being
asserted. Your custom function must:

1. Return a `string`
2. Be deterministic, (it will always produce the same output, given the same
   input).

The code below shows a practical example of creating and using a custom
serializer function for snapshot testing. This serialiser removes any ANSI
colour codes from a string using the
[`stripColour`](https://jsr.io/@std/fmt/doc/colors) string formatter from the
Deno Standard Library.

```ts title="example_test.ts"
import { assertSnapshot, serialize } from "jsr:@std/testing/snapshot";
import { stripColor } from "jsr:@std/fmt/colors";

/**
 * Serializes `actual` and removes ANSI escape codes.
 */
function customSerializer(actual: string) {
  return serialize(stripColor(actual));
}

Deno.test("Custom Serializer", async (t) => {
  const output = "\x1b[34mHello World!\x1b[39m";
  await assertSnapshot(t, output, {
    serializer: customSerializer,
  });
});
```

```ts title="__snapshots__/example_test.ts.snap"
snapshot = {};

snapshot[`Custom Serializer 1`] = `"Hello World!"`;
```

Custom serializers can be useful in a variety of scenarios:

- To remove irrelevant formatting (like ANSI codes shown above) and improve
  legibility
- To handle non-deterministic data. Timestamps, UUIDs, or random values can be
  replaced with placeholders
- To mask or remove sensitive data that shouldn't be saved in snapshots
- Custom formatting to present complex objects in a domain-specific format

### Serialization with `Deno.customInspect`

Because the default serializer uses `Deno.inspect` under the hood, you can set
the property `Symbol.for("Deno.customInspect")` to a custom serialization
function if desired:

```ts title="example_test.ts"
// example_test.ts
import { assertSnapshot } from "jsr:@std/testing/snapshot";

class HTMLTag {
  constructor(
    public name: string,
    public children: Array<HTMLTag | string> = [],
  ) {}

  public render(depth: number) {
    const indent = "  ".repeat(depth);
    let output = `${indent}<${this.name}>\n`;
    for (const child of this.children) {
      if (child instanceof HTMLTag) {
        output += `${child.render(depth + 1)}\n`;
      } else {
        output += `${indent}  ${child}\n`;
      }
    }
    output += `${indent}</${this.name}>`;
    return output;
  }

  public [Symbol.for("Deno.customInspect")]() {
    return this.render(0);
  }
}

Deno.test("Page HTML Tree", async (t) => {
  const page = new HTMLTag("html", [
    new HTMLTag("head", [
      new HTMLTag("title", [
        "Simple SSR Example",
      ]),
    ]),
    new HTMLTag("body", [
      new HTMLTag("h1", [
        "Simple SSR Example",
      ]),
      new HTMLTag("p", [
        "This is an example of how Deno.customInspect could be used to snapshot an intermediate SSR representation",
      ]),
    ]),
  ]);

  await assertSnapshot(t, page);
});
```

This test will produce the following snapshot.

```ts title="__snapshots__/example_test.ts.snap"
export const snapshot = {};

snapshot[`Page HTML Tree 1`] = `
<html>
  <head>
    <title>
      Simple SSR Example
    </title>
  </head>
  <body>
    <h1>
      Simple SSR Example
    </h1>
    <p>
      This is an example of how Deno.customInspect could be used to snapshot an intermediate SSR representation
    </p>
  </body>
</html>
`;
```

In contrast, when we remove the `Deno.customInspect` method, the test will
produce the following snapshot:

```ts title="__snapshots__/example_test.ts.snap"
export const snapshot = {};

snapshot[`Page HTML Tree 1`] = `HTMLTag {
  children: [
    HTMLTag {
      children: [
        HTMLTag {
          children: [
            "Simple SSR Example",
          ],
          name: "title",
        },
      ],
      name: "head",
    },
    HTMLTag {
      children: [
        HTMLTag {
          children: [
            "Simple SSR Example",
          ],
          name: "h1",
        },
        HTMLTag {
          children: [
            "This is an example of how Deno.customInspect could be used to snapshot an intermediate SSR representation",
          ],
          name: "p",
        },
      ],
      name: "body",
    },
  ],
  name: "html",
}`;
```

You can see that this second snapshot is much less readable. This is because:

1. The keys are sorted alphabetically, so the name of the element is displayed
   after its children
2. It includes a lot of extra information, causing the snapshot to be more than
   twice as long
3. It is not an accurate serialization of the HTML which the data represents

Note that in this example it would be possible to achieve the same result by
calling:

```ts
await assertSnapshot(t, page.render(0));
```

However, depending on the public API you choose to expose, this may not be
practical.

It is also worth considering that this could have an impact beyond your snapshot
testing. For example, `Deno.customInspect` is also used to serialize objects
when calling `console.log` (and in some other cases). This may or may not be
desirable.

### `dir` and `path`

The `dir` and `path` options allow you to control where the snapshot file will
be saved to and read from. These can be absolute paths or relative paths. If
relative, they will be resolved relative to the test file.

For example, if your test file is located at `/path/to/test.ts` and the `dir`
option is set to `snapshots`, then the snapshot file would be written to
`/path/to/snapshots/test.ts.snap`.

- `dir` allows you to specify the snapshot directory, while still using the
  default format for the snapshot file name.

- `path` allows you to specify the directory and file name of the snapshot file.

If your test file is located at `/path/to/test.ts` and the `path` option is set
to `snapshots/test.snapshot`, then the snapshot file would be written to
`/path/to/snapshots/test.snapshot`.

:::note

If both `dir` and `path` are specified, the `dir` option will be ignored and the
`path` option will be handled as normal.

:::

### `mode`

The `mode` option controls how `assertSnapshot` behaves regardless of command
line flags and has two settings, `assert` or `update`:

- `assert`: Always performs comparison only, ignoring any `--update` or `-u`
  flags. If snapshots don't match, the test will fail with an `AssertionError`.

- `update`: Always updates snapshots. Any mismatched snapshots will be updated
  after tests complete.

This option is useful when you need different snapshot behaviors within the same
test suite:

```ts
// Create a new snapshot or verify an existing one
await assertSnapshot(t, stableComponent);

// Always update this snapshot regardless of command line flags
await assertSnapshot(t, experimentalComponent, {
  mode: "update",
  name: "experimental feature",
});

// Always verify but never update this snapshot regardless of command line flags
await assertSnapshot(t, criticalComponent, {
  mode: "assert",
  name: "critical feature",
});
```

### `name`

The name of the snapshot. If unspecified, the name of the test step will be used
instead.

```ts title="example_test.ts"
import { assertSnapshot } from "jsr:@std/testing/snapshot";

Deno.test("isSnapshotMatch", async (t) => {
  const a = {
    hello: "world!",
    example: 123,
  };
  await assertSnapshot(t, a, {
    name: "Test Name",
  });
});
```

```ts title="__snapshots__/example_test.ts.snap"
export const snapshot = {};

snapshot[`Test Name 1`] = `
{
  example: 123,
  hello: "world!",
}
`;
```

When `assertSnapshot` is run multiple times with the same value for name, then
the suffix will be incremented as normal. i.e. `Test Name 1`, `Test Name 2`,
`Test Name 3`, etc.

### `msg`

Used to set a custom error message. This will overwrite the default error
message, which includes the diff for failed snapshots:

```ts
Deno.test("custom error message example", async (t) => {
  const userData = {
    name: "John Doe",
    role: "admin",
  };

  await assertSnapshot(t, userData, {
    msg:
      "User data structure has changed unexpectedly. Please verify your changes are intentional.",
  });
});
```

When the snapshot fails, instead of seeing the default diff message, you'll see
your custom error message.

## Testing Different Data Types

Snapshot testing works with various data types and structures:

```ts
Deno.test("snapshot various types", async (t) => {
  // Arrays
  await assertSnapshot(t, [1, 2, 3, "four", { five: true }]);

  // Complex objects
  await assertSnapshot(t, {
    user: { name: "Test", roles: ["admin", "user"] },
    settings: new Map([["theme", "dark"], ["language", "en"]]),
  });

  // Error objects
  await assertSnapshot(t, new Error("Test error message"));
});
```

## Working with Asynchronous Code

When testing asynchronous functions, ensure you await the results before passing
them to the snapshot:

```ts
Deno.test("async function test", async (t) => {
  const fetchData = async () => {
    // Simulate API call
    return { success: true, data: ["item1", "item2"] };
  };

  const result = await fetchData();
  await assertSnapshot(t, result);
});
```

## Best Practices

### Keep Snapshots Concise

Avoid capturing large data structures that aren't necessary for your test. Focus
on capturing only what's relevant.

### Descriptive Test Names

Use descriptive test names that clearly indicate what's being tested:

```ts
Deno.test(
  "renders user profile card with all required fields",
  async (t) => {
    // ... test code
    await assertSnapshot(t, component);
  },
);
```

### Review Snapshots During Code Reviews

Always review snapshot changes during code reviews to ensure they represent
intentional changes and not regressions.

### Snapshot Organization

For larger projects, consider organizing snapshots by feature or component:

```ts
await assertSnapshot(t, component, {
  path: `__snapshots__/components/${componentName}.snap`,
});
```

## Snapshot Testing in CI/CD

### GitHub Actions Example

When running snapshot tests in CI environments, you'll typically want to verify
existing snapshots rather than updating them:

```yaml title=".github/workflows/test.yml"
name: Test
on: [push, pull_request]
jobs:
  test:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: denoland/setup-deno@v2
        with:
          deno-version: v2.x
      - name: Run tests
        run: deno test --allow-read
```

For pull requests that intentionally update snapshots, reviewers should verify
the changes are expected before merging.

## Practical Examples

### Testing HTML Output

HTML output testing with snapshots is particularly useful for web applications
where you want to ensure your components render the expected markup. This
approach allows you to catch unintended changes in your HTML structure,
attributes, or content that might affect the visual appearance or functionality
of your UI components.

By capturing a snapshot of the HTML output, you can:

- Verify that UI components render correctly with different props/data
- Detect regressions when refactoring rendering logic
- Document the expected output format of components

```ts
Deno.test("HTML rendering", async (t) => {
  const renderComponent = () => {
    return `<div class="card">
      <h2>User Profile</h2>
      <p>Username: testuser</p>
    </div>`;
  };

  await assertSnapshot(t, renderComponent());
});
```

### Testing API Responses

When building applications that interact with APIs, snapshot testing helps
ensure that the structure and format of API responses remain consistent. This is
particularly valuable for:

- Maintaining backward compatibility when updating API integrations
- Verifying that your API response parsing logic works correctly
- Documenting the expected shape of API responses for team collaboration
- Detecting unexpected changes in API responses that could break your
  application

```ts
Deno.test("API response format", async (t) => {
  const mockApiResponse = {
    status: 200,
    data: {
      users: [
        { id: 1, name: "User 1" },
        { id: 2, name: "User 2" },
      ],
      pagination: { page: 1, total: 10 },
    },
  };

  await assertSnapshot(t, mockApiResponse);
});
```

🦕 Snapshot testing is a powerful technique that complements traditional unit
tests by allowing you to capture and verify complex outputs without writing
detailed assertions. By incorporating snapshot tests into your testing strategy,
you can catch unintended changes, document expected behavior, and build more
resilient applications.


---

# Build a SolidJS app with Deno

> Build a SolidJS application with Deno. Learn how to set up a project, implement reactive components, handle routing, create API endpoints with Hono, and build a full-stack TypeScript application.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/solidjs


[SolidJS](https://www.solidjs.com/) is a declarative JavaScript library for
creating user interfaces that emphasizes fine-grained reactivity and minimal
overhead. When combined with Deno's modern runtime environment, you get a
powerful, performant stack for building web applications. In this tutorial,
we'll build a simple dinosaur catalog app that demonstrates the key features of
both technologies.

We'll go over how to build a simple SolidJS app using Deno:

- [Scaffold a SolidJS app](#scaffold-a-solidjs-app-with-vite)
- [Set up on Hono backend](#set-up-our-hono-backend)
- [Create our SolidJS frontend](#create-our-solidjs-frontend)
- [Next steps](#next-steps)

Feel free to skip directly to
[the source code](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-solidjs)
or follow along below!

## Scaffold a SolidJS app with Vite

Let's set up our SolidJS application using [Vite](https://vite.dev/), a modern
build tool that provides an excellent development experience with features like
hot module replacement and optimized builds.

```bash
deno init --npm vite@latest solid-deno --template solid-ts
```

Our backend will be powered by [Hono](https://hono.dev/), which we can install
via [JSR](https://jsr.io). Let's also add `solidjs/router` for client-side
routing and navigation between our dinosaur catalog pages.

<figure>

```bash
deno add jsr:@hono/hono npm:@solidjs/router
```

<figcaption>
<a href="https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/add/">
Learn more about <code>deno add</code> and using Deno as a package manager.
</a>
</figcaption>
</figure>

We'll also have to update our `deno.json` to include a few tasks and
`compilerOptions` to run our app:

<figure>

```json
{
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno task dev:api & deno task dev:vite",
    "dev:api": "deno run --allow-env --allow-net --allow-read api/main.ts",
    "dev:vite": "deno run -A npm:vite",
    "build": "deno run -A npm:vite build",
    "serve": {
      "command": "deno task dev:api",
      "description": "Run the build, and then start the API server",
      "dependencies": ["deno task build"]
    }
  },
  "imports": {
    "@hono/hono": "jsr:@hono/hono@^4.6.12",
    "@solidjs/router": "npm:@solidjs/router@^0.14.10"
  },
  "compilerOptions": {
    "jsx": "react-jsx",
    "jsxImportSource": "solid-js",
    "lib": ["DOM", "DOM.Iterable", "ESNext"]
  }
}
```

<figcaption>
<a href="https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/task/">You can write your <code>tasks</code> as objects</a>. Here our <code>serve</code> command includes a <code>description</code> and <code>dependencies</code>.
</figcaption>
</figure>

Great! Next, let's setup our API backend.

## Set up our Hono backend

Within our main directory, we will set up an `api/` directory and create two
files. First, our dinosaur data file,
[`api/data.json`](https://github.com/denoland/examples/blob/main/with-solidjs/api/data.json):

```jsonc
// api/data.json

[
  {
    "name": "Aardonyx",
    "description": "An early stage in the evolution of sauropods."
  },
  {
    "name": "Abelisaurus",
    "description": "\"Abel's lizard\" has been reconstructed from a single skull."
  },
  {
    "name": "Abrictosaurus",
    "description": "An early relative of Heterodontosaurus."
  },
  ...
]
```

This is where our data will be pulled from. In a full application, this data
would come from a database.

> ⚠️️ In this tutorial we hard code the data. But you can connect
> to [a variety of databases](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/connecting_to_databases/) and [even use ORMs like Prisma](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/how_to_with_npm/prisma/) with
> Deno.

Secondly, we need our Hono server, `api/main.ts`:

```tsx
// api/main.ts

import { Hono } from "@hono/hono";
import data from "./data.json" with { type: "json" };

const app = new Hono();

app.get("/", (c) => {
  return c.text("Welcome to the dinosaur API!");
});

app.get("/api/dinosaurs", (c) => {
  return c.json(data);
});

app.get("/api/dinosaurs/:dinosaur", (c) => {
  if (!c.req.param("dinosaur")) {
    return c.text("No dinosaur name provided.");
  }

  const dinosaur = data.find((item) =>
    item.name.toLowerCase() === c.req.param("dinosaur").toLowerCase()
  );

  console.log(dinosaur);

  if (dinosaur) {
    return c.json(dinosaur);
  } else {
    return c.notFound();
  }
});

Deno.serve(app.fetch);
```

This Hono server provides two API endpoints:

- `GET /api/dinosaurs` to fetch all dinosaurs, and
- `GET /api/dinosaurs/:dinosaur` to fetch a specific dinosaur by name

This server will be started on `localhost:8000` when we run `deno task dev`.

Finally, before we start building out the frontend, let's update our
`vite.config.ts` file with the below, especially the `server.proxy`, which
informs our SolidJS frontend where to locate the API endpoint.

```tsx
// vite.config.ts
import { defineConfig } from "vite";
import solid from "vite-plugin-solid";

export default defineConfig({
  plugins: [solid()],
  server: {
    proxy: {
      "/api": {
        target: "http://localhost:8000",
        changeOrigin: true,
      },
    },
  },
});
```

## Create our SolidJS frontend

Before we begin building out the frontend components, let's quickly define the
`Dino` type in `src/types.ts`:

```tsx
// src/types.ts
export type Dino = {
  name: string;
  description: string;
};
```

The `Dino` type interface ensures type safety throughout our application,
defining the shape of our dinosaur data and enabling TypeScript's static type
checking.

Next, let's set up our frontend to receive that data. We're going to have two
pages:

- `Index.tsx`
- `Dinosaur.tsx`

Here's the code for the `src/pages/Index.tsx` page:

```tsx
// src/pages/Index.tsx

import { createSignal, For, onMount } from "solid-js";
import { A } from "@solidjs/router";
import type { Dino } from "../types.ts";

export default function Index() {
  const [dinosaurs, setDinosaurs] = createSignal<Dino[]>([]);

  onMount(async () => {
    try {
      const response = await fetch("/api/dinosaurs");
      const allDinosaurs = (await response.json()) as Dino[];
      setDinosaurs(allDinosaurs);
      console.log("Fetched dinosaurs:", allDinosaurs);
    } catch (error) {
      console.error("Failed to fetch dinosaurs:", error);
    }
  });

  return (
    <main id="content">
      <h1>Welcome to the Dinosaur app</h1>
      <p>Click on a dinosaur below to learn more.</p>
      <For each={dinosaurs()}>
        {(dinosaur) => (
          <A href={`/${dinosaur.name.toLowerCase()}`} class="dinosaur">
            {dinosaur.name}
          </A>
        )}
      </For>
    </main>
  );
}
```

When using SolidJS, there are a few key differences to React to be aware of:

1. We use SolidJS-specific primitives:
   - `createSignal` instead of `useState`
   - `createEffect` instead of `useEffect`
   - `For` component instead of `map`
   - `A` component instead of `Link`
2. SolidJS components use fine-grained reactivity, so we call signals as
   functions, e.g. `dinosaur()` instead of just `dinosaur`
3. The routing is handled by `@solidjs/router` instead of `react-router-dom`
4. Component imports use Solid's
   [`lazy`](https://docs.solidjs.com/reference/component-apis/lazy) for code
   splitting

The `Index` page uses SolidJS's `createSignal` to manage the list of dinosaurs
and `onMount` to fetch the data when the component loads. We use the `For`
component, which is SolidJS's efficient way of rendering lists, rather than
using JavaScript's map function. The `A` component from `@solidjs/router`
creates client-side navigation links to individual dinosaur pages, preventing
full page reloads.

Now the individual dinosaur data page at `src/pages/Dinosaur.tsx`:

```tsx
// src/pages/Dinosaur.tsx

import { createSignal, onMount } from "solid-js";
import { A, useParams } from "@solidjs/router";
import type { Dino } from "../types.ts";

export default function Dinosaur() {
  const params = useParams();
  const [dinosaur, setDinosaur] = createSignal<Dino>({
    name: "",
    description: "",
  });

  onMount(async () => {
    const resp = await fetch(`/api/dinosaurs/${params.selectedDinosaur}`);
    const dino = (await resp.json()) as Dino;
    setDinosaur(dino);
    console.log("Dinosaur", dino);
  });

  return (
    <div>
      <h1>{dinosaur().name}</h1>
      <p>{dinosaur().description}</p>
      <A href="/">Back to all dinosaurs</A>
    </div>
  );
}
```

The `Dinosaur` page demonstrates SolidJS's approach to dynamic routing by using
`useParams` to access the URL parameters. It follows a similar pattern to the
`Index` page, using `createSignal` for state management and `onMount` for data
fetching, but focuses on a single dinosaur's details. This `Dinosaur` component
also shows how to access signal values in the template by calling them as
functions (e.g., `dinosaur().name`), which is a key difference from React's
state management.

Finally, to tie it all together, we'll update the `App.tsx` file, which will
serve both the `Index` and `Dinosaur` pages as components. The `App` component
sets up our routing configuration using `@solidjs/router`, defining two main
routes: the index route for our dinosaur list and a dynamic route for individual
dinosaur pages. The `:selectedDinosaur` parameter in the route path creates a
dynamic segment that matches any dinosaur name in the URL.

```tsx
// src/App.tsx

import { Route, Router } from "@solidjs/router";
import Index from "./pages/Index.tsx";
import Dinosaur from "./pages/Dinosaur.tsx";
import "./App.css";

const App = () => {
  return (
    <Router>
      <Route path="/" component={Index} />
      <Route path="/:selectedDinosaur" component={Dinosaur} />
    </Router>
  );
};

export default App;
```

Finally, this `App` component will be called from our main index:

```tsx
// src/index.tsx

import { render } from "solid-js/web";
import App from "./App.tsx";
import "./index.css";

const wrapper = document.getElementById("root");

if (!wrapper) {
  throw new Error("Wrapper div not found");
}

render(() => <App />, wrapper);
```

The entry point of our application mounts the App component to the DOM using
SolidJS's `render` function. It includes a safety check to ensure the root
element exists before attempting to render, providing better error handling
during initialization.

Now, let's run `deno task dev` to start both the frontend and backend together:

<figure>

<video class="w-full" alt="Build an http server tutorial in Deno Deploy." autoplay muted loop playsinline src="./images/how-to/solidjs/demo.mp4"></video>

</figure>

## Next steps

🦕 Now you can build and run a SolidJS app with Deno! Here are some ways you
could enhance your dinosaur application:

- Add persistent data store
  [using a database like Postgres or MongoDB](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/connecting_to_databases/)
  and an ORM like [Drizzle](https://deno.com/blog/build-database-app-drizzle) or
  [Prisma](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/how_to_with_npm/prisma/)
- Implement global state using SolidJS's
  [`createContext`](https://docs.solidjs.com/reference/component-apis/create-context)
  for sharing data between components
- Add loading states using
  [`createResource`](https://docs.solidjs.com/reference/basic-reactivity/create-resource)'s
  loading property
- Implement route-based code splitting with
  [`lazy`](https://docs.solidjs.com/reference/component-apis/lazy) imports
- Use `Index` component for more efficient list rendering
- Deploy your app to
  [AWS](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/aws_lightsail/),
  [Digital Ocean](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/digital_ocean/), or
  [Google Cloud Run](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/google_cloud_run/)

The combination of SolidJS's unique reactive primitives, true DOM
reconciliation, and Deno's modern runtime provides an incredibly efficient
foundation for web development. With no Virtual DOM overhead and granular
updates only where needed, your application can achieve optimal performance
while maintaining clean, readable code.


---

# Stubbing in tests

> Learn how to use stubs in Deno to isolate code during testing by replacing function implementations with controlled behavior

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/stubbing


Stubbing is a powerful technique for isolating the code you're testing by
replacing functions with controlled implementations. While
[spies](/examples/mocking_tutorial/#spying) monitor function calls without
changing behavior, stubs go a step further by completely replacing the original
implementation, allowing you to simulate specific conditions or behaviors during
testing.

## What are stubs?

Stubs are fake implementations that replace real functions during testing. They
let you:

- Control what values functions return
- Simulate errors or specific edge cases
- Prevent external services like databases or APIs from being called
- Test code paths that would be difficult to trigger with real implementations

Deno provides robust stubbing capabilities through the
[Standard Library's testing tools](https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/mock#stubbing).

## Basic stub usage

Here's a simple example demonstrating how to stub a function:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { stub } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";

// Original function
function getUserName(id: number): string {
  // In a real app, this might call a database
  return "Original User";
}

// Function under test
function greetUser(id: number): string {
  const name = getUserName(id);
  return `Hello, ${name}!`;
}

Deno.test("greetUser with stubbed getUserName", () => {
  // Create a stub that returns a controlled value
  const getUserNameStub = stub(globalThis, "getUserName", () => "Test User");

  try {
    // Test with the stubbed function
    const greeting = greetUser(123);
    assertEquals(greeting, "Hello, Test User!");
  } finally {
    // Always restore the original function
    getUserNameStub.restore();
  }
});
```

In this example, we:

1. Import the necessary functions from Deno's standard library
2. Create a stub for the `getUserName` function that returns "Test User" instead
   of calling the real implementation
3. Call our function under test, which will use the stubbed implementation
4. Verify the result meets our expectations
5. Restore the original function to prevent affecting other tests

## Using stubs in a testing scenario

Let's look at a more practical example with a `UserRepository` class that
interacts with a database:

```ts
import { assertSpyCalls, returnsNext, stub } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";
import { assertThrows } from "jsr:@std/assert";

type User = {
  id: number;
  name: string;
};

// This represents our database access layer
const database = {
  getUserById(id: number): User | undefined {
    // In a real app, this would query a database
    return { id, name: "Ada Lovelace" };
  },
};

// The class we want to test
class UserRepository {
  static findOrThrow(id: number): User {
    const user = database.getUserById(id);
    if (!user) {
      throw new Error("User not found");
    }
    return user;
  }
}

Deno.test("findOrThrow method throws when the user was not found", () => {
  // Stub the database.getUserById function to return undefined
  using dbStub = stub(database, "getUserById", returnsNext([undefined]));

  // We expect this function call to throw an error
  assertThrows(() => UserRepository.findOrThrow(1), Error, "User not found");

  // Verify the stubbed function was called once
  assertSpyCalls(dbStub, 1);
});
```

In this example:

1. We're testing the `findOrThrow` method, which should throw an error when a
   user is not found
2. We stub `database.getUserById` to return `undefined`, simulating a missing
   user
3. We verify that `findOrThrow` throws the expected error
4. We also check that the database method was called exactly once

Note that we're using the `using` keyword with `stub`, which is a convenient way
to ensure the stub is automatically restored when it goes out of scope.

## Advanced stub techniques

### Returning different values on subsequent calls

Sometimes you want a stub to return different values each time it's called:

```ts
import { returnsNext, stub } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";

Deno.test("stub with multiple return values", () => {
  const fetchDataStub = stub(
    globalThis,
    "fetchData",
    // Return these values in sequence
    returnsNext(["first result", "second result", "third result"]),
  );

  try {
    assertEquals(fetchData(), "first result");
    assertEquals(fetchData(), "second result");
    assertEquals(fetchData(), "third result");
  } finally {
    fetchDataStub.restore();
  }
});
```

### Stubbing with implementation logic

You can also provide custom logic in your stub implementations:

```ts
import { stub } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";

Deno.test("stub with custom implementation", () => {
  // Create a counter to track how many times the stub is called
  let callCount = 0;

  const calculateStub = stub(
    globalThis,
    "calculate",
    (a: number, b: number) => {
      callCount++;
      return a + b * 2; // Custom implementation
    },
  );

  try {
    const result = calculate(5, 10);
    assertEquals(result, 25); // 5 + (10 * 2)
    assertEquals(callCount, 1);
  } finally {
    calculateStub.restore();
  }
});
```

## Stubbing API calls and external services

One of the most common uses of stubs is to replace API calls during testing:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { stub } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";

async function fetchUserData(id: string) {
  const response = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/users/${id}`);
  if (!response.ok) {
    throw new Error(`Failed to fetch user: ${response.status}`);
  }
  return await response.json();
}

Deno.test("fetchUserData with stubbed fetch", async () => {
  const mockResponse = new Response(
    JSON.stringify({ id: "123", name: "Jane Doe" }),
    { status: 200, headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" } },
  );

  // Replace global fetch with a stubbed version
  const fetchStub = stub(
    globalThis,
    "fetch",
    () => Promise.resolve(mockResponse),
  );

  try {
    const user = await fetchUserData("123");
    assertEquals(user, { id: "123", name: "Jane Doe" });
  } finally {
    fetchStub.restore();
  }
});
```

## Best practices

1. **Always restore stubs**: Use `try/finally` blocks or the `using` keyword to
   ensure stubs are restored, even if tests fail.

2. **Use stubs for external dependencies**: Stub out database calls, API
   requests, or file system operations to make tests faster and more reliable.

3. **Keep stubs simple**: Stubs should return predictable values that let you
   test specific scenarios.

4. **Combine with spies when needed**: Sometimes you need to both replace
   functionality (stub) and track calls (spy).

5. **Stub at the right level**: Stub at the interface boundary rather than deep
   within implementation details.

🦕 Stubs are a powerful tool for isolating your code during testing, allowing
you to create deterministic test environments and easily test edge cases. By
replacing real implementations with controlled behavior, you can write more
focused, reliable tests that run quickly and consistently.

For more testing resources, check out:

- [Testing in isolation with mocks](/examples/mocking_tutorial/)
- [Deno Standard Library Testing Modules](https://jsr.io/@std/testing)
- [Basic Testing in Deno](/examples/testing_tutorial/)


---

# Creating a subprocess

> A guide to working with subprocesses in Deno. Learn how to spawn processes, handle input/output streams, manage process lifecycles, and implement inter-process communication patterns safely.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/subprocess


## Concepts

- Deno is capable of spawning a subprocess via
  [Deno.Command](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Command).
- `--allow-run` permission is required to spawn a subprocess.
- Spawned subprocesses do not run in a security sandbox.
- Communicate with the subprocess via the
  [stdin](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.stdin),
  [stdout](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.stdout) and
  [stderr](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.stderr) streams.

## Simple example

This example is the equivalent of running `echo "Hello from Deno!"` from the
command line.

```ts title="subprocess_simple.ts"
// define command used to create the subprocess
const command = new Deno.Command("echo", {
  args: [
    "Hello from Deno!",
  ],
});

// create subprocess and collect output
const { code, stdout, stderr } = await command.output();

console.assert(code === 0);
console.log(new TextDecoder().decode(stdout));
console.log(new TextDecoder().decode(stderr));
```

Run it:

```shell
$ deno run --allow-run=echo ./subprocess_simple.ts
Hello from Deno!
```

## Security

The `--allow-run` permission is required for creation of a subprocess. Be aware
that subprocesses are not run in a Deno sandbox and therefore have the same
permissions as if you were to run the command from the command line yourself.

## Communicating with subprocesses

By default when you use `Deno.Command()` the subprocess inherits `stdin`,
`stdout` and `stderr` of the parent process. If you want to communicate with a
started subprocess you must use the `"piped"` option.

## Piping to files

This example is the equivalent of running `yes &> ./process_output` in bash.

```ts title="subprocess_piping_to_files.ts"
import {
  mergeReadableStreams,
} from "jsr:@std/streams@1.0.0-rc.4/merge-readable-streams";

// create the file to attach the process to
const file = await Deno.open("./process_output.txt", {
  read: true,
  write: true,
  create: true,
});

// start the process
const command = new Deno.Command("yes", {
  stdout: "piped",
  stderr: "piped",
});

const process = command.spawn();

// example of combining stdout and stderr while sending to a file
const joined = mergeReadableStreams(
  process.stdout,
  process.stderr,
);

// returns a promise that resolves when the process is killed/closed
joined.pipeTo(file.writable).then(() => console.log("pipe join done"));

// manually stop process "yes" will never end on its own
setTimeout(() => {
  process.kill();
}, 100);
```

Run it:

```shell
$ deno run --allow-run=yes --allow-read=. --allow-write=. ./subprocess_piping_to_file.ts
```

## Reading subprocess output with convenience methods

When working with spawned subprocesses, you can use convenience methods on the
`stdout` and `stderr` streams to easily collect and parse output. These methods
are similar to those available on `Response` objects:

```ts title="subprocess_convenience_methods.ts"
const command = new Deno.Command("deno", {
  args: [
    "eval",
    "console.log(JSON.stringify({message: 'Hello from subprocess'}))",
  ],
  stdout: "piped",
  stderr: "piped",
});

const process = command.spawn();

// Use convenience methods to collect output
const stdoutText = await process.stdout.text();
const stderrText = await process.stderr.text();

console.log("stdout:", stdoutText);
console.log("stderr:", stderrText);

// Wait for the process to complete
const status = await process.status;
console.log("Exit code:", status.code);
```

Available convenience methods include:

- `.text()` - Returns the output as a UTF-8 string
- `.bytes()` - Returns the output as a `Uint8Array`
- `.arrayBuffer()` - Returns the output as an `ArrayBuffer`
- `.json()` - Parses the output as JSON and returns the parsed object

```ts title="subprocess_json_parsing.ts"
const command = new Deno.Command("deno", {
  args: ["eval", "console.log(JSON.stringify({name: 'Deno', version: '2.0'}))"],
  stdout: "piped",
});

const process = command.spawn();

// Parse JSON output directly
const jsonOutput = await process.stdout.json();
console.log("Parsed JSON:", jsonOutput); // { name: "Deno", version: "2.0" }

await process.status;
```


---

# Build a SvelteKit App

> A tutorial on building SvelteKit applications with Deno. Learn how to set up a SvelteKit project, implement file-based routing, manage state with load functions, and create a full-stack TypeScript application.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/svelte


[SvelteKit](https://kit.svelte.dev/) is a web framework built on top of
[Svelte](https://svelte.dev/), a modern front-end compiler that builds highly
optimized vanilla JavaScript. SvelteKit provides features like file-based
routing, server-side rendering, and full-stack capabilities.

In this tutorial we'll build a simple SvelteKit app with Deno. The app will
display a list of dinosaurs. When you click on one, it'll take you to a dinosaur
page with more details. You can see the
[finished app on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-svelte).

You can see a live version of the app on
[Deno Deploy](https://tutorial-with-svelte.deno.deno.net/).

:::info Deploy your own

Want to skip the tutorial and deploy the finished app right now? Click the
button below to instantly deploy your own copy of the complete SvelteKit
dinosaur app to Deno Deploy. You'll get a live, working application that you can
customize and modify as you learn!

[![Deploy on Deno](https://deno.com/button)](https://console.deno.com/new?clone=https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-svelte)

:::

## Create a SvelteKit app with Deno

We'll use [SvelteKit](https://kit.svelte.dev/) to create a new SvelteKit app. In
your terminal, run the following command to create a new SvelteKit app:

```shell
deno run -A npm:sv create my-app
```

When prompted, give your app a name and select the "Skeleton project" template.
Choose "Yes, using TypeScript syntax" when asked about TypeScript.

Once created, `cd` into your new project and run the following command to
install dependencies:

```shell
deno install
```

Then, run the following command to serve your new SvelteKit app:

```shell
deno task dev
```

Deno will run the `dev` task from the `package.json` file which will start the
Vite development server. Click the output link to localhost to see your app in
the browser.

## Configure the formatter

`deno fmt` supports Svelte files with the
[`--unstable-component`](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/fmt/#formatting-options-unstable-component)
flag. To use it, run this command:

```sh
deno fmt --unstable-component
```

To configure `deno fmt` to always format your Svelte files, add this at the top
level of your `deno.json` file:

```json
"unstable": ["fmt-component"]
```

## Add a backend API

We'll build API routes using SvelteKit's built-in API capabilities. SvelteKit
allows you to create API endpoints by creating `+server.js` or `+server.ts`
files in your routes directory.

In the `src/routes` directory, create an `api` folder. In that folder, create a
`data.json`, which will contain the hard coded dinosaur data.

Copy and paste
[this json file](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-svelte/blob/main/src/routes/api/data.json)
into the `src/routes/api/data.json` file. (If you were building a real app, you
would probably fetch this data from a database or an external API.)

We're going to build out some API routes that return dinosaur information.
SvelteKit provides a simple way to create API endpoints using server files.

Create `src/routes/api/dinosaurs/+server.ts` to handle the `/api/dinosaurs`
endpoint. This will return all dinosaurs:

```js title="src/routes/api/dinosaurs/+server.ts"
import { json } from "@sveltejs/kit";
import data from "../data.json" with { type: "json" };

export function GET() {
  return json(data);
}
```

Then create `src/routes/api/dinosaurs/[id]/+server.ts` to handle individual
dinosaur requests at `/api/dinosaurs/:id`:

```ts title="src/routes/api/dinosaurs/[id]/+server.ts"
import { json } from "@sveltejs/kit";
import type { RequestHandler } from "./$types";
import data from "../../data.json" with { type: "json" };

export const GET: RequestHandler = ({ params }) => {
  const dinosaur = data.find((item) => {
    return item.name.toLowerCase() === params.id.toLowerCase();
  });

  if (dinosaur) {
    return json(dinosaur);
  }

  return json({ error: "Not found" }, { status: 404 });
};
```

SvelteKit automatically handles routing based on the file structure. The
`+server.ts` files define API endpoints, and the `[id]` folder creates a dynamic
route parameter.

## Build the frontend

### File-based routing and data loading

SvelteKit uses file-based routing, where the structure of your `src/routes`
directory determines your app's routes. Unlike Vue Router, you don't need to
configure routes manually - SvelteKit automatically creates routes based on your
file structure.

In SvelteKit, `+page.svelte` files define page components, and `+page.ts` files
define data loading functions that run before the page loads. This provides
built-in server-side rendering and data fetching capabilities.

### The pages and components

SvelteKit organizes the frontend into pages and components. Pages are defined by
`+page.svelte` files in the routes directory, while components can be reusable
pieces of code stored anywhere in your project.

Each Svelte component file contains three optional sections: `<script>`,
`<template>` (the HTML), and `<style>`. The `<script>` tag contains the
JavaScript/TypeScript logic, the template contains the HTML markup, and the
`<style>` tag contains scoped CSS.

We'll create pages for the home page and individual dinosaur details, along with
data loading functions to fetch dinosaur information from our API.

#### The home page

The home page will display a list of dinosaurs fetched from our API. First,
create `src/routes/+page.ts` to load the dinosaur data:

```ts title="src/routes/+page.ts"
import type { PageLoad } from "./$types";

export const load: PageLoad = async ({ fetch }) => {
  const res = await fetch(`/api/dinosaurs`);
  const dinosaurs = await res.json();

  return { dinosaurs };
};
```

This load function runs on both the server and client, and the data is passed to
the page component. The `fetch` function is provided by SvelteKit and works in
both server and client environments.

Next, update `src/routes/+page.svelte` to display the dinosaur list:

```html title="src/routes/+page.svelte"
<script lang="ts">
  import type { PageProps } from "./$types";

  let { data }: PageProps = $props();
  let dinosaurs = data.dinosaurs;
</script>

<main>
  <h1>🦕 Dinosaur app</h1>
  <p>Click on a dinosaur below to learn more.</p>
  {#each dinosaurs as dinosaur (dinosaur.name)}
  <a href="/{dinosaur.name.toLowerCase()}" class="dinosaur">
    {dinosaur.name}
  </a>
  {/each}
</main>
```

This code uses Svelte's [each block](https://svelte.dev/docs/logic-blocks#each)
to iterate over the `dinosaurs` array and render each dinosaur as a link. The
`{#each}` block is Svelte's way of rendering lists, and the `(dinosaur.name)`
provides a unique key for each item.

#### The Dinosaur detail page

The dinosaur detail page will display information about a specific dinosaur.
SvelteKit uses folder names in square brackets to create dynamic routes. The
`[dinosaur]` folder creates a route that captures the dinosaur name from the
URL.

First, create `src/routes/[dinosaur]/+page.ts` to load individual dinosaur data:

```ts title="src/routes/[dinosaur]/+page.ts"
import type { PageLoad } from "./$types";
import { error } from "@sveltejs/kit";

export const load: PageLoad = async ({ fetch, params }) => {
  const res = await fetch(`/api/dinosaurs/${params.dinosaur}`);
  const dinosaur = await res.json() as { name: string; description: string };

  if (res.status === 404) {
    return error(404, "No dinosaur found");
  }

  return { dinosaur };
};
```

This load function uses the `params` object to access the `dinosaur` parameter
from the URL. If the API returns a 404, we use SvelteKit's `error` function to
throw a 404 error.

Next, create `src/routes/[dinosaur]/+page.svelte` to display the dinosaur
details:

```html title="src/routes/[dinosaur]/+page.svelte"
<script lang="ts">
  import type { PageProps } from "./$types";

  let { data }: PageProps = $props();
  let dinosaur = data.dinosaur;
</script>

<div>
  <h1>{dinosaur.name}</h1>
  <p>{dinosaur.description}</p>
  <a href="/">🠠 Back to all dinosaurs</a>
</div>
```

This page displays the dinosaur's name and description, along with a link back
to the home page. The data comes from the load function and is automatically
available in the component.

## Run the app

Now that we've set up the frontend and backend API routes, we can run the app.
In your terminal, run the following command:

```shell
deno task dev
```

This will start the SvelteKit development server with Vite. SvelteKit
automatically handles both the frontend pages and the API routes we created, so
you don't need to run separate servers.

Visit `http://localhost:5173` in your browser to see the app. Click on a
dinosaur to see more details!

You can see a live version of the app on
[Deno Deploy](https://tutorial-with-svelte.deno.deno.net/).

## Build and deploy

SvelteKit comes with built-in build capabilities. We configured it to use the
Deno adapter, which optimizes the build for deployment on Deno-compatible
platforms. Run the following command to build the app in production mode:

```sh
deno task build
```

This will:

1. Build the SvelteKit app using Vite
2. Generate optimized production assets
3. Create server-side code compatible with Deno

The built app will be ready for deployment on platforms that support Deno, such
as Deno Deploy.

You can deploy this app to your favorite cloud provider. We recommend using
[Deno Deploy](https://deno.com/deploy) for a simple and easy deployment
experience. You can deploy your app directly from GitHub, simply create a GitHub
repository and push your code there, then connect it to Deno Deploy.

### Create a GitHub repository

[Create a new GitHub repository](https://github.com/new), then initialize and
push your app to GitHub:

```sh
git init -b main
git remote add origin https://github.com/<your_github_username>/<your_repo_name>.git
git add .
git commit -am 'my svelte app'
git push -u origin main
```

### Deploy to Deno Deploy

Once your app is on GitHub, you can
[deploy it to Deno Deploy](https://console.deno.com/).

For a walkthrough of deploying your app, check out the
[Deno Deploy tutorial](/examples/deno_deploy_tutorial/).

🦕 Now that you can run a SvelteKit app in Deno with the Deno adapter you're
ready to build real world applications!


---

# Building a SvelteKit app with sv and Deno

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/sveltekit


SvelteKit has been a stable popular vote since its launch and with Svelte
version 5 releasing recently, as of time of writing, there isn't a better time
to show off running it with Deno!

Through this tutorial we will walk through setting up a SvelteKit project, made
easier with the sv cli release and look at loading patterns.

You can see the finished app at
[GitHub](https://github.com/s-petey/deno-sveltekit)

## Getting started

We can scaffold an application easily with `npx sv create`. This is
[SvelteKit's CLI](https://github.com/sveltejs/cli) which has a lot of utility.

If you have followed the video above great! If not, here are the selections:

- Template
  - SvelteKit minimal
- Type Checking
  - Typescript
- Additions to project
  - tailwindcss
- Tailwind plugins
  - typography
  - forms
- Package manager
  - Deno

For the remainder of this, you should have `deno task dev` running in the
background so you can see your changes and the application running locally.

### Deno setup

The `sv` command will generate a `package.json` file which we will need to
update to a `deno.json` file. For this we will change `scripts` to `tasks` and
update the `vite` based commands to use the `npm:` prefix.

Example:

```json
"dev": "vite dev",
```

Becomes:

```json
"dev": "deno run -A npm:vite dev",
```

At this stage we are also wanting to integrate with Deno's formatter and linter.
We can add these tasks as well.

```json
{
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno run -A npm:vite dev",
    "format": "deno fmt",
    "lint": "deno lint",
    "lint:fix": "deno lint --fix"
  }
}
```

With these tasks set up we need to also set up some rules to use form the
`format` and `lint` commands. Here we are using an `unstable` flag for
`fmt-component`, which enables the
[svelte component](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/fmt/#supported-file-types)
formatting. We also add some rules for linting based on the recommended
settings.

```json
{
  "fmt": {},
  "lint": {
    "include": ["src/**/*.{ts,js,svelte}"],
    "exclude": ["node_modules", ".svelte-kit", ".vite", "dist", "build"],
    "rules": {
      "tags": ["recommended"]
    }
  },
  "unstable": ["fmt-component"]
}
```

We will need to add the `nodeModulesDir` to the `deno.json` file so our commands
can properly find the `node_modules` directory.

```json
{
  "nodeModulesDir": "auto"
}
```

For those running VSCode or other editors which can support a similar
`settings.json` file some recommended settings for auto formatting on save and
linting are here.

```json
{
  "deno.enable": true,
  "deno.enablePaths": [
    "./deno.json"
  ],
  "editor.defaultFormatter": "denoland.vscode-deno"
}
```

### Walkthrough

There are a few different folders to be mindful of.

`src` this is the root of your application code and where most of your time and
effort will go.

`src/lib` this is a SvelteKit aliased directory for fast import and where many
of your helpers or library code will live.

`src/routes` this is the rendered pages for your application with SvelteKit,
there is folder routing.

#### Good info

There are a few conventions which we will use in our SvelteKit application.
(Although there are more available, I am only covering the ones used).

- Files or folders with `server` in the name are meant to **only** be run on the
  server and may cause errors if you try to run them in the client.
- Within `src/routes` files have a naming conventions:
  - `+page.svelte` -- this is the rendered file in the browser
  - `+page.server.ts` -- This file will run on the server and sends, and can
    receive, data directly and type safely to the `+page.svelte` it is directly
    next to.
  - `+layout.svelte` -- a file which defines a layout with an outlet to be added
    to any `+page.svelte` on the same directory or any child directories.
  - `+error.svelte` -- A custom error page you can add to make error pages nicer
    to come across.

Additional note later you will see we put the dinosaurs `dinosaurs.ts` file
within a `lib/server` directory. This will mean as stated above that this file
is meant to **only** be accessed by other server files.

### Setup our "database"

We will be using a ts file with a `Map` to access and find our items for
simplicity. Create a file and folder:

```
src/lib/server/dinosaurs.ts
```

Within this file we will set up a type for our Dinosaurs and store the array of
data to be exported as a map.

```ts
export type Dinosaur = { name: string; description: string };

const dinosaurs = new Map<string, Dinosaur>();

const allDinosaurs: Dino[] = [
  // Paste all your dino information here
];

for (const dino of allDinosaurs) {
  dinosaurs.set(dino.name.toLowerCase(), dino);
}

export { dinosaurs };
```

With this setup we have our "database"! Next to access it on a page.

### Loading data to be rendered

We now need to create a `+page.server.ts` file which will be at the root of our
routes directory. There should already be a `+page.svlete` there.

```
src/routes/+page.server.ts
```

With this file created, we need to initialize the function to load our
dinosaurs!

```ts
/// src/routes/+page.server.ts
import { dinosaurs } from '$lib/server/dino.js';

export const load = async ({ url }) => {
  return { dinosaurs: Array.from(dinosaurs) };
});
```

All we are doing here is converting our map to an array so we can see them
rendered on the `+page.svelte`. Within this page you can remove anything you'd
like or just add the following.

```html
<script lang="ts">
  /// src/routes/+page.svelte
  let { data } = $props();
</script>

<section class="mb-4 grid max-h-96 grid-cols-2 gap-4 overflow-y-auto">
  {#each data.dinosaurs as item}
  <a class="rounded border p-4" href="/{item.name}">{item.name}</a>
  {/each}
</section>
```

Notice while you are working with `data` we have type safety to know that
`data.dinosaurs` exists and the types that are available!

### Adding an individual Dino page

Now that we are rendering each dino and have links on each of them setup, we can
add a route to handle rendering this data.

```
src/routes/[name]/+page.server.ts
src/routes/[name]/+page.svelte
```

There is something neat and unique about this route. I am sure you noticed the
`[name]` inserted as a folder name. This allows us to have a named route
parameter. We could have used anything as the `name`, however we want to be able
to route to `localhost:5173/Ingenia` and see our dinosaur and since that is the
name I've used the parameter `name`.

With that explained now we can access this without our server loader to get our
dino and send it to the page!

```ts
/// src/routes/[name]/+page.server.ts
import { dinosaurs } from "$lib/server/dino.js";
import { error } from "@sveltejs/kit";

export const load = async ({ params: { name } }) => {
  const dino = dinosaurs.get(name.toLowerCase());

  if (!dino) {
    throw error(404, { message: "Dino not found" });
  }

  return { name: dino.name, description: dino.description };
};
```

Notice we are throwing an error here. We don't have an `+error.svelte` page set
up yet, so any errors will currently bubble to the default SvelteKit error page.
Lets add one at the root level to handle any errors.

```
src/routes/+error.svelte
```

This is a very simple page, feel free to spruce up the styles here or add your
own flair!

```html
<script lang="ts">
  import { page } from "$app/state";
</script>

<h1>{page.status}: {page.error?.message}</h1>
```

We simply want to show that something went wrong and with the `page` exposed by
SvelteKit, we can show the status code thrown and if there was a message
attached to the error.

Now with that pesky error distraction handled, pun intended, we can get back to
showing our individual dinosaur!

```html
<script lang="ts">
  /// src/routes/[name]/+page.svelte
  let { data } = $props();
</script>

<h1>{data.name}</h1>

<p>{data.description}</p>
```

Starting to work on this page you can see we still get the type safety knowing a
`name` and `description` will exist on our data and we can render it!

However, there is another problem if you navigate to this page, either by
clicking on one of the links on the main page or by manually adding the dinosaur
name to the URL we have no way of getting back!

### Layouts

We want to have a standard layout so that our pages can share different
information or links. This can be achieved through `+layout.svelte` pages. Lets
go ahead and update the one up at the root of the `routes` directory.

Here are a few things we want to achieve:

1. Allow users to navigate to the home page
2. Show the awesome docs for Deno and SvelteKit
3. Show a cute Dino on the page!

```html
<script lang="ts">
  import "../app.css";
  let { children } = $props();
</script>

<header class="flex flex-row place-content-between items-center p-4">
  <h1 class="text-2xl"><a href="/">Deno Sveltekit</a></h1>
  <img id="deno" class="w-32" src="/vite-deno.svg" alt="Vite with Deno" />
</header>

<main class="container mx-auto p-4">
  {@render children()}
</main>

<footer class="my-4 flex flex-row justify-center gap-4">
  <p class="font-bold">
    <a href="https://svelte.dev/docs/kit">Sveltekit docs</a>
  </p>
  <p class="font-bold">
    <a href="https://docs.deno.com/">Deno docs</a>
  </p>
</footer>
```

As you see, we are seeing `{@render children()}` for the first time. This just
works as an "outlet" if you are coming from the React world to render whatever
other child page may need to be output.

Going back to your application you can see our heading `h1` has a link to go
back to the home page.

### Advanced routing, search parameters, and styling

We don't want to render all of the dinosaurs at a single time; as that is too
much to scroll through. We want our users to be able to search and click through
pages of dinosaurs, which will also showcase another awesome Svelte 5 feature,
snippets!

Lets open our main page and its server page to make a few changes.

Previously we were returning an array version of our dinosaurs, lets allow users
to search them and add some pagination logic.

```ts
import { dinosaurs } from "$lib/server/dino.js";

export const load = async ({ url }) => {
  //  We can access the search params by using the `url` provided
  // by SvelteKit
  const queryParams = url.searchParams;

  // We will use `q` as our search string
  const q = queryParams.get("q");
  // We will use `page` to know which page we are on
  const pageParam = queryParams.get("page");
  let page = 1;
  // We should verify there is a page param, if there is verify it is a number
  // otherwise use our default of 1
  if (pageParam) {
    const parsedPage = parseInt(pageParam);
    if (!isNaN(parsedPage)) {
      page = parsedPage;
    }
  }
  const limitParam = queryParams.get("limit");
  let limit = 25;
  // We should verify there is a limit param, if there is verify it is a number
  // otherwise use our default of 1
  if (limitParam) {
    const parsedLimit = parseInt(limitParam);
    if (!isNaN(parsedLimit)) {
      limit = parsedLimit;
    }
  }

  // We want to allow searching and if there is no `q` to search against
  // allow all dinosaurs, otherwise compare the names in lowercase against one
  // another.
  const filteredDinosaurs = Array.from(dinosaurs.values()).filter((d) => {
    if (!q) {
      return true;
    }

    return d.name.toLowerCase().includes(q.toLowerCase());
  });

  // Here we calculate how we need to slice the array of filtered dinosaurs to return to the user
  const offset = Math.abs((page - 1) * limit);
  const paginatedDinosaurs = Array.from(filteredDinosaurs).slice(
    offset,
    offset + limit,
  );
  const totalDinosaurs = filteredDinosaurs.length;
  const totalPages = Math.ceil(totalDinosaurs / limit);

  // Last we are returning a lot more data so it is easier to render
  // our pagination and dinosaurs on the page.
  return {
    dinosaurs: paginatedDinosaurs,
    q,
    page,
    limit,
    totalPages,
    totalDinosaurs,
  };
};
```

Wuuf, that was a lot of work, and with it out of the way lets get some
pagination and search inputs added to the UI!

```html
<script lang="ts">
	import { goto, invalidate, replaceState } from '$app/navigation';
	import { page as sveltePage } from '$app/state';

	let { data } = $props();

	// We have added a function to change the page number
	// based on the search params and the value passed in.
	function handlePageChange(page: number) {
		const params = new URLSearchParams(sveltePage.url.searchParams);

		params.set('page', page.toString());
		goto(`?${params.toString()}`, { keepFocus: true });
	}

	// This function checks if there is a q in the form below
	// and if so search by it or remove the search params
	// and either way reset the current page.
	function handleQueryChange(
		event: SubmitEvent & {
			currentTarget: EventTarget & HTMLFormElement;
		}
	) {
		event.preventDefault();
		const q = event.currentTarget.q.value;
		const params = new URLSearchParams(sveltePage.url.searchParams);

		if (q) {
			params.set('q', q);
			params.set('page', '1');
			goto(`?${params.toString()}`, { keepFocus: true });
		} else {
			params.delete('q');
			params.delete('page');
			goto(`?${params.toString()}`, { keepFocus: true });
		}
	}
</script>

<form onsubmit={handleQueryChange} class="mb-4">
	<label class="mb-2 block text-sm font-bold" for="q">Search</label>
	<input
		class="focus:shadow-outline w-ful form-input appearance-none rounded border px-3 py-2 leading-tight text-gray-700 shadow focus:outline-none"
		type="text"
		id="q"
		name="q"
		placeholder="Search"
		defaultValue={data.q ?? ''}
	/>
</form>

<section class="mb-4 grid max-h-96 grid-cols-2 gap-4 overflow-y-auto">
	{#each data.dinosaurs as item}
		<a class="rounded border p-4" href="/{item.name}">{item.name}</a>
	{/each}

	{#if data.dinosaurs.length === 0}
		<p>No dinosaurs found</p>
	{/if}
</section>

<!-- pagination -->
{#if data.totalPages > 0}
	<div class="mb-4 flex justify-center">
		<div class="grid w-1/2 grid-flow-col gap-2">
			{@render pageButton(data.page - 1, data.page === 1, false, '←')}

			{#each { length: data.totalPages }, page}
				{#if page >= data.page - 2 && page <= data.page + 2}
					{@render pageButton(page + 1, data.page === page + 1, data.page === page + 1, page + 1)}
				{:else if (page === 0 || page === 1) && page !== data.page - 1}
					{@render pageButton(page + 1, data.page === page + 1, data.page === page + 1, page + 1)}
				{:else if page >= data.totalPages - 2 && page !== data.page - 1}
					{@render pageButton(page + 1, data.page === page + 1, data.page === page + 1, page + 1)}
				{/if}
			{/each}

			{@render pageButton(data.page + 1, data.page === data.totalPages, false, '→')}
		</div>
	</div>
{/if}

{#snippet pageButton(page: number, disabled: boolean, active: boolean, child: string | number)}
	<button
		class="rounded border p-4"
		class:disabled
		{disabled}
		class:active
		type="button"
		onclick={() => handlePageChange(page)}
	>
		{child}
	</button>
{/snippet}

<style lang="postcss">
	.active {
		@apply bg-emerald-400 text-white;
	}

	.disabled {
		@apply cursor-not-allowed opacity-50;
	}
</style>
```

Notice for the input we use `defaultValue={data.q ?? ''}` so that when it is
rendered in the UI we don't get `undefined` or `null` showing.

With snippets you can create re-useable parts of Svelte code for easier
rendering. `{#snippet pageButton(...)}` allows us to define the section to be
rendered. We can then use it and pass the required type safe parameters using
`{@render pageButton(...)}`. You can see this for all of the pagination buttons.

Another neat Svelte trick is whenever `<style>` is defined on the page, it is
scoped only to the file it is used in. So we are able to add these classes
knowing that it will not affect any of our other files if they also used that
styling.

I have updated some of the styling to make it more pleasant to look at, but I
know you have great taste and are free to make it look however you'd like!


---

# Build an app with Tanstack and Deno

> Complete guide to building applications with Tanstack and Deno. Learn how to implement Query for data fetching, Router for navigation, manage server state, and create type-safe full-stack applications.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/tanstack


[Tanstack](https://tanstack.com/) is a set of framework-agnostic data management
tools. With Tanstack, developers can manage server state efficiently with
[Query](https://tanstack.com/query/latest), create powerful tables with
[Table](https://tanstack.com/table/latest), handle complex routing with
[Router](https://tanstack.com/router/latest), and build type-safe forms with
[Form](https://tanstack.com/form/latest). These tools work seamlessly across
[React](/examples/react_tutorial), [Vue](/examples/vue_tutorial),
[Solid](/examples/solidjs_tutorial), and other frameworks while maintaining
excellent TypeScript support.

In this tutorial, we’ll build a simple app using
[Tanstack Query](https://tanstack.com/query/latest) and
[Tanstack Router](https://tanstack.com/router/latest/docs/framework/react/quick-start).
The app will display a list of dinosaurs. When you click on one, it'll take you
to a dinosaur page with more details.

- [Start with the backend API](#start-with-the-backend-api)
- [Create a Tanstack-driven frontend](#create-tanstack-driven-frontend)
- [Next steps](#next-steps)

Feel free to skip directly to
[the source code](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-tanstack)
or follow along below!

## Start with the backend API

Within our main directory, let's setup an `api/` directory and create our
dinosaur data file, `api/data.json`:

```jsonc
// api/data.json

[
  {
    "name": "Aardonyx",
    "description": "An early stage in the evolution of sauropods."
  },
  {
    "name": "Abelisaurus",
    "description": "\"Abel's lizard\" has been reconstructed from a single skull."
  },
  {
    "name": "Abrictosaurus",
    "description": "An early relative of Heterodontosaurus."
  },
  ...
]
```

This is where our data will be pulled from. In a full application, this data
would come from a database.

> ⚠️️ In this tutorial we hard code the data. But you can connect
> to [a variety of databases](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/connecting_to_databases/) and [even use ORMs like Prisma](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/how_to_with_npm/prisma/) with
> Deno.

Secondly, let's create our [Hono](https://hono.dev/) server. We start by
installing Hono from [JSR](https://jsr.io) with `deno add`:

```shell
deno add jsr:@hono/hono
```

Next, let's create an `api/main.ts` file and populate it with the below. Note
we'll need to import
[`@hono/hono/cors`](https://hono.dev/docs/middleware/builtin/cors) and define
key attributes to allow the frontend to access the API routes.

```ts
// api/main.ts

import { Hono } from "@hono/hono";
import { cors } from "@hono/hono/cors";
import data from "./data.json" with { type: "json" };

const app = new Hono();

app.use(
  "/api/*",
  cors({
    origin: "http://localhost:5173",
    allowMethods: ["GET", "POST", "PUT", "DELETE"],
    allowHeaders: ["Content-Type", "Authorization"],
    exposeHeaders: ["Content-Type", "Authorization"],
    credentials: true,
    maxAge: 600,
  }),
);

app.get("/", (c) => {
  return c.text("Welcome to the dinosaur API!");
});

app.get("/api/dinosaurs", (c) => {
  return c.json(data);
});

app.get("/api/dinosaurs/:dinosaur", (c) => {
  if (!c.req.param("dinosaur")) {
    return c.text("No dinosaur name provided.");
  }

  const dinosaur = data.find((item) =>
    item.name.toLowerCase() === c.req.param("dinosaur").toLowerCase()
  );

  if (dinosaur) {
    return c.json(dinosaur);
  } else {
    return c.notFound();
  }
});

Deno.serve(app.fetch);
```

The Hono server provides two API endpoints:

- `GET /api/dinosaurs` to fetch all dinosaurs, and
- `GET /api/dinosaurs/:dinosaur` to fetch a specific dinosaur by name

Before we start working on the frontend, let's update our `deno tasks` in our
`deno.json` file. Yours should look something like this:

```jsonc
{
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno --allow-env --allow-net api/main.ts"
  }
  // ...
}
```

Now, the backend server will be started on `localhost:8000` when we run
`deno task dev`.

## Create Tanstack-driven frontend

Let's create the frontend that will use this data. First, we'll quickly scaffold
a new React app with Vite using the TypeScript template in the current
directory:

```shell
deno init --npm vite@latest --template react-ts ./
```

Then, we'll install our Tanstack-specific dependencies:

```shell
deno install npm:@tanstack/react-query npm:@tanstack/react-router
```

Let's update our `deno tasks` in our `deno.json` to add a command to start the
Vite server:

```jsonc
// deno.json
{
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno task dev:api & deno task dev:vite",
    "dev:api": "deno --allow-env --allow-net api/main.ts",
    "dev:vite": "deno -A npm:vite"
  }
  // ...
}
```

We can move onto building our components. We'll need two main pages for our app:

- `DinosaurList.tsx`: the index page, which will list out all the dinosaurs, and
- `Dinosaur.tsx`: the leaf page, which displays information about a single
  dinosaur

Let's create a new `./src/components` directory and, within that, the file
`DinosaurList.tsx`:

```ts
// ./src/components/DinosaurList.tsx

import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";
import { Link } from "@tanstack/react-router";

async function fetchDinosaurs() {
  const response = await fetch("http://localhost:8000/api/dinosaurs");
  if (!response.ok) {
    throw new Error("Failed to fetch dinosaurs");
  }
  return response.json();
}

export function DinosaurList() {
  const {
    data: dinosaurs,
    isLoading,
    error,
  } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ["dinosaurs"],
    queryFn: fetchDinosaurs,
  });

  if (isLoading) return <div>Loading...</div>;
  if (error instanceof Error) {
    return <div>An error occurred: {error.message}</div>;
  }

  return (
    <div>
      <h2 className="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">Dinosaur List</h2>
      <ul className="space-y-2">
        {dinosaurs?.map((dino: { name: string; description: string }) => (
          <li key={dino.name}>
            <Link
              to="/dinosaur/$name"
              params={{ name: dino.name }}
              className="text-blue-500 hover:underline"
            >
              {dino.name}
            </Link>
          </li>
        ))}
      </ul>
    </div>
  );
}
```

This uses
[`useQuery`](https://tanstack.com/query/v4/docs/framework/react/guides/queries)
from **Tanstack Query** to fetch and cache the dinosaur data automatically, with
built-in loading and error states. Then it uses
[`Link`](https://tanstack.com/router/v1/docs/framework/react/api/router/linkComponent)
from **Tanstack Router** to create client-side navigation links with type-safe
routing parameters.

Next, let's create the `DinosaurDetail.tsx` component in the `./src/components/`
folder, which will show details about a single dinosaur:

```ts
// ./src/components/DinosaurDetail.tsx

import { useParams } from "@tanstack/react-router";
import { useQuery } from "@tanstack/react-query";

async function fetchDinosaurDetail(name: string) {
  const response = await fetch(`http://localhost:8000/api/dinosaurs/${name}`);
  if (!response.ok) {
    throw new Error("Failed to fetch dinosaur detail");
  }
  return response.json();
}

export function DinosaurDetail() {
  const { name } = useParams({ from: "/dinosaur/$name" });
  const {
    data: dinosaur,
    isLoading,
    error,
  } = useQuery({
    queryKey: ["dinosaur", name],
    queryFn: () => fetchDinosaurDetail(name),
  });

  if (isLoading) return <div>Loading...</div>;
  if (error instanceof Error) {
    return <div>An error occurred: {error.message}</div>;
  }

  return (
    <div>
      <h2 className="text-xl font-semibold mb-4">{name}</h2>
      <p>{dinosaur?.description}</p>
    </div>
  );
}
```

Again, this uses `useQuery` from **Tanstack Query** to fetch and cache
individual dinosaur details, with
[`queryKey`](https://tanstack.com/query/latest/docs/framework/react/guides/query-keys)
including the dinosaur name to ensure proper caching. Additionally, we use
[`useParams`](https://tanstack.com/router/v1/docs/framework/react/api/router/useParamsHook)
from **Tanstack Router** to safely extract and type the URL parameters defined
in our route configuration.

Before we can run this, we need to encapsulate these components into a layout.
Let's create another file in the `./src/components/` folder called `Layout.tsx`:

```ts
// ./src/components/Layout.tsx

export function Layout() {
  return (
    <div className="p-4">
      <h1 className="text-2xl font-bold mb-4">Dinosaur Encyclopedia</h1>
      <nav className="mb-4">
        <Link to="/" className="text-blue-500 hover:underline">
          Home
        </Link>
      </nav>
      <Outlet />
    </div>
  );
}
```

You may notice the
[`Outlet`](https://tanstack.com/router/v1/docs/framework/react/guide/outlets)
component towards the bottom of our newly created layout. This component is from
**Tanstack Router** and renders the child route's content, allowing for nested
routing while maintaining a consistent layout structure.

Next, we'll have to wire up this layout with `./src/main.tsx`, which an
important file that sets up the Tanstack Query client for managing server state
and the Tanstack Router for handling navigation:

```ts
// ./src/main.tsx

import React from "react";
import ReactDOM from "react-dom/client";
import { QueryClient, QueryClientProvider } from "@tanstack/react-query";
import { createRouter, RouterProvider } from "@tanstack/react-router";
import { routeTree } from "./routeTree";

const queryClient = new QueryClient();

const router = createRouter({ routeTree });

declare module "@tanstack/react-router" {
  interface Register {
    router: typeof router;
  }
}

ReactDOM.createRoot(document.getElementById("root")!).render(
  <React.StrictMode>
    <QueryClientProvider client={queryClient}>
      <RouterProvider router={router} />
    </QueryClientProvider>
  </React.StrictMode>,
);
```

You'll notice we import
[`QueryClientProvider`](https://tanstack.com/query/latest/docs/framework/react/reference/QueryClientProvider),
which wraps the entire application to allow for query caching and state
management. We also import `RouterProvider`, which connects our defined routes
to React's rendering system.

Finally, we'll need to define a
[`routeTree.tsx`](https://tanstack.com/router/v1/docs/framework/react/guide/route-trees)
file in our `./src/` directory. This file defines our application's routing
structure using Tanstack Router's type-safe route definitions:

```ts
// ./src/routeTree.tsx

import { RootRoute, Route } from "@tanstack/react-router";
import { DinosaurList } from "./components/DinosaurList";
import { DinosaurDetail } from "./components/DinosaurDetail";
import { Layout } from "./components/Layout";

const rootRoute = new RootRoute({
  component: Layout,
});

const indexRoute = new Route({
  getParentRoute: () => rootRoute,
  path: "/",
  component: DinosaurList,
});

const dinosaurRoute = new Route({
  getParentRoute: () => rootRoute,
  path: "dinosaur/$name",
  component: DinosaurDetail,
});

export const routeTree = rootRoute.addChildren([indexRoute, dinosaurRoute]);
```

In `./src/routeTree.tsx`, we create a hierarchy of routes with `Layout` as the
root component. Then we set two child routes, their paths and components — one
for the dinosaur list, `DinosaurList`, and the other for the individual dinosaur
details with a dynamic parameter, `DinosaurDetail`.

With all that complete, we can run this project:

```shell
deno task dev
```

<figure>

<video class="w-full" alt="Build an app with Deno and Tanstack." autoplay muted loop playsinline src="./images/how-to/tanstack/demo.mp4"></video>

</figure>

## Next steps

This is just the beginning of building with Deno and Tanstack. You can add
persistent data storage like
[using a database like Postgres or MongoDB](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/connecting_to_databases/)
and an ORM like [Drizzle](https://deno.com/blog/build-database-app-drizzle) or
[Prisma](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/how_to_with_npm/prisma/). Or
deploy your app to
[AWS](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/aws_lightsail/),
[Digital Ocean](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/digital_ocean/), or
[Google Cloud Run](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/google_cloud_run/)

You could also add real-time updates using
[Tanstack Query's refetching capabilities](https://tanstack.com/query/latest/docs/framework/react/examples/auto-refetching),
[implement infinite scrolling](https://tanstack.com/query/latest/docs/framework/react/examples/load-more-infinite-scroll)
for large dinosaur lists, or
[add complex filtering and sorting](https://tanstack.com/table/v8/docs/guide/column-filtering)
using **[Tanstack Table](https://tanstack.com/table/latest)**. The combination
of Deno's built-in web standards, tooling, and native TypeScript support, as
well as Tanstack's powerful data management opens up numerous possibilities for
building robust web applications.


---

# Writing tests

> Learn key concepts like test setup and structure, assertions, async testing, mocking, test fixtures, and code coverage

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/testing


Testing is critical in software development to ensure your code works as
expected, and continues to work as you make changes. Tests verify that your
functions, modules, and applications behave correctly, handle edge cases
appropriately, and maintain expected performance characteristics.

## Why testing matters

Testing your code allows you to catch bugs, issues or regressions before they
reach production, saving time and resources. Tests are also useful to help plan
out the logic of your application, they can serve as a human readable
description of how your code is meant to be used.

Deno provides [built-in testing capabilities](/runtime/fundamentals/testing/),
making it straightforward to implement robust testing practices in your
projects.

## Writing tests with `Deno.test`

Defining a test in Deno is straightforward - use the `Deno.test()` function to
register your test with the test runner. This function accepts either a test
name and function, or a configuration object with more detailed options. All
test functions in files that match patterns like `*_test.{ts,js,mjs,jsx,tsx}` or
`*.test.{ts,js,mjs,jsx,tsx}` are automatically discovered and executed when you
run the `deno test` command.

Here are the basic ways to define tests:

```ts
// Basic test with a name and function
Deno.test("my first test", () => {
  // Your test code here
});

// Test with configuration options
Deno.test({
  name: "my configured test",
  fn: () => {
    // Your test code here
  },
  ignore: false, // Optional: set to true to skip this test
  only: false, // Optional: set to true to only run this test
  permissions: { // Optional: specify required permissions
    read: true,
    write: false,
  },
});
```

### A simple example test

Let's start with a simple test. Create a file called `main_test.ts`, in it we
will test a basic addition operation using Deno's testing API and the
`assertEquals` function from the [Deno Standard Library](https://jsr.io/@std).

We use `Deno.test` and provide a name that describes what the test will do:

```ts title="main_test.ts"
// hello_test.ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";

// Function we want to test
function add(a: number, b: number): number {
  return a + b;
}

Deno.test("basic addition test", () => {
  // Arrange - set up the test data
  const a = 1;
  const b = 2;

  // Act - call the function being tested
  const result = add(a, b);

  // Assert - verify the result is what we expect
  assertEquals(result, 3);
});
```

To run this test, use the `deno test` command:

```sh
deno test hello_test.ts
```

You should see output indicating that your test has passed:

```
running 1 test from ./hello_test.ts
basic addition test ... ok (2ms)

test result: ok. 1 passed; 0 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out (2ms)
```

Try changing the function implementation to make the test fail:

```ts
function add(a: number, b: number): number {
  return a - b; // Changed from addition to subtraction
}
```

You'll see an error message that clearly shows what went wrong:

```sh
running 1 test from ./hello_test.ts
basic addition test ... FAILED (3ms)

failures:

basic addition test => ./hello_test.ts:12:3
error: AssertionError: Values are not equal:
    
    [Diff] Actual / Expected
    
    -   -1
    +   3

  at assertEquals (https://jsr.io/@std/assert@0.218.2/assert_equals.ts:31:9)
  at Object.fn (file:///path/to/hello_test.ts:12:3)
  at asyncOpSanitizer (ext:core/01_core.js:199:13)
  at Object.sanitizeOps (ext:core/01_core.js:219:15)
  at runTest (ext:test/06_test_runner.js:319:29)
  at test (ext:test/06_test_runner.js:593:7)

test result: FAILED. 0 passed; 1 failed; 0 ignored; 0 measured; 0 filtered out (3ms)
```

This clear feedback helps you quickly identify and fix issues in your code.

## Test structure and organization

Deno will automatically find and run tests that match naming patterns like
`*_test.{ts,js,mjs,jsx,tsx}` or `*.test.{ts,js,mjs,jsx,tsx}`. There are plenty
of ways to organize your test files, we recommend co-locating your unit tests
with the code they are testing, and keeping integration tests and configuration
in a `tests` directory. This allows for immediate discovery of unit tests and
simplified imports, while keeping a separation between different types of tests.

Here's an example of how you might structure your project with tests:

```sh
my-deno-project/
├── src/
│   ├── models/
│   │   ├── user.ts
│   │   ├── user_test.ts          // Unit tests for user model
│   │   ├── product.ts
│   │   └── product_test.ts       // Unit tests for product model
│   ├── services/
│   │   ├── auth-service.ts
│   │   ├── auth-service_test.ts  // Unit tests for auth service
│   │   ├── data-service.ts
│   │   └── data-service_test.ts  // Unit tests for data service
│   └── utils/
│       ├── helpers.ts
│       └── helpers_test.ts       // Unit tests for helpers
├── tests/
│   ├── integration/              // Integration tests directory
│   │   ├── api_test.ts           // Tests API endpoints
│   │   └── db_test.ts            // Tests database interactions
│   ├── e2e/                      // End-to-end tests
│   │   └── user_flow_test.ts     // Tests complete user workflows
│   └── fixtures/                 // Shared test data and utilities
│       ├── test_data.ts          // Test data used across tests
│       └── setup.ts              // Common setup functions
├── main.ts
└── deno.json                     // Project configuration
```

This kind of structure offers a centralized place for test configuration while
maintaining the benefits of co-locating unit tests with their relevant files.
With this structure, you can:

```sh
# Run all tests
deno test

# Run only unit tests
deno test src/

# Run only integration tests
deno test tests/integration/

# Run specific module tests
deno test src/models/

# Run a specific test file
deno test src/models/user_test.ts
```

## Assertions

Assertions are the building blocks of effective tests, allowing you to verify
that your code behaves as expected. They check if a specific condition is true
and throw an error if it's not, causing the test to fail. Good assertions are
clear, specific, and help identify exactly what went wrong when a test fails.

Deno doesn't include assertions in its core library, but you can import them
from the [Deno standard library](https://jsr.io/@std/assert):

```ts
import {
  assertArrayIncludes, // Check that array contains value
  assertEquals, // Check that values are equal
  assertExists, // Check that value is not null or undefined
  assertMatch, // Check that string matches regex pattern
  assertNotEquals, // Check that values are not equal
  assertObjectMatch, // Check that object has expected properties
  assertRejects, // Check that Promise rejects
  assertStrictEquals, // Check that values are strictly equal (===)
  assertStringIncludes, // Check that string contains substring
  assertThrows, // Check that function throws an error
} from "jsr:@std/assert";

Deno.test("assertion examples", () => {
  // Basic assertions
  assertEquals(1 + 1, 2);
  assertNotEquals("hello", "world");
  assertExists("Hello");

  // String assertions
  assertStringIncludes("Hello, world!", "world");
  assertMatch("deno@1.0.0", /^deno@\d+\.\d+\.\d+$/);

  // Object assertions
  assertObjectMatch(
    { name: "Jane", age: 25, city: "Tokyo" },
    { name: "Jane" }, // Only checks specified properties
  );

  // Strict equality (type + value)
  assertStrictEquals("deno", "deno");

  // Error assertions
  assertThrows(
    () => {
      throw new Error("Something went wrong");
    },
    Error,
    "Something went wrong",
  );
});
```

For those that prefer fluent assertions (familiar to users of Jest), you can use
the `expect` module:

```ts
import { expect } from "jsr:@std/expect";

Deno.test("expect style assertions", () => {
  // Basic matchers
  expect(5).toBe(5);
  expect({ name: "deno" }).toEqual({ name: "deno" });

  // Collection matchers
  expect([1, 2, 3]).toContain(2);

  // Truthiness matchers
  expect(true).toBeTruthy();
  expect(0).toBeFalsy();
  expect(null).toBeNull();
  expect(undefined).toBeUndefined();

  // Number matchers
  expect(100).toBeGreaterThan(99);
  expect(1).toBeLessThan(2);

  // String matchers
  expect("Hello world").toMatch(/world/);

  // Function/error matchers
  expect(() => {
    throw new Error("fail");
  }).toThrow();
});
```

### Real-world Example

Here's a more realistic example testing a function that processes user data:

```ts
// user_processor.ts
export function validateUser(user: any): { valid: boolean; errors: string[] } {
  const errors: string[] = [];

  if (!user.name || typeof user.name !== "string") {
    errors.push("Name is required and must be a string");
  }

  if (!user.email || !user.email.includes("@")) {
    errors.push("Valid email is required");
  }

  if (
    user.age !== undefined && (typeof user.age !== "number" || user.age < 18)
  ) {
    errors.push("Age must be a number and at least 18");
  }

  return {
    valid: errors.length === 0,
    errors,
  };
}

// user_processor_test.ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { validateUser } from "./user_processor.ts";

Deno.test("validateUser", async (t) => {
  await t.step("should validate a correct user object", () => {
    const user = {
      name: "John Doe",
      email: "john@example.com",
      age: 30,
    };

    const result = validateUser(user);
    assertEquals(result.valid, true);
    assertEquals(result.errors.length, 0);
  });

  await t.step("should return errors for invalid user", () => {
    const user = {
      name: "",
      email: "invalid-email",
      age: 16,
    };

    const result = validateUser(user);
    assertEquals(result.valid, false);
    assertEquals(result.errors.length, 3);
    assertEquals(result.errors[0], "Name is required and must be a string");
    assertEquals(result.errors[1], "Valid email is required");
    assertEquals(result.errors[2], "Age must be a number and at least 18");
  });

  await t.step("should handle missing properties", () => {
    const user = {
      name: "Jane Doe",
      // email and age missing
    };

    const result = validateUser(user);
    assertEquals(result.valid, false);
    assertEquals(result.errors.length, 1);
    assertEquals(result.errors[0], "Valid email is required");
  });
});
```

## Async testing

Deno handles async tests naturally. Just make your test function async and use
await:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";

Deno.test("async test example", async () => {
  const response = await fetch("https://deno.land");
  const status = response.status;
  assertEquals(status, 200);
});
```

### Testing async functions

When testing functions that return promises, you should always await the result:

```ts
// async-function.ts
export async function fetchUserData(userId: string) {
  const response = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/users/${userId}`);
  if (!response.ok) {
    throw new Error(`Failed to fetch user: ${response.status}`);
  }
  return await response.json();
}

// async-function_test.ts
import { assertEquals, assertRejects } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { fetchUserData } from "./async-function.ts";

Deno.test("fetchUserData success", async () => {
  // Mock the fetch function for testing
  globalThis.fetch = async (url: string) => {
    const data = JSON.stringify({ id: "123", name: "Test User" });
    return new Response(data, { status: 200 });
  };

  const userData = await fetchUserData("123");
  assertEquals(userData.id, "123");
  assertEquals(userData.name, "Test User");
});

Deno.test("fetchUserData failure", async () => {
  // Mock the fetch function to simulate an error
  globalThis.fetch = async (url: string) => {
    return new Response("Not Found", { status: 404 });
  };

  await assertRejects(
    async () => await fetchUserData("nonexistent"),
    Error,
    "Failed to fetch user: 404",
  );
});
```

## Mocking in tests

Mocking is an essential technique for isolating the code being tested from its
dependencies. Deno provides built-in utilities and third-party libraries for
creating mocks.

### Basic Mocking

You can create simple mocks by
[replacing functions or objects with your own
implementations](/examples/mocking_tutorial/). This allows you to control the
behavior of dependencies and test how your code interacts with them.

```ts
// Example of a module with a function we want to mock
const api = {
  fetchData: async () => {
    const response = await fetch("https://api.example.com/data");
    return response.json();
  },
};

// In your test file
Deno.test("basic mocking example", async () => {
  // Store the original function
  const originalFetchData = api.fetchData;

  // Replace with mock implementation
  api.fetchData = async () => {
    return { id: 1, name: "Test Data" };
  };

  try {
    // Test using the mock
    const result = await api.fetchData();
    assertEquals(result, { id: 1, name: "Test Data" });
  } finally {
    // Restore the original function
    api.fetchData = originalFetchData;
  }
});
```

### Using Spy Functions

Spies allow you to track function calls without changing their behavior:

```ts
import { spy } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";

Deno.test("spy example", () => {
  // Create a spy on console.log
  const consoleSpy = spy(console, "log");

  // Call the function we're spying on
  console.log("Hello");
  console.log("World");

  // Verify the function was called correctly
  assertEquals(consoleSpy.calls.length, 2);
  assertEquals(consoleSpy.calls[0].args, ["Hello"]);
  assertEquals(consoleSpy.calls[1].args, ["World"]);

  // Restore the original function
  consoleSpy.restore();
});
```

For more advanced mocking techniques, check our
[dedicated guide on mocking in Deno](/examples/mocking_tutorial/).

## Test hooks

Deno provides test hooks for running setup and teardown code. Here's a simple
example using `beforeEach` to ensure clean state between tests:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";

let testData: string[] = [];

Deno.test.beforeEach(() => {
  testData = ["initial", "data"];
});

Deno.test("first test", () => {
  testData.push("first");
  assertEquals(testData.length, 3);
});

Deno.test("second test", () => {
  testData.push("second");
  assertEquals(testData.length, 3); // Clean state from beforeEach
});
```

For complete information on all available hooks (`beforeAll`, `beforeEach`,
`afterEach`, `afterAll`), see the
[Testing documentation](/runtime/fundamentals/testing/#test-hooks).

## Coverage

Code coverage is a metric that helps you understand how much of your code is
being tested. It measures which lines, functions, and branches of your code are
executed during your tests, giving you insight into areas that might lack proper
testing.

Coverage analysis helps you to:

- Identify untested parts of your codebase
- Ensure critical paths have tests
- Prevent regressions when making changes
- Measure testing progress over time

:::note

High coverage doesn't guarantee high-quality tests. It simply shows what code
was executed, not whether your assertions are meaningful or if edge cases are
handled correctly.

:::

Deno provides built-in coverage tools to help you analyze your test coverage. To
collect coverage information:

```bash
deno test --coverage=coverage_dir
```

This generates coverage data in a specified directory (here, `coverage_dir`). To
view a human-readable report:

```bash
deno coverage coverage_dir
```

You'll see output like:

```sh
file:///projects/my-project/src/utils.ts 85.7% (6/7)
file:///projects/my-project/src/models/user.ts 100.0% (15/15)
file:///projects/my-project/src/services/auth.ts 78.3% (18/23)

total: 87.5% (39/45)
```

For more detailed insights, you can also generate an HTML report:

```bash
deno coverage --html coverage_dir
```

This creates an interactive HTML report in the specified directory that shows
exactly which lines are covered and which are not.

By default, the coverage tool automatically excludes:

- Test files (matching patterns like `test.ts` or `test.js`)
- Remote files (those not starting with `file:`)

This ensures your coverage reports focus on your application code rather than
test files or external dependencies.

### Coverage Configuration

You can exclude files from coverage reports by using the `--exclude` flag:

```bash
deno coverage --exclude="test_,vendor/,_build/,node_modules/" coverage_dir
```

### Integrating with CI

For continuous integration environments, you might want to enforce a minimum
coverage threshold:

```yaml
# In your GitHub Actions workflow
- name: Run tests with coverage
  run: deno test --coverage=coverage_dir

- name: Check coverage meets threshold
  run: |
    COVERAGE=$(deno coverage coverage_dir | grep "total:" | grep -o '[0-9]\+\.[0-9]\+')
    if (( $(echo "$COVERAGE < 80" | bc -l) )); then
      echo "Test coverage is below 80%: $COVERAGE%"
      exit 1
    fi
```

When working on your test coverage, remember to set realistic goals, aim for
meaningful coverage with high quality tests over 100% coverage.

## Comparison with other testing frameworks

If you're coming from other JavaScript testing frameworks, here's how Deno's
testing capabilities compare:

| Feature       | Deno             | Jest                   | Mocha                      | Jasmine               |
| ------------- | ---------------- | ---------------------- | -------------------------- | --------------------- |
| Setup         | Built-in         | Requires installation  | Requires installation      | Requires installation |
| Syntax        | `Deno.test()`    | `test()`, `describe()` | `it()`, `describe()`       | `it()`, `describe()`  |
| Assertions    | From std library | Built-in expect        | Requires assertion library | Built-in expect       |
| Mocking       | From std library | Built-in jest.mock()   | Requires sinon or similar  | Built-in spies        |
| Async support | Native           | Needs special handling | Supports promises          | Supports promises     |
| File watching | `--watch` flag   | watch mode             | Requires nodemon           | Requires extra tools  |
| Code coverage | Built-in         | Built-in               | Requires istanbul          | Requires istanbul     |

### Testing Style Comparison

**Deno:**

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";

Deno.test("add function", () => {
  assertEquals(1 + 2, 3);
});
```

**Jest:**

```ts
test("add function", () => {
  expect(1 + 2).toBe(3);
});
```

**Mocha:**

```ts
import { assert } from "chai";

describe("math", () => {
  it("should add numbers", () => {
    assert.equal(1 + 2, 3);
  });
});
```

**Jasmine:**

```ts
describe("math", () => {
  it("should add numbers", () => {
    expect(1 + 2).toBe(3);
  });
});
```

## Next steps

🦕 Deno's built-in testing capabilities make it easy to write and run tests
without needing to install extra testing frameworks or tools. By following the
patterns and practices outlined in this tutorial, you can ensure your Deno
applications are well-tested and reliable.

For more information about testing in Deno, check out:

- [Testing documentation](/runtime/fundamentals/testing)
- [Mocking data for tests](/examples/mocking_tutorial/)
- [Writing benchmark tests](/examples/benchmarking/)


---

# Build a Typesafe API with tRPC and Deno

> A guide to building type-safe APIs with tRPC and Deno. Learn how to set up endpoints, implement RPC procedures, handle data validation, and create efficient client-server applications.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/trpc


Deno is an
[all-in-one, zero-config toolchain](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/manual/tools)
for writing JavaScript and
[TypeScript](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/typescript/) with
[natively supports Web Platform APIs](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/web_platform_apis/),
making it an ideal choice for quickly building backends and APIs. To make our
API easier to maintain, we can use [tRPC](https://trpc.io/), a TypeScript RPC
([Remote Procedure Call](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_procedure_call))
framework that enables you to build fully type-safe APIs without schema
declarations or code generation.

In this tutorial, we'll build a simple type-safe API with tRPC and Deno that
returns information about dinosaurs:

- [Set up tPRC](#set-up-trpc)
- [Set up the server](#set-up-the-trpc-server)
- [Set up the client](#set-up-the-trpc-client)
- [What's next?](#whats-next)

You can find all the code for this tutorial in
[this GitHub repo](https://github.com/denoland/examples/tree/main/with-trpc).

## Set up tRPC

To get started with tRPC in Deno, we'll need to install the required
dependencies. Thanks to Deno's npm compatibility, we can use the npm versions of
tRPC packages along with Zod for input validation:

```bash
deno install npm:@trpc/server@next npm:@trpc/client@next npm:zod jsr:@std/path
```

This installs the most recent tRPC server and client packages,
[Zod](https://zod.dev/) for runtime type validation, and
[the Deno Standard Library's `path`](https://jsr.io/@std/path) utility. These
packages will allow us to build a type-safe API layer between our client and
server code.

This will create a `deno.json` file in the project root to manage the npm and
[jsr](https://jsr.io/) dependencies:

```tsx
{
  "imports": {
    "@std/path": "jsr:@std/path@^1.0.6",
    "@trpc/client": "npm:@trpc/client@^11.0.0-rc.593",
    "@trpc/server": "npm:@trpc/server@^11.0.0-rc.593",
    "zod": "npm:zod@^3.23.8"
  }
}
```

## Set up the tRPC server

The first step in building our tRPC application is setting up the server. We'll
start by initializing tRPC and creating our base router and procedure builders.
These will be the foundation for defining our API endpoints.

Create a `server/trpc.ts` file:

```tsx
// server/trpc.ts

import { initTRPC } from "@trpc/server";

/**
 * Initialization of tRPC backend
 * Should be done only once per backend!
 */

const t = initTRPC.create();

/**
 * Export reusable router and procedure helpers
 * that can be used throughout the router
 */

export const router = t.router;
export const publicProcedure = t.procedure;
```

This initializes tRPC and exports the router and procedure builders that we'll
use to define our API endpoints. The `publicProcedure` allows us to create
endpoints that don't require authentication.

Next, we'll create a simple data layer to manage our dinosaur data. Create a
`server/db.ts` file with the below:

```tsx
// server/db.ts
import { join } from "@std/path";

type Dino = { name: string; description: string };

const dataPath = join("data", "data.json");

async function readData(): Promise<Dino[]> {
  const data = await Deno.readTextFile(dataPath);
  return JSON.parse(data);
}

async function writeData(dinos: Dino[]): Promise<void> {
  await Deno.writeTextFile(dataPath, JSON.stringify(dinos, null, 2));
}

export const db = {
  dino: {
    findMany: () => readData(),
    findByName: async (name: string) => {
      const dinos = await readData();
      return dinos.find((dino) => dino.name === name);
    },
    create: async (data: { name: string; description: string }) => {
      const dinos = await readData();
      const newDino = { ...data };
      dinos.push(newDino);
      await writeData(dinos);
      return newDino;
    },
  },
};
```

This creates a simple file-based database that reads and writes dinosaur data to
a JSON file. In a production environment, you'd typically use a proper database,
but this will work well for our demo.

> ⚠️️ In this tutorial, we hard code data and use a file-based database. However,
> you can
> [connect to a variety of databases](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/connecting_to_databases/)
> and use ORMs like [Drizzle](https://docs.deno.com/examples/drizzle) or
> [Prisma](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/how_to_with_npm/prisma/).

Finally, we'll need to provide the actual data. Let's create a `./data.json`
file with some sample dinosaur data:

```tsx
// data/data.json
[
  {
    "name": "Aardonyx",
    "description": "An early stage in the evolution of sauropods."
  },
  {
    "name": "Abelisaurus",
    "description": "\"Abel's lizard\" has been reconstructed from a single skull."
  },
  {
    "name": "Abrictosaurus",
    "description": "An early relative of Heterodontosaurus."
  },
  {
    "name": "Abrosaurus",
    "description": "A close Asian relative of Camarasaurus."
  },
  ...
 ]
```

Now, we can create our main server file that defines our tRPC router and
procedures. Create a `server/index.ts` file:

```tsx
// server/index.ts

import { createHTTPServer } from "@trpc/server/adapters/standalone";
import { z } from "zod";
import { db } from "./db.ts";
import { publicProcedure, router } from "./trpc.ts";

const appRouter = router({
  dino: {
    list: publicProcedure.query(async () => {
      const dinos = await db.dino.findMany();
      return dinos;
    }),
    byName: publicProcedure.input(z.string()).query(async (opts) => {
      const { input } = opts;
      const dino = await db.dino.findByName(input);
      return dino;
    }),
    create: publicProcedure
      .input(z.object({ name: z.string(), description: z.string() }))
      .mutation(async (opts) => {
        const { input } = opts;
        const dino = await db.dino.create(input);
        return dino;
      }),
  },
  examples: {
    iterable: publicProcedure.query(async function* () {
      for (let i = 0; i < 3; i++) {
        await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 500));
        yield i;
      }
    }),
  },
});

// Export type router type signature, this is used by the client.
export type AppRouter = typeof appRouter;

const server = createHTTPServer({
  router: appRouter,
});

server.listen(3000);
```

This sets up three main endpoints:

- `dino.list`: Returns all dinosaurs
- `dino.byName`: Returns a specific dinosaur by name
- `dino.create`: Creates a new dinosaur
- `examples.iterable`: A demonstration of tRPC's support for async iterables

The server is configured to listen on port 3000 and will handle all tRPC
requests.

While you can run the server now, you won't be able to access any of the routes
and have it return data. Let's fix that!

## Set up the tRPC client

With our server ready, we can create a client that consumes our API with full
type safety. Create a `client/index.ts` file:

```tsx
// client/index.ts
/**
 * This is the client-side code that uses the inferred types from the server
 */
import {
  createTRPCClient,
  splitLink,
  unstable_httpBatchStreamLink,
  unstable_httpSubscriptionLink,
} from "@trpc/client";
/**
 * We only import the `AppRouter` type from the server - this is not available at runtime
 */
import type { AppRouter } from "../server/index.ts";

// Initialize the tRPC client
const trpc = createTRPCClient<AppRouter>({
  links: [
    splitLink({
      condition: (op) => op.type === "subscription",
      true: unstable_httpSubscriptionLink({
        url: "http://localhost:3000",
      }),
      false: unstable_httpBatchStreamLink({
        url: "http://localhost:3000",
      }),
    }),
  ],
});

const dinos = await trpc.dino.list.query();
console.log("Dinos:", dinos);

const createdDino = await trpc.dino.create.mutate({
  name: "Denosaur",
  description:
    "A dinosaur that lives in the deno ecosystem. Eats Nodes for breakfast.",
});
console.log("Created dino:", createdDino);

const dino = await trpc.dino.byName.query("Denosaur");
console.log("Denosaur:", dino);

const iterable = await trpc.examples.iterable.query();

for await (const i of iterable) {
  console.log("Iterable:", i);
}
```

This client code demonstrates several key features of tRPC:

1. **Type inference from the server router**. The client automatically inherits
   all type definitions from the server through the `AppRouter` type import.
   This means you get complete type support and compile-time type checking for
   all your API calls. If you modify a procedure on the server, TypeScript will
   immediately flag any incompatible client usage.
2. **Making queries and mutations**. The example demonstrates two types of API
   calls: Queries (`list` and `byName`) used for fetching data without side
   effects, and mutations (`create`) used for operations that modify server-side
   state. The client automatically knows the input and output types for each
   procedure, providing type safety throughout the entire request cycle.
3. **Working with async iterables**. The `examples.iterable` demonstrates tRPC's
   support for streaming data using async iterables. This feature is
   particularly useful for real-time updates or processing large datasets in
   chunks.

Now, let's start our server to see it in action. In our `deno.json` config file,
let's create a new property `tasks` with the following commands:

```json
{
  "tasks": {
    "start": "deno -A server/index.ts",
    "client": "deno -A client/index.ts"
  }
  // Other properties in deno.json remain the same.
}
```

We can list our available tasks with `deno task`:

```bash
deno task
Available tasks:
- start
    deno -A server/index.ts
- client
    deno -A client/index.ts
```

Now, we can start the server with `deno task start`. After that's running, we
can run the client with `deno task client`. You should see an output like this:

```bash
deno task client
Dinos: [
  {
    name: "Aardonyx",
    description: "An early stage in the evolution of sauropods."
  },
  {
    name: "Abelisaurus",
    description: "Abel's lizard has been reconstructed from a single skull."
  },
  {
    name: "Abrictosaurus",
    description: "An early relative of Heterodontosaurus."
  },
  ...
]
Created dino: {
  name: "Denosaur",
  description: "A dinosaur that lives in the deno ecosystem. Eats Nodes for breakfast."
}
Denosaur: {
  name: "Denosaur",
  description: "A dinosaur that lives in the deno ecosystem. Eats Nodes for breakfast."
}
Iterable: 0
Iterable: 1
Iterable: 2
```

Success! Running the `./client/index.ts` shows how to create a tRPC client and
use its JavaScript API to interact with the database. But how can we check if
the tRPC client is inferring the right types from the database? Let's modify the
code snippet below in `./client/index.ts` to pass a `number` instead of a
`string` as the `description`:

```diff
// ...
const createdDino = await trpc.dino.create.mutate({
  name: "Denosaur",
  description:
-   "A dinosaur that lives in the deno ecosystem. Eats Nodes for breakfast.",
+   100,
});
console.log("Created dino:", createdDino);
// ...
```

When we re-run the client:

```bash
deno task client
...
error: Uncaught (in promise) TRPCClientError: [
  {
    "code": "invalid_type",
    "expected": "string",
    "received": "number",
    "path": [
      "description"
    ],
    "message": "Expected string, received number"
  }
]
    at Function.from (file:///Users/andyjiang/Library/Caches/deno/npm/registry.npmjs.org/@trpc/client/11.0.0-rc.608/dist/TRPCClientError.mjs:35:20)
    at file:///Users/andyjiang/Library/Caches/deno/npm/registry.npmjs.org/@trpc/client/11.0.0-rc.608/dist/links/httpBatchStreamLink.mjs:118:56
    at eventLoopTick (ext:core/01_core.js:175:7)
```

tRPC successfully threw an `invalid_type` error, since it was expecting a
`string` instead of a `number`.

## What’s next?

Now that you have a basic understanding of how to use tRPC with Deno, you could:

1. Build out an actual frontend using
   [Next.js](https://trpc.io/docs/client/nextjs) or
   [React](https://trpc.io/docs/client/react)
2. [Add authentication to your API using tRPC middleware](https://trpc.io/docs/server/middlewares#authorization)
3. Implement real-time features
   [using tRPC subscriptions](https://trpc.io/docs/server/subscriptions)
4. Add [input validation](https://trpc.io/docs/server/validators) for more
   complex data structures
5. Integrate with a proper database like
   [PostgreSQL](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/connecting_to_databases/#postgres)
   or use an ORM like [Drizzle](https://docs.deno.com/examples/drizzle) or
   [Prisma](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/how_to_with_npm/prisma/)
6. Deploy your application to [Deno Deploy](https://deno.com/deploy) or
   [any public cloud via Docker](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/tutorials/#deploying-deno-projects)

🦕 Happy type safety coding with Deno and tRPC!


---

# Build a Vue.js App

> A tutorial on building Vue.js applications with Deno. Learn how to set up a Vite project, implement component architecture, add routing, manage state, and create a full-stack TypeScript application.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/vue


[Vue.js](https://vuejs.org/) is a progressive front-end JavaScript framework. It
provides tools and features for creating dynamic and interactive user
interfaces.

In this tutorial we'll build a simple Vue.js app with Vite and Deno. The app
will display a list of dinosaurs. When you click on one, it'll take you to a
dinosaur page with more details. You can see the
[finished app on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-vue).

You can see a live version of the app on
[Deno Deploy](https://tutorial-with-vue.deno.deno.net/).

:::info Deploy your own

Want to skip the tutorial and deploy the finished app right now? Click the
button below to instantly deploy your own copy of the complete Vue.js dinosaur
app to Deno Deploy. You'll get a live, working application that you can
customize and modify as you learn!

[![Deploy on Deno](https://deno.com/button)](https://console.deno.com/new?clone=https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-vue&mode=dynamic&entrypoint=api/main.ts&build=deno+task+build&install=deno+install)

:::

## Create a Vue.js app with Vite and Deno

We'll use [Vite](https://vitejs.dev/) to scaffold a basic Vue.js app. In your
terminal, run the following command to create a new .js app with Vite:

```shell
deno run -A npm:create-vite
```

When prompted, give your app a name and select `Vue` from the offered frameworks
and `TypeScript` as a variant.

Once created, `cd` into your new project and run the following command to
install dependencies:

```shell
deno install
```

Then, run the following command to serve your new Vue.js app:

```shell
deno task dev
```

Deno will run the `dev` task from the `package.json` file which will start the
Vite server. Click the output link to localhost to see your app in the browser.

## Configure the formatter

`deno fmt` supports Vue files with the
[`--unstable-component`](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/fmt/#formatting-options-unstable-component)
flag. To use it, run this command:

```sh
deno fmt --unstable-component
```

To configure `deno fmt` to always format your Vue files, add this at the top
level of your `deno.json` file:

```json
"unstable": ["fmt-component"]
```

## Add a backend API

We'll build an API server using Deno and Oak. This will be where we get our
dinosaur data.

In the root directory of your project, create an `api` folder. In that folder,
create a `data.json`, which will contain the hard coded dinosaur data.

Copy and paste
[this json file](https://github.com/denoland/tutorial-with-react/blob/main/api/data.json)
into the `api/data.json` file. (If you were building a real app, you would
probably fetch this data from a database or an external API.)

We're going to build out some API routes that return dinosaur information. We'll
need Oak for the HTTP server and
[CORS middleware](https://jsr.io/@tajpouria/cors) to enable
[CORS](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/CORS).

Add the dependencies to your `deno.json` file by updating the imports section:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "@oak/oak": "jsr:@oak/oak@^17.1.5",
    "@tajpouria/cors": "jsr:@tajpouria/cors@^1.2.1",
    "vue-router": "npm:vue-router@^4.5.1"
  }
}
```

Next, create `api/main.ts` and import the required modules and create a new
`Router` instance to define some routes:

```ts title="api/main.ts"
import { Application, Router } from "@oak/oak";
import { oakCors } from "@tajpouria/cors";
import routeStaticFilesFrom from "./util/routeStaticFilesFrom.ts";
import data from "./data.json" with { type: "json" };

export const app = new Application();
const router = new Router();
```

After this, in the same file, we'll define two routes. One at `/api/dinosaurs`
to return all the dinosaurs, and `/api/dinosaurs/:dinosaur` to return a specific
dinosaur based on the name in the URL:

```ts title="api/main.ts"
router.get("/api/dinosaurs", (context) => {
  context.response.body = data;
});

router.get("/api/dinosaurs/:dinosaur", (context) => {
  if (!context?.params?.dinosaur) {
    context.response.body = "No dinosaur name provided.";
  }

  const dinosaur = data.find((item) =>
    item.name.toLowerCase() === context.params.dinosaur.toLowerCase()
  );

  context.response.body = dinosaur ?? "No dinosaur found.";
});
```

At the bottom of the same file, attach the routes we just defined to the
application. We also must include the static file server, and finally we'll
start the server listening on port 8000:

```ts title="api/main.ts"
app.use(oakCors());
app.use(router.routes());
app.use(router.allowedMethods());
app.use(routeStaticFilesFrom([
  `${Deno.cwd()}/dist`,
  `${Deno.cwd()}/public`,
]));

if (import.meta.main) {
  console.log("Server listening on port http://localhost:8000");
  await app.listen({ port: 8000 });
}
```

You'll also need to create the `api/util/routeStaticFilesFrom.ts` file to serve
static files:

```ts title="api/util/routeStaticFilesFrom.ts"
import { Context, Next } from "@oak/oak";

// Configure static site routes so that we can serve
// the Vite build output and the public folder
export default function routeStaticFilesFrom(staticPaths: string[]) {
  return async (context: Context<Record<string, object>>, next: Next) => {
    for (const path of staticPaths) {
      try {
        await context.send({ root: path, index: "index.html" });
        return;
      } catch {
        continue;
      }
    }

    await next();
  };
}
```

You can run the API server with
`deno run --allow-env --allow-net --allow-read api/main.ts`. We'll create a task
to run this command in the background and update the dev task to run both the
Vue app and the API server.

Update your `package.json` scripts to include the following:

```json title="package.json"
{
  "scripts": {
    "dev": "deno task dev:api & deno task dev:vite",
    "dev:api": "deno run --allow-env --allow-net api/main.ts",
    "dev:vite": "deno run -A npm:vite",
    "build": "deno run -A npm:vite build",
    "server:start": "deno run -A --watch ./api/main.ts",
    "serve": "deno run build && deno run server:start",
    "preview": "vite preview"
  }
}
```

Make sure your `vite.config.ts` includes the Deno plugin and proxy configuration
for development:

```ts title="vite.config.ts"
import { defineConfig } from "vite";
import vue from "@vitejs/plugin-vue";
import deno from "@deno/vite-plugin";

export default defineConfig({
  server: {
    port: 3000,
    proxy: {
      "/api": {
        target: "http://localhost:8000",
        changeOrigin: true,
      },
    },
  },
  plugins: [vue(), deno()],
  optimizeDeps: {
    include: ["react/jsx-runtime"],
  },
});
```

If you run `npm run dev` now and visit `localhost:8000/api/dinosaurs`, in your
browser you should see a JSON response of all of the dinosaurs.

## Build the frontend

### The entrypoint and routing

In the `src` directory, you'll find a `main.ts` file. This is the entry point
for the Vue.js app. Our app will have multiple route, so we'll need a router to
do our client-side routing. We'll use the official
[Vue Router](https://router.vuejs.org/) for this.

Update `src/main.ts` to import and use the router:

```ts
import { createApp } from "vue";
import router from "./router/index.ts";

import "./style.css";
import App from "./App.vue";

createApp(App)
  .use(router)
  .mount("#app");
```

Add the Vue Router module to the project by updating your `deno.json` imports:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "@oak/oak": "jsr:@oak/oak@^17.1.5",
    "@tajpouria/cors": "jsr:@tajpouria/cors@^1.2.1",
    "vue-router": "npm:vue-router@^4.5.1"
  }
}
```

Next, create a `router` directory in the `src` directory. In it, create an
`index.ts` file with the following content:

```ts title="router/index.ts"
import { createRouter, createWebHistory } from "vue-router";
import HomePage from "../components/HomePage.vue";
import Dinosaur from "../components/Dinosaur.vue";

export default createRouter({
  history: createWebHistory("/"),
  routes: [
    {
      path: "/",
      name: "Home",
      component: HomePage,
    },
    {
      path: "/:dinosaur",
      name: "Dinosaur",
      component: Dinosaur,
      props: true,
    },
  ],
});
```

This will set up a router with two routes: `/` and `/:dinosaur`. The `HomePage`
component will be rendered at `/` and the `Dinosaur` component will be rendered
at `/:dinosaur`.

Finally, you can delete all of the code in the `src/App.vue` file to and update
it to include only the `<RouterView>` component:

```html title="App.vue"
<template>
  <RouterView />
</template>
```

### The components

Vue.js splits the frontend UI into components. Each component is a reusable
piece of code. We'll create three components: one for the home page, one for the
list of dinosaurs, and one for an individual dinosaur.

Each component file is split into three parts: `<script>`, `<template>`, and
`<style>`. The `<script>` tag contains the JavaScript logic for the component,
the `<template>` tag contains the HTML, and the `<style>` tag contains the CSS.

In the `/src/components` directory, create three new files: `HomePage.vue`,
`Dinosaurs.vue`, and `Dinosaur.vue`.

#### The Dinosaurs component

The `Dinosaurs` component will fetch the list of dinosaurs from the API we set
up earlier and render them as links using the
[`RouterLink` component from Vue Router](https://router.vuejs.org/guide/).
(Because we are making a TypeScript project, don't forget to specify the
`lang="ts"` attribute on the script tag.) Add the following code to the
`Dinosaurs.vue` file:

```html title="Dinosaurs.vue"
<script lang="ts">
  import { defineComponent } from "vue";

  export default defineComponent({
    async setup() {
      const res = await fetch("/api/dinosaurs");
      const dinosaurs = await res.json() as Dinosaur[];
      return { dinosaurs };
    },
  });
</script>

<template>
  <span v-for="dinosaur in dinosaurs" :key="dinosaur.name">
    <RouterLink
      :to="{ name: 'Dinosaur', params: { dinosaur: `${dinosaur.name.toLowerCase()}` } }"
    >
      {{ dinosaur.name }}
    </RouterLink>
  </span>
</template>
```

This code uses the Vue.js
[v-for](https://vuejs.org/api/built-in-directives.html#v-for) directive to
iterate over the `dinosaurs` array and render each dinosaur as a `RouterLink`
component. The `:to` attribute of the `RouterLink` component specifies the route
to navigate to when the link is clicked, and the `:key` attribute is used to
uniquely identify each dinosaur.

#### The Homepage component

The homepage will contain a heading and then it will render the `Dinosaurs`
component. Add the following code to the `HomePage.vue` file:

```html title="HomePage.vue"
<script setup lang="ts">
  import Dinosaurs from "./Dinosaurs.vue";
</script>
<template>
  <h1>Welcome to the Dinosaur App! 🦕</h1>
  <p>Click on a dinosaur to learn more about them</p>
  <Suspense>
    <template #default>
      <Dinosaurs />
    </template>
    <template #fallback>
      <div>Loading...</div>
    </template>
  </Suspense>
</template>
```

Because the `Dinosaurs` component fetches data asynchronously, use the
[`Suspense` component](https://vuejs.org/guide/built-ins/suspense.html) to
handle the loading state.

#### The Dinosaur component

The `Dinosaur` component will display the name and description of a specific
dinosaur and a link to go back to the full list.

First, we'll set up some types for the data we'll be fetching. Create a
`types.ts` file in the `src` directory and add the following code:

```ts title="types.ts"
type Dinosaur = {
  name: string;
  description: string;
};

type ComponentData = {
  dinosaurDetails: null | Dinosaur;
};
```

Then update the `Dinosaur.vue` file:

```html title="Dinosaur.vue"
<script lang="ts">
  import { defineComponent } from "vue";

  export default defineComponent({
    props: { dinosaur: String },
    data(): ComponentData {
      return {
        dinosaurDetails: null,
      };
    },
    async mounted() {
      const res = await fetch(
        `/api/dinosaurs/${this.dinosaur}`,
      );
      this.dinosaurDetails = await res.json();
    },
  });
</script>

<template>
  <h1>{{ dinosaurDetails?.name }}</h1>
  <p>{{ dinosaurDetails?.description }}</p>
  <RouterLink to="/">🠠 Back to all dinosaurs</RouterLink>
</template>
```

This code uses the `props` option to define a prop named `dinosaur` that will be
passed to the component. The `mounted` lifecycle hook is used to fetch the
details of the dinosaur based on the `dinosaur` prop and store them in the
`dinosaurDetails` data property. This data is then rendered in the template.

## Run the app

Now that we've set up the frontend and backend, we can run the app. In your
terminal, run the following command:

```shell
npm run dev
```

This will start both the Deno API server on port 8000 and the Vite development
server on port 3000. The Vite server will proxy API requests to the Deno server.

Visit `http://localhost:3000` in your browser to see the app. Click on a
dinosaur to see more details!

You can see a live version of the app on
[Deno Deploy](https://tutorial-with-vue.deno.deno.net/).

[The vue app in action](./images/how-to/vue/vue.gif)

```shell
deno run serve
```

This will build the Vue app and serve everything from the Deno server on
port 8000.

## Build and deploy

We set up the project with a `serve` task that builds the React app and serves
it with the Oak backend server. Run the following command to build and serve the
app in production mode:

```sh
deno run build
deno run serve
```

This will:

1. Build the Vue app using Vite (output goes to `dist/`)
2. Start the Oak server which serves both the API and the built Vue app

Visit `localhost:8000` in your browser to see the production version of the app!

You can deploy this app to your favorite cloud provider. We recommend using
[Deno Deploy](https://deno.com/deploy) for a simple and easy deployment
experience. You can deploy your app directly from GitHub, simply create a GitHub
repository and push your code there, then connect it to Deno Deploy.

### Create a GitHub repository

[Create a new GitHub repository](https://github.com/new), then initialize and
push your app to GitHub:

```sh
git init -b main
git remote add origin https://github.com/<your_github_username>/<your_repo_name>.git
git add .
git commit -am 'my vue app'
git push -u origin main
```

### Deploy to Deno Deploy

Once your app is on GitHub, you can
[deploy it to Deno Deploy](https://console.deno.com/).

For a walkthrough of deploying your app, check out the
[Deno Deploy tutorial](/examples/deno_deploy_tutorial/).

🦕 Now that you can run a Vue app in Deno with Vite you're ready to build real
world applications!


---

# Testing web apps

> A comprehensive guide to testing web applications with Deno

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/web_testing


Deno is a JavaScript runtime that operates outside of the browser, as such, you
cannot directly manipulate the Document Object Model in Deno as you would in a
browser. However you can use a library like
[deno-dom](https://jsr.io/@b-fuze/deno-dom),
[JSDom](https://github.com/jsdom/jsdom) or
[LinkeDOM](https://www.npmjs.com/package/linkedom) to work with the DOM. This
tutorial will guide you through how to effectively test your web applications
using Deno.

## Testing UI components and DOM manipulation

Let's say you have a website that shows a uers's profile, you can set up a test
function to verify that the DOM element creation works correctly. This code sets
up a basic card element then tests whether the created DOM structure matches
what was expected.

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import { DOMParser, Element } from "jsr:@b-fuze/deno-dom";

// Component or function that manipulates the DOM
function createUserCard(user: { name: string; email: string }): Element {
  const doc = new DOMParser().parseFromString("<div></div>", "text/html")!;
  const card = doc.createElement("div");
  card.className = "user-card";

  const name = doc.createElement("h2");
  name.textContent = user.name;
  card.appendChild(name);

  const email = doc.createElement("p");
  email.textContent = user.email;
  email.className = "email";
  card.appendChild(email);

  return card;
}

Deno.test("DOM manipulation test", () => {
  // Create a test user
  const testUser = { name: "Test User", email: "test@example.com" };

  // Call the function
  const card = createUserCard(testUser);

  // Assert the DOM structure is correct
  assertEquals(card.className, "user-card");
  assertEquals(card.children.length, 2);
  assertEquals(card.querySelector("h2")?.textContent, "Test User");
  assertEquals(card.querySelector(".email")?.textContent, "test@example.com");
});
```

## Testing Event Handling

Web applications often handle user interactions through events. Here's how to
test event handlers. This code sets up a button that tracks its active/inactive
state and updates its appearance when clicked. The accompanying test verifies
the toggle functionality by creating a button, checking its initial state,
simulating clicks, and asserting that the button correctly updates its state
after each interaction:

```ts
import { DOMParser } from "jsr:@b-fuze/deno-dom";
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";

// Component with event handling
function createToggleButton(text: string) {
  const doc = new DOMParser().parseFromString("<div></div>", "text/html")!;
  const button = doc.createElement("button");

  button.textContent = text;
  button.dataset.active = "false";

  button.addEventListener("click", () => {
    const isActive = button.dataset.active === "true";
    button.dataset.active = isActive ? "false" : "true";
    button.classList.toggle("active", !isActive);
  });

  return button;
}

Deno.test("event handling test", () => {
  // Create button
  const button = createToggleButton("Toggle Me");

  // Initial state
  assertEquals(button.dataset.active, "false");
  assertEquals(button.classList.contains("active"), false);

  // Simulate click event
  button.dispatchEvent(new Event("click"));

  // Test after first click
  assertEquals(button.dataset.active, "true");
  assertEquals(button.classList.contains("active"), true);

  // Simulate another click
  button.dispatchEvent(new Event("click"));

  // Test after second click
  assertEquals(button.dataset.active, "false");
  assertEquals(button.classList.contains("active"), false);
});
```

## Testing Fetch Requests

Testing components that make network requests requires mocking the fetch API.

In the below example we will [mock](/examples/mocking_tutorial/) the `fetch` API
to test a function that retrieves user data from an external API. The test
creates a spy function that returns predefined responses based on the requested
URL, allowing you to test both successful requests and error handling without
making actual network calls:

```ts
import { assertSpyCalls, spy } from "jsr:@std/testing/mock";
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";

// Component that fetches data
async function fetchUserData(
  userId: string,
): Promise<{ name: string; email: string }> {
  const response = await fetch(`https://api.example.com/users/${userId}`);
  if (!response.ok) {
    throw new Error(`Failed to fetch user: ${response.status}`);
  }
  return await response.json();
}

Deno.test("fetch request test", async () => {
  // Mock fetch response
  const originalFetch = globalThis.fetch;

  const mockFetch = spy(async (input: RequestInfo | URL): Promise<Response> => {
    const url = input.toString();
    if (url === "https://api.example.com/users/123") {
      return new Response(
        JSON.stringify({ name: "John Doe", email: "john@example.com" }),
        { status: 200, headers: { "Content-Type": "application/json" } },
      );
    }
    return new Response("Not found", { status: 404 });
  });

  // Replace global fetch with mock
  globalThis.fetch = mockFetch;

  try {
    // Call the function with a valid ID
    const userData = await fetchUserData("123");

    // Assert the results
    assertEquals(userData, { name: "John Doe", email: "john@example.com" });
    assertSpyCalls(mockFetch, 1);

    // Test error handling (optional)
    try {
      await fetchUserData("invalid");
      throw new Error("Should have thrown an error for invalid ID");
    } catch (error) {
      assertEquals((error as Error).message, "Failed to fetch user: 404");
    }

    assertSpyCalls(mockFetch, 2);
  } finally {
    // Restore the original fetch
    globalThis.fetch = originalFetch;
  }
});
```

## Using Testing Steps to set up and teardown

For complex tests, you can use steps to organize test logic into discrete
sections, making tests more readable and maintainable. Steps also enable better
isolation between different parts of your test. Using step naming you can
implement a setup and teardown of the test conditions.

```ts
import { DOMParser } from "jsr:@b-fuze/deno-dom";
import { assertEquals, assertExists } from "jsr:@std/assert";

Deno.test("complex web component test", async (t) => {
  const doc = new DOMParser().parseFromString(
    "<!DOCTYPE html><html></html>",
    "text/html",
  );
  const body = doc.createElement("body");
  const container = doc.createElement("div");
  body.appendChild(container);

  await t.step("initial rendering", () => {
    container.innerHTML = `<div id="app"></div>`;
    const app = container.querySelector("#app");
    assertExists(app);
    assertEquals(app.children.length, 0);
  });

  await t.step("adding content", () => {
    const app = container.querySelector("#app");
    assertExists(app);

    const header = doc.createElement("header");
    header.textContent = "My App";
    app.appendChild(header);

    assertEquals(app.children.length, 1);
    assertEquals(app.firstElementChild?.tagName.toLowerCase(), "header");
  });

  await t.step("responding to user input", () => {
    const app = container.querySelector("#app");
    assertExists(app);

    const button = doc.createElement("button");
    button.textContent = "Click me";
    button.id = "test-button";
    app.appendChild(button);

    let clickCount = 0;
    button.addEventListener("click", () => clickCount++);

    button.dispatchEvent(new Event("click"));
    button.dispatchEvent(new Event("click"));

    assertEquals(clickCount, 2);
  });

  await t.step("removing content", () => {
    const app = container.querySelector("#app");
    assertExists(app);

    const header = app.querySelector("header");
    assertExists(header);

    header.remove();
    assertEquals(app.children.length, 1); // Only the button should remain
  });
});
```

## Best Practices for Web Testing in Deno

1. Maintain isolation - Each test should be self-contained and not depend on
   other tests.

2. Use names to show intent - descriptive names for tests make it clear what is
   being tested and give more readable output in the console

3. Clean up after your tests - remove any DOM elements created during tests to
   prevent test pollution.

4. Mock external services (such as APIs) to make tests faster and more reliable.

5. Organize tests into logical steps using `t.step()` for complex components.

## Running Your Tests

Execute your tests with the Deno test command:

```bash
deno test
```

For web tests, you might need additional permissions:

```bash
deno test --allow-net --allow-read --allow-env
```

🦕 By following the patterns in this tutorial, you can write comprehensive tests
for your web applications that verify both functionality and user experience.

Remember that effective testing leads to more robust applications and helps
catch issues before they reach your users.


---

# Building a word finder app with Deno

> A tutorial on creating a word search application with Deno. Learn how to build a web server, implement pattern matching, handle HTTP requests, and create an interactive web interface using Oak framework.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/tutorials/word_finder


## Getting Started

In this tutorial we'll create a simple Word Finder web application using Deno.
No prior knowledge of Deno is required.

## Introduction

Our Word Finder application will take a pattern string provided by the user and
return all words in the English dictionary that match the pattern. The pattern
can include alphabetical characters as well as `_` and `?`. The `?` can stand
for any letter that isn't present in the pattern. `_` can stand for any letter.

For example, the pattern `c?t` matches "cat" and "cut". The pattern `go?d`
matches the words "goad" and "gold" (but not "good").

![Word finder UI](./images/word_finder.png)

## Building the View

The function below renders the HTML that creates the simple UI displayed above.
You can specify a pattern and list of words to customize the HTML content. If a
pattern is specified then it will show up in the search text box. If the word
list is specified, then a bulleted list of words will be rendered.

```jsx title="render.js"
export function renderHtml(pattern, words) {
  let searchResultsContent = "";
  if (words.length > 0) {
    let wordList = "";
    for (const word of words) {
      wordList += `<li>${word}</li>`;
    }
    searchResultsContent = `
        <p id="search-result-count" data-count="${words.length}">Words found: ${words.length}</p>
        <ul id="search-result" name="search-results">
          ${wordList}
        </ul>
      `;
  }

  return `<html>
    <head>
        <title>Deno Word Finder</title>
        <meta name="version" content="1.0" />
    </head>
    <body>
        <h1>Deno Word Finder</h1>

        <form id="perform-search" name="perform-search" method="get" action="/api/search">
            <label for="search-text">Search text:</label>
            <input id="search-text" name="search-text" type="text" value="${pattern}" />
            <input type="submit" />
        </form>

        ${searchResultsContent}

        <h2>Instructions</h2>

        <p>
            Enter a word using _ and ? as needed for unknown characters. Using ? means to include letters that aren't already used (you can think of it as a "Wheel of Fortune" placeholder). Using _ will find words that contain any character (whether it's currently "revealed" or not).
            <br />
            <br />
            For example, d__d would return:
            <ul>
                <li>dand</li>
                <li>daud</li>
                <li>dead</li>
                <li>deed</li>
                <li>dird</li>
                <li>dodd</li>
                <li>dowd</li>
                <li>duad</li>
                <li>dyad</li>
            </ul>
            <br />
            And go?d would return:
            <ul>
                <li>goad</li>
                <li>gold</li>
            </ul>
        </p>
    </body>
  </html>
  `;
}
```

## Searching the Dictionary

We also need a simple search function which scans the dictionary and returns all
words that match the specified pattern. The function below takes a pattern and
dictionary and then returns all matched words.

```jsx title="search.js"
export function search(pattern, dictionary) {
  // Create regex pattern that excludes characters already present in word
  let excludeRegex = "";
  for (let i = 0; i < pattern.length; i++) {
    const c = pattern[i];
    if (c != "?" && c != "_") {
      excludeRegex += "^" + c;
    }
  }
  excludeRegex = "[" + excludeRegex + "]";

  // Let question marks only match characters not already present in word
  let searchPattern = pattern.replace(/\?/g, excludeRegex);

  // Let underscores match anything
  searchPattern = "^" + searchPattern.replace(/\_/g, "[a-z]") + "$";

  // Find all words in dictionary that match pattern
  let matches = [];
  for (let i = 0; i < dictionary.length; i++) {
    const word = dictionary[i];
    if (word.match(new RegExp(searchPattern))) {
      matches.push(word);
    }
  }

  return matches;
}
```

## Running a Deno Server

[Oak](https://jsr.io/@oak/oak) is a framework that lets you easily setup a
server in Deno (analogous to JavaScript's Express) and we'll be using it to host
our application. Our server will use our search function to populate our HTML
template with data and then return the customized HTML back to the viewer. We
can conveniently rely on the `/usr/share/dict/words` file as our dictionary
which is a standard file present on most Unix-like operating systems.

```jsx title="server.js"
import { Application, Router } from "jsr:@oak/oak";
import { search } from "./search.js";
import { renderHtml } from "./render.js";

const dictionary = (await Deno.readTextFile("/usr/share/dict/words")).split(
  "\n",
);

const app = new Application();
const port = 8080;

const router = new Router();

router.get("/", async (ctx) => {
  ctx.response.body = renderHtml("", []);
});

router.get("/api/search", async (ctx) => {
  const pattern = ctx.request.url.searchParams.get("search-text");
  ctx.response.body = renderHtml(pattern, search(pattern, dictionary));
});

app.use(router.routes());
app.use(router.allowedMethods());

console.log("Listening at http://localhost:" + port);
await app.listen({ port });
```

We can start our server with the following command. Note we need to explicitly
grant access to the file system and network because Deno is secure by default.

```bash
deno run --allow-read --allow-net server.js
```

Now if you visit [http://localhost:8080](http://localhost:8080/) you should be
able to view the Word Finder app.

## Example Code

You can find the entire example code
[here](https://github.com/awelm/deno-word-finder).


---

# All-in-one tooling

> Learn about Deno's built-in developer tools. Watch how to use the integrated formatter, linter, and test runner to improve code quality without additional configuration or third-party dependencies.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/all-in-one_tooling


## Video description

In Node.js, before we can get started working on our project, we have to go
through a configuration step for things like linting, formatting, and testing.
Deno saves us a ton of time by including these tools natively. Let's take a look
at what's included with these built-in CLI tools.

## Transcript and code

Here we have a function called sing:

```javascript
function sing(phrase: string, times: number): string {
  return Array(times).fill(phrase).join(" ");
}
```

Now let's run the formatter:

```shell
deno fmt
```

The formatter automatically formats your code to follow Deno's rules and
conventions. Let's run it to clean up any formatting issues.

Deno even formats code snippets in markdown files. So anything that is enclosed
in triple backticks will be formatted when you run this command as well.

The deno lint command is used to analyze your code for potential issues. It’s
similar to ESLint but built into Deno.

```shell
deno lint --help
```

This will lint all of the JavaScript and TypeScript files in the current
directory and in subdirectories.

You can also lint specific files by passing their names

```shell
# lint specific files
deno lint myfile1.ts myfile2.ts
```

You can run it on specific directories

```shell
deno lint src/
```

And if you're feeling like you want to skip linting certain files, at the top of
the files, you can add a comment, and deno will know to skip this one.

```javascript
// deno-lint-ignore-file
// deno-lint-ignore-file -- reason for ignoring
```

Deno also has some CLI commands for testing. In our directory here we have a
test file. It uses the name of the function and test.

```javascript title="sing_test.ts"
import { sing } from "./sing.ts";
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";

Deno.test("sing repeats a phrase", () => {
  const result = sing("La", 3);
  assertEquals(result, "La La La");
});
```

Now, we’ll run our tests using the deno test command. Deno automatically
discovers and runs test files.

```shell
deno test
```

The way Deno decides which files should be considered test files is that it
follows:

`_test.ts`, `_test.js`, `_test.tsx`, `_test.jsx`, `.test.js`, `.test.ts`,
`.test.tsx`, `.test.jsx`

`deno test encourage.test.js`

Or you can pass a specific directory path and Deno will search for test files in
there.

```sh
./tests/
```

You can even check code coverage. By default, when you run deno test \--coverage
a coverage profile will be generated in the /coverage directory in the current
working directory.

```shell
deno test --coverage
```

From there you can run deno coverage to print a coverage report to standard
output

```shell
deno coverage
```

As you can see, Deno's built-in tools are pretty cool. We don't have to spend a
whole day configuring these settings before we can start working on our project.
And we can format, lint, and test code without the need for third-party
dependencies.


---

# Compatibility with Node & npm

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/backward_compat_with_node_npm


## Video description

Explore how to integrate Deno into your existing Node.js projects seamlessly. In
this video, we'll use Node.js standard libraries and npm modules with simple
prefixes, maintain compatibility with CommonJS projects, and make use of Deno's
features like dependency installation, formatting, and linting. Make the
transition of your Node.js projects effortlessly without the need for major
rewrites.

## Transcript and code

Making the choice to use Deno does not mean that we can't take advantage of the
Node.js ecosystem. It also doesn't mean that we have to rebuild all of our
Node.js projects from scratch.

Using the features of the standard library, or the npm ecosystem, is as simple
as adding a prefix. If you want to learn more about the Node apis you can check
out [the Node API documentation](/api/node/).

Here's an example of Using Node's file system module with the promises API:

```typescript title="main.ts"
async function readFile() {
  try {
    const data = await fs.readFile("example.txt", "utf8");
    console.log(data);
  } catch (error) {
    console.error("Error reading file", error);
  }
}

readFile();
```

We read the file and we console log the data.

In node, we would import `fs` from `fs/promises` eg:

```typescript
import fs from "fs/promises";
```

In Deno, we just put the Node prefix in front of the import, eg:

```typescript
import fs from "node:fs/promises";
```

Then we run `deno main.ts` and opt into the "Running Deno with Node.js Built-in
read access".

If we run `deno main.ts` and allow
[read access](/runtime/fundamentals/security/) its going to read from the file.

Updating any imports in our apps to use this Node specifier will enable any code
using node.js built-ins.

Deno even supports CommonJS projects, which feels above and beyond I think
that's pretty cool!

What if we wanted to use an npm module, from say, Sentry, in our application.

We're going to use the **npm colon specifier** this time:

```typescript title="main.ts"
import * as Sentry from "npm:@sentry/node";

Sentry.init({ dsn: "https://example.com" });

function main() {
  try {
    throw new Error("This is an error");
  } catch (error) {
    Sentry.captureException(error);
    console.error("Error caught", error);
  }
}
```

We'll run the command:

```sh
deno run main.ts
```

Which will ask for access to our home directory, and other places, and there we
go! We are capturing this error as well! This backwards compatibility is pretty
amazing.

Are you working on an existing Node.js project? Well with Deno 2 you can do that
too. You can use `deno install` to install dependencies you can `deno fmt` for
formatting you can `deno lint` for linting we can even run `deno lint --fix` to
fix any linting problems automatically.

And yes you can also run Deno directly, so for any of the scripts that are part
of a `package.json` just run `deno task` with the name of the script, eg:

```sh
deno task dev
```

We can use all of the code that we've written before without having to change it
or stretch it too much, Deno just makes it work!


---

# Browser APIs in Deno

> Explore web standard APIs in Deno's server-side environment. Learn how to use fetch, streams, text encoders, and other browser-compatible features while building modern applications with familiar web APIs.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/browser_apis_in_deno


## Video description

Deno wants to give developers the most browser-like programming environment
possible. Deno uses web standard APIs, so if you're familiar with building for
the web, then you're familiar with Deno. If not, when you learn how to use deno,
you're also learning how to build for the web.

 If you take a look at the docs, it gives you a good sense of what's available,
so we got things like Canvas and internationalization and messaging and storage
and streams, temporal, WebSockets, all of those things that we like to use on
the web, we're going to find them built in to Deno.

## Transcript and code

Let's take a look at `fetch` first. This works like you might think.

 We're going to take a response. from fetching the JSON placeholder API. Then
we're going to take that response and convert it to JSON as a new variable and
console.log it. Now, if we take a look at this in the terminal, we'll say deno
allow network, so that we can opt into this running that fetch immediately.

```javascript title="main.ts"
const response = await fetch("https://snowtooth-hotel-api.fly.dev");
const data = await response.json();
console.log(data);
```

And we're done here. All the data comes back like we would expect.

```shell
deno add jsr:@std/streams
```

 So let me show you what I mean by this. We're going to keep that fetch. We're
going to say if that response body value exists, we're going to create a new
variable called transformed stream, and we'll set that equal to response dot
body. Thank you. And here we're going to use the function called pipe through.

And Pipe through is this method in JavaScript that's going to allow us to take
the output of the readable stream and pass it through to modify the stream's
data. The first thing we're going to do is decode the byte stream into a text
stream. So we'll say new text, decoder stream. Then we'll chain on another one
of these functions pipeThrough.

So this time we're going to split the text stream into lines. So we'll have
different lines coming back from our data. Now the text line stream is actually
coming from a library that we need to include.

```javascript
import { TextLineStream } from "@std/streams";
import { toTransformStream } from "@std/streams/to-transform-stream";

const response = await fetch("https://example.com/data.txt");

// Ensure the response body exists
if (response.body) {
  // Create a stream reader that processes the response body line by line
  const transformedStream = response.body
    // Decode the byte stream into a text stream
    .pipeThrough(new TextDecoderStream())
    // Split the text stream into lines
    .pipeThrough(new TextLineStream())
    // Get a reader to read the lines
    //.getReader();
    .pipeThrough(toTransformStream(async function* (src) {
      for await (const chunk of src) {
        if (chunk.trim().length === 0) {
          continue;
        }
        console.log(chunk);
        yield chunk;
      }
    }));
  // Create a reader to consume the transformed stream
  const reader = transformedStream.getReader();
  // Read and log each line of text from the stream
  while (true) {
    const { value, done } = await reader.read();
    if (done) break;
    console.log(value); // Log each parsed JSON object
  }
}
```

## Setting Up Configuration

So we're going to say `deno add jsr@std/streams`. That will create our
`deno.json` configuration file over here. There will be another video to dig
into this in a little more depth, but just know for now that this is including
any imports that are part of our project. So the transform stream is coming
together, but there's a few more steps.

## Using the Transform Stream

The next step is we use pipeThrough again. Now this time we're going to use
another function to transform stream, and this is going to come from standard
streams and specifically the function `toTransformStream`. Now this time we're
going to pass in here an asynchronous generator. We know that it's a generator
because we use that asterisk there and the body of this function is a loop, and
here we're going to say const chunk, so the little blob of data that we're
dealing with, chunk of source, which is the value that's passed in there.

We're going to say `console.log(chunk)`, and we're also going to yield the chunk
here. Okay, so what is this `console.log` doing for us? Let's go ahead and run
`deno --allow-net main.ts`. This is showing us that this is the top line of our
HTML document.

So we actually need a way to iterate through this, and we're going to do this by
creating a reader to consume this transformed stream. So let's get rid of our
console log here. Here we're going to create a value called reader that's going
to be set equal to `transformedStream.getReader()`. Now from here, what we can
do is create a little while loop here. So while that value is true.

We want to destructure `{value, done}` from `await reader.read()`. So again, we
can call the `.read()` method on that reader. Then we're going to say if `done`
is true, then we want to break out of the loop. Otherwise, we want to
`console.log(value)`.

Nice. So now we're going to see our HTML here printed line by line in our
console.

 All right, so that is a quick example of using our text line stream. We can use
it in combination with fetch. And if you want to learn more about this API, you
can check out the documentation here. Deno offers us a truly browser-like
environment for using things like fetch, Web Workers, and much, much more.

Deno has made it really smooth to use these web-standard APIs in a way that
feels familiar and friendly.


---

# Build an API server with TypeScript

> A guide to creating a RESTful API server using Hono and TypeScript in Deno. Watch how to implement CRUD operations, handle routing, manage data persistence, and build a production-ready backend service.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/build_api_server_ts


## Video description

Use the light-weight Hono framework (spiritual successor to Express) to build a
RESTful API server that supports CRUD operations with a database.

## Transcript and code

If you’ve worked on a Node project in the past, you might have used Express to
set up a web server or to host an API. Let’s take a look at how we might do
something similar by using Hono, a small simple framework that we can use with
any runtime, but we’re going to use it with Deno. Basic Hono Setup

We’ll add Hono to our project with [JSR](https://jsr.io):

```shell
deno add jsr:@hono/hono
```

That will then be added to the deno.json file.

Then in our main file, we’ll create the basic Hono setup.

```ts
import { Hono } from "@hono/hono";

const app = new Hono();

app.get("/", (c) => {
  return c.text("Hello from the Trees!");
});

Deno.serve(app.fetch);
```

Let’s run that `deno run --allow-net main.ts` and we’ll see it in the browser at
`localhost:8000`.

## CRUD Operations

Now that we’ve set up the simple server with Hono, we can start to build out our
database.

We’re going to use localStorage for this, but keep in mind that you can use any
persistent data storage with Deno - postgres, sql - Wherever you like to store
your data.

Let’s start by creating a container for some data. We’ll start with an interface
that describes a tree type:

```ts
interface Tree {
  id: string;
  species: string;
  age: number;
  location: string;
}
```

Then we’ll create some data:

```ts
const oak: Tree = {
  id: "3",
  species: "oak",
  age: 3,
  location: "Jim's Park",
};
```

Then we’re going to create a few helper functions that will help us interact
with localStorage:

```ts
const setItem = (key: string, value: Tree) => {
  localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(value));
};

const getItem = (key: string): Tree | null => {
  const item = localStorage.getItem(key);
  return item ? JSON.parse(item) : null;
};
```

Now let’s use them:

```ts
setItem(`trees_${oak.id}`, oak);
const newTree = getItem(`trees_${oak.id}`);
console.log(newTree);
```

```shell
deno --allow-net main.ts
```

- `setItem` is adding the tree
- You can also use `setItem` to update the record -- if the key already exists
  the value will be updated

```ts
const oak: Tree = {
  id: "3",
  species: "oak",
  age: 4,
  location: "Jim's Park",
};

localStorage.setItem(`trees_${oak.id}`, JSON.stringify(oak));
```

Ok, so now let’s use Hono’s routing to create some REST API routes now that we
understand how to work with these database methods:

```ts
app.post("/trees", async (c) => {
  const { id, species, age, location } = await c.req.json();
  const tree: Tree = { id, species, age, location };
  setItem(`trees_${id}`, tree);
  return c.json({
    message: `We just added a ${species} tree!`,
  });
});
```

To test this out we’ll send a curl request:

```shell
curl -X POST http://localhost:8000/trees \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"id": "2", "species": "Willow", "age": 100, "location": "Juniper Park"}'
```

To prove that we created that tree, let’s get the data by its ID:

```ts
app.get("/trees/:id", async (c) => {
  const id = c.req.param("id");
  const tree = await kv.get(["trees", id]);
  if (!tree.value) {
    return c.json({ message: "Tree not found" }, 404);
  }
  return c.json(tree.value);
});
```

To test that, let’s run a curl request for the data

```shell
curl http://localhost:8000/trees/1
```

Or you can go to it in the browser: `http://localhost:8000/trees/1`

We can update a tree of course. Kind of like before but we’ll create a route for
that:

```ts
app.put("/trees/:id", (c) => {
  const id = c.req.param("id");
  const { species, age, location } = c.req.json();
  const updatedTree: Tree = { id, species, age, location };
  setItem(`trees_${id}`, updatedTree);
  return c.json({
    message: `Tree has relocated to ${location}!`,
  });
});
```

And we’ll change the location because we’re going to PUT this tree somewhere
else:

```shell
curl -X PUT http://localhost:8000/trees/1 \
  -H "Content-Type: application/json" \
  -d '{"species": "Oak", "age": 8, "location": "Theft Park"}'
```

Finally if we wanted to delete a tree we can using the Hono delete function.

```ts
const deleteItem = (key: string) => {
  localStorage.removeItem(key);
};

app.delete("/trees/:id", (c) => {
  const id = c.req.param("id");
  deleteItem(`trees_${id}`);
  return c.json({
    message: `Tree ${id} has been cut down!`,
  });
});
```

We’ve used Deno in combination with Hono to build a little REST API for our tree
data. If we wanted to deploy this, we could and we could deploy with zero config
to [Deno deploy](https://deno.com/deploy).

You can deploy this to any cloud VPS like AWS, GCP, Digital Ocean, with the
[official Docker image](https://github.com/denoland/deno_docker)

## Complete code sample

```ts
import { Hono } from "@hono/hono";

const app = new Hono();

interface Tree {
  id: string;
  species: string;
  age: number;
  location: string;
}

const setItem = (key: string, value: Tree) => {
  localStorage.setItem(key, JSON.stringify(value));
};

const getItem = (key: string): Tree | null => {
  const item = localStorage.getItem(key);
  return item ? JSON.parse(item) : null;
};

const deleteItem = (key: string) => {
  localStorage.removeItem(key);
};

const oak: Tree = {
  id: "3",
  species: "oak",
  age: 3,
  location: "Jim's Park",
};

setItem(`trees_${oak.id}`, oak);
const newTree = getItem(`trees_${oak.id}`);
console.log(newTree);

app.get("/", (c) => {
  return c.text("Hello from the Trees!");
});

app.post("/trees", async (c) => {
  const { id, species, age, location } = await c.req.json();
  const tree: Tree = { id, species, age, location };
  setItem(`trees_${id}`, tree);
  return c.json({
    message: `We just added a ${species} tree!`,
  });
});

app.get("/trees/:id", async (c) => {
  const id = await c.req.param("id");
  const tree = getItem(`trees_${id}`);
  if (!tree) {
    return c.json({ message: "Tree not found" }, 404);
  }
  return c.json(tree);
});

app.put("/trees/:id", async (c) => {
  const id = c.req.param("id");
  const { species, age, location } = await c.req.json();
  const updatedTree: Tree = { id, species, age, location };
  setItem(`trees_${id}`, updatedTree);
  return c.json({
    message: `Tree has relocated to ${location}!`,
  });
});

app.delete("/trees/:id", (c) => {
  const id = c.req.param("id");
  deleteItem(`trees_${id}`);
  return c.json({
    message: `Tree ${id} has been cut down!`,
  });
});

Deno.serve(app.fetch);
```


---

# Byte and text imports

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/byte_and_text_imports


## Video description

David from the Deno team shows you how to import bytes and text files, allowing
you to include them in your module graph for automatic tree shaking and more.


---

# Build a Command Line Utility

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/command_line_utility


## Video description

Learn to build a command line tool using Deno's standard library. You'll explore
how to parse arguments, handle flags, and provide helpful messages using utility
functions. Follow along as we build a ski resort information app, handle errors
gracefully, and compile the script into an executable for multiple platforms,
including Windows, MacOS, and Linux. By the end of this video, you'll understand
how to take full advantage of Deno's features to develop and distribute your own
CLI tools.

## Transcript and code

### An introduction to Deno's Standard Library

If you want to create a command line tool you can do so with
[Deno's standard Library](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/). It
contains dozens of stable libraries with helpful utility functions that can
cover a lot of the basics when working with JavaScript in the web. The standard
Library also works in multiple runtimes and environments like Node.js and the
browser.

### Setting up a command line tool

We're going to create a commandline tool, and then we're going to compile it so
it can be used on a number of different platforms as an executable.

Create a new file called `main.ts` and parse these arguments (remember we can
always grab them from `Deno.args`), and then we'll console log them:

```typescript title="main.ts"
const location = Deno.args[0];

console.log(`Welcome to ${location}`);
```

Now if I run `deno main.ts` and then I provide the name of a ski resort like
Aspen that's going to plug that into the string, eg:

```sh
deno main.ts Aspen
## Welcome to Aspen
```

### Installing and Using Standard Libraries

Now lets install one of those standard libraries. In the terminal run:

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/cli
```

This is going to install the [cli library](https://jsr.io/@std/cli), from the
Deno standard library, into our project so we could make use of some of their
helpful functions.

The Helpful function that we'll use here is called `parseArgs`. We can import
that with:

```typescript
import { parseArgs } from "jsr:@std/cli/parse-args";
```

Then we can update our code to use this function, passing the argument and
removing the zero. Our `main.ts` file now looks like this:

```typescript title="main.ts"
import { parseArgs } from "jsr:@std/cli/parse-args";

const args = parseArgs(Deno.args);

console.log(args);
```

Let's go ahead and try this out, in your terminal run:

```sh
deno main.ts -h Hello
```

We can see that `Hello` has been added to our args object. All right, so that's
working as expected.

### Building the Ski Resort Information App

Now our app is going to be a ski resort information app, so we want to populate
our app with a little bit of data to start. We're going to create a value called
`resorts`. This is an object with a few different keys so we'll say `elevation`,
`snow` and `expectedSnowfall`. Then let's just copy and paste these so that we
can move a little more quickly we'll set `Aspen` to `7945` `snow` to
`packed powder`, `expectedSnowfall` to `15`. Then let's add one more of these
we'll set `Vail` to `8120` and then we'll say `expectedSnowfall` is `25`.

```typescript title="main.ts"
const resorts = {
  Whistler: {
    elevation: 2214,
    snow: "Powder",
    expectedSnowfall: "20",
  },

  Aspen: {
    elevation: 7945,
    snow: "packed powder",
    expectedSnowfall: 15,
  },
  Vail: {
    elevation: 8120,
    snow: "packed powder",
    expectedSnowfall: 25,
  },
};
```

We have a few different resorts here. Ultimately we want to be able to run our
app with a command line argument that's going to provide the resort name and
then have that CLI tool return the information about that resort.

### Handling Command Line Arguments

So let's go ahead and pass another object to parse args, here we're going to
define an alias - so we're going to say "if I pass the `r` flag we want to have
it assume it means `resort`. Then let's also use the default here, we'll set the
`default` `resort` to `Whistler`:

```typescript title="main.ts"
const args = parseArgs(Deno.args, {
  alias: {
    resort: "r",
  },
  default: {
    resort: "Whistler",
  },
});
```

From here we can set up a const called `resortName` and set it to `args.resort`.
Then get the resort, with `resorts[resortName]` (we'll fix that type error in a
second), and update the console log:

```typescript title="main.ts"
const resortName = args.resort;
const resort = resorts[resortName];

console.log(
  `Resort: ${resortName} Elevation: ${resort.elevation} feet Snow: ${resort.snow} Expected Snowfall: ${resort.expectedSnowfall}`,
);
```

To test this out we can use:

```sh
deno main.ts -r Aspen
```

Which will give us a printout of all of Aspen's details.

We can also run this without any arguments which should give the details for
Whistler, because that was set as default:

```sh
deno main.ts
```

Same goes for our full name, so we could say:

```sh
deno main.ts --resort Veil
```

And that should give us those details as well.

### Improving Error Handling

Now if I tried to run this with a resort that's not there, let's say `Bachelor`;
there's an error so that's kind of an ugly one. It's hitting this moment where
it's trying to parse that out and it can't find it. So we could make this a
little nicer by saying if there's no `resort` in our data set that matches the
input, let's run a console error saying
`resort name not found, try Whistler Aspen or Veil` and then we'll hop out of
that process with a `Deno.exit`:

```typescript title="main.ts"
if (!resort) {
  console.error(
    `Resort ${resortName} name not found. Try Whistler, Aspen, or Veil`,
  );
  Deno.exit(1);
}
```

### Fixing the types

Okay so this here isn't looking so good we can look at the problems here in
typescript - it's telling us that this implicitly has an `any` type, you can
look up more about this error but I'll show you how to fix this one. Update the
type of `resortName` to be a key of `resorts`:

```typescript title="main.ts"
const resortName = args.resort as keyof typeof resorts;
```

What this has done is extract the value of `args.resort` and it's going to
assert that there is a valid key inside of the data.

### Adding Help and Color Output

Let's take this one more step, we're going to say if `args.help`, we will
console log and then we're going to give our users a little message to say "hey
this is actually how you use this" if they do happen to ask for help at any
moment, and we'll update the alias here to say `help` is `H`, finally we'll make
sure to call `Deno.exit` so that we jump out of the process as soon as we're
done with that:

```typescript title="main.ts"
const args = parseArgs(Deno.args, {
  alias: {
    resort: "r",
    help: "h",
  },
  default: {
    resort: "Whistler",
  },
});

...

if (args.help) {
  console.log(`
    usage: ski-cli --resort <resort name>
    -h, --help    Show Help
    -r, --resort  Name of the ski resort (default: Whistler)
  `);
  Deno.exit();
}
```

You can test your help setup by running the following:

```sh
deno main.ts -h
```

Next let's log our results here in color. Deno has support for CSS using the
`%C` syntax.

This will take the text and apply the style that we pass in as the second
argument to the `console.log()`. Here we could set `color:blue` as the second
argument, eg:

````typescript title="main.ts"
console.log(`
    %c
    Resort: ${resortName} 
    Elevation: ${resort.elevation} feet 
    Snow: ${resort.snow} 
    Expected Snowfall: ${resort.expectedSnowfall}
    `, "color:blue"
);

Then run the program again:

```sh
deno main.ts -r Veil
````

You should see everything logged in a blue color. How cool is that?!

### Compiling the Tool for Different Platforms

I want other people to be able to enjoy the app too. Compiling this tool into an
executable is pretty easy with Deno. As you might imagine, the command for
running this is `deno compile` and then the name of our script. This is going to
compile the code to the project as an executable:

```sh
deno compile main.ts
```

You should see the executable in your project folder called MyDenoProject. Now
you can run this as an executable with `./`, eg:

```sh
./MyDenoProject --resort Aspen
```

So this is really great for me, but what happens if I want to share this to
other platforms? All you would need to do is run `deno compile` again, this time
passing in a `--target` flag for where you want to compile to.

Let's say we wanted to compile it for Windows we'd use:

```sh
deno compile --target x86_64-pc-windows-msvc --output ski-cli-windows main.ts
```

or for a Mac:

```sh
deno compile --target x86_64-apple-darwin --output ski-cli-macos main.ts
```

or for Linux:

```sh
deno compile --target x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu --output ski-cli-linux main.ts
```

You can see all of the
[options for compiling your apps](/runtime/reference/cli/compile/) in the Deno
documentation. There are a lot of different flags that you can use for your own
specific use cases.

To recap we always have access to the Deno Standard Library that we can take
advantage of with all these different helpful functions. If we wanted to create
a command line utility, like we've done here, we always have access to the
[`Deno` global namespace](/api/deno/~/Deno) for these arguments. We can parse
the arguments using the parse args function from the standard Library CLI
package and we can run a compile for all platforms so that our app can be
consumed anywhere.


---

# Configuration with Deno JSON

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/configuration_with_deno_json


## Video description

In this video, we use the deno.json file to manage dependencies and
configurations in your Deno projects. Learn how to create and configure tasks
like 'start' and 'format' to streamline your workflow. We'll also explore
customizing formatting and linting rules, and understand the concept of import
maps for cleaner imports. Then we'll take a look at compatibility between Deno's
deno.json and Node's package.json for seamless project integration.

## Transcript and code

### Introduction to JSR Package Management

Every time we’ve installed a package with JSR it’s been placed into this
`deno.json` file as an import.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "@eveporcello/sing": "jsr:@eveporcello/sing@^0.1.0"
  }
}
```

### Creating and Running Tasks

So, we can use this file to manage our dependencies, but we can also use it for
a bunch of other configuration tasks. Specifically, to get us started, let’s
configure some literal tasks. We’re going to create a `"start"` task. This will
run `deno --allow-net main.ts`.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "start": "deno --allow-net main.ts"
  },
  "imports": {
    "@eveporcello/sing": "jsr:@eveporcello/sing@^0.1.0"
  }
}
```

So, think of this like a shortcut for running a command. So we could say

```sh
deno task start
```

This is going to run that, same with

```sh
deno run start
```

that will work as well.

Let’s add another one of these, we’re going to call it `"format"`. So, this will
combine these two different things, we’ll say `deno fmt && deno lint`.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "start": "deno --allow-net main.ts",
    "format": "deno fmt && deno lint"
  },
  "imports": {
    "@eveporcello/sing": "jsr:@eveporcello/sing@^0.1.0"
  }
}
```

So let’s run

```sh
deno task format
```

and then this will run everything for us.

### Formatting and Linting Configuration

You can also use this file to set configurations for these types of commands. So
we can say `"fmt"` and then use a couple different rules, so the Formatting in
the documentation [here](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/#formatting) will
walk you through it. There’s several different options that you can take
advantage of, let’s go ahead and say, `"useTabs"`, and we’ll say `true` here,
and then we’ll use `”lineWidth”: 80`.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "start": "deno --allow-net main.ts",
    "format": "deno fmt && deno lint"
  },
  "fmt": {
    "useTabs": true,
    "lineWidth": 80
  },
  "imports": {
    "@eveporcello/sing": "jsr:@eveporcello/sing@^0.1.0"
  }
}
```

Now if we run

```sh
deno task format
```

This will run everything with those rules.

Linting, you could set up as well. So we’ll say `"lint"`. This is also in the
documentation, right above this, so Linting
[here](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/#linting) will take you on the
journey of all the different configuration options depending on your project’s
needs, but in this case let’s add a key for `"rules"` here, and you can include
them, you can exclude them.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "start": "deno --allow-net main.ts",
    "format": "deno fmt && deno lint"
  },
  "lint": {
    "rules": {}
  },
  "fmt": {
    "useTabs": true,
    "lineWidth": 80
  },
  "imports": {
    "@eveporcello/sing": "jsr:@eveporcello/sing@^0.1.0"
  }
}
```

Let’s say `// @ts-ignore`, and we won’t add any comments after it.

```typescript title="main.ts"
// @ts-ignore
import { sing } from "jsr:@eveporcello/sing";

console.log(sing("sun", 3));
```

This is a rule that’s going to, if I add this to the top of any file, the
intended behavior in a project, it’s going to make sure that Typescript just
ignores any of the types that are in this file, so it doesn’t matter if it
adheres to the rules. But, if I run

```sh
deno task format
```

again, this is going to tell me, “Hey, you can’t do that. You can’t ignore these
files without comment.” This is one of those rules. But, we know where to find a
way out of that trap, which, maybe you don’t want to find a way out, but I’ll
show you how anyway. We’ll say `”exclude”: [“ban-ts-comment”]`.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "start": "deno --allow-net main.ts",
    "format": "deno fmt && deno lint"
  },
  "lint": {
    "rules": {
      "exclude": ["ban-ts-comment"]
    }
  },
  "fmt": {
    "useTabs": true,
    "lineWidth": 80
  },
  "imports": {
    "@eveporcello/sing": "jsr:@eveporcello/sing@^0.1.0"
  }
}
```

Then, we’ll try to run

```sh
deno task format
```

again. We should see that that runs appropriately and we’re getting away with
our `// @ts-ignore`.

### Handling Import Maps

There’s also a concept in this `deno.json` file of the import map. So, right now
we’re using `"@eveporcello/sing"` as the import, but it’s also possible to make
this a little bit shorter. We could use just `"sing"` for this.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "start": "deno --allow-net main.ts",
    "format": "deno fmt && deno lint"
  },
  "lint": {
    "rules": {
      "exclude": ["ban-ts-comment"]
    }
  },
  "fmt": {
    "useTabs": true,
    "lineWidth": 80
  },
  "imports": {
    "sing": "jsr:@eveporcello/sing@^0.1.0"
  }
}
```

Now if we replace this whole thing with just `"sing"`

```typescript title="main.ts"
// @ts-ignore
import { sing } from "sing";

console.log(sing("sun", 3));
```

and we run

```sh
deno main.ts
```

This should work as expected. So this is what’s called a “bare specifier”. It’s
an import map which is going to map this particular dependency to this JSR
package, so it just allows for a nice, clean import if we’d like to.

If you want to learn more about these different options, check out the docs
[here](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/) on configuration. Deno also
supports a `package.json` for compatibility with Node.js projects. Now, if both
a `deno.json` and a `package.json` are both found in the same directory, Deno
will understand the dependencies specified in both. So, a lot of options here,
but this is going to be extremely useful as you work on your Deno projects.


---

# Benchmarking with Deno bench

> Learn how to measure code performance using Deno's built-in benchmarking tool. Discover baseline comparisons, grouped benchmarks, and precise measurement techniques for optimizing your TypeScript and JavaScript code.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/deno_bench


## Video description

[`deno bench`](/runtime/reference/cli/bench/) is an easy to use benchmarking
tool that ships with the Deno runtime. Here are 3 ways that can level up how you
use deno bench.

## Transcript and code

What's up everyone it's Andy from Deno and today we're going to talk about
`deno bench`. This video is a continuation of our **Deno tool chain** series.

`deno bench` is a benchmarking tool that makes it easy to measure performance,
and if you're coming from Node, `deno bench` saves you time from finding and
integrating a third party benchmarking tool.

### Baseline Summaries

Today we're going to cover some cool use cases with `deno bench`. Most of the
time we'll want to benchmark two or more ways of doing the same thing, here
we're comparing parsing a URL from a string, parsing a URL with a path, and then
also parsing a URL with a path and a URL object:

```typescript title="main_bench.ts"
Deno.bench("url parsing", () => {
  new URL("https://deno.land");
});

Deno.bench("url parsing with path", () => {
  new URL("./welcome.ts", "https://deno.land/");
});

const BASE_URL = new URL("https://deno.land");
Deno.bench("url parsing with a path and a URL object", () => {
  new URL("./welcome.ts", BASE_URL);
});
```

Then run:

```sh
deno bench main_bench.ts
```

The output results show how long it takes each benchmark in nano seconds, as
well as how many iterations per second. Not only that but also includes the CPU
chip and the runtime.

The results indicate that the first approach is the fastest. But what if you
want a more clear way to show exactly how much faster it is? We can pass the
`baseline:true` option into the Benchmark:

```typescript title="main_bench.ts"
Deno.bench("url parsing", { baseline: true }, () => {
  new URL("https://deno.land");
});

...etc
```

When we run it there is now a summary section at the bottom of the output that
shows you exactly how much faster the benchmarks are compared to the baseline.

If you want multiple benchmarks but in the same file you can organize the output
using the `group` option. If we add a fourth Benchmark for splitting text and
run the file we'll see all of the results grouped together, which isn't very
helpful. Instead we can add a group of `url` to the URL benchmarks and a group
of `text` to the text benchmarks:

```typescript title="main_bench.ts"
Deno.bench("url parsing", { baseline: true, group: "url" }, () => {
  new URL("https://deno.land");
});

...etc

const TEXT = "Lorem ipsum dolor sit amet";
Deno.bench("split on whitespace", { group: "text" }, () => {
  TEXT.split(" ");
});
```

Now you will see our results are organized by group.

### More specific benchmarking with `b.start()` and `b.end()`

Did you know that you can be specific about when to start and stop measuring
your benchmarks? Here's a new Benchmark file where we plan to benchmark parsing
the first word of the releases markdown file, which is all the release notes
from the Deno runtime project over the past 5 years. It's over 6,000 lines long!

```typescript title="file_bench.ts"
const FILENAME = "./Releases.md";

Deno.bench("get first word", () => {
  const file = Deno.readTextFileSync(FILENAME);
  const firstWord = file.split(" ")[0];
});
```

Running `deno bench` shows that this operation takes a long time, but it's
mostly because the benchmark requires reading the file in memory. So how do we
benchmark reading just the first word? If we use the `bench`
`context parameter`, we have access to the `start()` and `end()` functions.

```typescript title="file_bench.ts"
const FILENAME = "./Releases.md";

Deno.bench("get first word", (b) => {
  const file = Deno.readTextFileSync(FILENAME);
  b.start();
  const firstWord = file.split(" ")[0];
  b.end();
});
```

Now when we run `deno bench`, you'll notice that this benchmark only measures
the reading of the first word.

This was just a glimpse into `deno bench`, if you want to check out the other
options on Deno Bench check out the other options available to you, you can use
your editor to `ctrl+click` through to the bench definitions, or look at the
[`deno bench` documentation](/runtime/reference/cli/bench/). There are some
other options that you can pass such as
[`only`](/runtime/reference/cli/bench/#bench-definition-filtering) and
[`ignore`](/runtime/reference/cli/bench/#options-ignore).


---

# Deno coverage

> Learn how to measure test coverage in Deno projects. Watch how to generate coverage reports, analyze code coverage metrics, and use the HTML report feature.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/deno_coverage


## Description of video

We updated `deno coverage` in 1.39 with a better output and HTML generation.

## Transcript and code

If you're using `deno test`, have you checked out `deno coverage`?

`deno coverage` is a great way to see how much test coverage you have, just add
the coverage flag to Deno test:

```sh
deno test --coverage
```

This will save coverage data to `/coverage`. Then run the coverage command:

```sh
deno coverage ./coverage
```

to see a coverage report.

In Deno 1.39, `deno coverage` was updated in two ways; first it now outputs a
concise summary table and second, if you add the `--html` flag:

```sh
deno coverage ./coverage --html
```

the coverage tool generates static HTML so that you can explore your coverage in
a browser.

We got more plans for Deno coverage, like simplifying the steps into a single
command and more.


---

# Your Deno Dev Environment

> Learn how to set up your Deno development environment. Watch how to install Deno, configure VS Code, enable type checking and autocomplete, and optimize your TypeScript development workflow.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/deno_dev_environment


## Video description

How to set up your development environment for Deno

## Transcript and code

To install Deno, we'll run curl. So we're going to grab this curl command
[from the documentation](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/getting_started/installation/).

```shell
curl -fsSL https://deno.land/install.sh | sh
```

We'll go to our terminal, we'll paste that in, hit enter, and this will install
Deno in the background to the most recent version. When I do this, it'll ask me
if I want to add Deno to the path. We'll go ahead and say yes, and you can add
these setup completions here.

And now we have installed this to our path. If you're on Windows, there are
installation instructions for you here in the documentation.

To generate a Deno project from scratch, let's go ahead and type
`deno init MyDenoProject`. This is going to create that folder for me. I can
then cd into that folder. Now if we open this up in VSCode, this has created a
`deno.json` file, a `main_test.ts` file, and a `main.ts` file. So this is a
quick way of getting started.

If you're using VSCode, there are a few configuration options that you'll want
to set up. So we'll go up here to code and settings. We'll select extensions. So
over here in your extensions, you're going to search for Deno, and then we'll
[select the one that has been created by Denoland here](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=denoland.vscode-deno).

```javascript
{
  "deno.enable": true,
}
```

We're going to run install, and this will install our Deno land extension. Next
we'll type `command shift P`. This will open up our command palette here, and we
can type `deno initialize workspace configuration`. We're going to go ahead and
click that. That's going to generate this VSCode folder with settings. This is
going to enable hints and autocomplete and all of that right here in the code
editor. So if I start to type anything from `deno serve`, for example, that's
going to give me a look at what the expected parameters of that function are.
That's very helpful.

This is also going to give us hints when importing. So we'll say import star as
path from JSR at standard slash path.

```javascript
import * as path from "jsr:@std/path";
```

So all of them are listed there. Pretty cool. And then if we wanted to do
something for a remote module, something like OpenAI from
[https://deno.land/x/openai@v4.67.1/mod.ts](https://deno.land/x/openai@v4.67.1/mod.ts)
(or now, even better, from [JSR](https://jsr.io/@openai/openai))

```javascript
import OpenAI from "jsr:@openai/openai";
```

This is then going to give us the standard library as well as X for all of those
third party APIs. So you can actually drill down into OpenAI from here. You just
need to select the version, so we'll say OpenAI at v461. And then you can even
drill down into that individual file.

If you take a look at
[the documentation
here, this will guide you through the process of setting up your own unique
environment](/runtime/getting_started/setup_your_environment/). There are
[shell completions](/runtime/getting_started/setup_your_environment/#shell-completions)
that you can add, so depending on which CLI tool you're using, you can set this
up over here, whether it's Bash or PowerShell or ZShell or whatever it might be.


---

# Formatting with Deno fmt

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/deno_fmt


## Video description

A quick cut of tips and tricks on
[Deno's built in formatter, `deno fmt`](/runtime/reference/cli/fmt/).

what's up everyone, Andy from Deno here, back for another episode of the **Deno
tool chain series** where we dig a little deeper into the deno subcommands.

Today we're going to look at `deno fmt`, our built-in formatter that's
customizable, performant and flexible enough to fit into any workflow. Let's
dive right in.

### What is `deno fmt`?

`deno fmt` will format these file extensions:

- `.js`
- `.jsx`
- `.ts`
- `.tsx`
- `.json`
- `.jsonc`
- `.md`
- `.markdown`

The simplest way to use `deno fmt` is to run it from the command line:

```sh
deno fmt
```

You could even pipe in a string or file:

```sh
echo ' console.log(    5  );' | deno fmt -
## console.log(5);
```

You can also use the `--check` flag which will check if your code has been
formatted by `deno fmt`. If it's not formatted, it will return a nonzero exit
code:

```sh
echo ' console.log(    5  );' | deno fmt --check -
## Not formatted stdin
```

This is useful in CI where you want to check if the code is formatted properly.

### Editor integration

`deno fmt` also works in your editor, like VS Code. Set `deno fmt` as your
default formatter in your editors settings, eg for VS Code:

```json title=".vscode/settings.json"
{
  "editor.defaultFormatter": "denoland.vscode-deno",
  "editor.formatOnSave": true
}
```

You can also set format on save to be true

### Multiple ways to format

In some situations, there are multiple ways to format, and Deno lets you decide
how you want to format. For example an object can be formatted horizontally or
vertically, it depends on where you put your first item. Eg:

```typescript
const foo = { bar: "baz", qux: "quux" };

// or

const foo = {
  bar: "baz",
  qux: "quux",
};
```

Same with an array. You can format it horizontally or vertically depending on
where you put your first item. Eg:

```typescript
const foo = ["bar", "baz", "qux"];

// or

const foo = [
  "bar",
  "baz",
  "qux",
];
```

### Remove escaped quotes

`deno fmt` can also reduce the escaped characters in your strings. For example,
if you have a string with escaped quotes, `deno fmt` will remove them:

<!-- deno-fmt-ignore-start -->
```typescript
console.log("hello \"world\"");
```
<!-- deno-fmt-ignore-end -->

will be formatted to:

```typescript
console.log('hello "world"');
```

### Ignoring lines or files

What if you want `deno fmt` to skip a line or a file? You can use the
`//deno-fmt-ignore` comment to tell `deno fmt` to skip the following line, eg:

```typescript
console.log("This   line    will  be  formatted");

// deno-fmt-ignore
console.log("This   line  will  not be    formatted");
```

To tell `deno fmt` to skip a file, you can use the `// deno-fmt-ignore-file`
comment at the top of the file to ignore. Or you can use your `deno.json` config
file under the `fmt` field:

```json
{
  "fmt": {
    "exclude": ["main.ts", "*.json"]
  }
}
```

### Formatting markdown

`deno fmt` also works on markdown files. You can choose how to format prose with
the option `"proseWrap"` set to either `always`, `never` or `preserve`, eg:

```json
{
  "fmt": {
    "proseWrap": "always"
  }
}
```

`deno fmt` can also format numbered lists if you start a number list with two
ones, for example:

```markdown title="list.md"
1. First
1. Second
1. Third
1. Fourth
1. Fifth
```

The formatter will automatically format the list to all ones, but when you
render it, it will show the number list properly!

If that's weird you can also put `1` and then `2` and then run `deno fmt`, which
will number the rest of the list correctly for you.

`deno fmt` will also format code blocks of JavaScript and TypeScript in your
markdown. It can even format markdown in markdown!

### Formatter options

Let's take a look at
[all the options available in `deno fmt`](/runtime/reference/cli/fmt/#formatting-options).
Note that all these options also have a corresponding flags in the CLI.

```json
{
  "fmt": {
    "useTabs": true,
    "lineWidth": 80,
    "indentWidth": 2,
    "semiColons": false,
    "singleQuote": true,
    "proseWrap": "always",
    "exclude": ["**/logs.json"]
  }
}
```

- `--use-tabs`
- `--line-width <line-width>`
- `--indent-width <indent-width>`
- `--no-semicolons`
- `--single-quote`
- `--prose-wrap <prose-wrap>`
- `--ignore=<ignore>`

### `deno fmt`'s Performance

`deno fmt` is really fast, especially on subsequent runs due to caching, which
is enabled by default. Here's the first run that we did on Deno's standard
Library. Let's run it again! The system time shows that the second run is a
third faster. If we update a file and run it again it's still fast since
`deno fmt` checks only the changed file. Let's compare this to `Prettier` (a
popular Node formatter), we'll run Prettier with a caching flag enabled. Even on
a second run, `deno fmt` is almost 20 times faster!


---

# Getting started with Deno test

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/deno_test



---

# Deploy Deno to AWS Lambda

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/deploy_deno_to_aws_lambda


## Video description

Show how to deploy Deno applications to AWS Lambda (using a community runtime
for Lambda).

## Transcript and code

### Run Deno on AWS Lambda

Running Deno on AWS Lambda? Sure, you can do that. With AWS lambda the
serverless pricing can be cheaper than a VPS and can be easier to maintain
because it can auto scale behind the scenes.

<!-- We have our tree app here, and we want to host it on AWS.  -->

To make that work, we’re going to use the aws-lambda-adapter project to make
sure that our `Deno.serve` function runs as we expect it to. This is a popular
approach to deploying to AWS lambda due to control, flexibility, and
consistency.

There’s a nice article on this on the blog if you want to learn more about these
considerations.

Let’s take a look at the Dockerfile that we can use to make this work:

```dockerfile
# Set up the base image
FROM public.ecr.aws/awsguru/aws-lambda-adapter:0.9.0 AS aws-lambda-adapter
FROM denoland/deno:bin-2.0.2 AS deno_bin
FROM debian:bookworm-20230703-slim AS deno_runtime
COPY --from=aws-lambda-adapter /lambda-adapter /opt/extensions/lambda-adapter
COPY --from=deno_bin /deno /usr/local/bin/deno
ENV PORT=8000
EXPOSE 8000
RUN mkdir /var/deno_dir
ENV DENO_DIR=/var/deno_dir

# Copy the function code
WORKDIR "/var/task"
COPY . /var/task

# Warmup caches
RUN timeout 10s deno -A main.ts || [ $? -eq 124 ] || exit 1

CMD ["deno", "-A", "main.ts"]
```

Then we’ll build the Docker image.

```shell
docker build -t my-deno-project .
```

Now we need to start interfacing with AWS. If this is your first time working
with AWS, you can create an account:
[https://aws.amazon.com](https://aws.amazon.com)

And if you haven’t installed the AWS CLI, you can do that too. You know if it’s
installed by typing `aws` into your Terminal or Command Prompt. If that returns
an error you can install with homebrew or follow the instructions through the
website:
[https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/getting-started-install.html](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/userguide/getting-started-install.html)

```
brew install awscli
```

Then you’ll want to make sure that you’re set up with `aws configure`.
Everything that it is looking for is in the
[Security Credentials section of the
AWS Console](https://us-east-1.console.aws.amazon.com/ecr/private-registry/repositories).

### Use the CLI to create an ECR

The ECR is a registry service where we can push our docker container

```
aws ecr create-repository --repository-name my-deno-project --region us-east-1 | grep repositoryUri
```

This outputs a URI for the repo: \`"repositoryUri":
"\<\<myuserid\>\>[.dkr.ecr.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/my-deno-project](http://.dkr.ecr.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/my-deno-project)",\`

Then log in using the URI that comes back

```shell
aws ecr get-login-password --region us-east-1 | docker login --username AWS --password-stdin <username>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/my-deno-project
```

Tag the image

```shell
docker tag my-deno-project:latest <myProject>.dkr.ecr.us-east-1.amazonaws.com/my-deno-project:latest
```

Then Push the image to ECR

```shell
docker push <myproject>.dkr.ecr.us-west-1.amazonaws.com/my-deno-project:latest
```

Now we need to create a function that will host our app:

- [https://us-east-1.console.aws.amazon.com/lambda/home?region=us-east-1\#/begin](https://us-east-1.console.aws.amazon.com/lambda/home?region=us-east-1#/begin)
- Think of a function as being a place where the app is going to run
- Select Create a Function
- Select Container Image Radio Button
- Call the function `tree-app`
- Select the app from the Browse Containers button
- Halfway down the page select “Configuration”
- Select `Function URL`
- Create a URL
- Select None so the endpoint is public
- Select Save
- Check the app in the browser

One thing to keep in mind with Lambda functions is cold start performance. Cold
starts happen when AWS needs to initialize your function, and it can cause
slight delays. There’s a pretty cool
[blog here that goes through Deno vs. other
tools](https://deno.com/blog/aws-lambda-coldstart-benchmarks).

Using Deno with AWS Lambda functions is a great way to stand up your app quickly
in a familiar environment.


---

# Deploying Deno with Docker

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/deploying_deno_with_docker


## Video description

See how to deploy Deno applications with Docker to a compatible cloud
environment.

## Resources

- https://github.com/denoland/deno_docker
- https://fly.io/
- https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/docker/

## Transcript and code

Deno has made a lot of things seem easy: linting, formatting, interoperability
with the Node ecosystem, testing, TypeScript, but how about deployment? How easy
is it to get Deno running in production? Pretty easy!

Let’s start with a look at our app. It’s an app that provides us with some
information about trees. On the homepage we get some text At the trees route, we
get some JSON At the dynamic route based on the tree’s id, we get information
about that single tree.

```ts
import { Hono } from "jsr:@hono/hono";

const app = new Hono();

interface Tree {
  id: string;
  species: string;
  age: number;
  location: string;
}

const oak: Tree = {
  id: "1",
  species: "oak",
  age: 3,
  location: "Jim's Park",
};

const maple: Tree = {
  id: "2",
  species: "maple",
  age: 5,
  location: "Betty's Garden",
};

const trees: Tree[] = [oak, maple];

app.get("/", (c) => {
  return c.text("🌲 🌳 The Trees Welcome You! 🌲 🌳");
});

app.get("/trees", (c) => {
  return c.json(trees);
});

app.get("/trees/:id", (c) => {
  const id = c.req.param("id");
  const tree = trees.find((tree) => tree.id === id);
  if (!tree) return c.json({ message: "That tree isn't here!" }, 404);
  return c.json(tree);
});

Deno.serve(app.fetch);
```

## Run Locally with Docker

Make sure that Docker is installed on your machine. In your terminal or command
prompt, you can run docker and if you get a big list of commands, you have it.
If not, head over to https://www.docker.com/ and download it based on your
operating system.

### Test run docker:

```shell
docker
```

Then run the command to get running on `localhost:8000` with Docker

```shell
docker run -it -p 8000:8000 -v $PWD:/my-deno-project denoland/deno:2.0.2 run
--allow-net /my-deno-project/main.ts
```

Visit the app running at `localhost:8000`

It’s also possible to run this with a docker config file.

```dockerfile
FROM
denoland/deno:2.0.2

# The port that your application listens to.

EXPOSE 8000

WORKDIR /app

# Prefer not to run as root.
USER deno

# These steps will be re-run upon each file change in your working directory:
COPY . .

# Compile the main app so that it doesn't need to be compiled each startup/entry.
RUN deno cache main.ts

# Warmup caches
RUN timeout 10s deno -A main.ts || [ $? -eq 124 ] || exit 1

CMD ["run", "--allow-net", "main.ts"]
```

Then build it

```shell
docker build -t my-deno-project .
```

From there, you can deploy the app to your hosting provider of choice. I’m going
to use fly.io today.

## Deploy to fly.io

If you haven’t worked with fly before, it’s a cloud platform that allows you to
deploy and run fullstack apps. They run in multiple regions throughout the world
which makes them a pretty nice option. https://fly.io/

### Install Fly

Install with curl

```shell
curl -L https://fly.io/install.sh | sh
```

### Log in with Fly via CLI

```shell
fly auth login
```

This will open the browser for you to log into your account (or create one if
you haven’t already). Then we’ll launch the app with fly using:

```shell
flyctl launch
```

This will generate a fly.toml file for the app, and you can choose different
settings if you’d like to. And more importantly it will launch it! We’ll just
wait for the process to complete, and we should be able to view our app running
at that location.

So with Deno, we can use Docker to containerize the app and with Fly we can get
the app hosted in production in just a few minutes.

## More information on working with Docker

For a closer look at Deno's support of Docker, including best practices, running
tests with Docker, using workspaces, and more, please take a look at our
[Deno and Docker reference documentation](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/docker/).


---

# ECMAScript Modules

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/esmodules



---

# Image bundling with deno compile

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/image_bundling_deno_compile


## Video description

Divy from the Deno team shows you how to embed image assets with `deno compile`
in [his Flappybird game](https://github.com/littledivy/flappybird) with the
bytes import.


---

# Interoperability with Node.js

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/interoperability_with_nodejs


## Video description

Deno gained lots of interpoperability capabilities at its v2.0 release. In this
video, we'll look at how to use Node.js built-in APIs, NPM modules, and JSR
packages.

## Transcript and examples

[Deno 2.0](https://deno.com/blog/v2) is here, and it's good. One of the most
amazing features of Deno is its interoperability with other platforms including
Node. For example, we can use the core Node.js built in APIs. All we have to do
is add this Node specifier here.

```ts
import fs from "node:fs/promises";
```

Deno also supports the use of NPM modules. All you need to do is add the NPM
specifier with your import and you're good to go.

```ts
import { * } as Sentry from "npm:@sentry/node";
```

We can also take advantage of [JSR](https://jsr.io), an open source package
registry for TypeScript and JavaScript.

```ts
import OpenAI from "jsr:@openai/openai";
```

JSR works with Deno, of course, but also with Node.js. bun, and CloudFlare
workers. You can even install JSR packages into Vite and Next.js applications.

Deno also gives us
[import maps](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/modules/#differentiating-between-imports-or-importmap-in-deno.json-and---import-map-option),
which help us manage our dependencies. You can install a package from JSR. The
import will be added to the `deno.json`, and you can even use a shorthand to
describe this to clean up your code even more. Deno 2.0 is focused on a really
solid developer experience. New projects and migrations feel a whole lot easier
with Deno.


---

# Introduction to Deno APIs

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/intro_to_deno_apis


## Video description

In this video, we explore the powerful APIs provided by Deno in the global
namespace. We demonstrate file system operations like creating, reading,
writing, and appending to files using Deno's built-in methods. Then, examine how
to handle command line arguments, environment variables, and set up a basic
server. We can reduce the need for external APIs with these Deno built-in APIs.

## Transcript and examples

In the global name space, Deno has a ton of APIs that you can take advantage of.
Let's take a look at a few of them.

### Creating and writing to files

In order to write a file, first we will await Deno.open and we'll pass in the
name of the file that we want to create. The second argument is going to be an
object where we'll set `read`, `write` and `create` to `true`:

```ts title="main.ts"
await Deno.open("thoughts.txt", {
  read: true,
  write: true,
  create: true,
});
```

To run this, we will use:

```sh
deno main.ts
```

When run, the console will prompt us to allow read access, so we'll say yes (or
`y`). Then it's going to ask us for write access, which is pretty cool (and
we'll allow that too with `y`), so we've granted both and now we have created a
file called `thoughts.txt`.

If we wanted to write some data to this file we could make some adjustments to
our `main.ts` file. Let's create a variable for our file (called file), then
we're going to add `append:true` to the object we pass to the `Deno.open` method
(we can also get rid of create I suppose, since the file has already been
created):

```ts title="main.ts"
const file = await Deno.open("thoughts.txt", {
  read: true,
  write: true,
  append: true,
});
```

Next, below this, we'll make a constant called `encoder`, and make it equal a
new text encoder. Then we'll make a second constant called `data`, which will
call `encode`. Finally we'll add a string with a newline and some text to
`data`:

```ts title="main.ts"
const encoder = new TextEncoder();
const data = encoder.encode("\nI think basil is underrated.");
```

Then we'll `await file.Write(data)`, which will take that data and write it to
the thoughts file, and finally we'll close the file.

```ts title=main.ts"
await file.write(data);
file.close();
```

This time we will run the file with the required permissions:

```sh
deno --allow-read --allow-write main.ts
```

If we take a look back at our `thoughts.txt` file it will say "I think basil is
underrated". The text has been appended to our file.

### Reading and appending to files

There are some other options as well, so let's go back to the top of our file
this time instead of using `Deno.open` we'll use `Deno.readFile`. Which means we
can remove the second argument object, because we're being very specific about
what we actually want to do here. Then we'll console log the file.

```ts title="main.ts"
const file = await Deno.readFile("thoughts.txt");
console.log(file);
```

If we run this with:

```sh
deno --allow-read main.ts
```

The encoded file will be logged to the console, which isn't quite what I want. I
actually want the human readable text. So what I can do here is I can use
`Deno.readTextFile` instead of `Deno.readFile`, which will write the text from
the file directly to the console.

We can also write to the file with `Deno.writeTextFile`. For example:

```ts title="main.ts"
await Deno.writeTextFile(
  "thoughts.txt",
  "Fall is a great season",
);
```

Which, if we run with `deno --allow-write main.ts`, will overwrite the contents
of the `thoughts.txt` file with the string about fall.

We can update that code to use `append: true`:

```ts title="main.ts"
await Deno.writeTextFile(
  "thoughts.txt",
  "\nWinter is the most fun season!",
  { append: true },
);
```

If we run it again, with `deno --allow-write main.ts`, it's going to append the
second sentence to the end of the file.

### Exploring command line arguments

We also have the option to explore command line arguments, so we could say:

```ts title="main.ts"
const name = Deno.args[0];
console.log(name);
```

We can run this with our usual deno command, but this time pass in a commandline
argument, lets say `Eve`:

```sh
deno main.ts Eve
```

The name `Eve` will be logged to the console.

If we want to get fancy, we can update the logged template string to pass out a
message:

```ts title="main.ts"
const name = Deno.args[0];
console.log(`How are you today, ${name}?`);
```

## Using env variables

On the Deno global, we also have environment variables. Let's create one called
`home`, and log our home directory to the console:

```ts title="main.ts"
const home = Deno.env.get("HOME");
console.log(`Home directory: ${home}`);
```

When run with `deno main.ts`, Deno will request environment access, which we can
allow with `y`. Or we can run the command with the `--allow-env` flag, and our
home directory will be logged to the console.

### Setting up a simple HTTP server

Finally, lets look at our trusty `server` constructor. We can create a handler
that returns a response, and then pass that handler to the `Deno.serve` method.

```ts title="main.ts"
function handler(): Response {
  return new Response("It's happening!");
}

Deno.serve(handler);
```

When run with

```sh
deno --allow-net main.ts
```

We'll see that a server is running and listening on port 8000. We can visit
`localhost:8000` in the browser and we should see the text "It's happening!".

So there are a ton of these that you can take advantage of but it's very nice to
know that we don't have to include an external library for everything, Deno has
us covered when it comes to managing errors handling servers and working with
the file system.


---

# Connect to Mongoose and MongoDB

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/mongoose



---

# Connect to Prisma

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/prisma



---

# Publishing Modules with JSR

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/publishing_modules_with_jsr


## Transcript and examples

[JSR](https://jsr.io) is a registry specifically designed for modern JavaScript
projects. JSR - the JavaScript registry - has a bunch of cool features. But if
you've used npm before, you might be thinking, "why do I need this and why do I
need to learn another one of these?"

- Well, first it's optimized for TypeScript.
- JSR only supports ES Modules.
- And finally, npm is the centralized registry for node projects, but there are
  other runtimes. Obviously Deno, but you can also use these packages in Bun,
  Cloudflare workers and more

Think of it like a superset. JSR doesn't replace npm, it builds on top of it.

So here at [jsr.io](https://jsr.io), you can search for whatever you want. I'm
looking for this library called Oak that is a middleware framework for handling
HTTP requests. I'll search for it here, and this will take me to
[the documentation page](https://jsr.io/@oak/oak).

If you want to install a package, all you need to do is add it:

```sh
deno add jsr:@oak/oak
```

Then we can use it inside of our file like this.

```javascript
import { Application } from "jsr:@oak/oak/application";
import { Router } from "jsr:@oak/oak/router";

const router = new Router();
router.get("/", (context) => {
  context.response.body = "HEY!";
});

const app = new Application();
app.use(router.routes());
app.use(router.allowedMethods());

app.listen({ port: 8080 });
```

Pretty cool! But what is it like to publish our own JSR package? It's actually
great.

JSR packages can depend on other packages from JSR but also on any npm package.

Let's build a small library and publish it to JSR. Remember
[our `sing` function from earlier](/examples/all-in-one_tooling/), let's make
this a function that can be consumed by other people in the JavaScript
community. You're welcome everyone.

```typescript
export function sing(
  phrase: string,
  times: number,
): string {
  return Array(times).fill(phrase).join(" ");
}

sing("la", 3);
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/new" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">Publish to JSR
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

Now if we [head over to jsr.io, we can publish it](https://jsr.io/new). The
first time I ever try to publish a package, JSR will ask me which scope I want
to publish to. I can create that here.

Then I'll create the package name and follow the instructions.

Let's try using our new package in a project using Vite. The following command
will walk us through setting up a new Vite project.

```shell
deno run --allow-read --allow-write --allow-env npm:create-vite-extra@latest
```

Now we can import our new package by adding it to our project:

```shell
deno add jsr:@eveporcello/sing
```

And then importing it when we need it

```typescript
import { sing } from "@eveporcello/sing";
```

 So if I had to give myself a grade on this, I don't even have to give myself a
grade. [JSR will give me a grade](https://jsr.io/@eveporcello/sing/score) of
29%, which I don't know. Probably not so good. But this has a whole list of
improvements that I can make.

I need to add a readme to my package. I need to add examples. All of these
different things. So I can on my own time develop this to ensure that I have 100
percent here so that my code is well documented and very consumable by other
developers.


---

# Build a React app

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/react_app_video



---

# Build a Realtime WebSocket Application

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/realtime_websocket_app



---

# TypeScript and JSX

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/ts_jsx



---

# Build a Vue app

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/vue_app_video



---

# What is Deno?

URL: https://docs.deno.com/examples/videos/what_is_deno


## Video description

A short introduction to Deno and its history

## Transcript and code

Deno is an open source runtime for JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly
projects that's built on V8 and Rust. It's modern, it's fast, it's flexible, and
it's secure by default.

Deno was created by Ryan Dahl, the creator of Node.js, and in 2018, he gave
[a famous talk at JSConf EU](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=M3BM9TB-8yA) about
regrets that he had about Node. And Deno provides solutions to all of them.

With the hindsight of someone who's been there, Deno gives us a runtime that's
thought a lot about the details. Details like TypeScript support by default. You
can run or import TypeScript without installing anything more than the Deno CLI.
Deno has a built-in TypeScript compiler, so it'll just run your TypeScript code
without any extra configuration.

Details like linting, formatting, and testing. Deno is an all-in-one toolchain
that you can use to get started with your project without having to use all of
your finite time on earth having to configure it. Details like web standards.
Deno is built on web standards that you might recognize, like Fetch and
WebSockets.

You don't have to learn anything new to use them. If you've used them in the
browser, you're ready to use them in Deno. Deno is secure by default. You have
to specifically enable permissions for sensitive APIs like the network, the file
system, environment access. Deno has you opt into these permissions like you
would to opt into geolocation in the browser.

[In this course](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KPTOo4k8-GE&list=PLvvLnBDNuTEov9EBIp3MMfHlBxaKGRWTe),
we're going to walk through the most important features of Deno with hands-on
activities. Whether you've experimented with Deno in the past, or this is all
new to you, I think you're going to like it here.


---

# lint/rules/adjacent-overload-signatures.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/adjacent-overload-signatures


Requires overload signatures to be adjacent to each other.

Overloaded signatures which are not next to each other can lead to code which is
hard to read and maintain.

**Invalid:**

(`bar` is declared in-between `foo` overloads)

```typescript
type FooType = {
  foo(s: string): void;
  foo(n: number): void;
  bar(): void;
  foo(sn: string | number): void;
};
```

```typescript
interface FooInterface {
  foo(s: string): void;
  foo(n: number): void;
  bar(): void;
  foo(sn: string | number): void;
}
```

```typescript
class FooClass {
  foo(s: string): void;
  foo(n: number): void;
  bar(): void {}
  foo(sn: string | number): void {}
}
```

```typescript
export function foo(s: string): void;
export function foo(n: number): void;
export function bar(): void {}
export function foo(sn: string | number): void {}
```

**Valid:**

(`bar` is declared after `foo`)

```typescript
type FooType = {
  foo(s: string): void;
  foo(n: number): void;
  foo(sn: string | number): void;
  bar(): void;
};
```

```typescript
interface FooInterface {
  foo(s: string): void;
  foo(n: number): void;
  foo(sn: string | number): void;
  bar(): void;
}
```

```typescript
class FooClass {
  foo(s: string): void;
  foo(n: number): void;
  foo(sn: string | number): void {}
  bar(): void {}
}
```

```typescript
export function foo(s: string): void;
export function foo(n: number): void;
export function foo(sn: string | number): void {}
export function bar(): void {}
```


---

# lint/rules/ban-ts-comment.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/ban-ts-comment


Disallows the use of Typescript directives without a comment.

Typescript directives reduce the effectiveness of the compiler, something which
should only be done in exceptional circumstances. The reason why should be
documented in a comment alongside the directive.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// @ts-expect-error
let a: number = "I am a string";
```

```typescript
// @ts-ignore
let a: number = "I am a string";
```

```typescript
// @ts-nocheck
let a: number = "I am a string";
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// @ts-expect-error: Temporary workaround (see ticket #422)
let a: number = "I am a string";
```

```typescript
// @ts-ignore: Temporary workaround (see ticket #422)
let a: number = "I am a string";
```

```typescript
// @ts-nocheck: Temporary workaround (see ticket #422)
let a: number = "I am a string";
```


---

# lint/rules/ban-types.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/ban-types


Bans the use of primitive wrapper objects (e.g. `String` the object is a wrapper
of `string` the primitive) in addition to the non-explicit `Function` type and
the misunderstood `Object` type.

There are very few situations where primitive wrapper objects are desired and
far more often a mistake was made with the case of the primitive type. You also
cannot assign a primitive wrapper object to a primitive leading to type issues
down the line. For reference, [the TypeScript handbook] also says we shouldn't
ever use these wrapper objects.

[the TypeScript handbook]: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/declaration-files/do-s-and-don-ts.html#number-string-boolean-symbol-and-object

With `Function`, it is better to explicitly define the entire function signature
rather than use the non-specific `Function` type which won't give you type
safety with the function.

Finally, `Object` and `{}` means "any non-nullish value" rather than "any object
type". `object` is a good choice for a meaning of "any object type".

**Invalid:**

```typescript
let a: Boolean;
let b: String;
let c: Number;
let d: Symbol;
let e: Function;
let f: Object;
let g: {};
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
let a: boolean;
let b: string;
let c: number;
let d: symbol;
let e: () => number;
let f: object;
let g: Record<string, never>;
```


---

# lint/rules/ban-unknown-rule-code.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/ban-unknown-rule-code


Warns the usage of unknown rule codes in ignore directives.

We sometimes have to suppress and ignore lint errors for some reasons. We can do
so using [ignore directives](/go/lint-ignore/) with rule names that should be
ignored like so:

```typescript
// deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any no-unused-vars
const foo: any = 42;
```

This rule checks for the validity of the specified rule names (i.e. whether
`deno_lint` provides the rule or not).

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// typo
// deno-lint-ignore eq-eq-e
console.assert(x == 42);

// unknown rule name
// deno-lint-ignore UNKNOWN_RULE_NAME
const b = "b";
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// deno-lint-ignore eq-eq-eq
console.assert(x == 42);

// deno-lint-ignore no-unused-vars
const b = "b";
```


---

# lint/rules/ban-untagged-ignore.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/ban-untagged-ignore


Requires `deno-lint-ignore` to be annotated with one or more rule names.

Ignoring all rules can mask unexpected or future problems. Therefore you need to
explicitly specify which rule(s) are to be ignored.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// deno-lint-ignore
export function duplicateArgumentsFn(a, b, a) {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// deno-lint-ignore no-dupe-args
export function duplicateArgumentsFn(a, b, a) {}
```


---

# lint/rules/ban-untagged-todo.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/ban-untagged-todo


Requires TODOs to be annotated with either a user tag (`@user`) or an issue
reference (`#issue`).

TODOs without reference to a user or an issue become stale with no easy way to
get more information.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// TODO Improve calc engine
export function calcValue(): number {}
```

```typescript
// TODO Improve calc engine (@djones)
export function calcValue(): number {}
```

```typescript
// TODO Improve calc engine (#332)
export function calcValue(): number {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// TODO(djones) Improve calc engine
export function calcValue(): number {}
```

```typescript
// TODO(@djones) Improve calc engine
export function calcValue(): number {}
```

```typescript
// TODO(#332)
export function calcValue(): number {}
```

```typescript
// TODO(#332) Improve calc engine
export function calcValue(): number {}
```


---

# lint/rules/ban-unused-ignore.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/ban-unused-ignore


Warns unused ignore directives.

We sometimes have to suppress and ignore lint errors for some reasons and we can
do so using [ignore directives](/go/lint-ignore/).

In some cases, however, like after refactoring, we may end up having ignore
directives that are no longer necessary. Such superfluous ignore directives are
likely to confuse future code readers, and to make matters worse, might hide
future lint errors unintentionally. To prevent such situations, this rule
detects unused, superfluous ignore directives.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// Actually this line is valid since `export` means "used",
// so this directive is superfluous
// deno-lint-ignore no-unused-vars
export const foo = 42;
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
export const foo = 42;
```


---

# lint/rules/camelcase.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/camelcase


Enforces the use of camelCase in variable names.

Consistency in a code base is key for readability and maintainability. This rule
enforces variable declarations and object property names which you create to be
in camelCase.

Of note:

- `_` is allowed at the start or end of a variable
- All uppercase variable names (e.g. constants) may have `_` in their name
- If you have to use a snake_case key in an object for some reasons, wrap it in
  quotation mark
- This rule also applies to variables imported or exported via ES modules, but
  not to object properties of those variables

**Invalid:**

```typescript
let first_name = "Ichigo";
const obj1 = { last_name: "Hoshimiya" };
const obj2 = { first_name };
const { last_name } = obj1;

function do_something() {}
function foo({ snake_case = "default value" }) {}

class snake_case_class {}
class Also_Not_Valid_Class {}

import { not_camelCased } from "external-module.js";
export * as not_camelCased from "mod.ts";

enum snake_case_enum {
  snake_case_variant,
}

type snake_case_type = { some_property: number };

interface snake_case_interface {
  some_property: number;
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
let firstName = "Ichigo";
const FIRST_NAME = "Ichigo";
const __myPrivateVariable = "Hoshimiya";
const myPrivateVariable_ = "Hoshimiya";
const obj1 = { "last_name": "Hoshimiya" }; // if an object key is wrapped in quotation mark, then it's valid
const obj2 = { "first_name": first_name };
const { last_name: lastName } = obj;

function doSomething() {} // function declarations must be camelCase but...
do_something(); // ...snake_case function calls are allowed
function foo({ snake_case: camelCase = "default value" }) {}

class PascalCaseClass {}

import { not_camelCased as camelCased } from "external-module.js";
export * as camelCased from "mod.ts";

enum PascalCaseEnum {
  PascalCaseVariant,
}

type PascalCaseType = { someProperty: number };

interface PascalCaseInterface {
  someProperty: number;
}
```


---

# lint/rules/constructor-super.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/constructor-super


Verifies the correct usage of constructors and calls to `super()`.

Defined constructors of derived classes (e.g. `class A extends B`) must always
call `super()`. Classes which extend non-constructors (e.g.
`class A extends null`) must not have a constructor.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
class A {}
class Z {
  constructor() {}
}

class B extends Z {
  constructor() {} // missing super() call
}
class C {
  constructor() {
    super(); // Syntax error
  }
}
class D extends null {
  constructor() {} // illegal constructor
}
class E extends null {
  constructor() { // illegal constructor
    super();
  }
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
class A {}
class B extends A {}
class C extends A {
  constructor() {
    super();
  }
}
class D extends null {}
```


---

# lint/rules/default-param-last.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/default-param-last


Enforces default parameter(s) to be last in the function signature.

Parameters with default values are optional by nature but cannot be left out of
the function call without mapping the function inputs to different parameters
which is confusing and error prone. Specifying them last allows them to be left
out without changing the semantics of the other parameters.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
function f(a = 2, b) {}
function f(a = 5, b, c = 5) {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
function f() {}
function f(a) {}
function f(a = 5) {}
function f(a, b = 5) {}
function f(a, b = 5, c = 5) {}
function f(a, b = 5, ...c) {}
function f(a = 2, b = 3) {}
```


---

# lint/rules/eqeqeq.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/eqeqeq


Enforces the use of type-safe equality operators `===` and `!==` instead of the
more error prone `==` and `!=` operators.

`===` and `!==` ensure the comparators are of the same type as well as the same
value. On the other hand `==` and `!=` do type coercion before value checking
which can lead to unexpected results. For example `5 == "5"` is `true`, while
`5 === "5"` is `false`.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
if (a == 5) {}
if ("hello world" != input) {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
if (a === 5) {}
if ("hello world" !== input) {}
```


---

# lint/rules/explicit-function-return-type.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/explicit-function-return-type


Requires all functions to have explicit return types.

Explicit return types have a number of advantages including easier to understand
code and better type safety. It is clear from the signature what the return type
of the function (if any) will be.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
function someCalc() {
  return 2 * 2;
}
function anotherCalc() {
  return;
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
function someCalc(): number {
  return 2 * 2;
}
function anotherCalc(): void {
  return;
}
```


---

# lint/rules/explicit-module-boundary-types.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/explicit-module-boundary-types


Requires all module exports to have fully typed declarations.

Having fully typed function arguments and return values clearly defines the
inputs and outputs of a module (known as the module boundary). This will make it
very clear to any users of the module how to supply inputs and handle outputs in
a type safe manner.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// Missing return type (e.g. void)
export function printDoc(doc: string, doubleSided: boolean) {
  return;
}

// Missing argument type (e.g. `arg` is of type string)
export const arrowFn = (arg): string => `hello ${arg}`;

// Missing return type (e.g. boolean)
export function isValid() {
  return true;
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// Typed input parameters and return value
export function printDoc(doc: string, doubleSided: boolean): void {
  return;
}

// Input of type string and a return value of type string
export const arrowFn = (arg: string): string => `hello ${arg}`;

// Though lacking a return type, this is valid as it is not exported
function isValid() {
  return true;
}
```


---

# lint/rules/for-direction.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/for-direction


Requires `for` loop control variables to increment in the correct direction.

Incrementing `for` loop control variables in the wrong direction leads to
infinite loops. This can occur through incorrect initialization, bad
continuation step logic or wrong direction incrementing of the loop control
variable.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// Infinite loop
for (let i = 0; i < 2; i--) {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
for (let i = 0; i < 2; i++) {}
```


---

# lint/rules/fresh-handler-export.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/fresh-handler-export


Checks correct naming for named fresh middleware export.

Files inside the `routes/` folder can export middlewares that run before any
rendering happens. They are expected to be available as a named export called
`handler`. This rule checks for when the export was incorrectly named `handlers`
instead of `handler`.

**Invalid:**

```js
export const handlers = {
  GET() {},
  POST() {},
};
export function handlers() {}
export async function handlers() {}
```

**Valid:**

```jsx
export const handler = {
  GET() {},
  POST() {},
};
export function handler() {}
export async function handler() {}
```


---

# lint/rules/fresh-server-event-handlers.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/fresh-server-event-handlers


Disallows event handlers in fresh server components.

Components inside the `routes/` folder in a fresh app are exclusively rendered
on the server. They are not rendered in the client and setting an event handler
will have no effect.

Note that this rule only applies to server components inside the `routes/`
folder, not to fresh islands or any other components.

**Invalid:**

```jsx
<button onClick={() => {}} />
<button onclick={() => {}} />
<my-custom-element foo={() => {}} />
```

**Valid:**

```jsx
<button />
<my-custom-element />
```


---

# lint/rules/getter-return.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/getter-return


Requires all property getter functions to return a value.

Getter functions return the value of a property. If the function returns no
value then this contract is broken.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
let foo = {
  get bar() {},
};

class Person {
  get name() {}
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
let foo = {
  get bar() {
    return true;
  },
};

class Person {
  get name() {
    return "alice";
  }
}
```


---

# lint/rules/guard-for-in.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/guard-for-in


Require `for-in` loops to include an `if` statement.

Looping over objects with a `for-in` loop will include properties that are
inherited through the prototype chain. This behavior can lead to unexpected
items in your for loop.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
for (const key in obj) {
  foo(obj, key);
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
for (const key in obj) {
  if (Object.hasOwn(obj, key)) {
    foo(obj, key);
  }
}
```

```typescript
for (const key in obj) {
  if (!Object.hasOwn(obj, key)) {
    continue;
  }
  foo(obj, key);
}
```


---

# lint/rules/jsx-boolean-value.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/jsx-boolean-value


Enforce a consistent JSX boolean value style. Passing `true` as the boolean
value can be omitted with the shorthand syntax.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
const foo = <Foo isFoo={true} />;
const foo = <Foo isFoo={false} />;
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
const foo = <Foo isFoo />;
const foo = <Foo isFoo={false} />;
```


---

# lint/rules/jsx-button-has-type.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/jsx-button-has-type


Enforce `<button>` elements to have a `type` attribute. If a `<button>` is
placed inside a `<form>` element it will act as a submit button by default which
can be unexpected.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
const btn = <button>click me</button>;
const btn = <button type="2">click me</button>;
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
const btn = <button type="button">click me</button>;
const btn = <button type="submit">click me</button>;
const btn = <button type={btnType}>click me</button>;
const btn = <button type={condition ? "button" : "submit"}>click me</button>;
```


---

# lint/rules/jsx-curly-braces.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/jsx-curly-braces


Ensure consistent use of curly braces around JSX expressions.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
const foo = <Foo foo=<div /> />;
const foo = <Foo str={"foo"} />;
const foo = <div>{"foo"}</div>;
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
const foo = <Foo foo={<div />} />;
const foo = <Foo str="foo" />;
const foo = <div>foo</div>;
```


---

# lint/rules/jsx-key.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/jsx-key


Ensure the `key` attribute is present when passing iterables into JSX. It allows
frameworks to optimize checking the order of elements.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
const foo = [<div>foo</div>];
const foo = [<>foo</>];
[1, 2, 3].map(() => <div />);
Array.from([1, 2, 3], () => <div />);
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
const foo = [<div key="a">foo</div>];
const foo = [<Fragment key="b">foo</Fragment>];
[1, 2, 3].map((x) => <div key={x} />);
Array.from([1, 2, 3], (x) => <div key={x} />);
```


---

# lint/rules/jsx-no-children-prop.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/jsx-no-children-prop


Pass children as JSX children instead of as an attribute.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
<div children="foo" />
<div children={[<Foo />, <Bar />]} />
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
<div>foo</div>
<div><Foo /><Bar /></div>
```


---

# lint/rules/jsx-no-comment-text-nodes.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/jsx-no-comment-text-nodes


JavaScript comments inside text nodes are rendered as plain text in JSX. This is
often unexpected.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
<div>// comment</div>
<div>/* comment */</div>
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
<div>{/* comment */}</div>;
```


---

# lint/rules/jsx-no-duplicate-props.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/jsx-no-duplicate-props


Disallow duplicated JSX props. Later props will always overwrite earlier props
often leading to unexpected results.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
<div id="1" id="2" />;
<App a a />;
<App a {...b} a />;
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
<div id="1" />
<App a />
<App a {...b} />
<App {...b} b />
```


---

# lint/rules/jsx-no-unescaped-entities.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/jsx-no-unescaped-entities


Leaving the `>` or `}` character in JSX is often undesired and difficult to
spot. Enforce that these characters must be passed as strings.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
<div>></div>
<div>}</div>
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
<div>&gt;</div>,
<div>{">"}</div>,
<div>{"}"}</div>,
```


---

# lint/rules/jsx-no-useless-fragment.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/jsx-no-useless-fragment


Fragments are only necessary at the top of a JSX "block" and only when there are
multiple children. Fragments are not needed in other scenarios.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
<></>
<><div /></>
<><App /></>
<p>foo <>bar</></p>
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
<>{foo}</>
<><div /><div /></>
<>foo <div /></>
<p>foo bar</p>
```


---

# lint/rules/jsx-props-no-spread-multi.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/jsx-props-no-spread-multi


Spreading the same expression twice is typically a mistake and causes
unnecessary computations.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
<div {...foo} {...foo} />
<div {...foo} a {...foo} />
<Foo {...foo.bar} {...foo.bar} />
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
<div {...foo} />
<div {...foo.bar} a />
<Foo {...foo.bar} />
```


---

# lint/rules/jsx-void-dom-elements-no-children.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/jsx-void-dom-elements-no-children


Ensure that void elements in HTML don't have any children as that is not valid
HTML. See
[`Void element` article on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Void_element)
for more information.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
<br>foo</br>
<img src="a.jpg">foo</img>
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
<br />
<img src="a.jpg" />
```


---

# lint/rules/no-array-constructor.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-array-constructor


Enforce conventional usage of array construction.

Array construction is conventionally done via literal notation such as `[]` or
`[1, 2, 3]`. Using the `new Array()` is discouraged as is `new Array(1, 2, 3)`.
There are two reasons for this. The first is that a single supplied argument
defines the array length, while multiple arguments instead populate the array of
no fixed size. This confusion is avoided when pre-populated arrays are only
created using literal notation. The second argument to avoiding the `Array`
constructor is that the `Array` global may be redefined.

The one exception to this rule is when creating a new array of fixed size, e.g.
`new Array(6)`. This is the conventional way to create arrays of fixed length.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// This is 4 elements, not a size 100 array of 3 elements
const a = new Array(100, 1, 2, 3);

const b = new Array(); // use [] instead
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const a = new Array(100);
const b = [];
const c = [1, 2, 3];
```


---

# lint/rules/no-async-promise-executor.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-async-promise-executor


Requires that async promise executor functions are not used.

Promise constructors take an executor function as an argument with `resolve` and
`reject` parameters that can be used to control the state of the created
Promise. This function is allowed to be async but this is generally not a good
idea for several reasons:

- If an async executor function throws an error, the error will be lost and
  won't cause the newly-constructed Promise to reject. This could make it
  difficult to debug and handle some errors.
- If an async Promise executor function is using await, then this is usually a
  sign that it is not actually necessary to use the new Promise constructor and
  the code can be restructured to avoid the use of a promise, or the scope of
  the new Promise constructor can be reduced, extracting the async code and
  changing it to be synchronous.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
new Promise(async function (resolve, reject) {});
new Promise(async (resolve, reject) => {});
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
new Promise(function (resolve, reject) {});
new Promise((resolve, reject) => {});
```


---

# lint/rules/no-await-in-loop.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-await-in-loop


Requires `await` is not used in a for loop body.

Async and await are used in Javascript to provide parallel execution. If each
element in the for loop is waited upon using `await`, then this negates the
benefits of using async/await as no more elements in the loop can be processed
until the current element finishes.

A common solution is to refactor the code to run the loop body asynchronously
and capture the promises generated. After the loop finishes you can then await
all the promises at once.

**Invalid:**

```javascript
async function doSomething(items) {
  const results = [];
  for (const item of items) {
    // Each item in the array blocks on the previous one finishing
    results.push(await someAsyncProcessing(item));
  }
  return processResults(results);
}
```

**Valid:**

```javascript
async function doSomething(items) {
  const results = [];
  for (const item of items) {
    // Kick off all item processing asynchronously...
    results.push(someAsyncProcessing(item));
  }
  // ...and then await their completion after the loop
  return processResults(await Promise.all(results));
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-await-in-sync-fn.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-await-in-sync-fn


Disallow `await` keyword inside a non-async function.

Using the `await` keyword inside a non-async function is a syntax error. To be
able to use `await` inside a function, the function needs to be marked as async
via the `async` keyword.

**Invalid:**

```javascript
function foo() {
  await bar();
}

const fooFn = function foo() {
  await bar();
};

const fooFn = () => {
  await bar();
};
```

**Valid:**

```javascript
async function foo() {
  await bar();
}

const fooFn = async function foo() {
  await bar();
};

const fooFn = async () => {
  await bar();
};
```


---

# lint/rules/no-boolean-literal-for-arguments.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-boolean-literal-for-arguments


Requires all functions called with any amount of `boolean` literals as
parameters to use a self-documenting constant instead.

Is common to define functions that can take `booleans` as arguments. However,
passing `boolean` literals as parameters can lead to lack of context regarding
the role of the argument inside the function in question.

A simple fix for the points mentioned above is the use of self documenting
constants that will end up working as "named booleans", that allow for a better
understanding on what the parameters mean in the context of the function call.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
function redraw(allViews: boolean, inline: boolean) {
  // redraw logic.
}
redraw(true, true);

function executeCommand(recursive: boolean, executionMode: EXECUTION_MODES) {
  // executeCommand logic.
}
executeCommand(true, EXECUTION_MODES.ONE);

function enableLogs(enable: boolean) {
  // enabledLogs logic.
}
enableLogs(true);
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
function redraw(allViews: boolean, inline: boolean) {
  // redraw logic.
}
const ALL_VIEWS = true, INLINE = true;
redraw(ALL_VIEWS, INLINE);

function executeCommand(recursive: boolean, executionMode: EXECUTION_MODES) {
  // executeCommand logic.
}
const RECURSIVE = true;
executeCommand(RECURSIVE, EXECUTION_MODES.ONE);

function enableLogs(enable: boolean) {
  // enabledLogs logic.
}
const ENABLE = true;
enableLogs(ENABLE);
```


---

# lint/rules/no-case-declarations.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-case-declarations


Requires lexical declarations (`let`, `const`, `function` and `class`) in switch
`case` or `default` clauses to be scoped with brackets.

Without brackets in the `case` or `default` block, the lexical declarations are
visible to the entire switch block but only get initialized when they are
assigned, which only happens if that case/default is reached. This can lead to
unexpected errors. The solution is to ensure each `case` or `default` block is
wrapped in brackets to scope limit the declarations.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
switch (choice) {
  // `let`, `const`, `function` and `class` are scoped the entire switch statement here
  case 1:
    let a = "choice 1";
    break;
  case 2:
    const b = "choice 2";
    break;
  case 3:
    function f() {
      return "choice 3";
    }
    break;
  default:
    class C {}
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
switch (choice) {
  // The following `case` and `default` clauses are wrapped into blocks using brackets
  case 1: {
    let a = "choice 1";
    break;
  }
  case 2: {
    const b = "choice 2";
    break;
  }
  case 3: {
    function f() {
      return "choice 3";
    }
    break;
  }
  default: {
    class C {}
  }
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-class-assign.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-class-assign


Disallows modifying variables of class declarations.

Declaring a class such as `class A {}`, creates a variable `A`. Like any
variable this can be modified or reassigned. In most cases this is a mistake and
not what was intended.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
class A {}
A = 0; // reassigning the class variable itself
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
class A {}
let c = new A();
c = 0; // reassigning the variable `c`
```


---

# lint/rules/no-compare-neg-zero.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-compare-neg-zero


Disallows comparing against negative zero (`-0`).

Comparing a value directly against negative may not work as expected as it will
also pass for non-negative zero (i.e. `0` and `+0`). Explicit comparison with
negative zero can be performed using `Object.is`.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
if (x === -0) {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
if (x === 0) {}

if (Object.is(x, -0)) {}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-cond-assign.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-cond-assign


Disallows the use of the assignment operator, `=`, in conditional statements.

Use of the assignment operator within a conditional statement is often the
result of mistyping the equality operator, `==`. If an assignment within a
conditional statement is required then this rule allows it by wrapping the
assignment in parentheses.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
let x;
if (x = 0) {
  let b = 1;
}
```

```typescript
function setHeight(someNode) {
  do {
    someNode.height = "100px";
  } while (someNode = someNode.parentNode);
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
let x;
if (x === 0) {
  let b = 1;
}
```

```typescript
function setHeight(someNode) {
  do {
    someNode.height = "100px";
  } while ((someNode = someNode.parentNode));
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-console.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-console


Disallows the use of the `console` global.

Oftentimes, developers accidentally commit `console.log`/`console.error`
statements, left in particularly after debugging. Moreover, using these in code
may leak sensitive information to the output or clutter the console with
unnecessary information. This rule helps maintain clean and secure code by
disallowing the use of `console`.

This rule is especially useful in libraries where you almost never want to
output to the console.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
console.log("Debug message");
console.error("Debug message");
console.debug(obj);

if (debug) console.log("Debugging");

function log() {
  console.log("Log");
}
```

**Valid:**

It is recommended to explicitly enable the console via a `deno-lint-ignore`
comment for any calls where you actually want to use it.

```typescript
function logWarning(message: string) {
  // deno-lint-ignore no-console
  console.warn(message);
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-const-assign.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-const-assign


Disallows modifying a variable declared as `const`.

Modifying a variable declared as `const` will result in a runtime error.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const a = 0;
a = 1;
a += 1;
a++;
++a;
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const a = 0;
const b = a + 1;

// `c` is out of scope on each loop iteration, allowing a new assignment
for (const c in [1, 2, 3]) {}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-constant-condition.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-constant-condition


Disallows the use of a constant expression in conditional test.

Using a constant expression in a conditional test is often either a mistake or a
temporary situation introduced during development and is not ready for
production.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
if (true) {}
if (2) {}
do {} while (x = 2); // infinite loop
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
if (x) {}
if (x === 0) {}
do {} while (x === 2);
```


---

# lint/rules/no-control-regex.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-control-regex


Disallows the use ASCII control characters in regular expressions.

Control characters are invisible characters in the ASCII range of 0-31. It is
uncommon to use these in a regular expression and more often it is a mistake in
the regular expression.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// Examples using ASCII (31) Carriage Return (hex x0d)
const pattern1 = /\x0d/;
const pattern2 = /\u000d/;
const pattern3 = new RegExp("\\x0d");
const pattern4 = new RegExp("\\u000d");
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// Examples using ASCII (32) Space (hex x20)
const pattern1 = /\x20/;
const pattern2 = /\u0020/;
const pattern3 = new RegExp("\\x20");
const pattern4 = new RegExp("\\u0020");
```


---

# lint/rules/no-debugger.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-debugger


Disallows the use of the `debugger` statement.

`debugger` is a statement which is meant for stopping the javascript execution
environment and start the debugger at the statement. Modern debuggers and
tooling no longer need this statement and leaving it in can cause the execution
of your code to stop in production.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
function isLongString(x: string) {
  debugger;
  return x.length > 100;
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
function isLongString(x: string) {
  return x.length > 100; // set breakpoint here instead
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-delete-var.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-delete-var


Disallows the deletion of variables.

`delete` is used to remove a property from an object. Variables declared via
`var`, `let` and `const` cannot be deleted (`delete` will return `false`).
Setting `strict` mode on will raise a syntax error when attempting to delete a
variable.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const a = 1;
let b = 2;
let c = 3;
delete a; // would return false
delete b; // would return false
delete c; // would return false
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
let obj = {
  a: 1,
};
delete obj.a; // return true
```


---

# lint/rules/no-deprecated-deno-api.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-deprecated-deno-api


Warns the usage of the deprecated - Deno APIs.

The following APIs will be removed from the `Deno.*` namespace but have newer
APIs to migrate to. See the
[Deno 1.x to 2.x Migration Guide](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/manual/advanced/migrate_deprecations)
for migration instructions.

- `Deno.Buffer`
- `Deno.Closer`
- `Deno.close()`
- `Deno.Conn.rid`
- `Deno.copy()`
- `Deno.customInspect`
- `Deno.File`
- `Deno.fstatSync()`
- `Deno.fstat()`
- `Deno.FsWatcher.rid`
- `Deno.ftruncateSync()`
- `Deno.ftruncate()`
- `Deno.futimeSync()`
- `Deno.futime()`
- `Deno.isatty()`
- `Deno.Listener.rid`
- `Deno.ListenTlsOptions.certFile`
- `Deno.ListenTlsOptions.keyFile`
- `Deno.readAllSync()`
- `Deno.readAll()`
- `Deno.Reader`
- `Deno.ReaderSync`
- `Deno.readSync()`
- `Deno.read()`
- `Deno.run()`
- `Deno.seekSync()`
- `Deno.seek()`
- `Deno.serveHttp()`
- `Deno.Server`
- `Deno.shutdown`
- `Deno.stderr.rid`
- `Deno.stdin.rid`
- `Deno.stdout.rid`
- `Deno.TlsConn.rid`
- `Deno.UnixConn.rid`
- `Deno.writeAllSync()`
- `Deno.writeAll()`
- `Deno.Writer`
- `Deno.WriterSync`
- `Deno.writeSync()`
- `Deno.write()`
- `new Deno.FsFile()`

The following APIs will be removed from the `Deno.*` namespace without
replacement.

- `Deno.resources()`
- `Deno.metrics()`


---

# lint/rules/no-dupe-args.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-dupe-args


Disallows using an argument name more than once in a function signature.

If you supply multiple arguments of the same name to a function, the last
instance will shadow the preceding one(s). This is most likely an unintentional
typo.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
function withDupes(a, b, a) {
  console.log("I'm the value of the second a:", a);
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
function withoutDupes(a, b, c) {
  console.log("I'm the value of the first (and only) a:", a);
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-dupe-class-members.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-dupe-class-members


Disallows using a class member function name more than once.

Declaring a function of the same name twice in a class will cause the previous
declaration(s) to be overwritten, causing unexpected behaviors.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
class Foo {
  bar() {}
  bar() {}
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
class Foo {
  bar() {}
  fizz() {}
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-dupe-else-if.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-dupe-else-if


Disallows using the same condition twice in an `if`/`else if` statement.

When you reuse a condition in an `if`/`else if` statement, the duplicate
condition will never be reached (without unusual side-effects) meaning this is
almost always a bug.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
if (a) {}
else if (b) {}
else if (a) {} // duplicate of condition above

if (a === 5) {}
else if (a === 6) {}
else if (a === 5) {} // duplicate of condition above
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
if (a) {}
else if (b) {}
else if (c) {}

if (a === 5) {}
else if (a === 6) {}
else if (a === 7) {}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-dupe-keys.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-dupe-keys


Disallows duplicate keys in object literals.

Setting the same key multiple times in an object literal will override other
assignments to that key and can cause unexpected behaviour.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const foo = {
  bar: "baz",
  bar: "qux",
};
```

```typescript
const foo = {
  "bar": "baz",
  bar: "qux",
};
```

```typescript
const foo = {
  0x1: "baz",
  1: "qux",
};
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const foo = {
  bar: "baz",
  quxx: "qux",
};
```


---

# lint/rules/no-duplicate-case.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-duplicate-case


Disallows using the same case clause in a switch statement more than once.

When you reuse a case test expression in a `switch` statement, the duplicate
case will never be reached meaning this is almost always a bug.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const someText = "a";
switch (someText) {
  case "a": // (1)
    break;
  case "b":
    break;
  case "a": // duplicate of (1)
    break;
  default:
    break;
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const someText = "a";
switch (someText) {
  case "a":
    break;
  case "b":
    break;
  case "c":
    break;
  default:
    break;
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-empty-character-class.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-empty-character-class


Disallows using the empty character class in a regular expression.

Regular expression character classes are a series of characters in brackets,
e.g. `[abc]`. if nothing is supplied in the brackets it will not match anything
which is likely a typo or mistake.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
/^abc[]/.test("abcdefg"); // false, as `d` does not match an empty character class
"abcdefg".match(/^abc[]/); // null
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// Without a character class
/^abc/.test("abcdefg"); // true
"abcdefg".match(/^abc/); // ["abc"]

// With a valid character class
/^abc[a-z]/.test("abcdefg"); // true
"abcdefg".match(/^abc[a-z]/); // ["abcd"]
```


---

# lint/rules/no-empty-enum.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-empty-enum


Disallows the declaration of an empty enum.

An enum with no members serves no purpose. This rule will capture these
situations as either unnecessary code or a mistaken empty implementation.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
enum Foo {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
enum Foo {
  ONE = "ONE",
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-empty-interface.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-empty-interface


Disallows the declaration of an empty interface.

An interface with no members serves no purpose. This rule will capture these
situations as either unnecessary code or a mistaken empty implementation.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
interface Foo {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
interface Foo {
  name: string;
}

interface Bar {
  age: number;
}

// Using an empty interface with at least one extension are allowed.

// Using an empty interface to change the identity of Baz from type to interface.
type Baz = { profession: string };
interface Foo extends Baz {}

// Using an empty interface to extend already existing Foo declaration
// with members of the Bar interface
interface Foo extends Bar {}

// Using an empty interface as a union type
interface Baz extends Foo, Bar {}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-empty-pattern.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-empty-pattern


Disallows the use of empty patterns in destructuring.

In destructuring, it is possible to use empty patterns such as `{}` or `[]`
which have no effect, most likely not what the author intended.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// In these examples below, {} and [] are not object literals or empty arrays,
// but placeholders for destructured variable names
const {} = someObj;
const [] = someArray;
const {a: {}} = someObj;
const [a: []] = someArray;
function myFunc({}) {}
function myFunc([]) {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const { a } = someObj;
const [a] = someArray;

// Correct way to default destructured variable to object literal
const { a = {} } = someObj;

// Correct way to default destructured variable to empty array
const [a = []] = someArray;

function myFunc({ a }) {}
function myFunc({ a = {} }) {}
function myFunc([a]) {}
function myFunc([a = []]) {}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-empty.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-empty


Disallows the use of empty block statements.

Empty block statements are legal but often represent that something was missed
and can make code less readable. This rule ignores block statements that only
contain comments. This rule also ignores empty constructors and function bodies
(including arrow functions).

**Invalid:**

```typescript
if (foo) {}

while (foo) {}

switch (foo) {}

try {
  doSomething();
} catch (e) {
} finally {
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
if (foo) {
  // empty
}

while (foo) {
  /* empty */
}

try {
  doSomething();
} catch (e) {
  // continue regardless of error
}

try {
  doSomething();
} finally {
  /* continue regardless of error */
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-eval.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-eval


Disallows the use of `eval`.

`eval` is a potentially dangerous function which can open your code to a number
of security vulnerabilities. In addition to being slow, `eval` is also often
unnecessary with better solutions available.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const obj = { x: "foo" };
const key = "x",
const value = eval("obj." + key);
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const obj = { x: "foo" };
const value = obj[x];
```


---

# lint/rules/no-ex-assign.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-ex-assign


Disallows the reassignment of exception parameters.

There is generally no good reason to reassign an exception parameter. Once
reassigned the code from that point on has no reference to the error anymore.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
try {
  someFunc();
} catch (e) {
  e = true;
  // can no longer access the thrown error
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
try {
  someFunc();
} catch (e) {
  const anotherVar = true;
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-explicit-any.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-explicit-any


Disallows use of the `any` type.

Use of the `any` type disables the type check system around that variable,
defeating the purpose of Typescript which is to provide type safe code.
Additionally, the use of `any` hinders code readability, since it is not
immediately clear what type of value is being referenced. It is better to be
explicit about all types. For a more type-safe alternative to `any`, use
`unknown` if you are unable to choose a more specific type.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const someNumber: any = "two";
function foo(): any {
  return undefined;
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const someNumber: string = "two";
function foo(): undefined {
  return undefined;
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-external-import.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-external-import


Disallows the use of external imports.

- What's the motivation of this lint rule?
  - This rule emits warnings if external modules are imported via URL. "deps.ts"
    and import maps are exception.
- Why is linted code considered bad?
  - Importing external modules just works fine, but it will take time and effort
    when you want to upgrade those modules if they are imported in multiple
    places in your project.
- When should it be used?
  - To avoid it you could use "deps.ts convention" or
    [import maps](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/manual/basics/import_maps),
    where you import all external modules and then re-export them or assign
    aliases to them.
  - If you'd like to follow the "deps.ts convention" or use import maps.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
import { assertEquals } from "https://deno.land/std@0.126.0/testing/asserts.ts";
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
import { assertEquals } from "./deps.ts";
```

```typescript
// deps.ts

export {
  assert,
  assertEquals,
  assertStringIncludes,
} from "https://deno.land/std@0.126.0/testing/asserts.ts";
```

you can refer to the explanation of this convention here
https://docs.deno.com/runtime/manual/basics/modules/#it-seems-unwieldy-to-import-urls-everywhere


---

# lint/rules/no-extra-boolean-cast.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-extra-boolean-cast


Disallows unnecessary boolean casts.

In certain contexts, such as `if`, `while` or `for` statements, expressions are
automatically coerced into a boolean. Therefore, techniques such as double
negation (`!!foo`) or casting (`Boolean(foo)`) are unnecessary and produce the
same result as without the negation or casting.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
if (!!foo) {}
if (Boolean(foo)) {}
while (!!foo) {}
for (; Boolean(foo);) {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
if (foo) {}
while (foo) {}
for (; foo;) {}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-extra-non-null-assertion.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-extra-non-null-assertion


Disallows unnecessary non-null assertions.

Non-null assertions are specified with an `!` saying to the compiler that you
know this value is not null. Specifying this operator more than once in a row,
or in combination with the optional chaining operator (`?`) is confusing and
unnecessary.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const foo: { str: string } | null = null;
const bar = foo!!.str;

function myFunc(bar: undefined | string) {
  return bar!!;
}
function anotherFunc(bar?: { str: string }) {
  return bar!?.str;
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const foo: { str: string } | null = null;
const bar = foo!.str;

function myFunc(bar: undefined | string) {
  return bar!;
}
function anotherFunc(bar?: { str: string }) {
  return bar?.str;
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-fallthrough.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-fallthrough


Disallows the implicit fallthrough of case statements.

Case statements without a `break` will execute their body and then fallthrough
to the next case or default block and execute this block as well. While this is
sometimes intentional, many times the developer has forgotten to add a break
statement, intending only for a single case statement to be executed. This rule
enforces that you either end each case statement with a break statement or an
explicit comment that fallthrough was intentional. The fallthrough comment must
contain one of `fallthrough`, `falls through` or `fall through`.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
switch (myVar) {
  case 1:
    console.log("1");

  case 2:
    console.log("2");
}
// If myVar = 1, outputs both `1` and `2`.  Was this intentional?
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
switch (myVar) {
  case 1:
    console.log("1");
    break;

  case 2:
    console.log("2");
    break;
}
// If myVar = 1, outputs only `1`

switch (myVar) {
  case 1:
    console.log("1");
    /* falls through */
  case 2:
    console.log("2");
}
// If myVar = 1, intentionally outputs both `1` and `2`
```


---

# lint/rules/no-func-assign.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-func-assign


Disallows the overwriting/reassignment of an existing function.

Javascript allows for the reassignment of a function definition. This is
generally a mistake on the developers part, or poor coding practice as code
readability and maintainability will suffer.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
function foo() {}
foo = bar;

const a = function baz() {
  baz = "now I'm a string";
};

myFunc = existingFunc;
function myFunc() {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
function foo() {}
const someVar = foo;

const a = function baz() {
  const someStr = "now I'm a string";
};

const anotherFuncRef = existingFunc;

let myFuncVar = function () {};
myFuncVar = bar; // variable reassignment, not function re-declaration
```


---

# lint/rules/no-global-assign.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-global-assign


Disallows assignment to native Javascript objects.

In Javascript, `String` and `Object` for example are native objects. Like any
object, they can be reassigned, but it is almost never wise to do so as this can
lead to unexpected results and difficult to track down bugs.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
Object = null;
undefined = true;
window = {};
```


---

# lint/rules/no-implicit-declare-namespace-export.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-implicit-declare-namespace-export


Disallows the use of implicit exports in ["ambient" namespaces].

TypeScript implicitly export all members of an ["ambient" namespaces], except
whether a named export is present.

["ambient" namespaces]: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/namespaces.html#ambient-namespaces

**Invalid:**

```ts
// foo.ts or foo.d.ts
declare namespace ns {
  interface ImplicitlyExported {}
  export type Exported = true;
}
```

**Valid:**

```ts
// foo.ts or foo.d.ts
declare namespace ns {
  interface NonExported {}
  export {};
}

declare namespace ns {
  interface Exported {}
  export { Exported };
}

declare namespace ns {
  export interface Exported {}
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-import-assertions.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-import-assertions


Disallows the `assert` keyword for import attributes.

ES import attributes (previously called import assertions) has been changed to
use the `with` keyword. The old syntax using `assert` is still supported, but
deprecated.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
import obj from "./obj.json" assert { type: "json" };
import("./obj2.json", { assert: { type: "json" } });
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
import obj from "./obj.json" with { type: "json" };
import("./obj2.json", { with: { type: "json" } });
```


---

# lint/rules/no-import-assign.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-import-assign


Disallows reassignment of imported module bindings.

ES module import bindings should be treated as read-only since modifying them
during code execution will likely result in runtime errors. It also makes for
poor code readability and difficult maintenance.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
import defaultMod, { namedMod } from "./mod.js";
import * as modNameSpace from "./mod2.js";

defaultMod = 0;
namedMod = true;
modNameSpace.someExportedMember = "hello";
modNameSpace = {};
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
import defaultMod, { namedMod } from "./mod.js";
import * as modNameSpace from "./mod2.js";

// properties of bound imports may be set
defaultMod.prop = 1;
namedMod.prop = true;
modNameSpace.someExportedMember.prop = "hello";
```


---

# lint/rules/no-import-prefix.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-import-prefix


Ensure that all dependencies are declared in either `deno.json` or
`package.json`.

### Invalid:

```ts
import foo from "https://deno.land/std/path/mod.ts";
import foo from "jsr:@std/path@1";
import foo from "npm:preact@10";
```

### Valid:

```ts
// Mapped in `deno.json` or `package.json`
import foo from "@std/path";
```


---

# lint/rules/no-inferrable-types.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-inferrable-types


Disallows easily inferrable types.

Variable initializations to JavaScript primitives (and `null`) are obvious in
their type. Specifying their type can add additional verbosity to the code. For
example, with `const x: number = 5`, specifying `number` is unnecessary as it is
obvious that `5` is a number.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const a: bigint = 10n;
const b: bigint = BigInt(10);
const c: boolean = true;
const d: boolean = !0;
const e: number = 10;
const f: number = Number("1");
const g: number = Infinity;
const h: number = NaN;
const i: null = null;
const j: RegExp = /a/;
const k: RegExp = RegExp("a");
const l: RegExp = new RegExp("a");
const m: string = "str";
const n: string = `str`;
const o: string = String(1);
const p: symbol = Symbol("a");
const q: undefined = undefined;
const r: undefined = void someValue;

class Foo {
  prop: number = 5;
}

function fn(s: number = 5, t: boolean = true) {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const a = 10n;
const b = BigInt(10);
const c = true;
const d = !0;
const e = 10;
const f = Number("1");
const g = Infinity;
const h = NaN;
const i = null;
const j = /a/;
const k = RegExp("a");
const l = new RegExp("a");
const m = "str";
const n = `str`;
const o = String(1);
const p = Symbol("a");
const q = undefined;
const r = void someValue;

class Foo {
  prop = 5;
}

function fn(s = 5, t = true) {}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-inner-declarations.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-inner-declarations


Disallows variable or function definitions in nested blocks.

Function declarations in nested blocks can lead to less readable code and
potentially unexpected results due to compatibility issues in different
JavaScript runtimes. This does not apply to named or anonymous functions which
are valid in a nested block context.

Variables declared with `var` in nested blocks can also lead to less readable
code. Because these variables are hoisted to the module root, it is best to
declare them there for clarity. Note that variables declared with `let` or
`const` are block scoped and therefore this rule does not apply to them.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
if (someBool) {
  function doSomething() {}
}

function someFunc(someVal: number): void {
  if (someVal > 4) {
    var a = 10;
  }
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
function doSomething() {}
if (someBool) {}

var a = 10;
function someFunc(someVal: number): void {
  var foo = true;
  if (someVal > 4) {
    let b = 10;
    const fn = function doSomethingElse() {};
  }
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-invalid-regexp.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-invalid-regexp


Disallows specifying invalid regular expressions in RegExp constructors.

Specifying an invalid regular expression literal will result in a SyntaxError at
compile time, however specifying an invalid regular expression string in the
RegExp constructor will only be discovered at runtime.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const invalidRegExp = new RegExp(")");
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const goodRegExp = new RegExp(".");
```


---

# lint/rules/no-invalid-triple-slash-reference.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-invalid-triple-slash-reference


Warns the wrong usage of triple-slash reference directives.

Deno supports the triple-slash reference directives of `types`, `path`, `lib`,
and `no-default-lib`. This lint rule checks if there is an invalid, badly-formed
directive because it is most likely a mistake.

Additionally, note that only the `types` directive is allowed in JavaScript
files. This directive is useful for telling the TypeScript compiler the location
of a type definition file that corresponds to a certain JavaScript file.
However, even in the Deno manual of the versions prior to v1.10 (e.g. [v1.9.2]),
there was a wrong statement describing that one should use the `path` directive
in such cases. Actually, the `types` directive should be used. See
[the latest manual] for more detail. So this rule also detects the usage of the
directive other than `types` in JavaScript files and suggests replacing it with
the `types` directive.

[v1.9.2]: https://deno.land/manual@v1.9.2/typescript/types#using-the-triple-slash-reference-directive
[the latest manual]: https://deno.land/manual/typescript/types#using-the-triple-slash-reference-directive

**Invalid:**

_JavaScript_

```javascript
/// <reference path="./mod.d.ts" />
/// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
/// <reference foo="bar" />

// ... the rest of the JavaScript ...
```

_TypeScript_

```typescript
/// <reference foo="bar" />

// ... the rest of the TypeScript ...
```

**Valid:**

_JavaScript_

```javascript
/// <reference types="./mod.d.ts" />
/// <reference lib="es2017.string" />

// ... the rest of the JavaScript ...
```

_TypeScript_

```typescript
/// <reference types="./mod.d.ts" />
/// <reference path="./mod.d.ts" />
/// <reference lib="es2017.string" />
/// <reference no-default-lib="true" />

// ... the rest of the TypeScript ...
```


---

# lint/rules/no-irregular-whitespace.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-irregular-whitespace


Disallows the use of non-space or non-tab whitespace characters.

Non-space or non-tab whitespace characters can be very difficult to spot in your
code as editors will often render them invisibly. These invisible characters can
cause issues or unexpected behaviors. Sometimes these characters are added
inadvertently through copy/paste or incorrect keyboard shortcuts.

The following characters are disallowed:

```
\u000B - Line Tabulation (\v) - <VT>
\u000C - Form Feed (\f) - <FF>
\u00A0 - No-Break Space - <NBSP>
\u0085 - Next Line
\u1680 - Ogham Space Mark
\u180E - Mongolian Vowel Separator - <MVS>
\ufeff - Zero Width No-Break Space - <BOM>
\u2000 - En Quad
\u2001 - Em Quad
\u2002 - En Space - <ENSP>
\u2003 - Em Space - <EMSP>
\u2004 - Tree-Per-Em
\u2005 - Four-Per-Em
\u2006 - Six-Per-Em
\u2007 - Figure Space
\u2008 - Punctuation Space - <PUNCSP>
\u2009 - Thin Space
\u200A - Hair Space
\u200B - Zero Width Space - <ZWSP>
\u2028 - Line Separator
\u2029 - Paragraph Separator
\u202F - Narrow No-Break Space
\u205f - Medium Mathematical Space
\u3000 - Ideographic Space
```

To fix this linting issue, replace instances of the above with regular spaces,
tabs or new lines. If it's not obvious where the offending character(s) are try
retyping the line from scratch.


---

# lint/rules/no-misused-new.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-misused-new


Disallows defining `constructor`s for interfaces or `new` for classes

Specifying a `constructor` for an interface or defining a `new` method for a
class is incorrect and should be avoided.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
class C {
  new(): C;
}

interface I {
  constructor(): void;
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
class C {
  constructor() {}
}

interface I {
  new (): C;
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-namespace.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-namespace


Disallows the use of `namespace` and `module` keywords in TypeScript code.

`namespace` and `module` are both thought of as outdated keywords to organize
the code. Instead, it is generally preferable to use ES2015 module syntax (e.g.
`import`/`export`).

However, this rule still allows the use of these keywords in the following two
cases:

- they are used for defining ["ambient" namespaces] along with `declare`
  keywords
- they are written in TypeScript's type definition files: `.d.ts`

["ambient" namespaces]: https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/namespaces.html#ambient-namespaces

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// foo.ts
module mod {}
namespace ns {}
```

```dts
// bar.d.ts
// all usage of `module` and `namespace` keywords are allowed in `.d.ts`
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// foo.ts
declare global {}
declare module mod1 {}
declare module "mod2" {}
declare namespace ns {}
```

```dts
// bar.d.ts
module mod1 {}
namespace ns1 {}
declare global {}
declare module mod2 {}
declare module "mod3" {}
declare namespace ns2 {}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-new-symbol.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-new-symbol


Disallows the use of `new` operators with built-in `Symbol`s.

`Symbol`s are created by being called as a function, but we sometimes call it
with the `new` operator by mistake. This rule detects such wrong usage of the
`new` operator.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const foo = new Symbol("foo");
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const foo = Symbol("foo");

function func(Symbol: typeof SomeClass) {
  // This `Symbol` is not built-in one
  const bar = new Symbol();
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-node-globals.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-node-globals


Disallows the use of NodeJS global objects.

NodeJS exposes a set of global objects that differs from deno (and the web), so
code should not assume they are available. Instead, import the objects from
their defining modules as needed.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// foo.ts
const buf = Buffer.from("foo", "utf-8"); // Buffer is not a global object in deno
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// foo.ts
import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";

const foo = Buffer.from("foo", "utf-8");
```


---

# lint/rules/no-non-null-asserted-optional-chain.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-non-null-asserted-optional-chain


Disallow non-null assertions after an optional chain expression.

`?.` optional chain expressions provide undefined if an object is `null` or
`undefined`. Using a `!` non-null assertion to assert the result of an `?.`
optional chain expression is non-nullable is likely wrong.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
foo?.bar!;
foo?.bar()!;
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
foo?.bar;
foo?.bar();
```


---

# lint/rules/no-non-null-assertion.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-non-null-assertion


Disallow non-null assertions using the `!` postfix operator.

TypeScript's `!` non-null assertion operator asserts to the type system that an
expression is non-nullable, as in not `null` or `undefined`. Using assertions to
tell the type system new information is often a sign that code is not fully
type-safe. It's generally better to structure program logic so that TypeScript
understands when values may be nullable.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
interface Example {
  property?: string;
}
declare const example: Example;

const includes = example.property!.includes("foo");
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
interface Example {
  property?: string;
}
declare const example: Example;

const includes = example.property?.includes("foo") ?? false;
```


---

# lint/rules/no-obj-calls.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-obj-calls


Disallows calling built-in global objects like functions.

The following built-in objects should not be invoked like functions, even though
they look like constructors:

- `Math`
- `JSON`
- `Reflect`
- `Atomics`

Calling these as functions would result in runtime errors. This rule statically
prevents such wrong usage of them.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const math = Math();
const newMath = new Math();

const json = JSON();
const newJSON = new JSON();

const reflect = Reflect();
const newReflect = new Reflect();

const atomics = Atomics();
const newAtomics = new Atomics();
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const area = (radius: number): number => Math.PI * radius * radius;

const parsed = JSON.parse("{ foo: 42 }");

const x = Reflect.get({ x: 1, y: 2 }, "x");

const first = Atomics.load(foo, 0);
```


---

# lint/rules/no-octal.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-octal


Disallows expressing octal numbers via numeric literals beginning with `0`.

Octal numbers can be expressed via numeric literals with leading `0` like `042`,
but this expression often confuses programmers. That's why ECMAScript's strict
mode throws `SyntaxError` for the expression.

Since ES2015, the other prefix `0o` has been introduced as an alternative. This
new one is always encouraged to use in today's code.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const a = 042;
const b = 7 + 042;
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const a = 0o42;
const b = 7 + 0o42;
const c = "042";
```


---

# lint/rules/no-process-global.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-process-global


Disallows the use of NodeJS `process` global.

NodeJS and Deno expose `process` global but they are hard to statically analyze
by tools, so code should not assume they are available. Instead,
`import process from "node:process"`.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// foo.ts
const foo = process.env.FOO;
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// foo.ts
import process from "node:process";

const foo = process.env.FOO;
```


---

# lint/rules/no-prototype-builtins.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-prototype-builtins


Disallows the use of `Object.prototype` builtins directly.

If objects are created via `Object.create(null)` they have no prototype
specified. This can lead to runtime errors when you assume objects have
properties from `Object.prototype` and attempt to call the following methods:

- `hasOwnProperty`
- `isPrototypeOf`
- `propertyIsEnumerable`

Instead, it's always encouraged to call these methods from `Object.prototype`
explicitly.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const a = foo.hasOwnProperty("bar");
const b = foo.isPrototypeOf("bar");
const c = foo.propertyIsEnumerable("bar");
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const a = Object.prototype.hasOwnProperty.call(foo, "bar");
const b = Object.prototype.isPrototypeOf.call(foo, "bar");
const c = Object.prototype.propertyIsEnumerable.call(foo, "bar");
```


---

# lint/rules/no-redeclare.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-redeclare


Disallows redeclaration of variables, functions, parameters with the same name.

JavaScript allows us to redeclare variables with the same name using `var`, but
redeclaration should not be used since it can make variables hard to trace.

In addition, this lint rule disallows redeclaration using `let` or `const` as
well, although ESLint allows. This is useful because we can notice a syntax
error before actually running the code.

As for functions and parameters, JavaScript just treats these as runtime errors,
throwing `SyntaxError` when being run. It's also beneficial to detect this sort
of errors statically.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
var a = 3;
var a = 10;

let b = 3;
let b = 10;

const c = 3;
const c = 10;

function d() {}
function d() {}

function e(arg: number) {
  var arg: number;
}

function f(arg: number, arg: string) {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
var a = 3;
function f() {
  var a = 10;
}

if (foo) {
  let b = 2;
} else {
  let b = 3;
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-regex-spaces.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-regex-spaces


Disallows multiple spaces in regular expression literals.

Multiple spaces in regular expression literals are generally hard to read when
the regex gets complicated. Instead, it's better to use only one space character
and specify how many times spaces should appear with the `{n}` syntax, for
example:

```typescript
// Multiple spaces in the regex literal are harder to understand how many
// spaces are expected to be matched
const re = /foo   bar/;

// Instead use `{n}` syntax for readability
const re = /foo {3}var/;
```

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const re1 = /  /;
const re2 = /foo  bar/;
const re3 = / a b  c d /;
const re4 = /foo  {3}bar/;

const re5 = new RegExp("  ");
const re6 = new RegExp("foo  bar");
const re7 = new RegExp(" a b  c d ");
const re8 = new RegExp("foo  {3}bar");
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const re1 = /foo/;
const re2 = / /;
const re3 = / {3}/;
const re4 = / +/;
const re5 = / ?/;
const re6 = / */;

const re7 = new RegExp("foo");
const re8 = new RegExp(" ");
const re9 = new RegExp(" {3}");
const re10 = new RegExp(" +");
const re11 = new RegExp(" ?");
const re12 = new RegExp(" *");
```


---

# lint/rules/no-self-assign.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-self-assign


Disallows self assignments.

Self assignments like `a = a;` have no effect at all. If there are self
assignments in the code, most likely it means that the author is still in the
process of refactoring and there's remaining work they have to do.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
a = a;
[a] = [a];
[a, b] = [a, b];
[a, b] = [a, c];
[a, ...b] = [a, ...b];
a.b = a.b;
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
let a = a;
a += a;
a = [a];
[a, b] = [b, a];
a.b = a.c;
```


---

# lint/rules/no-self-compare.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-self-compare


Disallows comparisons where both sides are exactly the same.

Comparing a variable or value against itself is usually an error, either a typo
or refactoring error. It is confusing to the reader and may potentially
introduce a runtime error.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
if (x === x) {
}
if ("x" === "x") {
}
if (a.b === a.b) {
}
if (a["b"] === a["b"]) {
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
if (x === y) {
}
if ("x" === "y") {
}
if (a.b === a.c) {
}
if (a["b"] === a["c"]) {
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-setter-return.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-setter-return


Disallows returning values from setters.

Setters are supposed to be used for setting some value to the property, which
means that returning a value from a setter makes no sense. In fact, returned
values are ignored and cannot ever be used at all although returning a value
from a setter produces no error. This is why static check for this mistake by
the linter is quite beneficial.

Note that returning without a value is allowed; this is a useful technique to do
early-return from a function.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const a = {
  set foo(x: number) {
    return "something";
  },
};

class B {
  private set foo(x: number) {
    return "something";
  }
}

const c = {
  set foo(x: boolean) {
    if (x) {
      return 42;
    }
  },
};
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// return without a value is allowed since it is used to do early-return
const a = {
  set foo(x: number) {
    if (x % 2 == 0) {
      return;
    }
  },
};

// not a setter, but a getter
class B {
  get foo() {
    return 42;
  }
}

// not a setter
const c = {
  set(x: number) {
    return "something";
  },
};
```


---

# lint/rules/no-shadow-restricted-names.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-shadow-restricted-names


Disallows shadowing of restricted names.

The following (a) properties of the global object, or (b) identifiers are
"restricted" names in JavaScript:

- [`NaN`]
- [`Infinity`]
- [`undefined`]
- [`eval`]
- [`arguments`]

These names are _NOT_ reserved in JavaScript, which means that nothing prevents
one from assigning other values into them (i.e. shadowing). In other words, you
are allowed to use, say, `undefined` as an identifier or variable name. (For
more details see [MDN])

[`NaN`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/NaN
[`Infinity`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Infinity
[`undefined`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/undefined
[`eval`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/eval
[`arguments`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/arguments
[MDN]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/undefined#description

```typescript
function foo() {
  const undefined = "bar";
  console.log(undefined); // output: "bar"
}
```

Of course, shadowing like this most likely confuse other developers and should
be avoided. This lint rule detects and warn them.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const undefined = 42;

function NaN() {}

function foo(Infinity) {}

const arguments = () => {};

try {
} catch (eval) {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// If not assigned a value, `undefined` may be shadowed
const undefined;

const Object = 42;

function foo(a: number, b: string) {}

try {
} catch (e) {}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-sloppy-imports.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-sloppy-imports


Enforces specifying explicit references to paths in module specifiers.

Non-explicit specifiers are ambiguous and require probing for the correct file
path on every run, which has a performance overhead.

Note: This lint rule is only active when using `--unstable-sloppy-imports`.

### Invalid:

```typescript
import { add } from "./math/add";
import { ConsoleLogger } from "./loggers";
```

### Valid:

```typescript
import { add } from "./math/add.ts";
import { ConsoleLogger } from "./loggers/index.ts";
```


---

# lint/rules/no-slow-types.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-slow-types


Enforces using types that are explicit or can be simply inferred.

Read more: https://jsr.io/docs/about-slow-types


---

# lint/rules/no-sparse-arrays.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-sparse-arrays


Disallows sparse arrays.

Sparse arrays are arrays that contain _empty slots_, which later could be
handled either as `undefined` value or skipped by array methods, and this may
lead to unexpected behavior:

```typescript
[1, , 2].join(); // => '1,,2'
[1, undefined, 2].join(); // => '1,,2'

[1, , 2].flatMap((item) => item); // => [1, 2]
[1, undefined, 2].flatMap((item) => item); // => [1, undefined, 2]
```

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const items = ["foo", , "bar"];
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const items = ["foo", "bar"];
```


---

# lint/rules/no-sync-fn-in-async-fn.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-sync-fn-in-async-fn


Disallow sync function inside async function.

Using sync functions like `Deno.readTextFileSync` blocks the deno event loop so
it's not recommended to use it inside of an async function, because it stops
progress of all other async tasks.

**Invalid:**

```javascript
async function foo() {
  Deno.readTextFileSync("");
}

const fooFn = async function foo() {
  Deno.readTextFileSync("");
};

const fooFn = async () => {
  Deno.readTextFileSync("");
};
```

**Valid:**

```javascript
async function foo() {
  await Deno.readTextFile("");
}

function foo() {
  Deno.readTextFileSync("");
}

const fooFn = function foo() {
  Deno.readTextFileSync("");
};

const fooFn = () => {
  Deno.readTextFileSync("");
};
```


---

# lint/rules/no-this-alias.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-this-alias


Disallows assigning variables to `this`.

In most cases, storing a reference to `this` in a variable could be avoided by
using arrow functions properly, since they establish `this` based on the scope
where the arrow function is defined.

Let's take a look at a concrete example:

```typescript
const obj = {
  count: 0,
  doSomethingLater() {
    setTimeout(function () { // this function executes on the global scope; `this` evalutes to `globalThis`
      this.count++;
      console.log(this.count);
    }, 300);
  },
};

obj.doSomethingLater();
// `NaN` is printed, because the property `count` is not in the global scope.
```

In the above example, `this` in the function passed to `setTimeout` evaluates to
`globalThis`, which results in the expected value `1` not being printed.

If you wanted to work around it without arrow functions, you would store a
reference to `this` in another variable:

```typescript
const obj = {
  count: 0,
  doSomethingLater() {
    const self = this; // store a reference to `this` in `self`
    setTimeout(function () {
      // use `self` instead of `this`
      self.count++;
      console.log(self.count);
    }, 300);
  },
};

obj.doSomethingLater();
// `1` is printed as expected
```

But in this case arrow functions come in handy. With arrow functions, the code
becomes way clearer and easier to understand:

```typescript
const obj = {
  count: 0,
  doSomethingLater() {
    setTimeout(() => { // pass an arrow function
      // `this` evaluates to `obj` here
      this.count++;
      console.log(this.count);
    }, 300);
  },
};

obj.doSomethingLater();
// `1` is printed as expected
```

This example is taken from
[MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Functions/Arrow_functions).

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const self = this;

function foo() {
  const self = this;
}

const bar = () => {
  const self = this;
};
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const self = "this";

const [foo] = this;
```


---

# lint/rules/no-this-before-super.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-this-before-super


Disallows use of `this` or `super` before calling `super()` in constructors.

The access to `this` or `super` before calling `super()` in the constructor of
derived classes leads to [`ReferenceError`]. To prevent it, this lint rule
checks if there are accesses to `this` or `super` before calling `super()` in
constructors.

[`ReferenceError`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/ReferenceError

**Invalid:**

```typescript
class A extends B {
  constructor() {
    this.foo = 0;
    super();
  }
}

class C extends D {
  constructor() {
    super.foo();
    super();
  }
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
class A extends B {
  constructor() {
    super();
    this.foo = 0;
  }
}

class C extends D {
  constructor() {
    super();
    super.foo();
  }
}

class E {
  constructor() {
    this.foo = 0;
  }
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-throw-literal.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-throw-literal


Disallow throwing literals as exceptions.

It is considered good practice to only `throw` the `Error` object itself or an
object using the `Error` object as base objects for user-defined exceptions. The
fundamental benefit of `Error` objects is that they automatically keep track of
where they were built and originated.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
throw "error";
throw 0;
throw undefined;
throw null;
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
throw new Error("error");
```


---

# lint/rules/no-top-level-await.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-top-level-await


Disallows the use of top level await expressions.

Top level await cannot be used when distributing CommonJS/UMD via dnt.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
await foo();
for await (item of items) {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
async function foo() {
  await task();
}
async function foo() {
  for await (item of items) {}
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-undef.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-undef


Disallow the use of undeclared variables.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const foo = someFunction();
const bar = a + 1;
```


---

# lint/rules/no-unreachable.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-unreachable


Disallows the unreachable code after the control flow statements.

Because the control flow statements (`return`, `throw`, `break` and `continue`)
unconditionally exit a block of code, any statements after them cannot be
executed.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
function foo() {
  return true;
  console.log("done");
}
```

```typescript
function bar() {
  throw new Error("Oops!");
  console.log("done");
}
```

```typescript
while (value) {
  break;
  console.log("done");
}
```

```typescript
throw new Error("Oops!");
console.log("done");
```

```typescript
function baz() {
  if (Math.random() < 0.5) {
    return;
  } else {
    throw new Error();
  }
  console.log("done");
}
```

```typescript
for (;;) {}
console.log("done");
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
function foo() {
  return bar();
  function bar() {
    return 1;
  }
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-unsafe-finally.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-unsafe-finally


Disallows the use of control flow statements within `finally` blocks.

Use of the control flow statements (`return`, `throw`, `break` and `continue`)
overrides the usage of any control flow statements that might have been used in
the `try` or `catch` blocks, which is usually not the desired behaviour.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
let foo = function () {
  try {
    return 1;
  } catch (err) {
    return 2;
  } finally {
    return 3;
  }
};
```

```typescript
let foo = function () {
  try {
    return 1;
  } catch (err) {
    return 2;
  } finally {
    throw new Error();
  }
};
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
let foo = function () {
  try {
    return 1;
  } catch (err) {
    return 2;
  } finally {
    console.log("hola!");
  }
};
```


---

# lint/rules/no-unsafe-negation.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-unsafe-negation


Disallows the usage of negation operator `!` as the left operand of relational
operators.

`!` operators appearing in the left operand of the following operators will
sometimes cause an unexpected behavior because of the operator precedence:

- `in` operator
- `instanceof` operator

For example, when developers write a code like `!key in someObject`, most likely
they want it to behave just like `!(key in someObject)`, but actually it behaves
like `(!key) in someObject`. This lint rule warns such usage of `!` operator so
it will be less confusing.

**Invalid:**

<!-- deno-fmt-ignore -->

```typescript
if (!key in object) {}
if (!foo instanceof Foo) {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
if (!(key in object)) {}
if (!(foo instanceof Foo)) {}
if ((!key) in object) {}
if ((!foo) instanceof Foo) {}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-unused-labels.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-unused-labels


Disallows unused labels.

A label that is declared but never used is most likely developer's mistake. If
that label is meant to be used, then write a code so that it will be used.
Otherwise, remove the label.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
LABEL1:
while (true) {
  console.log(42);
}

LABEL2:
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
  console.log(42);
}

LABEL3:
for (const x of xs) {
  console.log(x);
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
LABEL1:
while (true) {
  console.log(42);
  break LABEL1;
}

LABEL2:
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
  console.log(42);
  continue LABEL2;
}

for (const x of xs) {
  console.log(x);
}
```


---

# lint/rules/no-unused-vars.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-unused-vars


Enforces all variables are used at least once.

If there are variables that are declared but not used anywhere, it's most likely
because of incomplete refactoring. This lint rule detects and warns such unused
variables.

Variable `a` is considered to be "used" if any of the following conditions are
satisfied:

- its value is read out, like `console.log(a)` or `let otherVariable = a;`
- it's called or constructed, like `a()` or `new a()`
- it's exported, like `export const a = 42;`

If a variable is just assigned to a value but never read out, then it's
considered to be _"not used"_.

```typescript
let a;
a = 42;

// `a` is never read out
```

If you want to declare unused variables intentionally, prefix them with the
underscore character `_`, like `_a`. This rule ignores variables that are
prefixed with `_`.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const a = 0;

const b = 0; // this `b` is never used
function foo() {
  const b = 1; // this `b` is used
  console.log(b);
}
foo();

let c = 2;
c = 3;

// recursive function calls are not considered to be used, because only when `d`
// is called from outside the function body can we say that `d` is actually
// called after all.
function d() {
  d();
}

// `x` is never used
export function e(x: number): number {
  return 42;
}

const f = "unused variable";
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const a = 0;
console.log(a);

const b = 0;
function foo() {
  const b = 1;
  console.log(b);
}
foo();
console.log(b);

let c = 2;
c = 3;
console.log(c);

function d() {
  d();
}
d();

export function e(x: number): number {
  return x + 42;
}

export const f = "exported variable";
```


---

# lint/rules/no-unversioned-import.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-unversioned-import


Ensure that inline dependency imports have a version specifier.

### Invalid:

```ts
import foo from "npm:chalk";
import foo from "jsr:@std/path";
```

### Valid:

```ts
import foo from "npm:chalk@5.3.0";
import foo from "npm:chalk@^5.3.0";
import foo from "jsr:@std/path@1.0.8";
import foo from "jsr:@std/path@^1.0.8";
```


---

# lint/rules/no-useless-rename.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-useless-rename


Disallow useless rename operations where both the original and new name are
exactly the same. This is often a leftover from a refactoring procedure and can
be safely removed.

**Invalid:**

```ts
import { foo as foo } from "foo";
const { foo: foo } = obj;
export { foo as foo };
```

**Valid:**

```ts
import { foo as bar } from "foo";
const { foo: bar } = obj;
export { foo as bar };
```


---

# lint/rules/no-var.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-var


Enforces the use of block scoped variables over more error prone function scoped
variables. Block scoped variables are defined using `const` and `let` keywords.

`const` and `let` keywords ensure the variables defined using these keywords are
not accessible outside their block scope. On the other hand, variables defined
using `var` keyword are only limited by their function scope.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
var foo = "bar";
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const foo = 1;
let bar = 2;
```


---

# lint/rules/no-window-prefix.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-window-prefix


Disallows the use of Web APIs via the `window` object.

In most situations, the global variable `window` works like `globalThis`. For
example, you could call the `fetch` API like `window.fetch(..)` instead of
`fetch(..)` or `globalThis.fetch(..)`. In Web Workers, however, `window` is not
available, but instead `self`, `globalThis`, or no prefix work fine. Therefore,
for compatibility between Web Workers and other contexts, it's highly
recommended to not access global properties via `window`.

Some APIs, including `window.alert`, `window.location` and `window.history`, are
allowed to call with `window` because these APIs are not supported or have
different meanings in Workers. In other words, this lint rule complains about
the use of `window` only if it's completely replaceable with `self`,
`globalThis`, or no prefix.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const a = await window.fetch("https://deno.land");

const b = window.Deno.metrics();
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const a1 = await fetch("https://deno.land");
const a2 = await globalThis.fetch("https://deno.land");
const a3 = await self.fetch("https://deno.land");

const b1 = Deno.metrics();
const b2 = globalThis.Deno.metrics();
const b3 = self.Deno.metrics();

// `alert` is allowed to call with `window` because it's not supported in Workers
window.alert("🍣");

// `location` is also allowed
window.location.host;
```


---

# lint/rules/no-window.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-window


Disallows the use of the `window` object.

The `window` global is no longer available in Deno. Deno does not have a window
and `typeof window === "undefined"` is often used to tell if the code is running
in the browser.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const a = await window.fetch("https://deno.land");

const b = window.Deno.metrics();
console.log(window);

window.addEventListener("load", () => {
  console.log("Loaded.");
});
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const a1 = await fetch("https://deno.land");
const a2 = await globalThis.fetch("https://deno.land");
const a3 = await self.fetch("https://deno.land");

const b1 = Deno.metrics();
const b2 = globalThis.Deno.metrics();
const b3 = self.Deno.metrics();
console.log(globalThis);

addEventListener("load", () => {
  console.log("Loaded.");
});
```


---

# lint/rules/no-with.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-with


Disallows the usage of `with` statements.

The `with` statement is discouraged as it may be the source of confusing bugs
and compatibility issues. For more details, see [with - JavaScript | MDN].

[with - JavaScript | MDN]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/with

**Invalid:**

```typescript
with (someVar) {
  console.log("foo");
}
```


---

# lint/rules/prefer-as-const.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/prefer-as-const


Recommends using const assertion (`as const`) over explicitly specifying literal
types or using type assertion.

When declaring a new variable of a primitive literal type, there are three ways:

1. adding an explicit type annotation
2. using normal type assertion (like `as "foo"`, or `<"foo">`)
3. using const assertion (`as const`)

This lint rule suggests using const assertion because it will generally lead to
a safer code. For more details about const assertion, see
[the official handbook](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-3-4.html#const-assertions).

**Invalid:**

```typescript
let a: 2 = 2; // type annotation
let b = 2 as 2; // type assertion
let c = <2> 2; // type assertion
let d = { foo: 1 as 1 }; // type assertion
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
let a = 2 as const;
let b = 2 as const;
let c = 2 as const;
let d = { foo: 1 as const };

let x = 2;
let y: string = "hello";
let z: number = someVariable;
```


---

# lint/rules/prefer-ascii.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/prefer-ascii


Ensures that the code is fully written in ASCII characters.

V8, the JavaScript engine Deno relies on, provides a method that strings get
populated outside V8's heap. In particular, if they are composed of one-byte
characters only, V8 can handle them much more efficiently through
[`v8::String::ExternalOneByteStringResource`]. In order to leverage this V8
feature in the internal of Deno, this rule checks if all characters in the code
are ASCII.

[`v8::String::ExternalOneByteStringResource`]: https://v8.github.io/api/head/classv8_1_1String_1_1ExternalOneByteStringResource.html

That said, you can also make use of this lint rule for something other than
Deno's internal JavaScript code. If you want to make sure your codebase is made
up of ASCII characters only (e.g. want to disallow non-ASCII identifiers) for
some reasons, then this rule will be helpful.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const π = Math.PI;

// string literals are also checked
const ninja = "🥷";

function こんにちは(名前: string) {
  console.log(`こんにちは、${名前}さん`);
}

// “comments” are also checked
// ^        ^
// |        U+201D
// U+201C
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const pi = Math.PI;

const ninja = "ninja";

function hello(name: string) {
  console.log(`Hello, ${name}`);
}

// "comments" are also checked
```


---

# lint/rules/prefer-const.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/prefer-const


Recommends declaring variables with [`const`] over [`let`].

Since ES2015, JavaScript supports [`let`] and [`const`] for declaring variables.
If variables are declared with [`let`], then they become mutable; we can set
other values to them afterwards. Meanwhile, if declared with [`const`], they are
immutable; we cannot perform re-assignment to them.

In general, to make the codebase more robust, maintainable, and readable, it is
highly recommended to use [`const`] instead of [`let`] wherever possible. The
fewer mutable variables are, the easier it should be to keep track of the
variable states while reading through the code, and thus it is less likely to
write buggy code. So this lint rule checks if there are [`let`] variables that
could potentially be declared with [`const`] instead.

Note that this rule does not check for [`var`] variables. Instead,
[the `no-var` rule](/lint/rules/no-var) is responsible for detecting and warning
[`var`] variables.

[`let`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/let
[`const`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/const
[`var`]: https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Statements/var

**Invalid:**

```typescript
let a = 0;

let b = 0;
someOperation(b);

// `const` could be used instead
for (let c in someObject) {}

// `const` could be used instead
for (let d of someArray) {}

// variable that is uninitialized at first and then assigned in the same scope is NOT allowed
// because we could simply write it like `const e = 2;` instead
let e;
e = 2;
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
// uninitialized variable is allowed
let a;

let b = 0;
b += 1;

let c = 0;
c = 1;

// variable that is uninitialized at first and then assigned in the same scope _two or more times_ is allowed
// because we cannot represent it with `const`
let d;
d = 2;
d = 3;

const e = 0;

// `f` is mutated through `f++`
for (let f = 0; f < someArray.length; f++) {}

// variable that is initialized (or assigned) in another scope is allowed
let g;
function func1() {
  g = 42;
}

// conditionally initialized variable is allowed
let h;
if (trueOrFalse) {
  h = 0;
}
```


---

# lint/rules/prefer-namespace-keyword.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/prefer-namespace-keyword


Recommends the use of `namespace` keyword over `module` keyword when declaring
TypeScript module.

TypeScript supports the `module` keyword for organizing code, but this wording
can lead to a confusion with the ECMAScript's module. Since TypeScript v1.5, it
has provided us with the alternative keyword `namespace`, encouraging us to
always use `namespace` instead whenever we write TypeScript these days. See
[TypeScript v1.5 release note](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-1-5.html#namespace-keyword)
for more details.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
module modA {}

declare module modB {}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
namespace modA {}

// "ambient modules" are allowed
// https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/modules.html#ambient-modules
declare module "modB";
declare module "modC" {}
```


---

# lint/rules/prefer-primordials.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/prefer-primordials


Suggests using frozen intrinsics from `primordials` rather than the default
globals.

This lint rule is designed to be dedicated to Deno's internal code. Normal users
don't have to run this rule for their code.

Primordials are a frozen set of all intrinsic objects in the runtime, which we
should use in the Deno's internal to avoid the risk of prototype pollution. This
rule detects the direct use of global intrinsics and suggests replacing it with
the corresponding one from the `primordials` object.

One such example is:

```javascript
const arr = getSomeArrayOfNumbers();
const evens = arr.filter((val) => val % 2 === 0);
```

The second line of this example should be:

```javascript
const evens = primordials.ArrayPrototypeFilter(arr, (val) => val % 2 === 0);
```

**Invalid:**

```javascript
const arr = new Array();

const s = JSON.stringify({});

const i = parseInt("42");

const { ownKeys } = Reflect;
```

**Valid:**

```javascript
const { Array } = primordials;
const arr = new Array();

const { JSONStringify } = primordials;
const s = JSONStringify({});

const { NumberParseInt } = primordials;
const i = NumberParseInt("42");

const { ReflectOwnKeys } = primordials;
```


---

# lint/rules/react-no-danger-with-children.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/react-no-danger-with-children


Using JSX children together with `dangerouslySetInnerHTML` is invalid as they
will be ignored.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
<div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: "<h1>hello</h1>" }}>
  <h1>this will never be rendered</h1>
</div>;
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
<div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: "<h1>hello</h1>" }} />;
```


---

# lint/rules/react-no-danger.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/react-no-danger


Prevent the use of `dangerouslySetInnerHTML` which can lead to XSS
vulnerabilities if used incorrectly.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
const hello = <div dangerouslySetInnerHTML={{ __html: "Hello World!" }} />;
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
const hello = <div>Hello World!</div>;
```


---

# lint/rules/react-rules-of-hooks.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/react-rules-of-hooks


Ensure that hooks are called correctly in React/Preact components. They must be
called at the top level of a component and not inside a conditional statement or
a loop.

**Invalid:**

```tsx
// WRONG: Called inside condition
function MyComponent() {
  if (condition) {
    const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
  }
}

// WRONG: Called inside for loop
function MyComponent() {
  for (const item of items) {
    const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
  }
}

// WRONG: Called inside while loop
function MyComponent() {
  while (condition) {
    const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
  }
}

// WRONG: Called after condition
function MyComponent() {
  if (condition) {
    // ...
  }

  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
}
```

**Valid:**

```tsx
function MyComponent() {
  const [count, setCount] = useState(0);
}
```


---

# lint/rules/require-await.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/require-await


Disallows async functions that have no await expression or await using
declaration.

In general, the primary reason to use async functions is to use await
expressions or await using declarations inside. If an async function has
neither, it is most likely an unintentional mistake.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
async function f1() {
  doSomething();
}

const f2 = async () => {
  doSomething();
};

const f3 = async () => doSomething();

const obj = {
  async method() {
    doSomething();
  },
};

class MyClass {
  async method() {
    doSomething();
  }
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
await asyncFunction();

function normalFunction() {
  doSomething();
}

async function f1() {
  await asyncFunction();
}

const f2 = async () => {
  await asyncFunction();
};

const f3 = async () => await asyncFunction();

async function f4() {
  for await (const num of asyncIterable) {
    console.log(num);
  }
}

async function f5() {
  using = createResource();
}

// empty functions are valid
async function emptyFunction() {}
const emptyArrowFunction = async () => {};

// generators are also valid
async function* gen() {
  console.log(42);
}
```


---

# lint/rules/require-yield.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/require-yield


Disallows generator functions that have no `yield`.

JavaScript provides generator functions expressed as `function*`, where we can
pause and later resume the function execution at the middle points. At these
points we use the `yield` keyword. In other words, it makes no sense at all to
create generator functions that contain no `yield` keyword, since such functions
could be written as normal functions.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
function* f1() {
  return "f1";
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
function* f1() {
  yield "f1";
}

// generator function with empty body is allowed
function* f2() {}

function f3() {
  return "f3";
}
```


---

# lint/rules/single-var-declarator.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/single-var-declarator


Disallows multiple variable definitions in the same declaration statement.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
const foo = 1, bar = "2";
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
const foo = 1;
const bar = "2";
```


---

# lint/rules/triple-slash-reference.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/triple-slash-reference


Disallow certain triple slash directives in favor of ES6-style import
declarations.

TypeScript's `///` triple-slash references are a way to indicate that types from
another module are available in a file. Use of triple-slash reference type
directives is generally discouraged in favor of ECMAScript Module imports. This
rule reports on the use of `/// <reference path="..." />`,
`/// <reference types="..." />`, or `/// <reference lib="..." />` directives.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
/// <reference types="foo" />
import * as foo from "foo";
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
import * as foo from "foo";
```


---

# lint/rules/use-isnan.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/use-isnan


Disallows comparisons to `NaN`.

Because `NaN` is unique in JavaScript by not being equal to anything, including
itself, the results of comparisons to `NaN` are confusing:

- `NaN === NaN` or `NaN == NaN` evaluate to `false`
- `NaN !== NaN` or `NaN != NaN` evaluate to `true`

Therefore, this rule makes you use the `isNaN()` or `Number.isNaN()` to judge
the value is `NaN` or not.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
if (foo == NaN) {
  // ...
}

if (foo != NaN) {
  // ...
}

switch (NaN) {
  case foo:
    // ...
}

switch (foo) {
  case NaN:
    // ...
}
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
if (isNaN(foo)) {
  // ...
}

if (!isNaN(foo)) {
  // ...
}
```


---

# lint/rules/valid-typeof.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/valid-typeof


Restricts the use of the `typeof` operator to a specific set of string literals.

When used with a value the `typeof` operator returns one of the following
strings:

- `"undefined"`
- `"object"`
- `"boolean"`
- `"number"`
- `"string"`
- `"function"`
- `"symbol"`
- `"bigint"`

This rule disallows comparison with anything other than one of these string
literals when using the `typeof` operator, as this likely represents a typing
mistake in the string. The rule also disallows comparing the result of a
`typeof` operation with any non-string literal value, such as `undefined`, which
can represent an inadvertent use of a keyword instead of a string. This includes
comparing against string variables even if they contain one of the above values
as this cannot be guaranteed. An exception to this is comparing the results of
two `typeof` operations as these are both guaranteed to return on of the above
strings.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
// typo
typeof foo === "strnig";
typeof foo == "undefimed";
typeof bar != "nunber";
typeof bar !== "fucntion";

// compare with non-string literals
typeof foo === undefined;
typeof bar == Object;
typeof baz === anotherVariable;
typeof foo == 5;
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
typeof foo === "undefined";
typeof bar == "object";
typeof baz === "string";
typeof bar === typeof qux;
```


---

# lint/rules/verbatim-module-syntax.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/verbatim-module-syntax


Enforces type imports to be declared as type imports.

This rule ensures that the code works when the `verbatimModuleSyntax` TypeScript
compiler option is enabled. This is useful in libraries distributing TypeScript
code in order to work in more scenarios.

**Invalid:**

```typescript
import { Person } from "./person.ts";

const person: Person = {
  name: "David",
};
console.log(person);
```

```typescript
import { output, Person } from "./person.ts";

const person: Person = {
  name: "David",
};
output(person);
```

**Valid:**

```typescript
import type { Person } from "./person.ts";

const person: Person = {
  name: "David",
};
console.log(person);
```

```typescript
import { output, type Person } from "./person.ts";

const person: Person = {
  name: "David",
};
output(person);
```


---

# Architecture Overview

> Deep dive into Deno's internal architecture, explaining core components like the runtime, compiler, and security sandbox. Learn how Deno processes requests and executes JavaScript/TypeScript code.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/contributing/architecture


## Deno and Linux analogy

|                       **Linux** | **Deno**                           |
| ------------------------------: | :--------------------------------- |
|                       Processes | Web Workers                        |
|                        Syscalls | Ops                                |
|           File descriptors (fd) | [Resource ids (rid)](#resources)   |
|                       Scheduler | Tokio                              |
| Userland: libc++ / glib / boost | https://jsr.io/@std                |
|                 /proc/\$\$/stat | [Deno.metrics()](#metrics)         |
|                       man pages | deno types / https://docs.deno.com |

### Resources

Resources (AKA `rid`) are Deno's version of file descriptors. They are integer
values used to refer to open files, sockets, and other concepts. For testing it
would be good to be able to query the system for how many open resources there
are.

```ts
console.log(Deno.resources());
// { 0: "stdin", 1: "stdout", 2: "stderr" }
Deno.close(0);
console.log(Deno.resources());
// { 1: "stdout", 2: "stderr" }
```

### Metrics

Metrics is Deno's internal counter for various statistics.

```shell
> console.table(Deno.metrics())
┌─────────────────────────┬───────────┐
│          (idx)          │  Values   │
├─────────────────────────┼───────────┤
│      opsDispatched      │    9      │
│    opsDispatchedSync    │    0      │
│   opsDispatchedAsync    │    0      │
│ opsDispatchedAsyncUnref │    0      │
│      opsCompleted       │    9      │
│    opsCompletedSync     │    0      │
│    opsCompletedAsync    │    0      │
│ opsCompletedAsyncUnref  │    0      │
│    bytesSentControl     │   504     │
│      bytesSentData      │    0      │
│      bytesReceived      │   856     │
└─────────────────────────┴───────────┘
```

## Conference

- Ryan Dahl. (May 27, 2020).
  [An interesting case with Deno](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1b7FoBwxc7E).
  Deno Israel.
- Bartek Iwańczuk. (Oct 6, 2020).
  [Deno internals - how modern JS/TS runtime is
  built](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AOvg_GbnsbA&t=35m13s). Paris Deno.


---

# Documentation guidelines

> Guide for contributing to Deno's documentation. Learn our documentation standards, writing style, and how to submit documentation changes.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/contributing/docs


We welcome and appreciate contributions to the Deno documentation. If you find
an issue, or want to add to the docs, each page has an "Edit this page" button
at the bottom of the page. Clicking this button will take you to the source file
for that page in the [Deno docs repository](https://github.com/denoland/docs/).
You can then make your changes and submit a pull request.

Some pages in the Deno documentation are generated from source files in the Deno
repository. These pages are not directly editable:

- The [API reference](/api/deno/) pages are generated from type definitions in
  the Deno repository.
- The [CLI reference](/runtime/reference/cli/) pages for each individual command
  are generated from source files in the Deno repository.

If you find an issue with one of these pages, you can either submit a pull
request to the Deno repository. Or raise an issue in the
[Deno docs repository](https://github.com/denoland/docs/issues) and we'll get it
fixed.

## Running the docs locally

You can fork and clone the entire
[Deno docs repository](https://github.com/denoland/docs) to your local machine
and run the docs locally. This is useful if you want to see how your changes
will look before submitting a pull request.

1. Fork the [Deno docs repository](https://github.com/denoland/docs).
2. Clone your fork to your local machine with `git clone`.
3. Change directory into the `docs` directory you just cloned.
4. Run the docs repo locally with `deno task serve`.
5. Open your browser and navigate to `http://localhost:3000`.
6. Optionally, generate the API documentation with `deno task reference`.

To see a more detailed description of available tasks, check out the
[Deno docs README](https://github.com/denoland/docs?tab=readme-ov-file#deno-docs)


---

# Contributing an example

> Learn how to create and contribute meaningful examples to the Deno docs.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/contributing/examples


[Deno by Example](/examples/) is a collection of examples that demonstrate how
to use Deno and its APIs. If you contribute an example, we'll send you a free
pack of stickers!

![Deno stickers laid out on a table](./images/stickers.jpg)

## Contributing an example

If you have a Deno example that you would like to share with the community, you
can contribute it to the
[Deno docs repository](https://github.com/denoland/docs?tab=readme-ov-file#examples)
or make an issue if there's an example you'd like to see. If your example is
merged, we'll credit you as the author and send you some awesome special edition
Deno stickers so that you can show off your contributor status as a token of our
appreciation.

## Getting your stickers

If you've contributed an example, drop us an email at
[docs@deno.com](mailto:docs@deno.com) and let us know so we can get your
stickers out to you!


---

# Contributing and support

> Guide to contributing to the Deno project and ecosystem. Learn about different Deno repositories, contribution guidelines, and how to submit effective pull requests.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/contributing/


We welcome and appreciate all contributions to Deno.

This page serves as a helper to get you started on contributing.

## Projects

There are numerous repositories in the [`denoland`](https://github.com/denoland)
organization that are part of the Deno ecosystem.

Repositories have different scopes, use different programming languages and have
varying difficulty level when it comes to contributions.

To help you decide which repository might be the best to start contributing
(and/or falls into your interest), here's a short comparison (**codebases
primarily comprise the languages in bold**):

### [deno](https://github.com/denoland/deno)

This is the main repository that provides the `deno` CLI.

Languages: **Rust**, **JavaScript**, **TypeScript**

### [deno_std](https://github.com/denoland/deno_std)

The standard library for Deno.

Languages: **TypeScript**, WebAssembly

### [fresh](https://github.com/denoland/fresh)

The next-gen web framework.

Languages: **TypeScript**, TSX

### [deno_lint](https://github.com/denoland/deno_lint)

Linter that powers `deno lint` subcommand.

Languages: **Rust**

### [deno_doc](https://github.com/denoland/deno_doc)

Documentation generator that powers `deno doc` subcommand, and reference
documentation on https://docs.deno.com/api, and https://jsr.io.

Languages: **Rust**

### [rusty_v8](https://github.com/denoland/rusty_v8)

Rust bindings for the V8 JavaScript engine. Very technical and low-level.

Languages: **Rust**

### [serde_v8](https://github.com/denoland/deno_core/tree/main/serde_v8)

Library that provides bijection layer between V8 and Rust objects. Based on
[`serde`](https://crates.io/crates/serde) library. Very technical and low-level.

Languages: **Rust**

### [deno_docker](https://github.com/denoland/deno_docker)

Official Docker images for Deno.

## General remarks

- Read the [style guide](/runtime/contributing/style_guide).

- Please don't make [the benchmarks](https://deno.land/benchmarks) worse.

- Ask for help in the [community chat room](https://discord.gg/deno).

- If you are going to work on an issue, mention so in the issue's comments
  _before_ you start working on the issue.

- If you are going to work on a new feature, create an issue and discuss with
  other contributors _before_ you start working on the feature; we appreciate
  all contributions but not all proposed features will be accepted. We don't
  want you to spend hours working on code that might not be accepted.

- Please be professional in the forums. We follow
  [Rust's code of conduct](https://www.rust-lang.org/policies/code-of-conduct)
  (CoC). Have a problem? Email [ry@tinyclouds.org](mailto:ry@tinyclouds.org).

## Submitting a pull request

Before submitting a PR to any of the repos, please make sure the following is
done:

1. Give the PR a descriptive title.

Examples of good PR title:

- fix(std/http): Fix race condition in server
- docs(console): Update docstrings
- feat(doc): Handle nested re-exports

Examples of bad PR title:

- fix #7123
- update docs
- fix bugs

2. Ensure there is a related issue and that it is referenced in the PR text.
3. Ensure there are tests that cover the changes.

## Documenting APIs

It is important to document all public APIs and we want to do that inline with
the code. This helps ensure that code and documentation are tightly coupled
together.

### JavaScript and TypeScript

All publicly exposed APIs and types, both via the `deno` module as well as the
global/`window` namespace should have JSDoc documentation. This documentation is
parsed and available to the TypeScript compiler, and therefore easy to provide
further downstream. JSDoc blocks come just prior to the statement they apply to
and are denoted by a leading `/**` before terminating with a `*/`. For example:

```ts
/** A simple JSDoc comment */
export const FOO = "foo";
```

Find more at: https://jsdoc.app/

### Rust

Use
[this guide](https://doc.rust-lang.org/rustdoc/how-to-write-documentation.html)
for writing documentation comments in Rust code.

## Profiling

When contributing to performance-sensitive parts of the codebase, it's helpful
to profile your changes to ensure they don't negatively impact performance or to
verify your optimizations are effective.

### Using Samply

[Samply](https://github.com/mstange/samply) is a sampling profiler for macOS and
Linux that works well with Deno. It produces flamegraphs that help you visualize
where CPU time is being spent.

```sh
# Basic usage
samply record -r 20000 deno run -A main.js
```

You can analyze the generated flamegraph to identify:

- Hot spots where most CPU time is spent
- Unexpected function calls
- Potential areas for optimization

When submitting performance-related contributions, including profiling data can
help the team to understand and validate your improvements.


---

# Release Schedule

> Overview of Deno's release cycle and versioning process. Learn about stable releases, canary builds, and how to manage different Deno versions including upgrading to specific builds.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/contributing/release_schedule


A new minor release for the `deno` cli is scheduled for release every 12 weeks.

See [Milestones on Deno's GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/deno/milestones)
for the upcoming releases.

There are usually several patch releases (done weekly) after a minor release;
after that a merge window for new features opens for the upcoming minor release.

Stable releases can be found on the
[GitHub releases page](https://github.com/denoland/deno/releases).

## Canary channel

In addition to the stable channel described above, canaries are released
multiple times daily (for each commit on main). You can upgrade to the latest
canary release by running:

```console
deno upgrade --canary
```

To update to a specific canary, pass the commit hash in the `--version` option:

```console
deno upgrade --canary --version=973af61d8bb03c1709f61e456581d58386ed4952
```

To switch back to the stable channel, run `deno upgrade`.

Canaries can be downloaded from https://dl.deno.land.


---

# Deno Style Guide

> Comprehensive style guide for contributing to Deno's internal runtime code and standard library. Covers coding conventions, documentation standards, testing requirements, and best practices for TypeScript and Rust development.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/contributing/style_guide


:::note

Note that this is the style guide for **internal runtime code** in the Deno
runtime, and in the Deno Standard Library. This is not meant as a general style
guide for users of Deno.

:::

### Copyright Headers

Most modules in the repository should have the following copyright header:

```ts
// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.
```

If the code originates elsewhere, ensure that the file has the proper copyright
headers. We only allow MIT, BSD, and Apache licensed code.

### Use underscores, not dashes in filenames

Example: Use `file_server.ts` instead of `file-server.ts`.

### Add tests for new features

Each module should contain or be accompanied by tests for its public
functionality.

### TODO Comments

TODO comments should usually include an issue or the author's github username in
parentheses. Example:

```ts
// TODO(ry): Add tests.
// TODO(#123): Support Windows.
// FIXME(#349): Sometimes panics.
```

### Meta-programming is discouraged. Including the use of Proxy

Be explicit, even when it means more code.

There are some situations where it may make sense to use such techniques, but in
the vast majority of cases it does not.

### Inclusive code

Please follow the guidelines for inclusive code outlined at
https://chromium.googlesource.com/chromium/src/+/HEAD/styleguide/inclusive_code.md.

### Rust

Follow Rust conventions and be consistent with existing code.

### TypeScript

The TypeScript portion of the code base is the standard library `std`.

#### Use TypeScript instead of JavaScript

#### Do not use the filename `index.ts`/`index.js`

Deno does not treat "index.js" or "index.ts" in a special way. By using these
filenames, it suggests that they can be left out of the module specifier when
they cannot. This is confusing.

If a directory of code needs a default entry point, use the filename `mod.ts`.
The filename `mod.ts` follows Rust's convention, is shorter than `index.ts`, and
doesn't come with any preconceived notions about how it might work.

#### Exported functions: max 2 args, put the rest into an options object

When designing function interfaces, stick to the following rules.

1. A function that is part of the public API takes 0-2 required arguments, plus
   (if necessary) an options object (so max 3 total).

2. Optional parameters should generally go into the options object.

   An optional parameter that's not in an options object might be acceptable if
   there is only one, and it seems inconceivable that we would add more optional
   parameters in the future.

3. The 'options' argument is the only argument that is a regular 'Object'.

   Other arguments can be objects, but they must be distinguishable from a
   'plain' Object runtime, by having either:

   - a distinguishing prototype (e.g. `Array`, `Map`, `Date`, `class MyThing`).
   - a well-known symbol property (e.g. an iterable with `Symbol.iterator`).

   This allows the API to evolve in a backwards compatible way, even when the
   position of the options object changes.

```ts
// BAD: optional parameters not part of options object. (#2)
export function resolve(
  hostname: string,
  family?: "ipv4" | "ipv6",
  timeout?: number,
): IPAddress[] {}
```

```ts
// GOOD.
export interface ResolveOptions {
  family?: "ipv4" | "ipv6";
  timeout?: number;
}
export function resolve(
  hostname: string,
  options: ResolveOptions = {},
): IPAddress[] {}
```

```ts
export interface Environment {
  [key: string]: string;
}

// BAD: `env` could be a regular Object and is therefore indistinguishable
// from an options object. (#3)
export function runShellWithEnv(cmdline: string, env: Environment): string {}

// GOOD.
export interface RunShellOptions {
  env: Environment;
}
export function runShellWithEnv(
  cmdline: string,
  options: RunShellOptions,
): string {}
```

```ts
// BAD: more than 3 arguments (#1), multiple optional parameters (#2).
export function renameSync(
  oldname: string,
  newname: string,
  replaceExisting?: boolean,
  followLinks?: boolean,
) {}
```

```ts
// GOOD.
interface RenameOptions {
  replaceExisting?: boolean;
  followLinks?: boolean;
}
export function renameSync(
  oldname: string,
  newname: string,
  options: RenameOptions = {},
) {}
```

```ts
// BAD: too many arguments. (#1)
export function pwrite(
  fd: number,
  buffer: ArrayBuffer,
  offset: number,
  length: number,
  position: number,
) {}
```

```ts
// BETTER.
export interface PWrite {
  fd: number;
  buffer: ArrayBuffer;
  offset: number;
  length: number;
  position: number;
}
export function pwrite(options: PWrite) {}
```

Note: When one of the arguments is a function, you can adjust the order
flexibly. See examples like
[Deno.serve](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.serve),
[Deno.test](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.test),
[Deno.addSignalListener](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.addSignalListener).
See also
[this post](https://twitter.com/jaffathecake/status/1646798390355697664).

#### Export all interfaces that are used as parameters to an exported member

Whenever you are using interfaces that are included in the parameters or return
type of an exported member, you should export the interface that is used. Here
is an example:

```ts
// my_file.ts
export interface Person {
  name: string;
  age: number;
}

export function createPerson(name: string, age: number): Person {
  return { name, age };
}

// mod.ts
export { createPerson } from "./my_file.ts";
export type { Person } from "./my_file.ts";
```

#### Minimize dependencies; do not make circular imports

Although `std` has no external dependencies, we must still be careful to keep
internal dependencies simple and manageable. In particular, be careful not to
introduce circular imports.

#### If a filename starts with an underscore: `_foo.ts`, do not link to it

There may be situations where an internal module is necessary but its API is not
meant to be stable or linked to. In this case prefix it with an underscore. By
convention, only files in its own directory should import it.

#### Use JSDoc for exported symbols

We strive for complete documentation. Every exported symbol ideally should have
a documentation line.

If possible, use a single line for the JSDoc. Example:

```ts
/** foo does bar. */
export function foo() {
  // ...
}
```

It is important that documentation is easily human-readable, but there is also a
need to provide additional styling information to ensure generated documentation
is more rich text. Therefore JSDoc should generally follow markdown markup to
enrich the text.

While markdown supports HTML tags, it is forbidden in JSDoc blocks.

Code string literals should be braced with the back-tick (\`) instead of quotes.
For example:

```ts
/** Import something from the `deno` module. */
```

Do not document function arguments unless they are non-obvious of their intent
(though if they are non-obvious intent, the API should be considered anyways).
Therefore `@param` should generally not be used. If `@param` is used, it should
not include the `type` as TypeScript is already strongly-typed.

```ts
/**
 * Function with non-obvious param.
 * @param foo Description of non-obvious parameter.
 */
```

Vertical spacing should be minimized whenever possible. Therefore, single-line
comments should be written as:

```ts
/** This is a good single-line JSDoc. */
```

And not:

```ts
/**
 * This is a bad single-line JSDoc.
 */
```

Code examples should utilize markdown format, like so:

````ts
/** A straightforward comment and an example:
 * ```ts
 * import { foo } from "deno";
 * foo("bar");
 * ```
 */
````

Code examples should not contain additional comments and must not be indented.
It is already inside a comment. If it needs further comments, it is not a good
example.

#### Resolve linting problems using directives

Currently, the building process uses `dlint` to validate linting problems in the
code. If the task requires code that is non-conformant to linter use
`deno-lint-ignore <code>` directive to suppress the warning.

```typescript
// deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
let x: any;
```

This ensures the continuous integration process doesn't fail due to linting
problems, but it should be used scarcely.

#### Each module should come with a test module

Every module with public functionality `foo.ts` should come with a test module
`foo_test.ts`. A test for a `std` module should go in `std/tests` due to their
different contexts; otherwise, it should just be a sibling to the tested module.

#### Unit Tests should be explicit

For a better understanding of the tests, function should be correctly named as
it's prompted throughout the test command. Like:

```console
foo() returns bar object ... ok
```

Example of test:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
import { foo } from "./mod.ts";

Deno.test("foo() returns bar object", function () {
  assertEquals(foo(), { bar: "bar" });
});
```

Note: See [tracking issue](https://github.com/denoland/deno_std/issues/3754) for
more information.

#### Top-level functions should not use arrow syntax

Top-level functions should use the `function` keyword. Arrow syntax should be
limited to closures.

Bad:

```ts
export const foo = (): string => {
  return "bar";
};
```

Good:

```ts
export function foo(): string {
  return "bar";
}
```

Regular functions and arrow functions have different behavior with respect to
hoisting, binding, arguments, and constructability. The `function` keyword
clearly indicates the intent to define a function, improving legibility and
tracibility while debugging.

#### Error Messages

User-facing error messages raised from JavaScript / TypeScript should be clear,
concise, and consistent. Error messages should be in sentence case but should
not end with a period. Error messages should be free of grammatical errors and
typos and written in American English.

:::note

Note that the error message style guide is a work in progress, and not all the
error messages have been updated to conform to the current styles.

:::

Error message styles that should be followed:

1. Messages should start with an upper case:

```sh
Bad: cannot parse input
Good: Cannot parse input
```

2. Messages should not end with a period:

```sh
Bad: Cannot parse input.
Good: Cannot parse input
```

3. Message should use quotes for values for strings:

```sh
Bad: Cannot parse input hello, world
Good: Cannot parse input "hello, world"
```

4. Message should state the action that lead to the error:

```sh
Bad: Invalid input x
Good: Cannot parse input x
```

5. Active voice should be used:

```sh
Bad: Input x cannot be parsed
Good: Cannot parse input x
```

6. Messages should not use contractions:

```sh
Bad: Can't parse input x
Good: Cannot parse input x
```

7. Messages should use a colon when providing additional information. Periods
   should never be used. Other punctuation may be used as needed:

```sh
Bad: Cannot parse input x. value is empty
Good: Cannot parse input x: value is empty
```

8. Additional information should describe the current state, if possible, it
   should also describe the desired state in an affirmative voice:

```sh
Bad: Cannot compute the square root for x: value must not be negative
Good: Cannot compute the square root for x: current value is ${x}
Better: Cannot compute the square root for x as x must be >= 0: current value is ${x}
```

### std

#### Do not depend on external code.

`https://jsr.io/@std` is intended to be baseline functionality that all Deno
programs can rely on. We want to guarantee to users that this code does not
include potentially unreviewed third-party code.

#### Document and maintain browser compatibility.

If a module is browser-compatible, include the following in the JSDoc at the top
of the module:

```ts
// This module is browser-compatible.
```

Maintain browser compatibility for such a module by either not using the global
`Deno` namespace or feature-testing for it. Make sure any new dependencies are
also browser compatible.

#### Prefer # over private keyword

We prefer the private fields (`#`) syntax over `private` keyword of TypeScript
in the standard modules codebase. The private fields make the properties and
methods private even at runtime. On the other hand, `private` keyword of
TypeScript guarantee it private only at compile time and the fields are publicly
accessible at runtime.

Good:

```ts
class MyClass {
  #foo = 1;
  #bar() {}
}
```

Bad:

```ts
class MyClass {
  private foo = 1;
  private bar() {}
}
```

#### Naming convention

Use `camelCase` for functions, methods, fields, and local variables. Use
`PascalCase` for classes, types, interfaces, and enums. Use `UPPER_SNAKE_CASE`
for static top-level items, such as `string`, `number`, `bigint`, `boolean`,
`RegExp`, arrays of static items, records of static keys and values, etc.

Good:

```ts
function generateKey() {}

let currentValue = 0;

class KeyObject {}

type SharedKey = {};

enum KeyType {
  PublicKey,
  PrivateKey,
}

const KEY_VERSION = "1.0.0";

const KEY_MAX_LENGTH = 4294967295;

const KEY_PATTERN = /^[0-9a-f]+$/;
```

Bad:

```ts
function generate_key() {}

let current_value = 0;

function GenerateKey() {}

class keyObject {}

type sharedKey = {};

enum keyType {
  publicKey,
  privateKey,
}

const key_version = "1.0.0";

const key_maxLength = 4294967295;

const KeyPattern = /^[0-9a-f]+$/;
```

When the names are in `camelCase` or `PascalCase`, always follow the rules of
them even when the parts of them are acronyms.

Note: Web APIs use uppercase acronyms (`JSON`, `URL`, `URL.createObjectURL()`
etc.). Deno Standard Library does not follow this convention.

Good:

```ts
class HttpObject {
}
```

Bad:

```ts
class HTTPObject {
}
```

Good:

```ts
function convertUrl(url: URL) {
  return url.href;
}
```

Bad:

```ts
function convertURL(url: URL) {
  return url.href;
}
```


---

# deno.json and package.json

> The guide to configuring your Deno projects. Learn about TypeScript settings, tasks, dependencies, formatting, linting, and how to use both deno.json and/or package.json effectively.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/configuration


You can configure Deno using a `deno.json` file. This file can be used to
configure the TypeScript compiler, linter, formatter, and other Deno tools.

The configuration file supports `.json` and
[`.jsonc`](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/json#_json-with-comments)
extensions.

Deno will automatically detect a `deno.json` or `deno.jsonc` configuration file
if it's in your current working directory or parent directories. The `--config`
flag can be used to specify a different configuration file.

## package.json support

Deno also supports a `package.json` file for compatibility with Node.js
projects. If you have a Node.js project, it is not necessary to create a
`deno.json` file. Deno will use the `package.json` file to configure the
project.

If both a `deno.json` and `package.json` file are present in the same directory,
Deno will understand dependencies specified in both `deno.json` and
`package.json`; and use the `deno.json` file for Deno-specific configurations.
Read more about
[Node compatibility in Deno](/runtime/fundamentals/node/#node-compatibility).

## Dependencies

The `"imports"` field in your `deno.json` allows you to specify dependencies
used in your project. You can use it to map bare specifiers to URLs or file
paths making it easier to manage dependencies and module resolution in your
applications.

For example, if you want to use the `assert` module from the standard library in
your project, you could use this import map:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "@std/assert": "jsr:@std/assert@^1.0.0",
    "chalk": "npm:chalk@5"
  }
}
```

Then your script can use the bare specifier `std/assert`:

```js title="script.ts"
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
import chalk from "chalk";

assertEquals(1, 2);
console.log(chalk.yellow("Hello world"));
```

You can also use a `"dependencies"` field in `package.json`:

```json title="package.json"
{
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^1.0.0"
  }
}
```

```js title="script.ts"
import express from "express";

const app = express();
```

Note that this will require you to run `deno install`.

Read more about
[module imports and dependencies](/runtime/fundamentals/modules/)

### Custom path mappings

The import map in `deno.json` can be used for more general path mapping of
specifiers. You can map an exact specifiers to a third party module or a file
directly, or you can map a part of an import specifier to a directory.

```jsonc title="deno.jsonc"
{
  "imports": {
    // Map to an exact file
    "foo": "./some/long/path/foo.ts",
    // Map to a directory, usage: "bar/file.ts"
    "bar/": "./some/folder/bar/"
  }
}
```

Usage:

```ts
import * as foo from "foo";
import * as bar from "bar/file.ts";
```

Path mapping of import specifies is commonly used in larger code bases for
brevity.

For example:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "@/": "./"
  }
}
```

```ts title="main.ts"
import { MyUtil } from "@/util.ts";
```

This causes import specifiers starting with `@/` to be resolved relative to the
import map's URL or file path.

### Overriding packages

The `links` field in `deno.json` allows you to override dependencies with local
packages stored on disk. This is similar to `npm link`.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "links": [
    "../some-package"
  ]
}
```

This capability addresses several common development challenges:

- Dependency bug fixes
- Private local libraries
- Compatibility issues

The package being referenced doesn't need to be published at all. It just needs
to have the proper package name and metadata in `deno.json` or `package.json`,
so that Deno knows what package it's dealing with. This provides greater
flexibility and modularity, maintaining clean separation between your main code
and external packages.

## Tasks

The `tasks` field in your `deno.json` file is used to define custom commands
that can be executed with the `deno task` command and allows you to tailor
commands and permissions to the specific needs of your project.

It is similar to the `scripts` field in a `package.json` file, which is also
supported.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "start": "deno run --allow-net --watch=static/,routes/,data/ dev.ts",
    "test": "deno test --allow-net",
    "lint": "deno lint"
  }
}
```

```json title="package.json"
{
  "scripts": {
    "dev": "vite dev",
    "build": "vite build"
  }
}
```

To execute a task, use the `deno task` command followed by the task name. For
example:

```sh
deno task start
deno task test
deno task lint
deno task dev
deno task build
```

Read more about [`deno task`](/runtime/reference/cli/task_runner/).

## Linting

The `lint` field in the `deno.json` file is used to configure the behavior of
Deno’s built-in linter. This allows you to specify which files to include or
exclude from linting, as well as customize the linting rules to suit your
project’s needs.

For example:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "lint": {
    "include": ["src/"],
    "exclude": ["src/testdata/", "src/fixtures/**/*.ts"],
    "rules": {
      "tags": ["recommended"],
      "include": ["ban-untagged-todo"],
      "exclude": ["no-unused-vars"]
    }
  }
}
```

This configuration will:

- only lint files in the `src/` directory,
- not lint files in the `src/testdata/` directory or any TypeScript files in the
  `src/fixtures/` directory.
- specify that the recommended linting rules should be applied,
- add the `ban-untagged-todo`, and
- exclude the `no-unused-vars` rule.

You can find a full list of available linting rules in the
[List of rules](/lint/) documentation page.

Read more about [linting with Deno](/runtime/reference/cli/linter/).

## Formatting

The `fmt` field in the `deno.json` file is used to configure the behavior of
Deno’s built-in code formatter. This allows you to customize how your code is
formatted, ensuring consistency across your project, making it easier to read
and collaborate on. Here are the key options you can configure:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "fmt": {
    "useTabs": true,
    "lineWidth": 80,
    "indentWidth": 4,
    "semiColons": true,
    "singleQuote": true,
    "proseWrap": "preserve",
    "include": ["src/"],
    "exclude": ["src/testdata/", "src/fixtures/**/*.ts"]
  }
}
```

This configuration will:

- use tabs instead of spaces for indentation,
- limit lines to 80 characters,
- use an indentation width of 4 spaces,
- add semicolons to the end of statements,
- use single quotes for strings,
- preserve prose wrapping,
- format files in the `src/` directory,
- exclude files in the `src/testdata/` directory and any TypeScript files in the
  `src/fixtures/` directory.

Read more about
[formatting your code with Deno](/runtime/fundamentals/linting_and_formatting/).

## Lockfile

The `lock` field in the `deno.json` file is used to specify configuration of the
lock file that Deno uses to
[ensure the integrity of your dependencies](/runtime/fundamentals/modules/#integrity-checking-and-lock-files).
A lock file records the exact versions and integrity hashes of the modules your
project depends on, ensuring that the same versions are used every time the
project is run, even if the dependencies are updated or changed remotely.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "lock": {
    "path": "./deno.lock",
    "frozen": true
  }
}
```

This configuration will:

- specify lockfile location at `./deno.lock` (this is the default and can be
  omitted)
- tell Deno that you want to error out if any dependency changes

Deno uses lockfile by default, you can disable it with following configuration:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "lock": false
}
```

## Node modules directory

By default Deno uses a local `node_modules` directory if you have a
`package.json` file in your project directory.

You can control this behavior using the `nodeModulesDir` field in the
`deno.json` file.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "nodeModulesDir": "auto"
}
```

You can set this field to following values:

| Value      | Behavior                                                                                                                            |
| ---------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `"none"`   | Don't use a local `node_modules` directory. Instead use global cache in `$DENO_DIR` that is automatically kept up to date by Deno.  |
| `"auto"`   | Use a local `node_modules` directory. The directory is automatically created and kept up to date by Deno.                           |
| `"manual"` | Use a local `node_modules` directory. User must keep this directory up to date manually, eg. using `deno install` or `npm install`. |

It is not required to specify this setting, the following defaults are applied:

- `"none"` if there is no `package.json` file in your project directory
- `"manual"` if there is a `package.json` file in your project directory

When using workspaces, this setting can only be used in the workspace root.
Specifying it in any of the members will result in warnings. The `"manual"`
setting will only be applied automatically if there's a `package.json` file in
the workspace root.

## TypeScript compiler options

The `compilerOptions` field in the `deno.json` file is used to configure
[TypeScript compiler settings](https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig) for your
Deno project. This allows you to customize how TypeScript code is compiled,
ensuring it aligns with your project’s requirements and coding standards.

:::info

Deno recommends the default TypeScript configuration. This will help when
sharing code.

:::

See also
[Configuring TypeScript in Deno](/runtime/reference/ts_config_migration/).

## Unstable features

The `unstable` field in a `deno.json` file is used to enable specific unstable
features for your Deno project.

These features are still in development and not yet part of the stable API. By
listing features in the `unstable` array, you can experiment with and use these
new capabilities before they are officially released.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "unstable": ["cron", "kv", "webgpu"]
}
```

[Learn more](/runtime/reference/cli/unstable_flags/).

## include and exclude

Many configurations (ex. `lint`, `fmt`) have an `include` and `exclude` property
for specifying the files to include.

### include

Only the paths or patterns specified here will be included.

```jsonc
{
  "lint": {
    // only format the src/ directory
    "include": ["src/"]
  }
}
```

### exclude

The paths or patterns specified here will be excluded.

```jsonc
{
  "lint": {
    // don't lint the dist/ folder
    "exclude": ["dist/"]
  }
}
```

This has HIGHER precedence than `include` and will win over `include` if a path
is matched in both `include` and `exclude`.

You may wish to exclude a directory, but include a sub directory. In Deno
1.41.2+, you may un-exclude a more specific path by specifying a negated glob
below the more general exclude:

```jsonc
{
  "fmt": {
    // don't format the "fixtures" directory,
    // but do format "fixtures/scripts"
    "exclude": [
      "fixtures",
      "!fixtures/scripts"
    ]
  }
}
```

### Top level exclude

If there's a directory you never want Deno to fmt, lint, type check, analyze in
the LSP, etc., then specify it in the top level exclude array:

```jsonc
{
  "exclude": [
    // exclude the dist folder from all sub-commands and the LSP
    "dist/"
  ]
}
```

Sometimes you may find that you want to un-exclude a path or pattern that's
excluded in the top level-exclude. In Deno 1.41.2+, you may un-exclude a path by
specifying a negated glob in a more specific config:

```jsonc
{
  "fmt": {
    "exclude": [
      // format the dist folder even though it's
      // excluded at the top level
      "!dist"
    ]
  },
  "exclude": [
    "dist/"
  ]
}
```

### Publish - Override .gitignore

The `.gitignore` is taken into account for the `deno publish` command. In Deno
1.41.2+, you can opt-out of excluded files ignored in the _.gitignore_ by using
a negated exclude glob:

```title=".gitignore"
dist/
.env
```

```jsonc title="deno.json"
{
  "publish": {
    "exclude": [
      // include the .gitignored dist folder
      "!dist/"
    ]
  }
}
```

Alternatively, explicitly specifying the gitignored paths in an `"include"`
works as well:

```json
{
  "publish": {
    "include": [
      "dist/",
      "README.md",
      "deno.json"
    ]
  }
}
```

## Exports

The `exports` field in the `deno.json` file allows you to define which paths of
your package should be publicly accessible. This is particularly useful for
controlling the API surface of your package and ensuring that only the intended
parts of your code are exposed to users.

```jsonc title="deno.json"
{
  "exports": "./src/mod.ts" // A default entry point
}
```

You can also define multiple entry points:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "exports": {
    "./module1": "./src/module1.ts",
    "./module2": "./src/module2.ts",
    ".": "./src/mod.ts" // Default entry point
  }
}
```

This configuration will:

- expose `module1` and `module2` as entry points for your package,
- allow importing any file from the `utils` directory using a wildcard. This
  means users can import these modules using the specified paths, while other
  files in your package remain private.

To use the exports in your code, you can import them like this:

```ts title="example.ts"
import * as module_1 from "@example/my-package/module1";
import * as module_2 from "@example/my-package/module2";
```

## Permissions

Deno 2.5+ supports storing permission sets in the config file.

### Named permissions

Permissions can be defined in key value pairs under the `"permissions"` key:

```jsonc
{
  "permissions": {
    "read-data": {
      "read": "./data"
    },
    "read-and-write": {
      "read": true,
      "write": ["./data"]
    }
  }
}
```

Then used by specifying the `--permission-set=<name>` or `-P=<name>` flag:

```sh
$ deno run -P=read-data main.ts
```

### Default permission

A special `"default"` permission key allows excluding the name when using the
`--permission-set`/`-P` flag:

```jsonc
{
  "permissions": {
    "default": {
      "env": true
    }
  }
}
```

Then run with just `-P`:

```sh
$ deno run -P main.ts
```

### Test, bench, and compile permissions

Permissions can be optionally specified within the `"test"`, `"bench"`, or
`"compile"` keys.

```jsonc
{
  "test": {
    "permissions": {
      "read": ["./data"]
    }
  }
}
```

Or reference a permission set:

```jsonc
{
  "test": {
    "permissions": "read-data"
  },
  "permissions": {
    "read-data": {
      "read": ["./data"]
    }
  }
}
```

When this is defined, you must run `deno test` with `-P` or a permission flag:

```
> deno test
error: Test permissions were found in the config file. Did you mean to run with `-P`?
    at file:///Users/david/dev/example/deno.json
> deno test -P
...runs...
> deno test --allow-read
...runs...
> deno test -A
...runs...
```

This is to help prevent you waste your time wondering why something is not
working when you forget to run without permissions.

Note that test and bench files in a workspace will use the closest `deno.json`
for determining `test` and `bench` permissions. This allows giving different
permissions to different workspace members.

### Security risk

The threat model for permissions in the config file is similar to `deno task`,
in that a script could modify the `deno.json` to elevate permissions. That's why
this requires an explicit opt-in with `-P` and is not loaded by default.

If you're ok with this risk, then this feature will be useful for you.

## An example `deno.json` file

```json
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "allowJs": true,
    "lib": ["deno.window"],
    "strict": true
  },
  "permissions": {
    "default": {
      "read": ["./src/testdata/"]
    }
  },
  "lint": {
    "include": ["src/"],
    "exclude": ["src/testdata/", "src/fixtures/**/*.ts"],
    "rules": {
      "tags": ["recommended"],
      "include": ["ban-untagged-todo"],
      "exclude": ["no-unused-vars"]
    }
  },
  "fmt": {
    "useTabs": true,
    "lineWidth": 80,
    "indentWidth": 4,
    "semiColons": false,
    "singleQuote": true,
    "proseWrap": "preserve",
    "include": ["src/"],
    "exclude": ["src/testdata/", "src/fixtures/**/*.ts"]
  },
  "lock": false,
  "nodeModulesDir": "auto",
  "unstable": ["webgpu"],
  "test": {
    "include": ["src/"],
    "exclude": ["src/testdata/", "src/fixtures/**/*.ts"]
  },
  "tasks": {
    "start": "deno run --allow-read main.ts"
  },
  "imports": {
    "oak": "jsr:@oak/oak"
  },
  "exclude": [
    "dist/"
  ]
}
```

This is an example of a `deno.json` file that configures the TypeScript compiler
options, linter, formatter, node modules directory, etc. For a full list of
available fields and configurations, see the
[Deno configuration file schema](#json-schema).

## JSON schema

A JSON schema file is available for editors to provide autocompletion. The file
is versioned and available at:
[https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/main/cli/schemas/config-file.v1.json](https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/main/cli/schemas/config-file.v1.json)

## Proxies

Deno supports proxies for module downloads and the fetch API. Proxy
configuration is read from
[environment variables](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/env_variables/#special-environment-variables):
HTTP_PROXY, HTTPS_PROXY and NO_PROXY.

If you are using Windows - if environment variables are not found Deno falls
back to reading proxies from the registry.


---

# Debugging

> Complete guide to debugging Deno applications. Learn to use Chrome DevTools, VS Code debugger, and other debugging techniques for TypeScript/JavaScript code in Deno.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/debugging


Deno supports the [V8 Inspector Protocol](https://v8.dev/docs/inspector) used by
Chrome, Edge and Node.js. This makes it possible to debug Deno programs using
Chrome DevTools or other clients that support the protocol (for example VSCode).

To activate debugging capabilities run Deno with one of the following flags:

- `--inspect`
- `--inspect-wait`
- `--inspect-brk`

## --inspect

Using the `--inspect` flag will start your program with an inspector server
which allows client connections from tools that support the V8 Inspector
Protocol, for example Chrome DevTools.

Visit `chrome://inspect` in a Chromium derived browser to connect Deno to the
inspector server. This allows you to inspect your code, add breakpoints, and
step through your code.

```sh
deno run --inspect your_script.ts
```

:::note

If you use the `--inspect` flag, the code will start executing immediately. If
your program is short, you might not have enough time to connect the debugger
before the program finishes execution.

In such cases, try running with `--inspect-wait` or `--inspect-brk` flag
instead, or add a timeout at the end of your code.

:::

## --inspect-wait

The `--inspect-wait` flag will wait for a debugger to connect before executing
your code.

```sh
deno run --inspect-wait your_script.ts
```

## --inspect-brk

The `--inspect-brk` flag will wait for a debugger to connect before executing
your code and then put a breakpoint in your program as soon as you connect,
allowing you to add additional breakpoints or evaluate expressions before
resuming execution.

**This is the most commonly used inspect flag**. JetBrains and VSCode IDEs use
this flag by default.

```sh
deno run --inspect-brk your_script.ts
```

## Example with Chrome DevTools

Let's try debugging a program using Chrome Devtools. For this, we'll use
[@std/http/file-server](https://jsr.io/@std/http#file-server), a static file
server.

Use the `--inspect-brk` flag to break execution on the first line:

```sh
$ deno run --inspect-brk -RN jsr:@std/http/file-server
Debugger listening on ws://127.0.0.1:9229/ws/1e82c406-85a9-44ab-86b6-7341583480b1
...
```

In a Chromium derived browser such as Google Chrome or Microsoft Edge, open
`chrome://inspect` and click `Inspect` next to target:

![chrome://inspect](./images/debugger1.png)

It might take a few seconds after opening the DevTools to load all modules.

![DevTools opened](./images/debugger2.jpg)

You might notice that DevTools pauses execution on the first line of
`_constants.ts` instead of `file_server.ts`. This is expected behavior caused by
the way ES modules are evaluated in JavaScript (`_constants.ts` is left-most,
bottom-most dependency of `file_server.ts` so it is evaluated first).

At this point all source code is available in the DevTools, so let's open up
`file_server.ts` and add a breakpoint there; go to "Sources" pane and expand the
tree:

![Open file_server.ts](./images/debugger3.jpg)

_Looking closely you'll find duplicate entries for each file; one written
regularly and one in italics. The former is compiled source file (so in the case
of `.ts` files it will be emitted JavaScript source), while the latter is a
source map for the file._

Next, add a breakpoint in the `listenAndServe` method:

![Break in file_server.ts](./images/debugger4.jpg)

As soon as we've added the breakpoint, DevTools automatically opens up the
source map file, which allows us step through the actual source code that
includes types.

Now that we have our breakpoints set, we can resume the execution of our script
so that we can inspect an incoming request. Hit the "Resume script execution"
button to do so. You might even need to hit it twice!

Once our script is running, try send a request and inspect it in Devtools:

```sh
curl http://0.0.0.0:4507/
```

![Break in request handling](./images/debugger5.jpg)

At this point we can introspect the contents of the request and go step-by-step
to debug the code.

## VSCode

Deno can be debugged using VSCode. This is best done with help from the official
`vscode_deno` extension. Documentation for this can be found
[here](/runtime/reference/vscode#using-the-debugger).

## JetBrains IDEs

_**Note**: make sure you have
[this Deno plugin](https://plugins.jetbrains.com/plugin/14382-deno) installed
and enabled in Preferences / Settings | Plugins. For more information, see
[this blog post](https://blog.jetbrains.com/webstorm/2020/06/deno-support-in-jetbrains-ides/)._

You can debug Deno using your JetBrains IDE by right-clicking the file you want
to debug and selecting the `Debug 'Deno: <file name>'` option.

![Debug file](./images/jb-ide-debug.png)

This will create a run/debug configuration with no permission flags set. If you
want to configure them, open your run/debug configuration and add the required
flags to the `Command` field.

## --log-level=debug

If you're having trouble connecting to the inspector, you can use the
`--log-level=debug` flag to get more information about what's happening. This
will show you information like module resolution, network requests, and other
permission checks.

```sh
deno run --inspect-brk --log-level=debug your_script.ts
```

## --strace-ops

Deno ops are an [RPC](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Remote_procedure_call)
mechanism between JavaScript and Rust. They provide functionality like file I/O,
networking, and timers to JavaScript. The `--strace-ops` flag will print out all
ops that are being executed by Deno when a program is run along with their
timings.

```sh
deno run --strace-ops your_script.ts
```

Each op should have a `Dispatch` and a `Complete` event. The time between these
two events is the time taken to execute the op. This flag can be useful for
performance profiling, debugging hanging programs, or understanding how Deno
works under the hood.

## OpenTelemetry integration

For production applications or complex systems, OpenTelemetry provides a more
comprehensive approach to observability and debugging. Deno includes built-in
support for OpenTelemetry, allowing you to:

- Trace requests through your application
- Monitor application performance metrics
- Collect structured logs
- Export telemetry data to monitoring systems

```sh
OTEL_DENO=true deno run your_script.ts
```

This will automatically collect and export runtime observability data,
including:

- HTTP request traces
- Runtime metrics
- Console logs and errors

For full details on Deno's OpenTelemetry integration, including custom metrics,
traces, and configuration options, see the
[OpenTelemetry documentation](/runtime/fundamentals/open_telemetry).


---

# Foreign Function Interface (FFI)

> Learn how to use Deno's Foreign Function Interface (FFI) to call native libraries directly from JavaScript or TypeScript. Includes examples, best practices, and security considerations.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/ffi


Deno's Foreign Function Interface (FFI) allows JavaScript and TypeScript code to
call functions in dynamic libraries written in languages like C, C++, or Rust.
This enables you to integrate native code performance and capabilities directly
into your Deno applications.

<a href="/api/deno/ffi" class="docs-cta runtime-cta">Deno FFI Reference Docs</a>

## Introduction to FFI

FFI provides a bridge between Deno's JavaScript runtime and native code. This
allows you to:

- Use existing native libraries within your Deno applications
- Implement performance-critical code in languages like Rust or C
- Access operating system APIs and hardware features not directly available in
  JavaScript

Deno's FFI implementation is based on the `Deno.dlopen` API, which loads dynamic
libraries and creates JavaScript bindings to the functions they export.

## Security considerations

FFI requires explicit permission using the
[`--allow-ffi`](/runtime/fundamentals/security#ffi-foreign-function-interface)
flag, as native code runs outside of Deno's security sandbox:

```sh
deno run --allow-ffi my_ffi_script.ts
```

:::info

<strong>Important security warning</strong>: Unlike JavaScript code running in
the Deno sandbox, native libraries loaded via FFI have the same access level as
the Deno process itself. This means they can:

- Access the filesystem
- Make network connections
- Access environment variables
- Execute system commands

Always ensure you trust the native libraries you're loading through FFI.

:::

## Basic usage

The basic pattern for using FFI in Deno involves:

1. Defining the interface for the native functions you want to call
2. Loading the dynamic library using `Deno.dlopen()`
3. Calling the loaded functions

Here's a simple example loading a C library:

```ts
const dylib = Deno.dlopen("libexample.so", {
  add: { parameters: ["i32", "i32"], result: "i32" },
});

console.log(dylib.symbols.add(5, 3)); // 8

dylib.close();
```

## Supported types

Deno's FFI supports a variety of data types for parameters and return values:

| FFI Type               | Deno                 | C                        | Rust                      |
| ---------------------- | -------------------- | ------------------------ | ------------------------- |
| `i8`                   | `number`             | `char` / `signed char`   | `i8`                      |
| `u8`                   | `number`             | `unsigned char`          | `u8`                      |
| `i16`                  | `number`             | `short int`              | `i16`                     |
| `u16`                  | `number`             | `unsigned short int`     | `u16`                     |
| `i32`                  | `number`             | `int` / `signed int`     | `i32`                     |
| `u32`                  | `number`             | `unsigned int`           | `u32`                     |
| `i64`                  | `bigint`             | `long long int`          | `i64`                     |
| `u64`                  | `bigint`             | `unsigned long long int` | `u64`                     |
| `usize`                | `bigint`             | `size_t`                 | `usize`                   |
| `isize`                | `bigint`             | `size_t`                 | `isize`                   |
| `f32`                  | `number`             | `float`                  | `f32`                     |
| `f64`                  | `number`             | `double`                 | `f64`                     |
| `void`[1]              | `undefined`          | `void`                   | `()`                      |
| `pointer`              | `{} \| null`         | `void *`                 | `*mut c_void`             |
| `buffer`[2]            | `TypedArray \| null` | `uint8_t *`              | `*mut u8`                 |
| `function`[3]          | `{} \| null`         | `void (*fun)()`          | `Option<extern "C" fn()>` |
| `{ struct: [...] }`[4] | `TypedArray`         | `struct MyStruct`        | `MyStruct`                |

As of Deno 1.25, the `pointer` type has been split into a `pointer` and a
`buffer` type to ensure users take advantage of optimizations for Typed Arrays,
and as of Deno 1.31 the JavaScript representation of `pointer` has become an
opaque pointer object or `null` for null pointers.

- [1] `void` type can only be used as a result type.
- [2] `buffer` type accepts TypedArrays as parameter, but it always returns a
  pointer object or `null` when used as result type like the `pointer` type.
- [3] `function` type works exactly the same as the `pointer` type as a
  parameter and result type.
- [4] `struct` type is for passing and returning C structs by value (copy). The
  `struct` array must enumerate each of the struct's fields' type in order. The
  structs are padded automatically: Packed structs can be defined by using an
  appropriate amount of `u8` fields to avoid padding. Only TypedArrays are
  supported as structs, and structs are always returned as `Uint8Array`s.

## Working with structs

You can define and use C structures in your FFI code:

```ts
// Define a struct type for a Point
const pointStruct = {
  fields: {
    x: "f64",
    y: "f64",
  },
} as const;

// Define the library interface
const signatures = {
  distance: {
    parameters: [
      { struct: pointStruct },
      { struct: pointStruct },
    ],
    result: "f64",
  },
} as const;

// Create struct instances
const point1 = new Deno.UnsafePointer(
  new BigUint64Array([
    BigInt(Float64Array.of(1.0).buffer),
    BigInt(Float64Array.of(2.0).buffer),
  ]).buffer,
);

const point2 = new Deno.UnsafePointer(
  new BigUint64Array([
    BigInt(Float64Array.of(4.0).buffer),
    BigInt(Float64Array.of(6.0).buffer),
  ]).buffer,
);

// Call the function with structs
const dist = dylib.symbols.distance(point1, point2);
```

## Working with callbacks

You can pass JavaScript functions as callbacks to native code:

```ts
const signatures = {
  setCallback: {
    parameters: ["function"],
    result: "void",
  },
  runCallback: {
    parameters: [],
    result: "void",
  },
} as const;

// Create a callback function
const callback = new Deno.UnsafeCallback(
  { parameters: ["i32"], result: "void" } as const,
  (value) => {
    console.log("Callback received:", value);
  },
);

// Pass the callback to the native library
dylib.symbols.setCallback(callback.pointer);

// Later, this will trigger our JavaScript function
dylib.symbols.runCallback();

// Always clean up when done
callback.close();
```

## Best practices with FFI

1. Always close resources. Close libraries with `dylib.close()` and callbacks
   with `callback.close()` when done.

2. Prefer TypeScript. Use TypeScript for better type-checking when working with
   FFI.

3. Wrap FFI calls in try/catch blocks to handle errors gracefully.

4. Be extremely careful when using FFI, as native code can bypass Deno's
   security sandbox.

5. Keep the FFI interface as small as possible to reduce the attack surface.

## Examples

### Using a Rust library

Here's an example of creating and using a Rust library with Deno:

First, create a Rust library:

```rust
// lib.rs
#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
pub extern "C" fn fibonacci(n: u32) -> u32 {
  if n <= 1 {
    return n;
  }
  fibonacci(n - 1) + fibonacci(n - 2)
}
```

Compile it as a dynamic library:

```sh
rustc --crate-type cdylib lib.rs
```

Then use it from Deno:

```ts
const libName = {
  windows: "./lib.dll",
  linux: "./liblib.so",
  darwin: "./liblib.dylib",
}[Deno.build.os];

const dylib = Deno.dlopen(
  libName,
  {
    fibonacci: { parameters: ["u32"], result: "u32" },
  } as const,
);

// Calculate the 10th Fibonacci number
const result = dylib.symbols.fibonacci(10);
console.log(`Fibonacci(10) = ${result}`); // 55

dylib.close();
```

### Examples

- [Netsaur](https://github.com/denosaurs/netsaur/blob/c1efc3e2df6e2aaf4a1672590a404143203885a6/packages/core/src/backends/cpu/mod.ts)
- [WebView_deno](https://github.com/webview/webview_deno/blob/main/src/ffi.ts)
- [Deno_sdl2](https://github.com/littledivy/deno_sdl2/blob/main/mod.ts)
- [Deno FFI examples repository](https://github.com/denoffi/denoffi_examples)

These community-maintained repos includes working examples of FFI integrations
with various native libraries across different operating systems.

## Related Approaches to Native Code Integration

While Deno's FFI provides a direct way to call native functions, there are other
approaches to integrate native code:

### Using Node-API (N-API) with Deno

Deno supports [Node-API (N-API)](https://nodejs.org/api/n-api.html) for
compatibility with native Node.js addons. This enables you to use existing
native modules written for Node.js.

Directly loading a Node-API addon:

```ts
import process from "node:process";
process.dlopen(module, "./native_module.node", 0);
```

Using an npm package that uses a Node-API addon:

```ts
import someNativeAddon from "npm:some-native-addon";
console.log(someNativeAddon.doSomething());
```

How is this different from FFI?

| **Aspect**  | **FFI**                | **Node-API Support**                        |
| ----------- | ---------------------- | ------------------------------------------- |
| Setup       | No build step required | Requires precompiled binaries or build step |
| Portability | Tied to library ABI    | ABI-stable across versions                  |
| Use Case    | Direct library calls   | Reuse Node.js addons                        |

Node-API support is ideal for leveraging existing Node.js native modules,
whereas FFI is best for direct, lightweight calls to native libraries.

## Alternatives to FFI

Before using FFI, consider these alternatives:

- [WebAssembly](/runtime/reference/wasm/), for portable native code that runs
  within Deno's sandbox.
- Use `Deno.command` to execute external binaries and subprocesses with
  controlled permissions.
- Check whether [Deno's native APIs](/api/deno) already provide the
  functionality you need.

Deno's FFI capabilities provide powerful integration with native code, enabling
performance optimizations and access to system-level functionality. However,
this power comes with significant security considerations. Always be cautious
when working with FFI and ensure you trust the native libraries you're using.


---

# Writing an HTTP Server

> A guide to creating HTTP servers in Deno. Learn about the Deno.serve API, request handling, WebSocket support, response streaming, and how to build production-ready HTTP/HTTPS servers with automatic compression.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/http_server


HTTP servers are the backbone of the web, allowing you to access websites,
download files, and interact with web services. They listen for incoming
requests from clients (like web browsers) and send back responses.

When you build your own HTTP server, you have complete control over its behavior
and can tailor it to your specific needs. You may be using it for local
development, to serve your HTML, CSS, and JS files, or building a REST API -
having your own server lets you define endpoints, handle requests and manage
data.

## Deno's built-in HTTP server

Deno has a built in HTTP server API that allows you to write HTTP servers. The
[`Deno.serve`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.serve) API supports
HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2.

### A "Hello World" server

The `Deno.serve` function takes a handler function that will be called for each
incoming request, and is expected to return a response (or a promise resolving
to a response).

Here is an example of a server that returns a "Hello, World!" response for each
request:

```ts title="server.ts"
Deno.serve((_req) => {
  return new Response("Hello, World!");
});
```

The handler can also return a `Promise<Response>`, which means it can be an
`async` function.

To run this server, you can use the `deno run` command:

```sh
deno run --allow-net server.ts
```

There are many more examples of using `Deno.serve` in the
[Examples collection](/examples/#network).

### Listening on a specific port

By default `Deno.serve` will listen on port `8000`, but this can be changed by
passing in a port number in options bag as the first or second argument:

```js title="server.ts"
// To listen on port 4242.
Deno.serve({ port: 4242 }, handler);

// To listen on port 4242 and bind to 0.0.0.0.
Deno.serve({ port: 4242, hostname: "0.0.0.0" }, handler);
```

### Inspecting the incoming request

Most servers will not answer with the same response for every request. Instead
they will change their answer depending on various aspects of the request: the
HTTP method, the headers, the path, or the body contents.

The request is passed in as the first argument to the handler function. Here is
an example showing how to extract various parts of the request:

```ts
Deno.serve(async (req) => {
  console.log("Method:", req.method);

  const url = new URL(req.url);
  console.log("Path:", url.pathname);
  console.log("Query parameters:", url.searchParams);

  console.log("Headers:", req.headers);

  if (req.body) {
    const body = await req.text();
    console.log("Body:", body);
  }

  return new Response("Hello, World!");
});
```

:::caution

Be aware that the `req.text()` call can fail if the user hangs up the connection
before the body is fully received. Make sure to handle this case. Do note this
can happen in all methods that read from the request body, such as `req.json()`,
`req.formData()`, `req.arrayBuffer()`, `req.body.getReader().read()`,
`req.body.pipeTo()`, etc.

:::

### Responding with real data

Most servers do not respond with "Hello, World!" to every request. Instead they
might respond with different headers, status codes, and body contents (even body
streams).

Here is an example of returning a response with a 404 status code, a JSON body,
and a custom header:

```ts title="server.ts"
Deno.serve((req) => {
  const body = JSON.stringify({ message: "NOT FOUND" });
  return new Response(body, {
    status: 404,
    headers: {
      "content-type": "application/json; charset=utf-8",
    },
  });
});
```

### Responding with a stream

Response bodies can also be streams. Here is an example of a response that
returns a stream of "Hello, World!" repeated every second:

```ts title="server.ts"
Deno.serve((req) => {
  let timer: number;
  const body = new ReadableStream({
    async start(controller) {
      timer = setInterval(() => {
        controller.enqueue("Hello, World!\n");
      }, 1000);
    },
    cancel() {
      clearInterval(timer);
    },
  });
  return new Response(body.pipeThrough(new TextEncoderStream()), {
    headers: {
      "content-type": "text/plain; charset=utf-8",
    },
  });
});
```

:::note

Note the `cancel` function above. This is called when the client hangs up the
connection. It is important to make sure that you handle this case, otherwise
the server will keep queuing up messages forever, and eventually run out of
memory.

:::

Be aware that the response body stream is "cancelled" when the client hangs up
the connection. Make sure to handle this case. This can surface itself as an
error in a `write()` call on a `WritableStream` object that is attached to the
response body `ReadableStream` object (for example through a `TransformStream`).

### HTTPS support

To use HTTPS, pass two extra arguments in the options: `cert` and `key`. These
are contents of the certificate and key files, respectively.

```js
Deno.serve({
  port: 443,
  cert: Deno.readTextFileSync("./cert.pem"),
  key: Deno.readTextFileSync("./key.pem"),
}, handler);
```

:::note

To use HTTPS, you will need a valid TLS certificate and a private key for your
server.

:::

### HTTP/2 support

HTTP/2 support is "automatic" when using the HTTP server APIs with Deno. You
just need to create your server, and it will handle HTTP/1 or HTTP/2 requests
seamlessly.

HTTP/2 is also supported over cleartext with prior knowledge.

### Automatic body compression

The HTTP server has built in automatic compression of response bodies. When a
response is sent to a client, Deno determines if the response body can be safely
compressed. This compression happens within the internals of Deno, so it is fast
and efficient.

Currently Deno supports gzip and brotli compression. A body is automatically
compressed if the following conditions are true:

- The request has an
  [`Accept-Encoding`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept-Encoding)
  header which indicates the requester supports `br` for Brotli or `gzip`. Deno
  will respect the preference of the
  [quality value](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Glossary/Quality_values)
  in the header.
- The response includes a
  [`Content-Type`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Type)
  which is considered compressible. (The list is derived from
  [`jshttp/mime-db`](https://github.com/jshttp/mime-db/blob/master/db.json) with
  the actual list
  [in the code](https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/v1.21.0/ext/http/compressible.rs).)
- The response body is greater than 64 bytes.

When the response body is compressed, Deno will set the `Content-Encoding`
header to reflect the encoding, as well as ensure the `Vary` header is adjusted
or added to indicate which request headers affected the response.

In addition to the logic above, there are a few reasons why a response **won’t**
be compressed automatically:

- The response contains a `Content-Encoding` header. This indicates your server
  has done some form of encoding already.
- The response contains a
  [`Content-Range`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Content-Range)
  header. This indicates that your server is responding to a range request,
  where the bytes and ranges are negotiated outside of the control of the
  internals to Deno.
- The response has a
  [`Cache-Control`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Cache-Control)
  header which contains a
  [`no-transform`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Cache-Control#other)
  value. This indicates that your server doesn’t want Deno or any downstream
  proxies to modify the response.

### Serving WebSockets

Deno can upgrade incoming HTTP requests to a WebSocket. This allows you to
handle WebSocket endpoints on your HTTP servers.

To upgrade an incoming `Request` to a WebSocket you use the
`Deno.upgradeWebSocket` function. This returns an object consisting of a
`Response` and a web standard `WebSocket` object. The returned response should
be used to respond to the incoming request.

Because the WebSocket protocol is symmetrical, the `WebSocket` object is
identical to the one that can be used for client side communication.
Documentation for it can be found
[on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSocket).

```ts title="server.ts"
Deno.serve((req) => {
  if (req.headers.get("upgrade") != "websocket") {
    return new Response(null, { status: 426 });
  }

  const { socket, response } = Deno.upgradeWebSocket(req);
  socket.addEventListener("open", () => {
    console.log("a client connected!");
  });

  socket.addEventListener("message", (event) => {
    if (event.data === "ping") {
      socket.send("pong");
    }
  });

  return response;
});
```

The connection the WebSocket was created on can not be used for HTTP traffic
after a WebSocket upgrade has been performed.

:::note

Note that WebSockets are only supported on HTTP/1.1 for now.

:::

## Default fetch export

Another way to create an HTTP server in Deno is by exporting a default `fetch`
function. [The fetch API](/api/web/~/fetch) initiates an HTTP request to
retrieve data from across a network and is built into the Deno runtime.

```ts title="server.ts"
export default {
  fetch(request) {
    const userAgent = request.headers.get("user-agent") || "Unknown";
    return new Response(`User Agent: ${userAgent}`);
  },
} satisfies Deno.ServeDefaultExport;
```

You can run this file with the `deno serve` command:

```sh
deno serve server.ts
```

The server will start and display a message in the console. Open your browser
and navigate to [http://localhost:8000/](http://localhost:8000/) to see the
user-agent information.

The
[`Deno.ServeDefaultExport`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.ServeDefaultExport)
interface defines the structure for default exports that can be used with the
`deno serve` command. To ensure your code is type-checked properly, make sure to
add `satisfies Deno.ServeDefaultExport` to the `export default { ... }`.

## Building on these examples

You will likely want to expand on these examples to create more complex servers.
Deno recommends using [Oak](https://jsr.io/@oak/oak) for building web servers.
Oak is a middleware framework for Deno's HTTP server, designed to be expressive
and easy to use. It provides a simple way to create web servers with middleware
support. Check out the [Oak documentation](https://oakserver.github.io/oak/) for
examples of how to define routes.


---

# Linting and formatting

> A guide to Deno's built-in code quality tools. Learn how to use deno lint and deno fmt commands, configure rules, integrate with CI/CD pipelines, and maintain consistent code style across your projects.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/linting_and_formatting


In an ideal world, your code is always clean, consistent, and free of pesky
errors. That's the promise of Deno's built-in linting and formatting tools. By
integrating these features directly into the runtime, Deno eliminates the need
for external dependencies and complex configurations in your projects. These
inbuilt tools are fast and performant, not only saving time but also ensuring
that every line of code adheres to best practices.

With `deno fmt` and `deno lint`, you can focus on writing great code, knowing
that Deno has your back. It's like having a vigilant assistant who keeps your
codebase in top shape, allowing you to concentrate on what truly matters:
building amazing applications.

## Linting

<a href="/lint/" type="docs-cta runtime-cta">Explore all the lint rules</a>

Linting is the process of analyzing your code for potential errors, bugs, and
stylistic issues. Deno's built-in linter,
[`deno lint`](/runtime/reference/cli/linter/), supports recommended set of rules
from [ESLint](https://eslint.org/) to provide comprehensive feedback on your
code. This includes identifying syntax errors, enforcing coding conventions, and
highlighting potential issues that could lead to bugs.

To run the linter, use the following command in your terminal:

```bash
deno lint
```

By default, `deno lint` analyzes all TypeScript and JavaScript files in the
current directory and its subdirectories. If you want to lint specific files or
directories, you can pass them as arguments to the command. For example:

```bash
deno lint src/
```

This command will lint all files in the `src/` directory.

The linter can be configured in a
[`deno.json`](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/#linting) file. You can
specify custom rules, plugins, and settings to tailor the linting process to
your needs.

### Linting rules

You can view and search the list of available rules and their usage on the
[List of rules](/lint/) documentation page.

## Formatting

Formatting is the process of automatically adjusting the layout of your code to
adhere to a consistent style. Deno's built-in formatter, `deno fmt`, uses the
powerful [dprint](https://dprint.dev/) engine to ensure that your code is always
clean, readable, and consistent.

To format your code, simply execute the following command in your terminal:

```bash
deno fmt
```

By default, `deno fmt` formats all TypeScript and JavaScript files in the
current directory and its subdirectories. If you want to format specific files
or directories, you can pass them as arguments to the command. For example:

```bash
deno fmt src/
```

This command will format all files in the `src/` directory.

### Checking your formatting

The `deno fmt --check` command is used to verify if your code is properly
formatted according to Deno's default formatting rules. Instead of modifying the
files, it checks them and reports any formatting issues. This is particularly
useful for integrating into continuous integration (CI) pipelines or pre-commit
hooks to ensure code consistency across your project.

If there are formatting issues, `deno fmt --check` will list the files that need
formatting. If all files are correctly formatted, it will simply exit without
any output.

### Integration in CI

You can add `deno fmt --check` to your CI pipeline to automatically check for
formatting issues. For example, in a GitHub Actions workflow:

```yaml
jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: denoland/setup-deno@v2
        with:
          deno-version: v2.x
      - run: deno fmt --check
```

This ensures that any code changes adhere to the project's formatting standards
before being merged.

### Integration in VS Code

To enable Deno as your formatter in VS Code, you have to set it up as your
default formatter in the settings, and then add a `.vscode/settings.json` file
in the root of your project with the following configuration:

```json
{
  "deno.enablePaths": ["./deno.json"]
}
```

If your `deno.json(c)` file is located in a subdirectory of your project,
provide the correct relative path to it instead.

### Available options

#### `bracePosition`

Define brace position for blocks

- **Default:** `sameLine`
- **Possible values:** `maintain`, `sameLine`, `nextLine`,
  `sameLineUnlessHanging`

#### `jsx.bracketPosition`

Define bracket position for JSX

- **Default:** `nextLine`
- **Possible values:** `maintain`, `sameLine`, `nextLine`

#### `jsx.forceNewLinesSurroundingContent`

Forces newlines surrounding the content of JSX elements

- **Default:** `false`
- **Possible values:** `true`, `false`

#### `jsx.multiLineParens`

Surrounds the top-most JSX element or fragment in parentheses when it spans
multiple lines

- **Default:** `prefer`
- **Possible values:** `never`, `prefer`, `always`

#### `indentWidth`

Define indentation width

- **Default:** `2`
- **Possible values:** `number`

#### `lineWidth`

Define maximum line width

- **Default:** `80`
- **Possible values:** `number`

#### `newLineKind`

The newline character to use

- **Default:** `lf`
- **Possible values:** `auto`, `crlf`, `lf`, `system`

#### `nextControlFlowPosition`

Define position of next control flow

- **Default:** `sameLine`
- **Possible values:** `sameLine`, `nextLine`, `maintain`

#### `semiColons`

Whether to prefer using semicolons.

- **Default:** `true`
- **Possible values:** `true`, `false`

#### `operatorPosition`

Where to place the operator for expressions that span multiple lines

- **Default:** `sameLine`
- **Possible values:** `sameLine`, `nextLine`, `maintain`

#### `proseWrap`

Define how prose should be wrapped

- **Default:** `always`
- **Possible values:** `always`, `never`, `preserve`

#### `quoteProps`

Control quoting of object properties

- **Default:** `asNeeded`
- **Possible values:** `asNeeded`, `consistent`, `preserve`

#### `singleBodyPosition`

The position of the body in single body blocks

- **Default:** `sameLineUnlessHanging`
- **Possible values:** `sameLine`, `nextLine`, `maintain`,
  `sameLineUnlessHanging`

#### `singleQuote`

Use single quotes

- **Default:** `false`
- **Possible values:** `true`, `false`

#### `spaceAround`

Control spacing around enclosed expressions

- **Default:** `false`
- **Possible values:** `true`, `false`

#### `spaceSurroundingProperties`

Control spacing surrounding single line object-like nodes

- **Default:** `true`
- **Possible values:** `true`, `false`

#### `trailingCommas`

Control trailing commas in multi-line arrays/objects

- **Default:** `always`
- **Possible values:** `always`, `never`

#### `typeLiteral.separatorKind`

Define separator kind for type literals

- **Default:** `semiColon`
- **Possible values:** `comma`, `semiColon`

#### `unstable-component`

Enable formatting Svelte, Vue, Astro and Angular files

#### `unstable-sql`

Enable formatting SQL files

#### `useTabs`

Use tabs instead of spaces for indentation

- **Default:** `false`
- **Possible values:** `true`, `false`

#### `useBraces`

Whether to use braces for if statements, for statements, and while statements

- **Default:** `whenNotSingleLine`
- **Possible values:** `maintain`, `whenNotSingleLine`, `always`, preferNone

### Configuration

The formatter can be configured in a
[`deno.json`](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/#formatting) file. You can
specify custom settings to tailor the formatting process to your needs.

## Deno support for other linters and formatters

### ESLint

To use the VSCode ESLint extension in your Deno projects, your project will need
a `node_modules` directory in your project that VSCode extensions can pick up.

In your `deno.json` ensure a `node_modules` folder is created, so the editor can
resolve packages:

```jsonc
{
  "nodeModulesDir": "auto"
}
```

(Optional) Run an ESLint command to download it:

```sh
deno run -A npm:eslint --version
# or
deno run -A npm:eslint --init
```

Create an `eslint.config.js`:

```js
// eslint.config.js
import js from "@eslint/js";
import importPlugin from "eslint-plugin-import"; // example plugin

export default [
  js.configs.recommended,
  {
    files: ["**/*.ts", "**/*.js"],
    languageOptions: { globals: { Deno: "readonly" } },
    plugins: { import: importPlugin },
    rules: {
      // e.g. "import/order": "warn"
    },
  },
];
```

To run ESLint run:

```sh
deno run -A npm:eslint .
```

Optionally, you can add a task in your `deno.json` to run ESLint:

```json
{
  "tasks": { "eslint": "eslint . --ext .ts,.js" }
}
```

And run it with:

```sh
deno task eslint
```

### Prettier

To use Prettier in your Deno projects, your project will need a `node_modules`
directory in your project that VSCode extensions can pick up.

Then install the Prettier extension for VSCode and configure it to be your
default formatter:

In VSCode:

1. Open the Command Palette (with <kbd>Cmd</kbd>+<kbd>Shift</kbd>+<kbd>P</kbd>)
2. Select **Format Document With...**
3. Select **Configure Default Formatter...**
4. Select **Prettier - Code formatter**


---

# Modules and dependencies

> A guide to managing modules and dependencies in Deno. Learn about ECMAScript modules, third-party packages, import maps, dependency management, versioning, and how to publish your own modules.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/modules


Deno uses
[ECMAScript modules](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Guide/Modules)
as its default module system to align with modern JavaScript standards and to
promote a more efficient and consistent development experience. It's the
official standard for JavaScript modules, allows for better tree-shaking,
improved tooling integration, and native support across different environments.

By adopting ECMAScript modules, Deno ensures compatibility with the
ever-evolving JavaScript ecosystem. For developers, this means a streamlined and
predictable module system that avoids the complexities associated with legacy
module formats like CommonJS.

## Importing modules

In this example the `add` function is imported from a local `calc.ts` module.

```ts title="calc.ts"
export function add(a: number, b: number): number {
  return a + b;
}
```

```ts title="main.ts"
// imports the `calc.ts` module next to this file
import { add } from "./calc.ts";

console.log(add(1, 2)); // 3
```

You can run this example by calling `deno run main.ts` in the directory that
contains both `main.ts` and `calc.ts`.

With ECMAScript modules, local import specifiers must always include the full
file extension. It cannot be omitted.

```ts title="example.ts"
// WRONG: missing file extension
import { add } from "./calc";

// CORRECT: includes file extension
import { add } from "./calc.ts";
```

## Import attributes

Deno supports the `with { type: "json" }` import attribute syntax for importing
JSON files:

```ts
import data from "./data.json" with { type: "json" };

console.log(data.property); // Access JSON data as an object
```

Starting with Deno 2.4 it's possible to import `text` and `bytes` modules too.

:::info

Support for importing `text` and `bytes` modules is experimental and requires
`--unstable-raw-imports` CLI flag or `unstable.raw-import` option in
`deno.json`.

:::

```ts
import text from "./log.txt" with { type: "text" };

console.log(typeof text === "string");
// true
console.log(text);
// Hello from a text file
```

```ts
import bytes from "./image.png" with { type: "bytes" };

console.log(bytes instanceof Uint8Array);
// true
console.log(bytes);
Uint8Array(12) [
//    72, 101, 108, 108, 111,
//    44,  32,  68, 101, 110,
//   111,  33
// ]
```

## WebAssembly modules

Deno supports importing Wasm modules directly:

```ts
import { add } from "./add.wasm";

console.log(add(1, 2));
```

To learn more, visit
[WebAssembly section](/runtime/reference/wasm/#wasm-modules)

## Data URL imports

Deno supports importing of data URLs, which allows you to import content that
isn't in a separate file. This is useful for testing, prototyping, or when you
need to programmatically generate modules.

You can create modules on the fly using the `data:` URL scheme:

```ts
// Import a simple JavaScript module from a data URL
import * as module from "data:application/javascript;base64,ZXhwb3J0IGNvbnN0IG1lc3NhZ2UgPSAiSGVsbG8gZnJvbSBkYXRhIFVSTCI7";
console.log(module.message); // Outputs: Hello from data URL

// You can also use the non-base64 format
const plainModule = await import(
  "data:application/javascript,export function greet() { return 'Hi there!'; }"
);
console.log(plainModule.greet()); // Outputs: Hi there!

// A simpler example with text content
const textModule = await import(
  "data:text/plain,export default 'This is plain text'"
);
console.log(textModule.default); // Outputs: This is plain text
```

The data URL format follows this pattern:

```sh
data:[<media type>][;base64],<data>
```

For JavaScript modules, use `application/javascript` as the media type.
TypeScript is also supported with `application/typescript`. This feature is
particularly useful for testing modules in isolation and creating mock modules
during tests.

## Importing third party modules and libraries

When working with third-party modules in Deno, use the same `import` syntax as
you do for local code. Third party modules are typically imported from a remote
registry and start with `jsr:` , `npm:` or `https://`.

```ts title="main.ts"
import { camelCase } from "jsr:@luca/cases@1.0.0";
import { say } from "npm:cowsay@1.6.0";
import { pascalCase } from "https://deno.land/x/case/mod.ts";
```

Deno recommends [JSR](https://jsr.io), the modern JavaScript registry, for third
party modules. There, you'll find plenty of well documented ES modules for your
projects, including the [Deno Standard Library](/runtime/reference/std/).

You can
[read more about Deno's support for npm packages here](/runtime/fundamentals/node/#using-npm-modules).

## Managing third party modules and libraries

Typing out the module name with the full version specifier can become tedious
when importing them in multiple files. You can centralize management of remote
modules with an `imports` field in your `deno.json` file. We call this `imports`
field the **import map**, which is based on the [Import Maps Standard].

[Import Maps Standard]: https://html.spec.whatwg.org/multipage/webappapis.html#import-maps

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "@luca/cases": "jsr:@luca/cases@^1.0.0",
    "cowsay": "npm:cowsay@^1.6.0",
    "cases": "https://deno.land/x/case/mod.ts"
  }
}
```

With remapped specifiers, the code looks cleaner:

```ts title="main.ts"
import { camelCase } from "@luca/cases";
import { say } from "cowsay";
import { pascalCase } from "cases";
```

The remapped name can be any valid specifier. It's a very powerful feature in
Deno that can remap anything. Learn more in the
[configuration dependencies section](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/#dependencies).

## Differentiating between `imports` or `importMap` in `deno.json` and `--import-map` option

The [Import Maps Standard] requires two entries for each module: one for the
module specifier and another for the specifier with a trailing `/`. This is
because the standard allows only one entry per module specifier, and the
trailing `/` indicates that the specifier refers to a directory. For example,
when using the `--import-map import_map.json` option, the `import_map.json` file
must include both entries for each module (note the use of `jsr:/@std/async`
instead of `jsr:@std/async`):

```json title="import_map.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "@std/async": "jsr:@std/async@^1.0.0",
    "@std/async/": "jsr:/@std/async@^1.0.0/"
  }
}
```

An `import_map.json` file referenced by the `importMap` field in `deno.json`
behaves exactly the same as using the `--import-map` option, with the same
requirements for including both entries for each module as shown above.

In contrast, `deno.json` extends the import maps standard. When you use the
imports field in `deno.json`, you only need to specify the module specifier
without the trailing `/`:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "@std/async": "jsr:@std/async@^1.0.0"
  }
}
```

## Adding dependencies with `deno add`

The installation process is made easy with the `deno add` subcommand. It will
automatically add the latest version of the package you requested to the
`imports` section in `deno.json`.

```sh
# Add the latest version of the module to deno.json
$ deno add jsr:@luca/cases
Add @luca/cases - jsr:@luca/cases@1.0.0
```

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "@luca/cases": "jsr:@luca/cases@^1.0.0"
  }
}
```

You can also specify an exact version:

```sh
# Passing an exact version
$ deno add jsr:@luca/cases@1.0.0
Add @luca/cases - jsr:@luca/cases@1.0.0
```

Read more in [`deno add` reference](/runtime/reference/cli/add/).

You can also remove dependencies using `deno remove`:

```sh
$ deno remove @luca/cases
Remove @luca/cases
```

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {}
}
```

Read more in [`deno remove` reference](/runtime/reference/cli/remove/).

## Package Versions

It is possible to specify a version range for the package you are importing.
This is done using the `@` symbol followed by a version range specifier, and
follows the [semver](https://semver.org/) versioning scheme.

For example:

```bash
@scopename/mypackage           # highest version
@scopename/mypackage@16.1.0    # exact version
@scopename/mypackage@16        # highest 16.x version >= 16.0.0
@scopename/mypackage@^16.1.0   # highest 16.x version >= 16.1.0
@scopename/mypackage@~16.1.0   # highest 16.1.x version >= 16.1.0
```

Here is an overview of all the ways you can specify a version or a range:

| Symbol    | Description                                                                                                                                                         | Example   |
| --------- | ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | --------- |
| `1.2.3`   | An exact version. Only this specific version will be used.                                                                                                          | `1.2.3`   |
| `^1.2.3`  | Compatible with version 1.2.3. Allows updates that do not change the leftmost non-zero digit. <br>For example, `1.2.4` and `1.3.0` are allowed, but `2.0.0` is not. | `^1.2.3`  |
| `~1.2.3`  | Approximately equivalent to version 1.2.3. Allows updates to the patch version. <br> For example, `1.2.4` is allowed, but `1.3.0` is not.                           | `~1.2.3`  |
| `>=1.2.3` | Greater than or equal to version 1.2.3. Any version `1.2.3` or higher is allowed.                                                                                   | `>=1.2.3` |
| `<=1.2.3` | Less than or equal to version 1.2.3. Any version `1.2.3` or lower is allowed.                                                                                       | `<=1.2.3` |
| `>1.2.3`  | Greater than version 1.2.3. Only versions higher than `1.2.3` are allowed.                                                                                          | `>1.2.3`  |
| `<1.2.3`  | Less than version 1.2.3. Only versions lower than `1.2.3` are allowed.                                                                                              | `<1.2.3`  |
| `1.2.x`   | Any patch version within the minor version 1.2. For example, `1.2.0`, `1.2.1`, etc.                                                                                 | `1.2.x`   |
| `1.x`     | Any minor and patch version within the major version 1. For example, `1.0.0`, `1.1.0`, `1.2.0`, etc.                                                                | `1.x`     |
| `*`       | Any version is allowed.                                                                                                                                             | `*`       |

## HTTPS imports

Deno also supports import statements that reference HTTP/HTTPS URLs, either
directly:

```js
import { Application } from "https://deno.land/x/oak/mod.ts";
```

or part of your `deno.json` import map:

```json
{
  "imports": {
    "oak": "https://deno.land/x/oak/mod.ts"
  }
}
```

Supporting HTTPS imports enables us to support the following JavaScript CDNs, as
they provide URL access to JavaScript modules:

- [deno.land/x](https://deno.land/x)
- [esm.sh](https://esm.sh)
- [unpkg.com](https://unpkg.com)

HTTPS imports are useful if you have a small, often single file, Deno project
that doesn't require any other configuration. With HTTPS imports, you can avoid
having a `deno.json` file at all. It is **not** advised to use this style of
import in larger applications however, as you may end up with version conflicts
(where different files use different version specifiers). HTTP imports are not
supported by `deno add`/`deno install` commands.

:::info

Use HTTPS imports with caution, and only **from trusted sources**. If the server
is compromised, it could serve malicious code to your application. They can also
cause versioning issues if you import different versions in different files.
HTTPS imports remain supported, **but we recommend using a package registry for
the best experience.**

:::

## Overriding dependencies

Deno provides mechanisms to override dependencies, enabling developers to use
custom or local versions of libraries during development or testing.

Note: If you need to cache and modify dependencies locally for use across
builds, consider [vendoring remote modules](#vendoring-remote-modules).

### Overriding local packages

For developers familiar with `npm link` in Node.js, Deno provides a similar
feature for local JSR and npm packages through the `links` field in `deno.json`.
This allows you to override dependencies with local versions during development
without needing to publish them.

Example:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "links": [
    "../some-package-or-workspace"
  ]
}
```

Key points:

- The `links` field accepts paths to directories containing packages or
  workspaces. If you reference a single package within a workspace, the entire
  workspace will be included.
- Both JSR and npm packages are supported.
- This feature is only respected in the workspace root. Using `links` elsewhere
  will trigger warnings.

Limitations:

- Git-based dependency overrides are unavailable.
- The `links` field requires proper configuration in the workspace root.

### Overriding NPM packages

Deno supports linking npm packages with local versions, similar to how JSR
packages can be linked. This allows you to use a local copy of an npm package
during development without publishing it.

To use a local npm package, configure the `links` field in your `deno.json`:

```json
{
  "links": [
    "../path/to/local_npm_package"
  ]
}
```

This feature requires a `node_modules` directory and has different behaviors
depending on your `nodeModulesDir` setting:

- With `"nodeModulesDir": "auto"`: The directory is recreated on each run, which
  slightly increases startup time but ensures the latest version is always used.
- With `"nodeModulesDir": "manual"` (default when using package.json): You must
  run `deno install` after updating the package to get the changes into the
  workspace's `node_modules` directory.

Limitations:

- Specifying a local copy of an npm package or changing its dependencies will
  purge npm packages from the lockfile, which may cause npm resolution to work
  differently.
- The npm package name must exist in the registry, even if you're using a local
  copy.

### Overriding HTTPS imports

Deno also allows overriding HTTPS imports through the `scopes` field in
`deno.json`. This feature is particularly useful when substituting a remote
dependency with a local patched version for debugging or temporary fixes.

Example:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "example/": "https://deno.land/x/example/"
  },
  "scopes": {
    "https://deno.land/x/example/": {
      "https://deno.land/x/my-library@1.0.0/mod.ts": "./patched/mod.ts"
    }
  }
}
```

Key points:

- The `scopes` field in the import map allows you to redirect specific imports
  to alternative paths.
- This is commonly used to override remote dependencies with local files for
  testing or development purposes.
- Scopes apply only to the root of your project. Nested scopes within
  dependencies are ignored.

## Vendoring remote modules

If your project has external dependencies, you may want to store them locally to
avoid downloading them from the internet every time you build your project. This
is especially useful when building your project on a CI server or in a Docker
container, or patching or otherwise modifying the remote dependencies.

Deno offers this functionality through a setting in your `deno.json` file:

```json
{
  "vendor": true
}
```

Add the above snippet to your `deno.json` file and Deno will cache all
dependencies locally in a `vendor` directory when the project is run, or you can
optionally run the `deno install --entrypoint` command to cache the dependencies
immediately:

```bash
deno install --entrypoint main.ts
```

You can then run the application as usual with `deno run`:

```bash
deno run main.ts
```

After vendoring, you can run `main.ts` without internet access by using the
`--cached-only` flag, which forces Deno to use only locally available modules.

For more advanced overrides, such as substituting dependencies during
development, see [Overriding dependencies](#overriding-dependencies).

## Publishing modules

Any Deno program that defines an export can be published as a module. This
allows other developers to import and use your code in their own projects.
Modules can be published to:

- [JSR](https://jsr.io) - recommended, supports TypeScript natively and
  auto-generates documentation for you
- [npm](https://www.npmjs.com/) - use [dnt](https://github.com/denoland/dnt) to
  create the npm package
- [deno.land/x](https://deno.com/add_module) - for HTTPS imports, use JSR
  instead if possible

## Reloading modules

By default, Deno uses a global cache directory (`DENO_DIR`) for downloaded
dependencies. This cache is shared across all projects.

You can force deno to refetch and recompile modules into the cache using the
`--reload` flag.

```bash
# Reload everything
deno run --reload my_module.ts

# Reload a specific module
deno run --reload=jsr:@std/fs my_module.ts
```

## Development only dependencies

Sometimes dependencies are only needed during development, for example
dependencies of test files or build tools. In Deno, the runtime does not require
you to distinguish between development and production dependencies, as the
[runtime will only load and install dependencies that are actually used in the
code that is being executed](#why-does-deno-not-have-a-devimports-field).

However, it can be useful to mark dev dependencies to aid people who are reading
your package. When using `deno.json`, the convention is to add a `// dev`
comment after any "dev only" dependency:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "@std/fs": "jsr:@std/fs@1",
    "@std/testing": "jsr:@std/testing@1" // dev
  }
}
```

When using a `package.json` file, dev dependencies can be added to the separate
`devDependencies` field:

```json title="package.json"
{
  "dependencies": {
    "pg": "npm:pg@^8.0.0"
  },
  "devDependencies": {
    "prettier": "^3"
  }
}
```

### Why does Deno not have a `devImports` field?

To understand why Deno does not separate out dev dependencies in the package
manifest it is important to understand what problem dev dependencies are trying
to solve.

When deploying an application you frequently want to install only the
dependencies that are actually used in the code that is being executed. This
helps speed up startup time and reduce the size of the deployed application.

Historically, this has been done by separating out dev dependencies into a
`devDependencies` field in the `package.json`. When deploying an application,
the `devDependencies` are not installed, and only the dependencies.

This approach has shown to be problematic in practice. It is easy to forget to
move a dependency from `dependencies` to `devDependencies` when a dependency
moves from being a runtime to a dev dependency. Additionally, some packages that
are semantically "development time" dependencies, like (`@types/*`), are often
defined in `dependencies` in `package.json` files, which means they are
installed for production even though they are not needed.

Because of this, Deno uses a different approach for installing production only
dependencies: when running `deno install`, you can pass a `--entrypoint` flag
that causes Deno to install only the dependencies that are actually
(transitively) imported by the specified entrypoint file. Because this is
automatic, and works based on the actual code that is being executed, there is
no need to specify development dependencies in a separate field.

## Using only cached modules

To force Deno to only use modules that have previously been cached, use the
`--cached-only` flag:

```shell
deno run --cached-only mod.ts
```

This will fail if there are any dependencies in the dependency tree for mod.ts
which are not yet cached.

## Integrity Checking and Lock Files

Imagine your module relies on a remote module located at
<https://some.url/a.ts>. When you compile your module for the first time, `a.ts`
is fetched, compiled, and cached. This cached version will be used until you
either run your module on a different machine (such as in a production
environment) or manually reload the cache (using a command like
`deno install --reload`).

But what if the content at `https://some.url/a.ts` changes? This could result in
your production module running with different dependency code than your local
module. To detect this, Deno uses integrity checking and lock files.

Deno uses a `deno.lock` file to check external module integrity. To opt into a
lock file, either:

1. Create a `deno.json` file in the current or an ancestor directory, which will
   automatically create an additive lockfile at `deno.lock`.

   Note that this can be disabled by specifying the following in your deno.json:

   ```json title="deno.json"
   {
     "lock": false
   }
   ```

2. Use the `--lock` flag to enable and specify lock file checking.

### Frozen lockfile

By default, Deno uses an additive lockfile, where new dependencies are added to
the lockfile instead of erroring.

This might not be desired in certain scenarios (ex. CI pipelines or production
environments) where you'd rather have Deno error when it encounters a dependency
it's never seen before. To enable this, you can specify the `--frozen` flag or
set the following in a deno.json file:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "lock": {
    "frozen": true
  }
}
```

When running a deno command with a frozen lockfile, any attempts to update the
lockfile with new contents will cause the command to exit with an error showing
the modifications that would have been made.

If you wish to update the lockfile, specify `--frozen=false` on the command line
to temporarily disable the frozen lockfile.

### Changing lockfile path

The lockfile path can be configured by specifying `--lock=deps.lock` or the
following in a Deno configuration file:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "lock": {
    "path": "deps.lock"
  }
}
```

## Supply chain management

Modern JavaScript projects pull code from many sources (JSR, npm, HTTPS URLs,
local workspaces). Good supply chain management helps you achieve four goals:

- Determinism: everyone (and your CI) runs the exact same code.
- Security: unexpected upstream changes or compromises are detected early.
- Velocity: you can update dependencies intentionally when you choose.
- Resilience: builds keep working offline or when registries have outages.

### Core practices

1. Pin versions deliberately
   - For applications, prefer exact versions (for example
     `jsr:@luca/cases@1.2.3`).
   - For libraries, a caret range (`^1.2.3`) lets consumers get
     backwards‑compatible fixes.
   - Avoid unbounded (`*`) or overly broad ranges in production applications.
2. Commit your `deno.lock` file.
3. Enable a frozen lockfile in CI / production (`--frozen` or
   `"lock": { "frozen": true }`) so new, unseen dependencies fail the build
   instead of silently appearing.
4. Vendor when you need hermetic/offline builds (`"vendor": true`) or when you
   must patch third‑party code locally. Vendoring does not remove the need for a
   lockfile—it complements it.
5. Prefer import map (`imports`) entries over raw HTTPS imports in larger
   codebases to centralize version changes.
6. Periodically unfreeze and update consciously (for example on a weekly or
   sprint cadence) instead of ad‑hoc updates during feature work.

### Typical CI pattern

```sh
# Install (resolve) dependencies exactly as locked; fail if drift or new deps
deno install --frozen --entrypoint main.ts

# (optional) Run with only cached modules to guarantee no network access
deno run --cached-only main.ts
```

If you rely on `npm` packages (`package.json` present), include `deno install`
in CI before running tests so the `node_modules` directory is materialized
deterministically.

### Updating dependencies intentionally

When you decide to update:

1. Temporarily allow lockfile writes: add `--frozen=false` or set
   `"lock": { "frozen": false }`.
2. Change versions (edit `deno.json`, use `deno add <specifier>@<newVersion>`,
   or remove with `deno remove`).
3. Re-run `deno install --entrypoint main.ts` (optionally `--reload`) to update
   resolutions and integrity hashes.
4. Review the diff in `deno.lock` (and `vendor/` if used) in your pull request.
5. Re-enable the frozen lockfile.

### Troubleshooting a frozen lockfile

You may encounter errors like:

```text
error: The lockfile is frozen. Cannot add new entry for "jsr:@scope/pkg@1.3.0".
```

or:

```text
error: Module not found in frozen lockfile: https://example.com/dependency/mod.ts
```

Common causes and fixes:

| Symptom                                                    | Cause                                          | Fix                                                                                                                         |
| ---------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Need to bump a version but command fails with frozen error | Lockfile is in frozen mode                     | Re-run with `--frozen=false` (one-off) or temporarily set `"lock": { "frozen": false }`, then update and re-freeze          |
| New transitive dependency appears after editing code       | Code now imports something not in lockfile     | Unfreeze (`--frozen=false`) and run `deno install --entrypoint <entry>.ts` to record it                                     |
| Removed imports but lockfile still contains old entries    | Lockfile is additive; entries persist          | (Optional) regenerate: move `deno.lock` aside (`mv deno.lock deno.lock.old`), run install to recreate, compare, then commit |
| Lockfile corruption / merge conflict                       | Manual edit or conflict left inconsistent JSON | Delete conflicting sections and re-run install, or regenerate entirely                                                      |
| Using vendored deps but lockfile complains                 | Vendor dir out of sync with lockfile           | Re-run `deno install --entrypoint <entry>` (unfrozen) to sync both, then commit                                             |

### Safe regeneration checklist

Only regenerate the entire `deno.lock` when necessary (corruption, massive
pruning). When you do:

1. Back it up: `cp deno.lock deno.lock.bak`.
2. Remove it: `rm deno.lock`.
3. (If vendoring) remove or move the `vendor/` directory.
4. Run `deno install --entrypoint main.ts` to recreate.
5. Inspect the diff between old and new to catch unexpected additions.

### Vendor vs lockfile

These are complementary:

- Lockfile: records exact resolved versions + integrity hashes for remote and
  npm/JSR deps.
- Vendor directory: stores the actual source locally for hermetic, offline, and
  patchable builds.

Use both for maximum reproducibility. A frozen lockfile alone does not make your
build fully hermetic if the remote source disappears; vendoring closes that gap.

### Quick decision guide

| Need                       | Use                                            |
| -------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------- |
| Detect upstream tampering  | Lockfile (commit & freeze)                     |
| Offline / air-gapped build | `vendor: true` + lockfile                      |
| Patch third-party code     | Vendoring or `scopes` overrides (short-term)   |
| Fast CI with integrity     | `deno install --frozen`                        |
| Intentionally upgrade      | Temporarily unfreeze, run install, review diff |

### Minimum supply chain baseline (recommended)

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {/* centralize versions */},
  "vendor": true,
  "lock": { "frozen": true }
}
```

Commit `deno.json`, `deno.lock`, and (if using vendor) the entire `vendor/`
directory.

:::tip Automate a weekly dependency refresh: a scheduled CI job that unfreezes,
runs `deno add --latest` (or manually bumps key packages), executes tests, and
opens a pull request with the updated `deno.lock` (and `vendor/`). This keeps
security patches flowing while keeping day-to-day builds deterministic. :::

## Private repositories

:::note

If you're looking for private npm registries and `.npmrc` support, visit the
[npm support](/runtime/fundamentals/node/#private-registries) page.

:::

There may be instances where you want to load a remote module that is located in
a _private_ repository, like a private repository on GitHub.

Deno supports sending bearer tokens when requesting a remote module. Bearer
tokens are the predominant type of access token used with OAuth 2.0, and are
broadly supported by hosting services (e.g., GitHub, GitLab, Bitbucket,
Cloudsmith, etc.).

### DENO_AUTH_TOKENS

The Deno CLI will look for an environment variable named `DENO_AUTH_TOKENS` to
determine what authentication tokens it should consider using when requesting
remote modules. The value of the environment variable is in the format of _n_
number of tokens delimited by a semi-colon (`;`) where each token is either:

- a bearer token in the format of `{token}@{hostname[:port]}` or
- basic auth data in the format of `{username}:{password}@{hostname[:port]}`

For example, a single token for `deno.land` would look something like this:

```sh
DENO_AUTH_TOKENS=a1b2c3d4e5f6@deno.land
```

or:

```sh
DENO_AUTH_TOKENS=username:password@deno.land
```

And multiple tokens would look like this:

```sh
DENO_AUTH_TOKENS=a1b2c3d4e5f6@deno.land;f1e2d3c4b5a6@example.com:8080;username:password@deno.land
```

When Deno goes to fetch a remote module, where the hostname matches the hostname
of the remote module, Deno will set the `Authorization` header of the request to
the value of `Bearer {token}` or `Basic {base64EncodedData}`. This allows the
remote server to recognize that the request is an authorized request tied to a
specific authenticated user, and provide access to the appropriate resources and
modules on the server.

### GitHub

To access private repositories on GitHub, you would need to issue yourself a
_personal access token_. You do this by logging into GitHub and going under
_Settings -> Developer settings -> Personal access tokens_:

![Personal access tokens settings on GitHub](./images/private-pat.png)

You would then choose to _Generate new token_ and give your token a description
and appropriate access to the `repo` scope. The `repo` scope will enable reading
file contents (more on
[scopes in the GitHub docs](https://docs.github.com/en/apps/oauth-apps/building-oauth-apps/scopes-for-oauth-apps#available-scopes)):

![Creating a new personal access token on GitHub](./images/private-github-new-token.png)

And once created GitHub will display the new token a single time, the value of
which you would want to use in the environment variable:

![Display of newly created token on GitHub](./images/private-github-token-display.png)

In order to access modules that are contained in a private repository on GitHub,
you would want to use the generated token in the `DENO_AUTH_TOKENS` environment
variable scoped to the `raw.githubusercontent.com` hostname. For example:

```sh
DENO_AUTH_TOKENS=a1b2c3d4e5f6@raw.githubusercontent.com
```

This should allow Deno to access any modules that the user who the token was
issued for has access to.

When the token is incorrect, or the user does not have access to the module,
GitHub will issue a `404 Not Found` status, instead of an unauthorized status.
So if you are getting errors that the modules you are trying to access are not
found on the command line, check the environment variable settings and the
personal access token settings.

In addition, `deno run -L debug` should print out a debug message about the
number of tokens that are parsed out of the environment variable. It will print
an error message if it feels any of the tokens are malformed. It won't print any
details about the tokens for security purposes.


---

# Node and npm Compatibility

> Guide to using Node.js modules and npm packages in Deno. Learn about compatibility features, importing npm packages, and differences between Node.js and Deno environments.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/node


- **Deno is Node-compatible**. Most Node projects will run in Deno with little
  or no change!
- **Deno supports npm packages**. Just use the `npm:` specifier in the import,
  and Deno takes care of the rest.

For example, here's how you'd import Hono from npm in a Deno project:

```ts
import { Hono } from "npm:hono";
```

That's all you really need to know to get started! However, there are some key
differences between the two runtimes that you can take advantage of to make your
code simpler and smaller when migrating your Node.js projects to Deno.

## Quick start

### Import an npm package

```ts title="main.ts"
import chalk from "npm:chalk@5";
console.log(chalk.green("Hello from npm in Deno"));
```

```sh
deno run main.ts
```

### Execute CommonJS

Use `.cjs` extension to inform Deno that module is using CommonJS system.

```js title="main.cjs"
const chalk = require("chalk");
console.log(chalk.green("Hello from npm in Deno"));
```

```sh
deno run main.cjs
```

### Use a Node API

```js title="process.js"
import path from "node:path";
console.log(path.join("./foo", "../bar"));
```

## Using Node's built-in modules

Deno provides a compatibility layer that allows the use of Node.js built-in APIs
within Deno programs. However, in order to use them, you will need to add the
`node:` specifier to any import statements that use them:

```js title=main.mjs
import * as os from "node:os";
console.log(os.cpus());
```

And run it with `deno run main.mjs` - you will notice you get the same output as
running the program in Node.js.

Updating any imports in your application to use `node:` specifiers should enable
any code using Node built-ins to function as it did in Node.js.

To make updating existing code easier, Deno will provide helpful hints for
imports that don't use `node:` prefix:

```js title="main.mjs"
import * as os from "os";
console.log(os.cpus());
```

```sh
$ deno run main.mjs
error: Relative import path "os" not prefixed with / or ./ or ../
  hint: If you want to use a built-in Node module, add a "node:" prefix (ex. "node:os").
    at file:///main.mjs:1:21
```

The same hints and additional quick-fixes are provided by the Deno LSP in your
editor.

<a href="/api/node/" class="docs-cta runtime-cta">Explore built-in Node APIs</a>

## Using npm packages

Deno has native support for importing npm packages by using `npm:` specifiers.
For example:

```ts title="main.js"
import * as emoji from "npm:node-emoji";

console.log(emoji.emojify(`:sauropod: :heart:  npm`));
```

Can be run with:

```sh
$ deno run main.js
🦕 ❤️ npm
```

No `npm install` is necessary before the `deno run` command and no
`node_modules` folder is created. These packages are also subject to the same
[permissions](/runtime/fundamentals/security/) as other code in Deno.

### First-class package.json support

Deno understands `package.json` in your project. You can:

- Declare dependencies there (alongside or instead of inline `npm:` specifiers).
- Use scripts from `package.json` via `deno task` (for example,
  `deno task start`).
- Rely on `package.json` fields like `type` when resolving modules (see CommonJS
  support below).

By default, dependencies are stored in Deno's global cache without creating a
local `node_modules` directory. If your tools expect `node_modules`, opt-in
using `nodeModulesDir` in `deno.json`.

npm specifiers have the following format:

```console
npm:<package-name>[@<version-requirement>][/<sub-path>]
```

This also allows functionality that may be familar from the `npx` command.

```console
# npx allows remote execution of a package from npm or a URL
$ npx create-next-app@latest

# deno run allows remote execution of a package from various locations,
# and can scoped to npm via the `npm:` specifier.
$ deno run -A npm:create-next-app@latest
```

For examples with popular libraries, please refer to the
[tutorial section](/runtime/tutorials).

## Node.js global objects

In Node.js, there are a number of
[global objects](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html) available in the scope of
all programs that are specific to Node.js, eg. `process` object.

Here are a few globals that you might encounter in the wild and how to use them
in Deno:

- `process` - Deno provides the `process` global, which is by far the most
  popular global used in popular npm packages. It is available to all code.
  However, Deno will guide you towards importing it explicitly from
  `node:process` module by providing lint warnings and quick-fixes:

```js title="process.js"
console.log(process.versions.deno);
```

```shell
$ deno run process.js
2.0.0
$ deno lint process.js
error[no-process-global]: NodeJS process global is discouraged in Deno
 --> /process.js:1:13
  |
1 | console.log(process.versions.deno);
  |             ^^^^^^^
  = hint: Add `import process from "node:process";`

  docs: https://docs.deno.com/lint/rules/no-process-global


Found 1 problem (1 fixable via --fix)
Checked 1 file
```

- `require()` - see [CommonJS support](#commonjs-support)

- `Buffer` - to use `Buffer` API it needs to be explicitly imported from the
  `node:buffer` module:

```js title="buffer.js"
import { Buffer } from "node:buffer";

const buf = new Buffer(5, "0");
```

For TypeScript users needing Node.js-specific types like `BufferEncoding`, these
are available through the `NodeJS` namespace when using `@types/node`:

```ts title="buffer-types.ts"
/// <reference types="npm:@types/node" />

// Now you can use NodeJS namespace types
function writeToBuffer(data: string, encoding: NodeJS.BufferEncoding): Buffer {
  return Buffer.from(data, encoding);
}
```

Prefer using
[`Uint8Array`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array)
or other
[`TypedArray`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/TypedArray)
subclasses instead.

- `__filename` - use `import.meta.filename` instead.

- `__dirname` - use `import.meta.dirname` instead.

## CommonJS support

Deno supports CommonJS modules by default.

Note: Deno's permission system still applies to CommonJS code. You may need
`--allow-read` because Deno probes `package.json` and `node_modules` to resolve
CommonJS modules.

### Use .cjs extension

If the file extension is `.cjs` Deno will treat this module as CommonJS.

```js title="main.cjs"
const express = require("express");
```

Deno does not look for `package.json` files and `type` option to determine if
the file is CommonJS or ESM.

When using CommonJS, Deno expects that dependencies will be installed manually
and a `node_modules` directory will be present. It's best to set
`"nodeModulesDir": "auto"` in your `deno.json` to ensure that.

```shell
$ cat deno.json
{
  "nodeModulesDir": "auto"
}

$ deno install npm:express
Add npm:express@5.0.0

$ deno run -R -E main.cjs
[Function: createApplication] {
  application: {
    init: [Function: init],
    defaultConfiguration: [Function: defaultConfiguration],
    ...
  }
}
```

`-R` and `-E` flags are used to allow permissions to read files and environment
variables.

You can also just run a `.cjs` file directly:

```sh
deno run -A main.cjs
```

### package.json type option

Deno will attempt to load `.js`, `.jsx`, `.ts`, and `.tsx` files as CommonJS if
there's a `package.json` file with `"type": "commonjs"` option next to the file,
or up in the directory tree when in a project with a package.json file.

```json title="package.json"
{
  "type": "commonjs"
}
```

```js title="main.js"
const express = require("express");
```

Tools like Next.js's bundler and others will generate a `package.json` file like
that automatically.

If you have an existing project that uses CommonJS modules, you can make it work
with both Node.js and Deno, by adding `"type": "commonjs"` option to the
`package.json` file.

### Always detecting if a file might be CommonJS

Telling Deno to analyze modules as possibly being CommonJS is possible by
running with the `--unstable-detect-cjs` in Deno >= 2.1.2. This will take
effect, except when there's a _package.json_ file with `{ "type": "module" }`.

Looking for package.json files on the file system and analyzing a module to
detect if its CommonJS takes longer than not doing it. For this reason and to
discourage the use of CommonJS, Deno does not do this behavior by default.

### Create require() manually

An alternative option is to create an instance of the `require()` function
manually:

```js title="main.js"
import { createRequire } from "node:module";
const require = createRequire(import.meta.url);
const express = require("express");
```

In this scenario the same requirements apply, as when running `.cjs` files -
dependencies need to be installed manually and appropriate permission flags
given.

### require(ESM)

Deno's `require()` implementation supports requiring ES modules.

This works the same as in Node.js, where you can only `require()` ES modules
that don't have Top-Level Await in their module graph - or in other words you
can only `require()` ES modules that are "synchronous".

```js title="greet.js"
export function greet(name) {
  return `Hello ${name}`;
}
```

```js title="esm.js"
import { greet } from "./greet.js";

export { greet };
```

```js title="main.cjs"
const esm = require("./esm");
console.log(esm);
console.log(esm.greet("Deno"));
```

```shell
$ deno run -R main.cjs
[Module: null prototype] { greet: [Function: greet] }
Hello Deno
```

### Import CommonJS modules

You can also import CommonJS files in ES modules.

```js title="greet.cjs"
module.exports = {
  hello: "world",
};
```

```js title="main.js"
import greet from "./greet.js";
console.log(greet);
```

```shell
$ deno run main.js
{
  "hello": "world"
}
```

### Hints and suggestions

Deno will guide you when a file looks like CommonJS but isn’t loaded as such. If
you see an error about `module` not being defined, fix it by one of the
following:

- Rewrite to ESM
- Change the file extension to `.cjs`
- Add a nearby `package.json` with `{ "type": "commonjs" }`
- Run with `--unstable-detect-cjs`

See docs: [CommonJS in Deno](https://docs.deno.com/go/commonjs)

## Conditional exports

Package exports can be
[conditioned](https://nodejs.org/api/packages.html#conditional-exports) on the
resolution mode. The conditions satisfied by an import from a Deno ESM module
are as follows:

```json
["deno", "node", "import", "default"]
```

This means that the first condition listed in a package export whose key equals
any of these strings will be matched. You can expand this list using the
`--unstable-node-conditions` CLI flag:

```shell
deno run --unstable-node-conditions development,react-server main.ts
```

```json
["development", "react-server", "deno", "node", "import", "default"]
```

## Importing types

Many npm packages ship with types, you can import these and use them with types
directly:

```ts
import chalk from "npm:chalk@5";
```

Some packages do not ship with types but you can specify their types with the
[`@ts-types`](/runtime/fundamentals/typescript) directive. For example, using a
[`@types`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/2/type-declarations.html#definitelytyped--types)
package:

```ts
// @ts-types="npm:@types/express@^4.17"
import express from "npm:express@^4.17";
```

### Module resolution

The official TypeScript compiler `tsc` supports different
[moduleResolution](https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig#moduleResolution)
settings. Deno only supports the modern `node16` resolution. Unfortunately many
npm packages fail to correctly provide types under node16 module resolution,
which can result in `deno check` reporting type errors, that `tsc` does not
report.

If a default export from an `npm:` import appears to have a wrong type (with the
right type seemingly being available under the `.default` property), it's most
likely that the package provides wrong types under node16 module resolution for
imports from ESM. You can verify this by checking if the error also occurs with
`tsc --module node16` and `"type": "module"` in `package.json` or by consulting
the [Are the types wrong?](https://arethetypeswrong.github.io/) website
(particularly the "node16 from ESM" row).

If you want to use a package that doesn't support TypeScript's node16 module
resolution, you can:

1. Open an issue at the issue tracker of the package about the problem. (And
   perhaps contribute a fix :) (Although, unfortunately, there is a lack of
   tooling for packages to support both ESM and CJS, since default exports
   require different syntaxes. See also
   [microsoft/TypeScript#54593](https://github.com/microsoft/TypeScript/issues/54593))
2. Use a [CDN](/runtime/fundamentals/modules/#url_imports), that rebuilds the
   packages for Deno support, instead of an `npm:` identifier.
3. Ignore the type errors you get in your code base with `// @ts-expect-error`
   or `// @ts-ignore`.

## Including Node types

Node ships with many built-in types like `Buffer` that might be referenced in an
npm package's types. To load these you must add a types reference directive to
the `@types/node` package:

```ts
/// <reference types="npm:@types/node" />
```

Note that it is fine to not specify a version for this in most cases because
Deno will try to keep it in sync with its internal Node code, but you can always
override the version used if necessary.

## Run npm binaries

You can run npm CLI tools (packages with `bin` entries) directly without
`npm install` by using an `npm:` specifier:

```console
npm:<package-name>[@<version-requirement>][/<binary-name>]
```

For example:

```sh
$ deno run --allow-read npm:cowsay@1.5.0 "Hello there!"
 ______________
< Hello there! >
 --------------
        \   ^__^
         \  (oo)\_______
            (__)\       )\/\
                ||----w |
                ||     ||

$ deno run --allow-read npm:cowsay@1.5.0/cowthink "What to eat?"
 ______________
( What to eat? )
 --------------
        o   ^__^
         o  (oo)\_______
            (__)\       )\/\
                ||----w |
                ||     ||
```

## node_modules

When you run `npm install`, npm creates a `node_modules` directory in your
project which houses the dependencies as specified in the `package.json` file.

Deno uses [npm specifiers](/runtime/fundamentals/node/#using-npm-packages) to
resolve npm packages to a central global npm cache, instead of using a
`node_modules` folder in your projects. This is ideal since it uses less space
and keeps your project directory clean.

There may however be cases where you need a local `node_modules` directory in
your Deno project, even if you don’t have a `package.json` (eg. when using
frameworks like Next.js or Svelte or when depending on npm packages that use
Node-API).

### Choosing a node_modules mode

- Use no local node_modules (default) when your project runs fine with Deno's
  global cache. No setup required.
- Use auto when some tools expect node_modules or you rely on Node-API addons
  and want automatic creation.
- Use manual when your project has a package.json and you prefer an explicit
  install step.

| Mode   | When to use                                  | How to enable                                              |
| ------ | -------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------------- |
| none   | Most Deno projects; keep repo clean          | Default; do nothing                                        |
| auto   | Tools/bundlers expect node_modules; Node-API | `"nodeModulesDir": "auto"` or `--node-modules-dir=auto`    |
| manual | Existing package.json with install step      | `"nodeModulesDir": "manual"` + run `deno install`/npm/pnpm |

### Default Deno dependencies behavior

By default, Deno will not create a `node_modules` directory when you use the
`deno run` command, dependencies will be installed into the global cache. This
is the recommended setup for new Deno projects.

### Automatic node_modules creation

If you need a `node_modules` directory in your project, you can use the
`--node-modules-dir` flag or `nodeModulesDir: auto` option in the config file to
tell Deno to create a `node_modules` directory in the current working directory:

```sh
deno run --node-modules-dir=auto main.ts
```

or with a configuration file:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "nodeModulesDir": "auto"
}
```

The auto mode automatically installs dependencies into the global cache and
creates a local node_modules directory in the project root. This is recommended
for projects that have npm dependencies that rely on node_modules directory -
mostly projects using bundlers or ones that have npm dependencies with
postinstall scripts.

### Manual node_modules creation

If your project has a `package.json` file, you can use the manual mode, which
requires an installation step to create your `node_modules` directory:

```sh
deno install
deno run --node-modules-dir=manual main.ts
```

or with a configuration file:

```json title="deno.json"
{ "nodeModulesDir": "manual" }
```

You would then run `deno install/npm install/pnpm install` or any other package
manager to create the `node_modules` directory.

Manual mode is the default mode for projects using a `package.json`. You may
recognize this workflow from Node.js projects. It is recommended for projects
using frameworks like Next.js, Remix, Svelte, Qwik etc, or tools like Vite,
Parcel or Rollup.

:::note

We recommend that you use the default `none` mode, and fallback to `auto` or
`manual` mode if you get errors about missing packages inside the `node_modules`
directory.

:::

### node_modules flag

You can also enable the creation of a `node_modules` directory on a per-command
basis with the `--node-modules-dir` flag.

```ts title="main.ts"
import chalk from "npm:chalk@5";

console.log(chalk.green("Hello"));
```

```sh
deno run --node-modules-dir main.ts
```

Running the above command, with a `--node-modules-dir` flag, will create a
`node_modules` folder in the current directory with a similar folder structure
to npm.

## Node-API addons

Summary: Node-API addons work in Deno when a local `node_modules/` is present
and you grant `--allow-ffi`.

Deno supports [Node-API addons](https://nodejs.org/api/n-api.html) used by
popular npm packages like [`esbuild`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/esbuild),
[`npm:sqlite3`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/sqlite3) and
[`npm:duckdb`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/duckdb). You can expect packages
that use public Node-APIs to work.

:::note

Many addons rely on npm lifecycle scripts (for example, `postinstall`). Deno
supports them, but they are not run by default for security reasons. See the
[`deno install` docs](/runtime/reference/cli/install/).

:::

As of Deno 2.0, npm packages using Node-API addons are supported when a local
`node_modules/` directory is present. Configure
`"nodeModulesDir": "auto" | "manual"` in `deno.json` or run with
`--node-modules-dir=auto|manual`.

Like all native FFI, pass `--allow-ffi` to grant explicit permission. Review
[Security and permissions](/runtime/fundamentals/security/#ffi-(foreign-function-interface)).

## Migrating from Node to Deno

Running your Node.js project with Deno is a straightforward process. In most
cases you can expect little to no changes to be required, if your project is
written using ES modules.

Main points to be aware of:

1. Use the `node:` specifier for built-in modules (see Using Node's built-in
   modules above).
2. Some Node globals like `Buffer` must be imported from `node:buffer` (see
   Node.js global objects).
3. `require()` is available in `.cjs` files or via `createRequire` (see CommonJS
   support).

### Running scripts

Deno supports running npm scripts natively with the
[`deno task`](/runtime/reference/cli/task_runner/) subcommand (If you're
migrating from Node.js, this is similar to the `npm run script` command).
Consider the following Node.js project with a script called `start` inside its
`package.json`:

```json title="package.json"
{
  "name": "my-project",
  "scripts": {
    "start": "eslint"
  }
}
```

You can execute this script with Deno by running:

```sh
deno task start
```

### Optional improvements

Deno ships a unified toolchain (configuration, linter, formatter, test runner)
that can simplify your setup when migrating:

- Configuration: /runtime/fundamentals/configuration/
- Linter: /runtime/reference/cli/linter/
- Formatter: /runtime/reference/cli/formatter/
- Test runner: /runtime/reference/cli/test/

## Private registries

:::caution

Not to be confused with
[private repositories and modules](/runtime/fundamentals/modules/#private-repositories).

:::

Deno supports private registries, which allow you to host and share your own
modules. This is useful for organizations that want to keep their code private
or for individuals who want to share their code with a select group of people.

### What are private registries?

Large organizations often host their own private npm registries to manage
internal packages securely. These private registries serve as repositories where
organizations can publish and store their proprietary or custom packages. Unlike
public npm registries, private registries are accessible only to authorized
users within the organization.

### How to use private registries with Deno

First, configure your
[`.npmrc`](https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v10/configuring-npm/npmrc) file to point
to your private registry. The `.npmrc` file must be in the project root or
`$HOME` directory. Add the following to your `.npmrc` file:

```sh
@mycompany:registry=http://mycompany.com:8111/
//mycompany.com:8111/:_auth=secretToken
```

Replace `http://mycompany.com:8111/` with the actual URL of your private
registry and `secretToken` with your authentication token.

Then update Your `deno.json` or `package.json` to specify the import path for
your private package. For example:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "@mycompany/package": "npm:@mycompany/package@1.0.0"
  }
}
```

or if you're using a `package.json`:

```json title="package.json"
{
  "dependencies": {
    "@mycompany/package": "1.0.0"
  }
}
```

Now you can import your private package in your Deno code:

```typescript title="main.ts"
import { hello } from "@mycompany/package";

console.log(hello());
```

and run it using the `deno run` command:

```sh
deno run main.ts
```

## Node to Deno Cheatsheet

| Node.js                                | Deno                          |
| -------------------------------------- | ----------------------------- |
| `node file.js`                         | `deno file.js`                |
| `ts-node file.ts`                      | `deno file.ts`                |
| `nodemon`                              | `deno run --watch`            |
| `node -e`                              | `deno eval`                   |
| `npm i` / `npm install`                | `deno install`                |
| `npm install -g`                       | `deno install -g`             |
| `npm run`                              | `deno task`                   |
| `eslint`                               | `deno lint`                   |
| `prettier`                             | `deno fmt`                    |
| `package.json`                         | `deno.json` or `package.json` |
| `tsc`                                  | `deno check` ¹                |
| `typedoc`                              | `deno doc`                    |
| `jest` / `ava` / `mocha` / `tap` / etc | `deno test`                   |
| `nexe` / `pkg`                         | `deno compile`                |
| `npm explain`                          | `deno info`                   |
| `nvm` / `n` / `fnm`                    | `deno upgrade`                |
| `tsserver`                             | `deno lsp`                    |
| `nyc` / `c8` / `istanbul`              | `deno coverage`               |
| benchmarks                             | `deno bench`                  |

¹ Type checking happens automatically, TypeScript compiler is built into the
`deno` binary.


---

# runtime/fundamentals/open_telemetry.md

> Learn how to implement observability in Deno applications using OpenTelemetry. Covers tracing, metrics collection, and integration with monitoring systems.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/open_telemetry


Deno has built in support for [OpenTelemetry](https://opentelemetry.io/).

> OpenTelemetry is a collection of APIs, SDKs, and tools. Use it to instrument,
> generate, collect, and export telemetry data (metrics, logs, and traces) to
> help you analyze your software’s performance and behavior.
>
> <i>- https://opentelemetry.io/</i>

This integration enables you to monitor your Deno applications using
OpenTelemetry observability tooling with instruments like logs, metrics, and
traces.

Deno provides the following features:

- Exporting of collected metrics, traces, and logs to a server using the
  OpenTelemetry protocol.
- [Automatic instrumentation](#auto-instrumentation) of the Deno runtime with
  OpenTelemetry metrics, traces, and logs.
- [Collection of user defined metrics, traces, and logs](#user-metrics) created
  with the `npm:@opentelemetry/api` package.

## Quick start

To enable the OpenTelemetry integration set the environment variable
`OTEL_DENO=true`:

```sh
OTEL_DENO=true deno run my_script.ts
```

This will automatically collect and export runtime observability data to an
OpenTelemetry endpoint at `localhost:4318` using Protobuf over HTTP
(`http/protobuf`).

:::tip

If you do not have an OpenTelemetry collector set up yet, you can get started
with a
[local LGTM stack in Docker](https://github.com/grafana/docker-otel-lgtm/tree/main?tab=readme-ov-file)
(Loki (logs), Grafana (dashboard), Tempo (traces), and Prometheus (metrics)) by
running the following command:

```sh
docker run --name lgtm -p 3000:3000 -p 4317:4317 -p 4318:4318 --rm -ti \
	-v "$PWD"/lgtm/grafana:/data/grafana \
	-v "$PWD"/lgtm/prometheus:/data/prometheus \
	-v "$PWD"/lgtm/loki:/data/loki \
	-e GF_PATHS_DATA=/data/grafana \
	docker.io/grafana/otel-lgtm:0.8.1
```

You can then access the Grafana dashboard at `http://localhost:3000` with the
username `admin` and password `admin`.

:::

This will automatically collect and export runtime observability data like
`console.log`, traces for HTTP requests, and metrics for the Deno runtime.
[Learn more about auto instrumentation](#auto-instrumentation).

You can also create your own metrics, traces, and logs using the
`npm:@opentelemetry/api` package.
[Learn more about user defined metrics](#user-metrics).

## Auto instrumentation

Deno automatically collects and exports some observability data to the OTLP
endpoint.

This data is exported in the built-in instrumentation scope of the Deno runtime.
This scope has the name `deno`. The version of the Deno runtime is the version
of the `deno` instrumentation scope. (e.g. `deno:2.1.4`).

### Traces

Deno automatically creates spans for various operations, such as:

- Incoming HTTP requests served with `Deno.serve`.
- Outgoing HTTP requests made with `fetch`.

#### `Deno.serve`

When you use `Deno.serve` to create an HTTP server, a span is created for each
incoming request. The span automatically ends when response headers are sent
(not when the response body is done sending).

The name of the created span is `${method}`. The span kind is `server`.

The following attributes are automatically added to the span on creation:

- `http.request.method`: The HTTP method of the request.
- `url.full`: The full URL of the request (as would be reported by `req.url`).
- `url.scheme`: The scheme of the request URL (e.g. `http` or `https`).
- `url.path`: The path of the request URL.
- `url.query`: The query string of the request URL.

After the request is handled, the following attributes are added:

- `http.response.status_code`: The status code of the response.

Deno does not automatically add a `http.route` attribute to the span as the
route is not known by the runtime, and instead is determined by the routing
logic in a user's handler function. If you want to add a `http.route` attribute
to the span, you can do so in your handler function using
`npm:@opentelemetry/api`. In this case you should also update the span name to
include the route.

```ts
import { trace } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";

const INDEX_ROUTE = new URLPattern({ pathname: "/" });
const BOOK_ROUTE = new URLPattern({ pathname: "/book/:id" });

Deno.serve(async (req) => {
  const span = trace.getActiveSpan();
  if (INDEX_ROUTE.test(req.url)) {
    span.setAttribute("http.route", "/");
    span.updateName(`${req.method} /`);

    // handle index route
  } else if (BOOK_ROUTE.test(req.url)) {
    span.setAttribute("http.route", "/book/:id");
    span.updateName(`${req.method} /book/:id`);

    // handle book route
  } else {
    return new Response("Not found", { status: 404 });
  }
});
```

#### `fetch`

When you use `fetch` to make an HTTP request, a span is created for the request.
The span automatically ends when the response headers are received.

The name of the created span is `${method}`. The span kind is `client`.

The following attributes are automatically added to the span on creation:

- `http.request.method`: The HTTP method of the request.
- `url.full`: The full URL of the request.
- `url.scheme`: The scheme of the request URL.
- `url.path`: The path of the request URL.
- `url.query`: The query string of the request URL.

After the response is received, the following attributes are added:

- `http.status_code`: The status code of the response.

### Metrics

The following metrics are automatically collected and exported:

#### `Deno.serve` / `Deno.serveHttp`

##### `http.server.request.duration`

A histogram of the duration of incoming HTTP requests served with `Deno.serve`
or `Deno.serveHttp`. The time that is measured is from when the request is
received to when the response headers are sent. This does not include the time
to send the response body. The unit of this metric is seconds. The histogram
buckets are
`[0.005, 0.01, 0.025, 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75, 1.0, 2.5, 5.0, 7.5, 10.0]`.

This metric is recorded with the following attributes:

- `http.request.method`: The HTTP method of the request.
- `url.scheme`: The scheme of the request URL.
- `network.protocol.version`: The version of the HTTP protocol used for the
  request (e.g. `1.1` or `2`).
- `server.address`: The address that the server is listening on.
- `server.port`: The port that the server is listening on.
- `http.response.status_code`: The status code of the response (if the request
  has been handled without a fatal error).
- `error.type`: The type of error that occurred (if the request handling was
  subject to an error).

##### `http.server.active_requests`

A gauge of the number of active requests being handled by `Deno.serve` or
`Deno.serveHttp` at any given time. This is the number of requests that have
been received but not yet responded to (where the response headers have not yet
been sent). This metric is recorded with the following attributes:

- `http.request.method`: The HTTP method of the request.
- `url.scheme`: The scheme of the request URL.
- `server.address`: The address that the server is listening on.
- `server.port`: The port that the server is listening on.

##### `http.server.request.body.size`

A histogram of the size of the request body of incoming HTTP requests served
with `Deno.serve` or `Deno.serveHttp`. The unit of this metric is bytes. The
histogram buckets are
`[0, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, 10000000, 100000000, 1000000000]`.

This metric is recorded with the following attributes:

- `http.request.method`: The HTTP method of the request.
- `url.scheme`: The scheme of the request URL.
- `network.protocol.version`: The version of the HTTP protocol used for the
  request (e.g. `1.1` or `2`).
- `server.address`: The address that the server is listening on.
- `server.port`: The port that the server is listening on.
- `http.response.status_code`: The status code of the response (if the request
  has been handled without a fatal error).
- `error.type`: The type of error that occurred (if the request handling was
  subject to an error).

##### `http.server.response.body.size`

A histogram of the size of the response body of incoming HTTP requests served
with `Deno.serve` or `Deno.serveHttp`. The unit of this metric is bytes. The
histogram buckets are
`[0, 100, 1000, 10000, 100000, 1000000, 10000000, 100000000, 1000000000]`.

This metric is recorded with the following attributes:

- `http.request.method`: The HTTP method of the request.
- `url.scheme`: The scheme of the request URL.
- `network.protocol.version`: The version of the HTTP protocol used for the
  request (e.g. `1.1` or `2`).
- `server.address`: The address that the server is listening on.
- `server.port`: The port that the server is listening on.
- `http.response.status_code`: The status code of the response (if the request
  has been handled without a fatal error).
- `error.type`: The type of error that occurred (if the request handling was
  subject to an error).

### Logs

The following logs are automatically collected and exported:

- Any logs created with `console.*` methods such as `console.log` and
  `console.error`.
- Any logs created by the Deno runtime, such as debug logs, `Downloading` logs,
  and similar.
- Any errors that cause the Deno runtime to exit (both from user code, and from
  the runtime itself).

Logs raised from JavaScript code will be exported with the relevant span
context, if the log occurred inside of an active span.

`console` auto instrumentation can be configured using the `OTEL_DENO_CONSOLE`
environment variable:

- `capture`: Logs are emitted to stdout/stderr and are also exported with
  OpenTelemetry. (default)
- `replace`: Logs are only exported with OpenTelemetry, and not emitted to
  stdout/stderr.
- `ignore`: Logs are emitted only to stdout/stderr, and will not be exported
  with OpenTelemetry.

## User metrics

In addition to the automatically collected telemetry data, you can also create
your own metrics and traces using the `npm:@opentelemetry/api` package.

You do not need to configure the `npm:@opentelemetry/api` package to use it with
Deno. Deno sets up the `npm:@opentelemetry/api` package automatically. There is
no need to call `metrics.setGlobalMeterProvider()`,
`trace.setGlobalTracerProvider()`, or `context.setGlobalContextManager()`. All
configuration of resources, exporter settings, etc. is done via environment
variables.

Deno works with version `1.x` of the `npm:@opentelemetry/api` package. You can
either import directly from `npm:@opentelemetry/api@1`, or you can install the
package locally with `deno add` and import from `@opentelemetry/api`.

```sh
deno add npm:@opentelemetry/api@1
```

For both traces and metrics, you need to define names for the tracer and meter
respectively. If you are instrumenting a library, you should name the tracer or
meter after the library (such as `my-awesome-lib`). If you are instrumenting an
application, you should name the tracer or meter after the application (such as
`my-app`). The version of the tracer or meter should be set to the version of
the library or application.

### Traces

To create a new span, first import the `trace` object from
`npm:@opentelemetry/api` and create a new tracer:

```ts
import { trace } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";

const tracer = trace.getTracer("my-app", "1.0.0");
```

Then, create a new span using the `tracer.startActiveSpan` method and pass a
callback function to it. You have to manually end the span by calling the `end`
method on the span object returned by `startActiveSpan`.

```ts
function myFunction() {
  return tracer.startActiveSpan("myFunction", (span) => {
    try {
      // do myFunction's work
    } catch (error) {
      span.recordException(error);
      span.setStatus({
        code: trace.SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
        message: (error as Error).message,
      });
      throw error;
    } finally {
      span.end();
    }
  });
}
```

`span.end()` should be called in a `finally` block to ensure that the span is
ended even if an error occurs. `span.recordException` and `span.setStatus`
should also be called in a `catch` block, to record any errors that occur.

Inside of the callback function, the created span is the "active span". You can
get the active span using `trace.getActiveSpan()`. The "active span" will be
used as the parent span for any spans created (manually, or automatically by the
runtime) inside of the callback function (or any functions that are called from
the callback function).
[Learn more about context propagation](#context-propagation).

The `startActiveSpan` method returns the return value of the callback function.

Spans can have attributes added to them during their lifetime. Attributes are
key value pairs that represent structured metadata about the span. Attributes
can be added using the `setAttribute` and `setAttributes` methods on the span
object.

```ts
span.setAttribute("key", "value");
span.setAttributes({ success: true, "bar.count": 42n, "foo.duration": 123.45 });
```

Values for attributes can be strings, numbers (floats), bigints (clamped to
u64), booleans, or arrays of any of these types. If an attribute value is not
one of these types, it will be ignored.

The name of a span can be updated using the `updateName` method on the span
object.

```ts
span.updateName("new name");
```

The status of a span can be set using the `setStatus` method on the span object.
The `recordException` method can be used to record an exception that occurred
during the span's lifetime. `recordException` creates an event with the
exception stack trace and name and attaches it to the span. **`recordException`
does not set the span status to `ERROR`, you must do that manually.**

```ts
import { SpanStatusCode } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";

span.setStatus({
  code: SpanStatusCode.ERROR,
  message: "An error occurred",
});
span.recordException(new Error("An error occurred"));

// or

span.setStatus({
  code: SpanStatusCode.OK,
});
```

Spans can also have
[events](https://open-telemetry.github.io/opentelemetry-js/interfaces/_opentelemetry_api._opentelemetry_api.Span.html#addevent)
and
[links](https://open-telemetry.github.io/opentelemetry-js/interfaces/_opentelemetry_api._opentelemetry_api.Span.html#addlink)
added to them. Events are points in time that are associated with the span.
Links are references to other spans.

```ts
// Add an event to the span
span.addEvent("button_clicked", {
  id: "submit-button",
  action: "submit",
});

// Add an event with a timestamp
span.addEvent("process_completed", { status: "success" }, Date.now());
```

Events can include optional attributes similar to spans. They are useful for
marking significant moments within the span's lifetime without creating separate
spans.

Spans can also be created manually with `tracer.startSpan` which returns a span
object. This method does not set the created span as the active span, so it will
not automatically be used as the parent span for any spans created later, or any
`console.log` calls. A span can manually be set as the active span for a
callback, by using the [context propagation API](#context-propagation).

Both `tracer.startActiveSpan` and `tracer.startSpan` can take an optional
options bag containing any of the following properties:

- `kind`: The kind of the span. Can be `SpanKind.CLIENT`, `SpanKind.SERVER`,
  `SpanKind.PRODUCER`, `SpanKind.CONSUMER`, or `SpanKind.INTERNAL`. Defaults to
  `SpanKind.INTERNAL`.
- `startTime` A `Date` object representing the start time of the span, or a
  number representing the start time in milliseconds since the Unix epoch. If
  not provided, the current time will be used.
- `attributes`: An object containing attributes to add to the span.
- `links`: An array of links to add to the span.
- `root`: A boolean indicating whether the span should be a root span. If
  `true`, the span will not have a parent span (even if there is an active
  span).

After the options bag, both `tracer.startActiveSpan` and `tracer.startSpan` can
also take a `context` object from the
[context propagation API](#context-propagation).

Learn more about the full tracing API in the
[OpenTelemetry JS API docs](https://open-telemetry.github.io/opentelemetry-js/classes/_opentelemetry_api._opentelemetry_api.TraceAPI.html).

### Metrics

To create a metric, first import the `metrics` object from
`npm:@opentelemetry/api` and create a new meter:

```ts
import { metrics } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";

const meter = metrics.getMeter("my-app", "1.0.0");
```

Then, an instrument can be created from the meter, and used to record values:

```ts
const counter = meter.createCounter("my_counter", {
  description: "A simple counter",
  unit: "1",
});

counter.add(1);
counter.add(2);
```

Each recording can also have associated attributes:

```ts
counter.add(1, { color: "red" });
counter.add(2, { color: "blue" });
```

:::tip

In OpenTelemetry, metric attributes should generally have low cardinality. This
means that there should not be too many unique combinations of attribute values.
For example, it is probably fine to have an attribute for which continent a user
is on, but it would be too high cardinality to have an attribute for the exact
latitude and longitude of the user. High cardinality attributes can cause
problems with metric storage and exporting, and should be avoided. Use spans and
logs for high cardinality data.

:::

There are several types of instruments that can be created with a meter:

- **Counter**: A counter is a monotonically increasing value. Counters can only
  be positive. They can be used for values that are always increasing, such as
  the number of requests handled.

- **UpDownCounter**: An up-down counter is a value that can both increase and
  decrease. Up-down counters can be used for values that can increase and
  decrease, such as the number of active connections or requests in progress.

- **Gauge**: A gauge is a value that can be set to any value. They are used for
  values that do not "accumulate" over time, but rather have a specific value at
  any given time, such as the current temperature.

- **Histogram**: A histogram is a value that is recorded as a distribution of
  values. Histograms can be used for values that are not just a single number,
  but a distribution of numbers, such as the response time of a request in
  milliseconds. Histograms can be used to calculate percentiles, averages, and
  other statistics. They have a predefined set of boundaries that define the
  buckets that the values are placed into. By default, the boundaries are
  `[0.0, 5.0, 10.0, 25.0, 50.0, 75.0, 100.0, 250.0, 500.0, 750.0, 1000.0, 2500.0, 5000.0, 7500.0, 10000.0]`.

There are also several types of observable instruments. These instruments do not
have a synchronous recording method, but instead return a callback that can be
called to record a value. The callback will be called when the OpenTelemetry SDK
is ready to record a value, for example just before exporting.

```ts
const counter = meter.createObservableCounter("my_counter", {
  description: "A simple counter",
  unit: "1",
});
counter.addCallback((res) => {
  res.observe(1);
  // or
  res.observe(1, { color: "red" });
});
```

There are three types of observable instruments:

- **ObservableCounter**: An observable counter is a counter that can be observed
  asynchronously. It can be used for values that are always increasing, such as
  the number of requests handled.
- **ObservableUpDownCounter**: An observable up-down counter is a value that can
  both increase and decrease, and can be observed asynchronously. Up-down
  counters can be used for values that can increase and decrease, such as the
  number of active connections or requests in progress.
- **ObservableGauge**: An observable gauge is a value that can be set to any
  value, and can be observed asynchronously. They are used for values that do
  not "accumulate" over time, but rather have a specific value at any given
  time, such as the current temperature.

Learn more about the full metrics API in the
[OpenTelemetry JS API docs](https://open-telemetry.github.io/opentelemetry-js/classes/_opentelemetry_api._opentelemetry_api.MetricsAPI.html).

### Practical Examples

For practical examples of implementing OpenTelemetry in Deno applications, see
our tutorials:

- [Basic OpenTelemetry Tutorial](/examples/basic_opentelemetry_tutorial/) - A
  simple HTTP server with custom metrics and traces
- [Distributed Tracing Tutorial](/examples/otel_span_propagation_tutorial/) -
  Advanced techniques for tracing across service boundaries

## Context propagation

In OpenTelemetry, context propagation is the process of passing some context
information (such as the current span) from one part of an application to
another, without having to pass it explicitly as an argument to every function.

In Deno, context propagation is done using the rules of `AsyncContext`, the TC39
proposal for async context propagation. The `AsyncContext` API is not yet
exposed to users in Deno, but it is used internally to propagate the active span
and other context information across asynchronous boundaries.

A quick overview how AsyncContext propagation works:

- When a new asynchronous task is started (such as a promise, or a timer), the
  current context is saved.
- Then some other code can execute concurrently with the asynchronous task, in a
  different context.
- When the asynchronous task completes, the saved context is restored.

This means that async context propagation essentially behaves like a global
variable that is scoped to the current asynchronous task, and is automatically
copied to any new asynchronous tasks that are started from this current task.

The `context` API from `npm:@opentelemetry/api@1` exposes this functionality to
users. It works as follows:

```ts
import { context } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";

// Get the currently active context
const currentContext = context.active();

// You can add create a new context with a value added to it
const newContext = currentContext.setValue("id", 1);

// The current context is not changed by calling setValue
console.log(currentContext.getValue("id")); // undefined

// You can run a function inside a new context
context.with(newContext, () => {
  // Any code in this block will run with the new context
  console.log(context.active().getValue("id")); // 1

  // The context is also available in any functions called from this block
  function myFunction() {
    return context.active().getValue("id");
  }
  console.log(myFunction()); // 1

  // And it is also available in any asynchronous callbacks scheduled from here
  setTimeout(() => {
    console.log(context.active().getValue("id")); // 1
  }, 10);
});

// Outside, the context is still the same
console.log(context.active().getValue("id")); // undefined
```

The context API integrates with spans too. For example, to run a function in the
context of a specific span, the span can be added to a context, and then the
function can be run in that context:

```ts
import { context, trace } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";

const tracer = trace.getTracer("my-app", "1.0.0");

const span = tracer.startSpan("myFunction");
const contextWithSpan = trace.setSpan(context.active(), span);

context.with(contextWithSpan, () => {
  const activeSpan = trace.getActiveSpan();
  console.log(activeSpan === span); // true
});

// Don't forget to end the span!
span.end();
```

Learn more about the full context API in the
[OpenTelemetry JS API docs](https://open-telemetry.github.io/opentelemetry-js/classes/_opentelemetry_api._opentelemetry_api.ContextAPI.html).

## Configuration

The OpenTelemetry integration can be enabled by setting the `OTEL_DENO=true`
environment variable.

The endpoint and protocol for the OTLP exporter can be configured using the
`OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_ENDPOINT` and `OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_PROTOCOL` environment
variables.

If the endpoint requires authentication, headers can be configured using the
`OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_HEADERS` environment variable.

Endpoint can all be overridden individually for metrics, traces, and logs by
using specific environment variables, such as:

- `OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_METRICS_ENDPOINT`
- `OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_TRACES_ENDPOINT`
- `OTEL_EXPORTER_OTLP_LOGS_ENDPOINT`

For more information on headers that can be used to configure the OTLP exporter,
[see the OpenTelemetry website](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/otel/protocol/exporter/#configuration-options).

The resource that is associated with the telemetry data can be configured using
the `OTEL_SERVICE_NAME` and `OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES` environment variables. In
addition to attributes set via the `OTEL_RESOURCE_ATTRIBUTES` environment
variable, the following attributes are automatically set:

- `service.name`: If `OTEL_SERVICE_NAME` is not set, the value is set to
  `<unknown_service>`.
- `process.runtime.name`: `deno`
- `process.runtime.version`: The version of the Deno runtime.
- `telemetry.sdk.name`: `deno-opentelemetry`
- `telemetry.sdk.language`: `deno-rust`
- `telemetry.sdk.version`: The version of the Deno runtime, plus the version of
  the `opentelemetry` Rust crate being used by Deno, separated by a `-`.

Propagators can be configured using the `OTEL_PROPAGATORS` environment variable.
The default value is `tracecontext,baggage`. Multiple propagators can be
specified by separating them with commas. Currently supported propagators are:

- `tracecontext`: W3C Trace Context propagation format
- `baggage`: W3C Baggage propagation format

Metric collection frequency can be configured using the
`OTEL_METRIC_EXPORT_INTERVAL` environment variable. The default value is `60000`
milliseconds (60 seconds).

Span exporter batching can be configured using the batch span processor
environment variables described in the
[OpenTelemetry specification](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/otel/configuration/sdk-environment-variables/#batch-span-processor).

Log exporter batching can be configured using the batch log record processor
environment variables described in the
[OpenTelemetry specification](https://opentelemetry.io/docs/specs/otel/configuration/sdk-environment-variables/#batch-log-record-processor).

## Propagators

Deno supports context propagators which enable automatic propagation of trace
context across process boundaries for distributed tracing, allowing you to track
requests as they flow through different services.

Propagators are responsible for encoding and decoding context information (like
trace and span IDs) into and from carrier formats (like HTTP headers). This
enables the trace context to be maintained across service boundaries.

By default, Deno supports the following propagators:

- `tracecontext`: The W3C Trace Context propagation format, which is the
  standard way to propagate trace context via HTTP headers.
- `baggage`: The W3C Baggage propagation format, which allows passing key-value
  pairs across service boundaries.

:::note

These propagators automatically work with Deno's `fetch` API and `Deno.serve`,
enabling end-to-end tracing across HTTP requests without manual context
management.

:::

You can access the propagation API through the `@opentelemetry/api` package:

```ts
import { context, propagation, trace } from "npm:@opentelemetry/api@1";

// Extract context from incoming headers
function extractContextFromHeaders(headers: Headers) {
  const ctx = context.active();
  return propagation.extract(ctx, headers);
}

// Inject context into outgoing headers
function injectContextIntoHeaders(headers: Headers) {
  const ctx = context.active();
  propagation.inject(ctx, headers);
  return headers;
}

// Example: Making a fetch request that propagates trace context
async function tracedFetch(url: string) {
  const headers = new Headers();
  injectContextIntoHeaders(headers);

  return await fetch(url, { headers });
}
```

## Limitations

While the OpenTelemetry integration for Deno is in development, there are some
limitations to be aware of:

- Traces are always sampled (i.e. `OTEL_TRACE_SAMPLER=parentbased_always_on`).
- Traces only support links with no attributes.
- Metric exemplars are not supported.
- Custom log streams (e.g. logs other than `console.log` and `console.error`)
  are not supported.
- The only supported exporter is OTLP - other exporters are not supported.
- Only `http/protobuf` and `http/json` protocols are supported for OTLP. Other
  protocols such as `grpc` are not supported.
- Metrics from observable (asynchronous) meters are not collected on process
  exit/crash, so the last value of metrics may not be exported. Synchronous
  metrics are exported on process exit/crash.
- The limits specified in the `OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_VALUE_LENGTH_LIMIT`,
  `OTEL_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT`, `OTEL_SPAN_EVENT_COUNT_LIMIT`,
  `OTEL_SPAN_LINK_COUNT_LIMIT`, `OTEL_EVENT_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT`, and
  `OTEL_LINK_ATTRIBUTE_COUNT_LIMIT` environment variable are not respected for
  trace spans.
- The `OTEL_METRIC_EXPORT_TIMEOUT` environment variable is not respected.
- HTTP methods are that are not known are not normalized to `_OTHER` in the
  `http.request.method` span attribute as per the OpenTelemetry semantic
  conventions.
- The HTTP server span for `Deno.serve` does not have an OpenTelemetry status
  set, and if the handler throws (ie `onError` is invoked), the span will not
  have an error status set and the error will not be attached to the span via
  event.
- There is no mechanism to add a `http.route` attribute to the HTTP client span
  for `fetch`, or to update the span name to include the route.


---

# Security and permissions

> A guide to Deno's security model and permissions system. Learn about secure defaults, permission flags, runtime prompts, and how to safely execute code with granular access controls.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/security


Deno is secure by default. Unless you specifically enable it, a program run with
Deno has no access to sensitive APIs, such as file system access, network
connectivity, or environment access. You must explicitly grant access to these
resources with command line flags or with a runtime permission prompt. This is a
major difference from Node, where dependencies are automatically granted full
access to all system I/O, potentially introducing hidden vulnerabilities into
your project.

Before using Deno to run completely untrusted code, read the
[section on executing untrusted code](#executing-untrusted-code) below.

## Key Principles

Before diving into the specifics of permissions, it's important to understand
the key principles of Deno's security model:

- **No access to I/O by default**: Code executing in a Deno runtime has no
  access to read or write arbitrary files on the file system, to make network
  requests or open network listeners, to access environment variables, or to
  spawn subprocesses.
- **No limits on the execution of code at the same privilege level**: Deno
  allows the execution of any code (JS/TS/Wasm) via multiple means, including
  `eval`, `new Function`, dynamic imports and web workers at the same privilege
  level with little restriction as to where the code originates (network, npm,
  JSR, etc).
- **Multiple invocations of the same application can share data**: Deno provides
  a mechanism for multiple invocations of the same application to share data,
  through built in caching and KV storage APIs. Different applications can not
  see each other's data.
- **All code executing on the same thread shares the same privilege level**: All
  code executing on the same thread shares the same privilege level. It is not
  possible for different modules to have different privilege levels within the
  same thread.
- **Code can not escalate its privileges without user consent**: Code executing
  in a Deno runtime can not escalate its privileges without the user agreeing
  explicitly to an escalation via interactive prompt or a invocation time flag.
- **The initial static module graph can import local files without
  restrictions**: All files that are imported in the initial static module graph
  can be imported without restrictions, so even if an explicit read permission
  is not granted for that file. This does not apply to any dynamic module
  imports.

These key principles are designed to provide an environment where a user can
execute code with minimal risk of harm to the host machine or network. The
security model is designed to be simple to understand and to provide a clear
separation of concerns between the runtime and the code executing within it. The
security model is enforced by the Deno runtime, and is not dependent on the
underlying operating system.

## Permissions

By default, access to most system I/O is denied. There are some I/O operations
that are allowed in a limited capacity, even by default. These are described
below.

To enable these operations, the user must explicitly grant permission to the
Deno runtime. This is done by passing the `--allow-read`, `--allow-write`,
`--allow-net`, `--allow-env`, and `--allow-run` flags to the `deno` command.

During execution of a script, a user can also explicitly grant permission to
specific files, directories, network addresses, environment variables, and
subprocesses when prompted by the runtime. Prompts are not shown if
stdout/stderr are not a TTY, or when the `--no-prompt` flag is passed to the
`deno` command.

Users can also explicitly disallow access to specific resources by using the
`--deny-read`, `--deny-write`, `--deny-net`, `--deny-env`, and `--deny-run`
flags. These flags take precedence over the allow flags. For example, if you
allow network access but deny access to a specific domain, the deny flag will
take precedence.

Deno also provides a `--allow-all` flag that grants all permissions to the
script. This **disables** the security sandbox entirely, and should be used with
caution. The `--allow-all` has the same security properties as running a script
in Node.js (ie none).

Definition: `-A, --allow-all`

```sh
deno run -A script.ts
deno run --allow-all script.ts
```

By default, Deno will not generate a stack trace for permission requests as it
comes with a hit to performance. Users can enable stack traces with the
`DENO_TRACE_PERMISSIONS` environment variable to `1`.

Deno can also generate an audit log of all accessed permissions; this can be
achieved using the `DENO_AUDIT_PERMISSIONS` environment variable to a path. This
works regardless if permissions are allowed or not. The output is in JSONL
format, where each line is an object with the following keys:

- `v`: the version of the format
- `datetime`: when the permission was accessed, in RFC 3339 format
- `permission`: the name of the permission
- `value`: the value that the permission was accessed with, or `null` if it was
  accessed with no value

A schema for this can be found in
[permission-audit.v1.json](https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/main/cli/schemas/permission-audit.v1.json).

In addition, this env var can be combined with the above-mentioned
`DENO_TRACE_PERMISSIONS`, which then adds a new `stack` field to the entries
which is an array contain all the stack trace frames.

### Configuration file

Deno supports storing permissions in the deno.json/deno.jsonc file. Read more
under [configuration](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/#permissions).

### File system access

By default, executing code can not read or write arbitrary files on the file
system. This includes listing the contents of directories, checking for the
existence of a given file, and opening or connecting to Unix sockets.

Access to read files is granted using the `--allow-read` (or `-R`) flag, and
access to write files is granted using the `--allow-write` (or `-W`) flag. These
flags can be specified with a list of paths to allow access to specific files or
directories and any subdirectories in them.

Definition: `--allow-read[=<PATH>...]` or `-R[=<PATH>...]`

```sh
# Allow all reads from file system
deno run -R script.ts
# or 
deno run --allow-read script.ts

# Allow reads from file foo.txt and bar.txt only
deno run --allow-read=foo.txt,bar.txt script.ts

# Allow reads from any file in any subdirectory of ./node_modules
deno run --allow-read=node_modules script.ts
```

Definition: `--deny-read[=<PATH>...]`

```sh
# Allow reading files in /etc but disallow reading /etc/hosts
deno run --allow-read=/etc --deny-read=/etc/hosts script.ts

# Deny all read access to disk, disabling permission prompts for reads.
deno run --deny-read script.ts
```

Definition: `--allow-write[=<PATH>...]` or `-W[=<PATH>...]`

```sh
# Allow all writes to file system
deno run -W script.ts
# or 
deno run --allow-write script.ts

# Allow writes to file foo.txt and bar.txt only
deno run --allow-write=foo.txt,bar.txt script.ts
```

Definition: `--deny-write[=<PATH>...]`

```sh
# Allow reading files in current working directory 
# but disallow writing to ./secrets directory.
deno run --allow-write=./ --deny-write=./secrets script.ts

# Deny all write access to disk, disabling permission prompts.
deno run --deny-write script.ts
```

Some APIs in Deno are implemented using file system operations under the hood,
even though they do not provide direct read/write access to specific files.
These APIs read and write to disk but do not require any explicit read/write
permissions. Some examples of these APIs are:

- `localStorage`
- Deno KV
- `caches`
- `Blob`

Because these APIs are implemented using file system operations, users can use
them to consume file system resources like storage space, even if they do not
have direct access to the file system.

During module loading, Deno can load files from disk. This sometimes requires
explicit permissions, and sometimes is allowed by default:

- All files that are imported from the entrypoint module in a way that they can
  be statically analyzed are allowed to be read by default. This includes static
  `import` statements and dynamic `import()` calls where the argument is a
  string literal that points to a specific file or a directory of files. The
  full list of files that are in this list can be printed using
  `deno info <entrypoint>`.
- Files that are dynamically imported in a way that can not be statically
  analyzed require runtime read permissions.
- Files inside of a `node_modules/` directory are allowed to be read by default.

When fetching modules from the network, or when transpiling code from TypeScript
to JavaScript, Deno uses the file system as a cache. This means that file system
resources like storage space can be consumed by Deno even if the user has not
explicitly granted read/write permissions.

### Network access

By default, executing code can not make network requests, open network listeners
or perform DNS resolution. This includes making HTTP requests, opening TCP/UDP
sockets, and listening for incoming connections on TCP or UDP.

Network access is granted using the `--allow-net` flag. This flag can be
specified with a list of IP addresses or hostnames to allow access to specific
network addresses.

Definition: `--allow-net[=<IP_OR_HOSTNAME>...]` or `-N[=<IP_OR_HOSTNAME>...]`

```sh
# Allow network access
deno run -N script.ts
# or
deno run --allow-net script.ts

# Allow network access to github.com and jsr.io
deno run --allow-net=github.com,jsr.io script.ts

# A hostname at port 80:
deno run --allow-net=example.com:80 script.ts

# An IPv4 address on port 443
deno run --allow-net=1.1.1.1:443 script.ts

# An IPv6 address, all ports allowed
deno run --allow-net=[2606:4700:4700::1111] script.ts
```

Definition: `--deny-net[=<IP_OR_HOSTNAME>...]`

```sh
# Allow access to network, but deny access 
# to github.com and jsr.io
deno run --allow-net --deny-net=github.com,jsr.io script.ts

# Deny all network access, disabling permission prompts.
deno run --deny-net script.ts
```

During module loading, Deno can load modules from the network. By default Deno
allows loading modules from the following locations using both static and
dynamic imports, without requiring explicit network access:

- `https://deno.land/`
- `https://jsr.io/`
- `https://esm.sh/`
- `https://raw.githubusercontent.com`
- `https://gist.githubusercontent.com`

These locations are trusted "public good" registries that are not expected to
enable data exfiltration through URL paths. You can add more trusted registries
using the `--allow-import` flag.

In addition Deno allows importing any NPM package through `npm:` specifiers.

Deno also sends requests to `https://dl.deno.land/` at most once a day to check
for updates to the Deno CLI. This can be disabled using `DENO_NO_UPDATE_CHECK=1`
environment var.

### Environment variables

By default, executing code can not read or write environment variables. This
includes reading environment variables, and setting new values.

Access to environment variables is granted using the `--allow-env` flag. This
flag can be specified with a list of environment variables to allow access to
specific environment variables. Starting with Deno v2.1, you can now specify
suffix wildcards to allow “scoped” access to environmental variables.

Definition: `--allow-env[=<VARIABLE_NAME>...]` or `-E[=<VARIABLE_NAME>...]`

```sh
# Allow access to all environment variables
deno run -E script.ts
# or
deno run --allow-env script.ts

# Allow HOME and FOO environment variables
deno run --allow-env=HOME,FOO script.ts

# Allow access to all environment variables starting with AWS_
deno run --allow-env="AWS_*" script.ts
```

Definition: `--deny-env[=<VARIABLE_NAME>...]`

```sh
# Allow all environment variables except 
# AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID and AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY.
deno run \
  --allow-env \
  --deny-env=AWS_ACCESS_KEY_ID,AWS_SECRET_ACCESS_KEY \
  script.ts

# Deny all access to env variables, disabling permission prompts.
deno run --deny-env script.ts
```

> Note for Windows users: environment variables are case insensitive on Windows,
> so Deno also matches them case insensitively (on Windows only).

Deno reads certain environment variables on startup, such as `DENO_DIR` and
`NO_COLOR` ([see the full list](/runtime/reference/cli/env_variables/)).

The value of the `NO_COLOR` environment variable is visible to all code running
in the Deno runtime, regardless of whether the code has been granted permission
to read environment variables.

### System Information

By default, executing code can not access system information, such as the
operating system release, system uptime, load average, network interfaces, and
system memory information.

Access to system information is granted using the `--allow-sys` flag. This flag
can be specified with a list of allowed interfaces from the following list:
`hostname`, `osRelease`, `osUptime`, `loadavg`, `networkInterfaces`,
`systemMemoryInfo`, `uid`, and `gid`. These strings map to functions in the
`Deno` namespace that provide OS info, like
[Deno.systemMemoryInfo](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.SystemMemoryInfo).

Definition: `--allow-sys[=<API_NAME>...]` or `-S[=<API_NAME>...]`

```sh
# Allow all system information APIs
deno run -S script.ts
# or
deno run --allow-sys script.ts

# Allow systemMemoryInfo and osRelease APIs
deno run --allow-sys="systemMemoryInfo,osRelease" script.ts
```

Definition: `--deny-sys[=<API_NAME>...]`

```sh
# Allow accessing all system information but "networkInterfaces"
deno run --allow-sys --deny-sys="networkInterfaces" script.ts

# Deny all access to system information, disabling permission prompts.
deno run --deny-sys script.ts
```

### Subprocesses

Code executing inside of a Deno runtime can not spawn subprocesses by default,
as this would constitute a violation of the principle that code can not escalate
its privileges without user consent.

Deno provides a mechanism for executing subprocesses, but this requires explicit
permission from the user. This is done using the `--allow-run` flag.

Any subprocesses you spawn from your program run independently from the
permissions granted to the parent process. This means the child processes can
access system resources regardless of the permissions you granted to the Deno
process that spawned it. This is often referred to as privilege escalation.

Because of this, make sure you carefully consider if you want to grant a program
`--allow-run` access: it essentially invalidates the Deno security sandbox. If
you really need to spawn a specific executable, you can reduce the risk by
limiting which programs a Deno process can start by passing specific executable
names to the `--allow-run` flag.

Definition: `--allow-run[=<PROGRAM_NAME>...]`

```sh
# Allow running all subprocesses
deno run --allow-run script.ts

# Allow running "curl" and "whoami" subprocesses
deno run --allow-run="curl,whoami" script.ts
```

:::caution

You probably don't ever want to use `--allow-run=deno` unless the parent process
has `--allow-all`, as being able to spawn a `deno` process means the script can
spawn another `deno` process with full permissions.

:::

Definition: `--deny-run[=<PROGRAM_NAME>...]`

```sh
# Allow running running all programs, but "whoami" and "ps".
deno run --allow-run --deny-run="whoami,ps" script.ts

# Deny all access for spawning subprocessing, disabling
# permission prompts.
deno run --deny-run script.ts
```

By default `npm` packages will not have their post-install scripts executed
during installation (like with `deno install`), as this would allow arbitrary
code execution. When running with the `--allow-scripts` flag, post-install
scripts for npm packages will be executed as a subprocess.

### FFI (Foreign Function Interface)

Deno provides an
[FFI mechanism for executing code written in other languages](/runtime/fundamentals/ffi/),
such as Rust, C, or C++, from within a Deno runtime. This is done using the
`Deno.dlopen` API, which can load shared libraries and call functions from them.

By default, executing code can not use the `Deno.dlopen` API, as this would
constitute a violation of the principle that code can not escalate it's
privileges without user consent.

In addition to `Deno.dlopen`, FFI can also be used via Node-API (NAPI) native
addons. These are also not allowed by default.

Both `Deno.dlopen` and NAPI native addons require explicit permission using the
`--allow-ffi` flag. This flag can be specified with a list of files or
directories to allow access to specific dynamic libraries.

_Like subprocesses, dynamic libraries are not run in a sandbox and therefore do
not have the same security restrictions as the Deno process they are being
loaded into. Therefore, use with extreme caution._

Definition: `--allow-ffi[=<PATH>...]`

```sh
# Allow loading dynamic all libraries
deno run --allow-ffi script.ts

# Allow loading dynamic libraries from a specific path
deno run --allow-ffi=./libfoo.so script.ts
```

Definition: `--deny-ffi[=<PATH>...]`

```sh
# Allow loading all dynamic libraries, but ./libfoo.so
deno run --allow-ffi --deny-ffi=./libfoo.so script.ts

# Deny loading all dynamic libraries, disabling permission prompts.
deno run --deny-ffi script.ts
```

### Importing from the Web

Allow importing code from the Web. By default Deno limits hosts you can import
code from. This is true for both static and dynamic imports.

If you want to dynamically import code, either using the `import()` or the
`new Worker()` APIs, additional permissions need to be granted. Importing from
the local file system [requires `--allow-read`](#file-system-access), but Deno
also allows to import from `http:` and `https:` URLs. In such case you will need
to specify an explicit `--allow-import` flag:

```sh
# allow importing code from `https://example.com`
$ deno run --allow-import=example.com main.ts
```

By default Deno allows importing sources from following hosts:

- `deno.land`
- `esm.sh`
- `jsr.io`
- `cdn.jsdelivr.net`
- `raw.githubusercontent.com`
- `gist.githubusercontent.com`

Imports are only allowed using HTTPS.

This allow list is applied by default for static imports, and by default to
dynamic imports if the `--allow-import` flag is specified.

```sh
# allow dynamically importing code from `https://deno.land`
$ deno run --allow-import main.ts
```

Note that specifying an allow list for `--allow-import` will override the list
of default hosts.

## Evaluation of code

Deno sets no limits on the execution of code at the same privilege level. This
means that code executing in a Deno runtime can use `eval`, `new Function`, or
even dynamic import or web workers to execute **arbitrary** code with the same
privilege level as the code that called `eval`, `new Function`, or the dynamic
import or web worker.

This code can be hosted on the network, be in a local file (if read permissions
are granted), or be stored as plain text in a string inside of the code that
called `eval`, `new Function`, or the dynamic import or web worker.

## Executing untrusted code

While Deno provides security features that are designed to protect the host
machine and network from harm, untrusted code is still scary. When executing
untrusted code, it is important to have more than one layer of defense. Some
suggestions for executing untrusted code are outlined below, and we recommend
using all of these when executing arbitrary untrusted code:

- Run `deno` with limited permissions and determine upfront what code actually
  needs to run (and prevent more code being loaded using `--frozen` lockfile and
  `--cached-only`).
- Use OS provided sandboxing mechanisms like `chroot`, `cgroups`, `seccomp`,
  etc.
- Use a sandboxed environment like a VM or MicroVM (gVisor, Firecracker, etc).

## Permission broker

For centralized and policy-driven permission decisions, Deno can delegate all
permission checks to an external broker process. Enable this by setting the
`DENO_PERMISSION_BROKER_PATH` environment variable to a path that Deno will use
to connect to the broker:

- On Unix-like systems: a Unix domain socket path (for example,
  `/tmp/deno-perm.sock`).
- On Windows: a named pipe (for example, `\\.\pipe\deno-perm-broker`).

When a permission broker is active:

- All `--allow-*` and `--deny-*` flags are ignored.
- Interactive permission prompts are not shown (equivalent to non-interactive
  mode).
- Every permission check is sent to the broker; the broker must reply with a
  decision for each request.

If anything goes wrong during brokering (for example: Deno cannot connect to the
socket/pipe, messages are malformed, arrive out of order, IDs do not match, or
the connection closes unexpectedly), Deno immediately terminates the process to
preserve integrity and prevent permission escalation.

The request/response message shapes are versioned and defined by JSON Schemas:

- Request schema:
  [permission-broker-request.v1.json](https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/main/cli/schemas/permission-broker-request.v1.json)
- Response schema:
  [permission-broker-response.v1.json](https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/main/cli/schemas/permission-broker-response.v1.json)

Each request contains a version (`v`), the Deno process ID (`pid`), a unique
monotonic request `id`, a timestamp (`datetime`, RFC 3339), the `permission`
name, and an optional `value` depending on permission type. The response must
echo the `id` and include a `result` of either `"grant"` or `"deny"`. When
denied, a human-readable `reason` may be included.

Example message flow:

```text
-> req {"v":1,"pid":10234,"id":1,"datetime":"2025-01-01T00:00:00.000Z","permission":"read","value":"./run/permission_broker/scratch.txt"}
<- res {"id":1,"result":"grant"}
-> req {"v":1,"pid":10234,"id":2,"datetime":"2025-01-01T00:00:01.000Z","permission":"read","value":"./run/permission_broker/scratch.txt"}
<- res {"id":2,"result":"grant"}
-> req {"v":1,"pid":10234,"id":3,"datetime":"2025-01-01T00:00:02.000Z","permission":"read","value":"./run/permission_broker/log.txt"}
<- res {"id":3,"result":"grant"}
-> req {"v":1,"pid":10234,"id":4,"datetime":"2025-01-01T00:00:03.000Z","permission":"write","value":"./run/permission_broker/log.txt"}
<- res {"id":4,"result":"grant"}
-> req {"v":1,"pid":10234,"id":5,"datetime":"2025-01-01T00:00:04.000Z","permission":"env","value":null}
<- res {"id":5,"result":"deny","reason":"Environment access is denied."}
```

:::caution Advanced use only

Using a permission broker changes Deno’s decision authority: CLI flags and
prompts no longer apply. Ensure your broker process is resilient, audited, and
available before enabling `DENO_PERMISSION_BROKER_PATH`.

:::


---

# Stability and releases

> Guide to Deno's stability guarantees and release process. Covering release channels, long-term support (LTS), unstable features, versioning policy, and how Deno maintains backward compatibility.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/stability_and_releases


As of Deno 1.0.0, the `Deno` namespace APIs are stable. That means we will
strive to make code working under 1.0.0 continue to work in future versions.

## Release schedule, channels, and long term support

Deno releases a new stable, minor version (eg. v2.1.0, v2.0.0) on a 12 week
schedule.

Patch releases including bug fixes for the latest minor version are released as
needed - you can expect several patch releases before a new minor version is
released.

### Release channels

Deno offers 4 release channels

- `stable` - a semver minor/patch release, as described above. This is **the
  default** distribution channel that is recommended for most users.
- `lts` - long term support for a particular stable release, recommended for
  enterprise users who prefer not to upgrade so often. See below for details.
- `rc` - a release candidate for the upcoming semver minor release.
- `canary` - an unstable release that changes multiple times per day, allows to
  try out latest bug fixes and new features that might end up in the `stable`
  channel.

### Long Term Support (LTS)

:::warning

LTS support will be discontinued after April 30, 2026; there will be no LTS
releases or maintenance beyond that date.

:::

Deno offers an LTS (long-term support) channel. This is a minor semver version
that we maintain with only backwards-compatible bug fixes.

| LTS release version | LTS maintenance start | LTS maintenance end |
| ------------------- | --------------------- | ------------------- |
| v2.1                | Feb 1st, 2025         | Apr 30th, 2025      |
| v2.2                | May 1st, 2025         | Oct 31st, 2025      |
| v2.5                | Nov 1st, 2025         | Apr 30th, 2026      |

LTS backports include:

- Security patches
- Critical bug fixes (e.g., crashes, incorrect computations)
- **Critical** performance improvements _may_ be backported based on severity.

**API changes and major new features will not be backported.**

## Unstable APIs

When introducing new APIs, these are first marked as unstable. This means that
the API may change in the future. These APIs are not available to use unless you
explicitly pass an unstable flag, like `--unstable-kv`.
[Learn more about `--unstable-*` flags](/runtime/reference/cli/unstable_flags).

There are also some non-runtime features of Deno that are considered unstable,
and are locked behind unstable flags. For example, the
`--unstable-sloppy-imports` flag is used to enable `import`ing code without
specifying file extensions.

## Standard library

The Deno Standard Library ([jsr.io/@std](https://jsr.io/@std)) is mostly stable.
All standard library modules that are version 1.0.0 or higher are considered
stable. All other modules (0.x) are considered unstable, and may change in the
future.

Using unstable standard library modules is not recommended for production code,
but it is a great way to experiment with new features and provide feedback to
the Deno team. It is not necessary to use any unstable flags to use unstable
standard library modules.


---

# Testing

> A guide to Deno's testing capabilities. Learn about the built-in test runner, assertions, mocking, coverage reporting, snapshot testing, and how to write effective tests for your Deno applications.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/testing


Deno provides a built-in test runner for writing and running tests in both
JavaScript and TypeScript. This makes it easy to ensure your code is reliable
and functions as expected without needing to install any additional dependencies
or tools. The `deno test` runner allows you fine-grained control over
permissions for each test, ensuring that code does not do anything unexpected.

In addition to the built-in test runner, you can also use other test runners
from the JS ecosystem, such as Jest, Mocha, or AVA, with Deno. We will not cover
these in this document however.

## Writing Tests

To define a test in Deno, you use the `Deno.test()` function. Here are some
examples:

```ts title="my_test.ts"
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";

Deno.test("simple test", () => {
  const x = 1 + 2;
  assertEquals(x, 3);
});

import { delay } from "jsr:@std/async";

Deno.test("async test", async () => {
  const x = 1 + 2;
  await delay(100);
  assertEquals(x, 3);
});

Deno.test({
  name: "read file test",
  fn: () => {
    const data = Deno.readTextFileSync("./somefile.txt");
    assertEquals(data, "expected content");
  },
});
```

If you prefer a "jest-like" `expect` style of assertions, the Deno standard
library provides an [`expect`](https://jsr.io/@std/expect) function that can be
used in place of `assertEquals`:

```ts title="my_test.ts"
import { expect } from "jsr:@std/expect";
import { add } from "./add.js";

Deno.test("add function adds two numbers correctly", () => {
  const result = add(2, 3);
  expect(result).toBe(5);
});
```

## Running Tests

To run your tests, use the [`deno test`](/runtime/reference/cli/test/)
subcommand.

If run without a file name or directory name, this subcommand will automatically
find and execute all tests in the current directory (recursively) that match the
glob `{*_,*.,}test.{ts, tsx, mts, js, mjs, jsx}`.

```sh
# Run all tests in the current directory and all sub-directories
deno test

# Run all tests in the util directory
deno test util/

# Run just my_test.ts
deno test my_test.ts

# Run test modules in parallel
deno test --parallel

# Pass additional arguments to the test file that are visible in `Deno.args`
deno test my_test.ts -- -e --foo --bar

# Provide permission for deno to read from the filesystem, which is necessary
# for the final test above to pass
deno test --allow-read=. my_test.ts
```

## Test Steps

Deno also supports test steps, which allow you to break down tests into smaller,
manageable parts. This is useful for setup and teardown operations within a
test:

```ts
Deno.test("database operations", async (t) => {
  using db = await openDatabase();
  await t.step("insert user", async () => {
    // Insert user logic
  });
  await t.step("insert book", async () => {
    // Insert book logic
  });
});
```

## Test Hooks

Deno provides test hooks that allow you to run setup and teardown code before
and after tests. These hooks are useful for initializing resources, cleaning up
after tests, and ensuring consistent test environments.

### Available Hooks

- `Deno.test.beforeAll(fn)` - Runs once before all tests in the current scope
- `Deno.test.beforeEach(fn)` - Runs before each individual test
- `Deno.test.afterEach(fn)` - Runs after each individual test
- `Deno.test.afterAll(fn)` - Runs once after all tests in the current scope

### Hook Execution Order

- **beforeAll/beforeEach**: Execute in FIFO (first in, first out) order
- **afterEach/afterAll**: Execute in LIFO (last in, first out) order

If an exception is raised in any hook, remaining hooks of the same type will not
run, and the current test will be marked as failed.

### Examples

```ts
import { DatabaseSync } from "node:sqlite";
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";

let db: DatabaseSync;

Deno.test.beforeAll(() => {
  console.log("Setting up test database...");
  db = new DatabaseSync(":memory:");
  db.exec(`
    CREATE TABLE users (
      id INTEGER PRIMARY KEY AUTOINCREMENT,
      name TEXT NOT NULL,
      email TEXT NOT NULL UNIQUE
    ) STRICT
  `);
});

Deno.test.beforeEach(() => {
  console.log("Clearing database for clean test state...");
  db.exec("DELETE FROM users");
});

Deno.test.afterEach(() => {
  console.log("Test completed, cleaning up resources...");
  // Any additional cleanup after each test
});

Deno.test.afterAll(() => {
  console.log("Tearing down test database...");
  db.close();
});

Deno.test("user creation", () => {
  const stmt = db.prepare(
    "INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?) RETURNING *",
  );
  const user = stmt.get("alice", "alice@example.com");
  assertEquals(user!.name, "alice");
});

Deno.test("user deletion", () => {
  const insertStmt = db.prepare(
    "INSERT INTO users (name, email) VALUES (?, ?) RETURNING *",
  );
  const user = insertStmt.get("bob", "bob@example.com");

  const deleteStmt = db.prepare("DELETE FROM users WHERE id = ?");
  deleteStmt.run(user!.id);

  const selectStmt = db.prepare("SELECT * FROM users WHERE id = ?");
  const deletedUser = selectStmt.get(user!.id);
  assertEquals(deletedUser, undefined);
});
```

### Multiple Hooks

You can register multiple hooks of the same type, and they will execute in the
order specified above:

```ts
Deno.test.beforeEach(() => {
  console.log("First beforeEach hook");
});

Deno.test.beforeEach(() => {
  console.log("Second beforeEach hook");
});

// Output:
// First beforeEach hook
// Second beforeEach hook
// (test runs)
```

## Command line filtering

Deno allows you to run specific tests or groups of tests using the `--filter`
option on the command line. This option accepts either a string or a pattern to
match test names. Filtering does not affect steps; if a test name matches the
filter, all of its steps are executed.

Consider the following tests:

```ts
Deno.test("my-test", () => {});
Deno.test("test-1", () => {});
Deno.test("test-2", () => {});
```

### Filtering by string

To run all tests that contain the word "my" in their names, use:

```sh
deno test --filter "my" tests/
```

This command will execute `my-test` because it contains the word "my".

### Filtering by Pattern

To run tests that match a specific pattern, use:

```sh
deno test --filter "/test-*\d/" tests/
```

This command will run `test-1` and `test-2` because they match the pattern
`test-*` followed by a digit.

To indicate that you are using a pattern (regular expression), wrap your filter
value with forward slashes `/`, much like JavaScript’s syntax for regular
expressions.

### Including and excluding test files in the configuration file

You can also filter tests by specifying paths to include or exclude in the
[Deno configuration file](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration).

For example, if you want to only test `src/fetch_test.ts` and
`src/signal_test.ts` and exclude everything in `out/`:

```json
{
  "test": {
    "include": [
      "src/fetch_test.ts",
      "src/signal_test.ts"
    ]
  }
}
```

Or more likely:

```json
{
  "test": {
    "exclude": ["out/"]
  }
}
```

## Test definition selection

Deno provides two options for selecting tests within the test definitions
themselves: ignoring tests and focusing on specific tests.

### Ignoring/Skipping Tests

You can ignore certain tests based on specific conditions using the `ignore`
boolean in the test definition. If `ignore` is set to `true`, the test will be
skipped. This is useful, for example, if you only want a test to run on a
specific operating system.

```ts
Deno.test({
  name: "do macOS feature",
  ignore: Deno.build.os !== "darwin", // This test will be ignored if not running on macOS
  fn() {
    // do MacOS feature here
  },
});
```

If you want to ignore a test without passing any conditions, you can use the
`ignore()` function from the `Deno.test` object:

```ts
Deno.test.ignore("my test", () => {
  // your test code
});
```

### Only Run Specific Tests

If you want to focus on a particular test and ignore the rest, you can use the
`only` option. This tells the test runner to run only the tests with `only` set
to true. Multiple tests can have this option set. However, if any test is
flagged with only, the overall test run will always fail, as this is intended to
be a temporary measure for debugging.

```ts
Deno.test.only("my test", () => {
  // some test code
});
```

or

```ts
Deno.test({
  name: "Focus on this test only",
  only: true, // Only this test will run
  fn() {
    // test complicated stuff here
  },
});
```

## Failing fast

If you have a long-running test suite and wish for it to stop on the first
failure, you can specify the `--fail-fast` flag when running the suite.

```shell
deno test --fail-fast
```

This will cause the test runner to stop execution after the first test failure.

## Reporters

Deno includes three built-in reporters to format test output:

- `pretty` (default): Provides a detailed and readable output.
- `dot`: Offers a concise output, useful for quickly seeing test results.
- `junit`: Produces output in JUnit XML format, which is useful for integrating
  with CI/CD tools.

You can specify which reporter to use with the --reporter flag:

```sh
# Use the default pretty reporter
deno test

# Use the dot reporter for concise output
deno test --reporter=dot

# Use the JUnit reporter
deno test --reporter=junit
```

Additionally, you can write the JUnit report to a file while still getting
human-readable output in the terminal by using the `--junit-path` flag:

```sh
deno test --junit-path=./report.xml
```

## Spying, mocking (test doubles), stubbing and faking time

The [Deno Standard Library](/runtime/reference/std/) provides a set of functions
to help you write tests that involve spying, mocking, and stubbing. Check out
the [@std/testing documentation on JSR](https://jsr.io/@std/testing) for more
information on each of these utilities or our
[tutorial on mocking and spying in tests with deno](/examples/mocking_tutorial/).

## Coverage

Deno will collect test coverage into a directory for your code if you specify
the `--coverage` flag when starting `deno test`. This coverage information is
acquired directly from the V8 JavaScript engine, ensuring high accuracy.

This can then be further processed from the internal format into well known
formats like `lcov` with the [`deno coverage`](/runtime/reference/cli/coverage/)
tool.

## Behavior-Driven Development

With the [@std/testing/bdd](https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/bdd/~) module you
can write your tests in a familiar format for grouping tests and adding
setup/teardown hooks used by other JavaScript testing frameworks like Jasmine,
Jest, and Mocha.

The `describe` function creates a block that groups together several related
tests. The `it` function registers an individual test case. For example:

```ts
import { describe, it } from "jsr:@std/testing/bdd";
import { expect } from "jsr:@std/expect";
import { add } from "./add.js";

describe("add function", () => {
  it("adds two numbers correctly", () => {
    const result = add(2, 3);
    expect(result).toBe(5);
  });

  it("handles negative numbers", () => {
    const result = add(-2, -3);
    expect(result).toBe(-5);
  });
});
```

Check out the [documentation on JSR](https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/bdd/~) for
more information on these functions and hooks.

- [BDD testing tutorial](/examples/bdd_tutorial/)

## Documentation Tests

Deno allows you to evaluate code snippets written in JSDoc or markdown files.
This ensures the examples in your documentation are up-to-date and functional.

### Example code blocks

````ts title="example.ts"
/**
 * # Examples
 *
 * ```ts
 * import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert/equals";
 *
 * const sum = add(1, 2);
 * assertEquals(sum, 3);
 * ```
 */
export function add(a: number, b: number): number {
  return a + b;
}
````

The triple backticks mark the start and end of code blocks, the language is
determined by the language identifier attribute which may be one of the
following:

- `js`
- `javascript`
- `mjs`
- `cjs`
- `jsx`
- `ts`
- `typescript`
- `mts`
- `cts`
- `tsx`

If no language identifier is specified then the language is inferred from media
type of the source document that the code block is extracted from.

```sh
deno test --doc example.ts
```

The above command will extract this example, turn it into a pseudo test case
that looks like below:

```ts title="example.ts$4-10.ts" ignore
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert/equals";
import { add } from "file:///path/to/example.ts";

Deno.test("example.ts$4-10.ts", async () => {
  const sum = add(1, 2);
  assertEquals(sum, 3);
});
```

and then run it as a standalone module living in the same directory as the
module being documented.

:::tip Want to type-check only?

If you want to type-check your code snippets in JSDoc and markdown files without
actually running them, you can use [`deno check`](/runtime/reference/cli/check/)
command with `--doc` option (for JSDoc) or with `--doc-only` option (for
markdown) instead.

:::

### Exported items are automatically imported

Looking at the generated test code above, you will notice that it includes the
`import` statement to import the `add` function even though the original code
block does not have it. When documenting a module, any items exported from the
module are automatically included in the generated test code using the same
name.

Let's say we have the following module:

````ts title="example.ts"
/**
 * # Examples
 *
 * ```ts
 * import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert/equals";
 *
 * const sum = add(ONE, getTwo());
 * assertEquals(sum, 3);
 * ```
 */
export function add(a: number, b: number): number {
  return a + b;
}

export const ONE = 1;
export default function getTwo() {
  return 2;
}
````

This will get converted to the following test case:

```ts title="example.ts$4-10.ts" ignore
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert/equals";
import { add, ONE }, getTwo from "file:///path/to/example.ts";

Deno.test("example.ts$4-10.ts", async () => {
  const sum = add(ONE, getTwo());
  assertEquals(sum, 3);
});
```

### Skipping code blocks

You can skip the evaluation of code blocks by adding the `ignore` attribute.

````ts
/**
 * This code block will not be run.
 *
 * ```ts ignore
 * await sendEmail("deno@example.com");
 * ```
 */
export async function sendEmail(to: string) {
  // send an email to the given address...
}
````

## Sanitizers

The test runner offers several sanitizers to ensure that the test behaves in a
reasonable and expected way.

### Resource sanitizer

The resource sanitizer ensures that all I/O resources created during a test are
closed, to prevent leaks.

I/O resources are things like `Deno.FsFile` handles, network connections,
`fetch` bodies, timers, and other resources that are not automatically garbage
collected.

You should always close resources when you are done with them. For example, to
close a file:

```ts
const file = await Deno.open("hello.txt");
// Do something with the file
file.close(); // <- Always close the file when you are done with it
```

To close a network connection:

```ts
const conn = await Deno.connect({ hostname: "example.com", port: 80 });
// Do something with the connection
conn.close(); // <- Always close the connection when you are done with it
```

To close a `fetch` body:

```ts
const response = await fetch("https://example.com");
// Do something with the response
await response.body?.cancel(); // <- Always cancel the body when you are done with it, if you didn't consume it otherwise
```

This sanitizer is enabled by default, but can be disabled in this test with
`sanitizeResources: false`:

```ts
Deno.test({
  name: "leaky resource test",
  async fn() {
    await Deno.open("hello.txt");
  },
  sanitizeResources: false,
});
```

### Async operation sanitizer

The async operation sanitizer ensures that all async operations started in a
test are completed before the test ends. This is important because if an async
operation is not awaited, the test will end before the operation is completed,
and the test will be marked as successful even if the operation may have
actually failed.

You should always await all async operations in your tests. For example:

```ts
Deno.test({
  name: "async operation test",
  async fn() {
    await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1000));
  },
});
```

This sanitizer is enabled by default, but can be disabled with
`sanitizeOps: false`:

```ts
Deno.test({
  name: "leaky operation test",
  fn() {
    crypto.subtle.digest(
      "SHA-256",
      new TextEncoder().encode("a".repeat(100000000)),
    );
  },
  sanitizeOps: false,
});
```

### Exit sanitizer

The exit sanitizer ensures that tested code doesn’t call `Deno.exit()`, which
could signal a false test success.

This sanitizer is enabled by default, but can be disabled with
`sanitizeExit: false`.

```ts
Deno.test({
  name: "false success",
  fn() {
    Deno.exit(0);
  },
  sanitizeExit: false,
});

// This test never runs, because the process exits during "false success" test
Deno.test({
  name: "failing test",
  fn() {
    throw new Error("this test fails");
  },
});
```

## Snapshot testing

The [Deno Standard Library](/runtime/reference/std/) includes a
[snapshot module](https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/snapshot/~) that allows
developers to write tests by comparing values against reference snapshots. These
snapshots are serialized representations of the original values and are stored
alongside the test files.

Snapshot testing enables catching a wide array of bugs with very little code. It
is particularly helpful in situations where it is difficult to precisely express
what should be asserted, without requiring a prohibitive amount of code, or
where the assertions a test makes are expected to change often.

- [Snapshot testing tutorial](/examples/snapshot_tutorial/)

## Tests and Permissions

The `permissions` property in the `Deno.test` configuration allows you to
specifically deny permissions, but does not grant them. Permissions must be
provided when running the test command. When building robust applications, you
often need to handle cases where permissions are denied, (for example you may
want to write tests to check whether fallbacks have been set up correctly).

Consider a situation where you are reading from a file, you may want to offer a
fallback value in the case that the function does not have read permission:

```ts
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import getFileText from "./main.ts";

Deno.test({
  name: "File reader gets text with permission",
  // no `permissions` means "inherit"
  fn: async () => {
    const result = await getFileText();
    console.log(result);
    assertEquals(result, "the content of the file");
  },
});

Deno.test({
  name: "File reader falls back to error message without permission",
  permissions: { read: false },
  fn: async () => {
    const result = await getFileText();
    console.log(result);
    assertEquals(result, "oops don't have permission");
  },
});
```

```sh
# Run the tests with read permission
deno test --allow-read
```

The permissions object supports detailed configuration:

```ts
Deno.test({
  name: "permission configuration example",
  // permissions: { read: true } // Grant all read permissions and deny all others
  // OR
  permissions: {
    read: ["./data", "./config"], // Grant read to specific paths only
    write: false, // Explicitly deny write permissions
    net: ["example.com:443"], // Allow specific host:port combinations
    env: ["API_KEY"], // Allow access to specific env variables
    run: false, // Deny subprocess execution
    ffi: false, // Deny loading dynamic libraries
    hrtime: false, // Deny high-resolution time
  },
  fn() {
    // Test code that respects these permission boundaries
  },
});
```

Remember that any permission not explicitly granted at the command line will be
denied, regardless of what's specified in the test configuration.


---

# TypeScript support

> Learn how to use TypeScript with Deno. Covers configuration options, type checking, and best practices for writing type-safe Deno applications.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/typescript


TypeScript is a first class language in Deno. You can run or import TypeScript
without installing anything more than the Deno CLI. With its built-in TypeScript
compiler, Deno will compile your TypeScript code to JavaScript with no extra
config needed. Deno can also type check your TypeScript code, without requiring
a separate type checking tool like `tsc`.

## Type Checking

One of the main advantages of TypeScript is that it can make your code type
safe, catching errors during development rather than runtime.

:::note

**Deno type checks TypeScript in `strict mode` by default**, the TypeScript core
team
[recommends strict mode as a sensible default](https://www.typescriptlang.org/play/?#example/new-compiler-defaults).

:::

Deno allows you to type-check your code (without executing it) with the
[`deno check`](/runtime/reference/cli/check/) subcommand:

```shell
# Check the current directory/module
deno check

# Check a specific TypeScript file
deno check module.ts

# Include remote modules and npm packages in the check
deno check --all module.ts

# Check code snippets in JSDoc comments
deno check --doc module.ts

# Check code snippets in markdown files
deno check --doc-only markdown.md
```

:::note

Type checking can take a significant amount of time, especially if you are
working on a codebase where you are making a lot of changes. Deno optimizes type
checking, but it still comes at a cost. Therefore, **by default, TypeScript
modules are not type-checked before they are executed**.

:::

When using the `deno run` command, Deno will skip type-checking and run the code
directly. In order to perform a type check of the module before execution
occurs, you can use the `--check` flag with `deno run`:

```shell
deno run --check module.ts
# or also type check remote modules and npm packages
deno run --check=all module.ts
```

When Deno encounters a type error when using this flag, the process will exit
before executing the code.

In order to avoid this, you will either need to:

- resolve the issue
- use the `// @ts-ignore` or `// @ts-expect-error` pragmas to ignore the error
- or skip type checking all together.

When testing your code, type checking is enabled by default. You can use the
`--no-check` flag to skip type checking if preferred:

```shell
deno test --no-check
```

## Using with JavaScript

Deno runs JavaScript and TypeScript code. During type checking, Deno will only
type check TypeScript files by default though. If you want to type check
JavaScript files too, you can either add a `// @ts-check` pragma at the top of
the file, or add `compilerOptions.checkJs` to your `deno.json` file.

```ts title="main.js"
// @ts-check

let x = "hello";
x = 42; // Type 'number' is not assignable to type 'string'.
```

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "checkJs": true
  }
}
```

In JavaScript files, you can not use TypeScript syntax like type annotations or
importing types. You can use [TSDoc](https://tsdoc.org/) comments to provide
type information to the TypeScript compiler though.

```ts title="main.js"
// @ts-check

/**
 * @param a {number}
 * @param b {number}
 * @returns {number}
 */
function add(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}
```

## Providing declaration files

When importing untyped JavaScript modules from TypeScript code, you may need to
provide type information for the JavaScript module. This is not necessary if the
JavaScript is annotated with TSDoc comments. Without this additional type
information (in the form of a `.d.ts` declaration file), TypeScript will assume
everything exported from the JavaScript module is of type `any`.

`tsc` will pick up `d.ts` files that are siblings of a `js` file and have the
same basename, automatically. **Deno does not do this.** You must explicitly
specify either in the `.js` file (the source), or the `.ts` file (the importer)
where to find the `.d.ts` file.

### Providing types in the source

One should prefer specifying the `.d.ts` file in the `.js` file, as this makes
it easier to use the JavaScript module from multiple TypeScript modules: you
won't have to specify the `.d.ts` file in every TypeScript module that imports
the JavaScript module.

```ts title="add.js"
// @ts-self-types="./add.d.ts"

export function add(a, b) {
  return a + b;
}
```

```ts title="add.d.ts"
export function add(a: number, b: number): number;
```

### Providing types in the importer

If you can't modify the JavaScript source, you can specify the `.d.ts` file in
the TypeScript module that imports the JavaScript module.

```ts title="main.ts"
// @ts-types="./add.d.ts"
import { add } from "./add.js";
```

This is also useful for npm packages that don't provide type information:

```ts title="main.ts"
// @ts-types="npm:@types/lodash"
import * as _ from "npm:lodash";
```

### Providing types for HTTP modules

Servers that host JavaScript modules via HTTP can also provide type information
for those modules in a HTTP header. Deno will use this information when
type-checking the module.

```http
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/javascript; charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 648
X-TypeScript-Types: ./add.d.ts
```

The `X-TypeScript-Types` header specifies the location of the `.d.ts` file that
provides type information for the JavaScript module. It is resolved relative to
the URL of the JavaScript module, just like `Location` headers.

## Type checking for browsers and web workers

By default, Deno type checks TypeScript modules as if they were running in the
main thread of the Deno runtime. However, Deno also supports type checking for
browsers, type checking for web workers, and type checking for combination
browser-Deno environments like when using SSR (Server Side Rendering) with Deno.

These environments have different global objects and APIs available to them.
Deno provides type definitions for these environments in the form of library
files. These library files are used by the TypeScript compiler to provide type
information for the global objects and APIs available in these environments.

The loaded library files can be changed using the `compilerOptions.lib` option
in a `deno.json` configuration file, or through `/// <reference lib="..." />`
comments in your TypeScript files. It is recommended to use the
`compilerOptions.lib` option in the `deno.json` configuration file to specify
the library files to use.

To enable type checking for a **browser environment**, you can specify the `dom`
library file in the `compilerOptions.lib` option in a `deno.json` configuration
file:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "lib": ["dom"]
  }
}
```

This will enable type checking for a browser environment, providing type
information for global objects like `document`. This will however disable type
information for Deno-specific APIs like `Deno.readFile`.

To enable type checking for combined **browser and Deno environments**, like
using SSR with Deno, you can specify both the `dom` and `deno.ns` (Deno
namespace) library files in the `compilerOptions.lib` option in a `deno.json`
configuration file:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "lib": ["dom", "deno.ns"]
  }
}
```

This will enable type checking for both browser and Deno environments, providing
type information for global objects like `document` and Deno-specific APIs like
`Deno.readFile`.

To enable type checking for a **web worker environment in Deno**, (ie code that
is run with `new Worker`), you can specify the `deno.worker` library file in the
`compilerOptions.lib` option in a `deno.json`.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "lib": ["deno.worker"]
  }
}
```

To specify the library files to use in a TypeScript file, you can use
`/// <reference lib="..." />` comments:

```ts
/// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
/// <reference lib="dom" />
```

## Augmenting global types

Deno supports ambient or global types in TypeScript. This is useful when
polyfilling global objects or augmenting the global scope with additional
properties. **You should avoid using ambient or global types when possible**,
since they can lead to naming conflicts and make it harder to reason about your
code. They are also not supported when publishing to JSR.

To use ambient or global types in Deno, you can use either the `declare global`
syntax, or load a `.d.ts` file that augments the global scope.

### Using declare global to augment the global scope

You can use the `declare global` syntax in any of the TypeScript files that are
imported in your project to augment the global scope with additional properties.
For example:

```ts
declare global {
  interface Window {
    polyfilledAPI(): string;
  }
}
```

This makes the `polyfilledAPI` function available globally when the type
definition is imported.

### Using .d.ts files to augment the global scope

You can also use `.d.ts` files to augment the global scope. For example, you can
create a `global.d.ts` file with the following content:

```ts
interface Window {
  polyfilledAPI(): string;
}
```

Then you can load this `.d.ts` file in your TypeScript using
`/// <reference types="./global.d.ts" />`. This will augment the global scope
with the `polyfilledAPI` function.

Alternatively you can specify the `.d.ts` file in the `deno.json` configuration
file, in the `compilerOptions.types` array:

```json
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "types": ["./global.d.ts"]
  }
}
```

This will also augment the global scope with the `polyfilledAPI` function.


---

# Web development

> A guide to web development with Deno. Learn about supported frameworks like Fresh, Next.js, and Astro, along with built-in features for building modern web applications.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/web_dev


Deno offers a secure and developer-friendly environment for building web
applications, making your web dev a delightful experience.

1. Deno has [secure defaults](/runtime/fundamentals/security/), meaning it
   requires explicit permission for file, network, and environment access,
   reducing the risk of security vulnerabilities.
2. Deno has [built-in TypeScript support](/runtime/fundamentals/typescript/),
   allowing you to write TypeScript code without additional configuration or
   tooling.
3. Deno comes with a [standard library](/runtime/reference/std/) that includes
   modules for common tasks like HTTP servers, file system operations, and more.

For your vanilla TypeScript, or JavaScript, web applications, you can use the
built-in Deno [HTTP server](/runtime/fundamentals/http_server/). This is a great
way to get started with Deno and build simple web applications without any
additional dependencies.

Most likely, if you're building a more complex application, you'll be
interacting with Deno through a web framework.

## React/Next

[React](https://reactjs.org/) is a popular JavaScript library for building user
interfaces. To use React with Deno, you can use the popular web framework
[Next.js](https://nextjs.org/).

To get started with Next.js in Deno, you can create a new next app and run it
immediately with Deno:

```sh
deno run -A npm:create-next-app@latest my-next-app
cd my-next-app
deno task dev
```

This will create a new Next.js app with TypeScript and run it with Deno. You can
then open your browser to `http://localhost:3000` to see your new app, and start
editing `page.tsx` to see your changes live.

To better understand how JSX and Deno interface under the hood, read on
[here](/runtime/reference/jsx/).

## Fresh

[Fresh](https://fresh.deno.dev/) is the most popular web framework for Deno. It
uses a model where you send no JavaScript to clients by default.

To get started with a Fresh app, you can use the following command and follow
the cli prompts to create your app:

```sh
deno run -A -r https://fresh.deno.dev
cd my-fresh-app
deno task start
```

This will create a new Fresh app and run it with Deno. You can then open your
browser to `http://localhost:8000` to see your new app. Edit `/routes/index.tsx`
to see your changes live.

Fresh does the majority of its rendering on the server, and the client is only
responsible for re-rendering small
[islands of interactivity](https://jasonformat.com/islands-architecture/). This
means the developer explicitly opts in to client side rendering for specific
components.

## Astro

[Astro](https://astro.build/) is a static site generator that allows developers
to create fast and lightweight websites.

To get started with Astro, you can use the following command to create a new
Astro site:

```sh
deno run -A npm:create-astro my-astro-site
cd my-astro-site
deno task dev
```

This will create a new Astro site and run it with Deno. You can then open your
browser to `http://localhost:4321` to see your new site. Edit
`/src/pages/index.astro` to see your changes live.

## Vite

[Vite](https://vitejs.dev/) is a web dev build tool that serves your code via
native ES modules, which can be run directly in the browser. Vite is a great
choice for building modern web applications with Deno.

To get started with Vite, you can use the following command to create a new Vite
app:

```sh
deno run -A npm:create-vite@latest
cd my-vite-app
deno install
deno task dev
```

## Lume

[Lume](https://lume.land/) is a static site generator for Deno that is inspired
by other static site generators such Jekyll or Eleventy.

To get started with Lume, you can use the following command to create a new Lume
site:

```sh
mkdir my-lume-site
cd my-lume-site
deno run -A https://lume.land/init.ts
deno task serve
```

## Docusaurus

[Docusaurus](https://docusaurus.io/) is a static site generator that is
optimized for technical documentation websites.

To get started with Docusaurus, you can use the following command to create a
new Docusaurus site:

```sh
deno run -A npm:create-docusaurus@latest my-website classic
cd my-website
deno task start
```

## Hono

[Hono](https://hono.dev) is a light-weight web app framework in the tradition of
Express and Sinatra.

To get started with Hono, you can use the following command to create a new Hono
app:

```sh
deno run -A npm:create-hono@latest
cd my-hono-app
deno task start
```

This will create a new Hono app and run it with Deno. You can then open your
browser to `http://localhost:8000` to see your new app.

## Oak

[Oak](https://jsr.io/@oak/oak) is a middleware framework for handling HTTP with
Deno. Oak is the glue between your frontend application and a potential database
or other data sources (e.g. REST APIs, GraphQL APIs).

Oak offers additional functionality over the native Deno HTTP server, including
a basic router, JSON parser, middlewares, plugins, etc.

To get started with Oak, make a file called `server.ts` and add the following:

```ts
import { Application } from "jsr:@oak/oak/application";
import { Router } from "jsr:@oak/oak/router";

const router = new Router();
router.get("/", (ctx) => {
  ctx.response.body = `<!DOCTYPE html>
    <html>
      <head><title>Hello oak!</title><head>
      <body>
        <h1>Hello oak!</h1>
      </body>
    </html>
  `;
});

const app = new Application();
const port = 8080;

app.use(router.routes());
app.use(router.allowedMethods());
console.log(`Server running on http://localhost:${port}`);

app.listen({ port: port });
```

Run the server with the following command:

```sh
deno run --allow-net server.ts
```

## Node projects

Deno will run your Node.js projects out the box. Check out our guide on
[migrating your Node.js project to Deno](/runtime/fundamentals/node/#migrating-from-node.js-to-deno).


---

# Workspaces and monorepos

> A guide to managing workspaces and monorepos in Deno. Learn about workspace configuration, package management, dependency resolution, and how to structure multi-package projects effectively.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/workspaces


Deno supports workspaces, also known as "monorepos", which allow you to manage
multiple related and interdependent packages simultaneously.

A "workspace" is a collection of folders containing `deno.json` or
`package.json` configuration files. The root `deno.json` file defines the
workspace:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "workspace": ["./add", "./subtract"]
}
```

This configures a workspace with `add` and `subtract` members, which are
directories expected to have `deno.json(c)` and/or `package.json` files.

Each workspace member directory can contain:

- Only a `deno.json` (Deno-first package)
- Both a `deno.json` and a `package.json` (hybrid package – useful while
  migrating or when you need Node metadata as well as Deno config)
- Only a `package.json` (Node-first package that still participates in the Deno
  workspace)

When a member contains only a `package.json`, you can still import it from
anywhere else in the workspace using the `name` field specified in that
`package.json` (for example
`import { something } from "@scope/my-node-only-pkg";`). Deno will resolve that
bare specifier as long as the directory is listed in the root workspace
configuration. This lets you gradually adopt Deno tooling without having to add
a `deno.json` to every existing Node package up front.

:::info Naming

Deno uses `workspace` rather than npm's `workspaces` to represent a singular
workspace with multiple members.

:::

## Example

Let's expand on the `deno.json` workspace example and see its functionality. The
file hierarchy looks like this:

```sh
/
├── deno.json
├── main.ts
├── add/
│     ├── deno.json
│     └── mod.ts
└── subtract/
      ├── deno.json
      └── mod.ts
```

There are two workspace members (add and subtract), each with `mod.ts` files.
There is also a root `deno.json` and a `main.ts`.

The top-level `deno.json` configuration file defines the workspace and a
top-level import map applied to all members:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "workspace": ["./add", "./subtract"],
  "imports": {
    "chalk": "npm:chalk@5"
  }
}
```

The root `main.ts` file uses the `chalk` bare specifier from the import map and
imports the `add` and `subtract` functions from the workspace members. Note that
it imports them using `@scope/add` and `@scope/subtract`, even though these are
not proper URLs and aren't in the import map. How are they resolved?

```ts title="main.ts"
import chalk from "chalk";
import { add } from "@scope/add";
import { subtract } from "@scope/subtract";

console.log("1 + 2 =", chalk.green(add(1, 2)));
console.log("2 - 4 =", chalk.red(subtract(2, 4)));
```

In the `add/` subdirectory, we define a `deno.json` with a `"name"` field, which
is important for referencing the workspace member. The `deno.json` file also
contains example configurations, like turning off semicolons when using
`deno fmt`.

```json title="add/deno.json"
{
  "name": "@scope/add",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "exports": "./mod.ts",
  "fmt": {
    "semiColons": false
  }
}
```

```ts title="add/mod.ts"
export function add(a: number, b: number): number {
  return a + b;
}
```

The `subtract/` subdirectory is similar but does not have the same `deno fmt`
configuration.

```json title="subtract/deno.json"
{
  "name": "@scope/subtract",
  "version": "0.3.0",
  "exports": "./mod.ts"
}
```

```ts title="subtract/mod.ts"
import { add } from "@scope/add";

export function subtract(a: number, b: number): number {
  return add(a, b * -1);
}
```

Let's run it:

```sh
> deno run main.ts
1 + 2 = 3
2 - 4 = -2
```

There's a lot to unpack here, showcasing some of the Deno workspace features:

1. This monorepo consists of two packages, placed in `./add` and `./subtract`
   directories.

1. By using `name` and `version` options in members' `deno.json` files, it's
   possible to refer to them using "bare specifiers" across the whole workspace.
   In this case, the packages are named `@scope/add` and `@scope/subtract`,
   where `scope` is the "scope" name you can choose. With these two options,
   it's not necessary to use long and relative file paths in import statements.

1. `npm:chalk@5` package is a shared dependency in the entire workspace.
   Workspace members "inherit" `imports` of the workspace root, allowing to
   easily manage a single version of a dependency across the codebase.

1. `add` subdirectory specifies in its `deno.json` that `deno fmt` should not
   apply semicolons when formatting the code. This makes for a much smoother
   transition for existing projects, without a need to change tens or hundreds
   of files in one go.

---

Deno workspaces are flexible and can work with Node packages. To make migration
for existing Node.js projects easier you can have both Deno-first and Node-first
packages in a single workspace.

## Workspace path patterns

Deno supports pattern matching for workspace member folders, making it easier to
manage workspaces with many members or with a specific directory structure. You
can use wildcard patterns to include multiple directories at once:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "workspace": [
    "some-dir/*",
    "other-dir/*/*"
  ]
}
```

The pattern matching syntax follows specific rules regarding folder depth:

`some-path/*` matches files and directories directly within `some-path` (first
level of indentation only). For example, with `packages/*`, this includes
`packages/foo` and `packages/bar` but not `packages/foo/subpackage`.

`some-path/*/*` matches the files and directories located within subdirectories
of `some-path` (second level of indentation). It does not match items directly
within `some-path`. For example, with `examples/*/*`, this includes
`examples/basic/demo` and `examples/advanced/sample` but not `examples/basic`.

Each `/*` segment in the pattern corresponds to a specific folder depth relative
to the base path. This allows for precise targeting of workspace members at
different levels within your directory structure.

## How Deno resolves workspace dependencies

When running a project in a workspace that imports from another workspace
member, Deno follows these steps to resolve the dependencies:

1. Deno starts in the directory of the executing project (e.g., project A)
2. It looks up in the parent directory for a root `deno.json` file
3. If found, it checks for the `workspace` property in that file
4. For each import statement in project A, Deno checks if the import matches a
   package name defined in any workspace member's `deno.json`
5. If a matching package name is found, Deno verifies that the containing
   directory is listed in the root workspace configuration
6. The import is then resolved to the correct file using the `exports` field in
   the workspace member's `deno.json`

For example, given this structure:

```sh
/
├── deno.json         # workspace: ["./project-a", "./project-b"]
├── project-a/
│   ├── deno.json     # name: "@scope/project-a"
│   └── mod.ts        # imports from "@scope/project-b"
└── project-b/
    ├── deno.json     # name: "@scope/project-b"
    └── mod.ts
```

When `project-a/mod.ts` imports from `"@scope/project-b"`, Deno:

1. Sees the import statement
2. Checks parent directory's `deno.json`
3. Finds `project-b` in the workspace array
4. Verifies `project-b/deno.json` exists and has matching package name
5. Resolves the import using `project-b`'s exports

### Important note for containerization

When containerizing a workspace member that depends on other workspace members,
you must include:

1. The root `deno.json` file
2. All dependent workspace packages
3. The same directory structure as your development environment

For example, if dockerizing `project-a` above, your Dockerfile should:

```dockerfile
COPY deno.json /app/deno.json
COPY project-a/ /app/project-a/
COPY project-b/ /app/project-b/
```

This preserves the workspace resolution mechanism that Deno uses to find and
import workspace dependencies.

### Multiple package entries

The `exports` property details the entry points and exposes which modules should
be importable by users of your package.

So far, our package only has a single entry. This is fine for simple packages,
but often you'll want to have multiple entries that group relevant aspects of
your package. This can be done by passing an `object` instead of a `string` to
`exports`:

```json title="my-package/deno.json"
{
  "name": "@scope/my-package",
  "version": "0.3.0",
  "exports": {
    ".": "./mod.ts",
    "./foo": "./foo.ts",
    "./other": "./dir/other.ts"
  }
}
```

The `"."` entry is the default entry that's picked when importing
`@scope/my-package`. Therefore, the above `deno.json` example provides the
following entries:

- `@scope/my-package`
- `@scope/my-package/foo`
- `@scope/my-package/other`

### Publishing workspace packages to registries

Workspaces make it easy to publish packages to registries like JSR or NPM. You
can publish individual workspace members while keeping their development
connected in your monorepo.

#### Publishing to JSR

To publish a workspace package to JSR, follow these steps:

1. Ensure each package has the appropriate metadata in its `deno.json`:

```json title="my-package/deno.json"
{
  "name": "@scope/my-package",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "exports": "./mod.ts",
  "publish": {
    "exclude": ["tests/", "*.test.ts", "examples/"]
  }
}
```

2. Navigate to the specific package directory and publish:

```sh
cd my-package
deno publish
```

#### Managing interdependent packages

When publishing packages from a workspace with interdependencies, use consistent
versioning schemes across related packages. Publish dependent packages first,
then the packages that depend on them. After publishing, verify the published
packages work as expected:

```sh
# Test a published package
deno add jsr:@scope/my-published-package
deno test integration-test.ts
```

When publishing packages that depend on other workspace members, Deno will
automatically replace workspace references with proper registry references in
the published code.

### Migrating from `npm` workspaces

Deno workspaces support using a Deno-first package from an existing npm package.
In this example, we mix and match a Deno library called `@deno/hi`, with a
Node.js library called `@deno/log` that we developed a couple years back.

We'll need to include a `deno.json` configuration file in the root:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "workspace": {
    "members": ["hi"]
  }
}
```

Alongside our existing package.json workspace:

```json title="package.json"
{
  "workspaces": ["log"]
}
```

The workspace currently has a log npm package:

```json title="log/package.json"
{
  "name": "@deno/log",
  "version": "0.5.0",
  "type": "module",
  "main": "index.js"
}
```

```js title="log/index.js"
export function log(output) {
  console.log(output);
}
```

Let's create an `@deno/hi` Deno-first package that imports `@deno/log`:

```json title="hi/deno.json"
{
  "name": "@deno/hi",
  "version": "0.2.0",
  "exports": "./mod.ts",
  "imports": {
    "log": "npm:@deno/log@^0.5"
  }
}
```

```ts title="hi/mod.ts"
import { log } from "log";

export function sayHiTo(name: string) {
  log(`Hi, ${name}!`);
}
```

Now, we can write a `main.ts` file that imports and calls `hi`:

```ts title="main.ts"
import { sayHiTo } from "@deno/hi";

sayHiTo("friend");
```

```sh
$ deno run main.ts
Hi, friend!
```

You can even have both `deno.json` and `package.json` in your existing Node.js
package. Additionally, you could remove the package.json in the root and specify
the npm package in the deno.json workspace members. That allows you to gradually
migrate to Deno, without putting a lot of upfront work.

For example, you can add `log/deno.json` to configure Deno's linter and
formatter:

```jsonc
{
  "fmt": {
    "semiColons": false
  },
  "lint": {
    "rules": {
      "exclude": ["no-unused-vars"]
    }
  }
}
```

Running `deno fmt` in the workspace, will format the `log` package to not have
any semicolons, and `deno lint` won't complain if you leave an unused var in one
of the source files.

## Configuring built-in Deno tools

Some configuration options only make sense at the root of the workspace, eg.
specifying `nodeModulesDir` option in one of the members is not available and
Deno will warn if an option needs to be applied at the workspace root.

Here's a full matrix of various `deno.json` options available at the workspace
root and its members:

| Option             | Workspace | Package | Notes                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| ------------------ | --------- | ------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| compilerOptions    | ✅        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| importMap          | ✅        | ❌      | Exclusive with imports and scopes per config file. Additionally, it is not supported to have importMap in the workspace config, and imports in the package config.                                              |
| imports            | ✅        | ✅      | Exclusive with importMap per config file.                                                                                                                                                                       |
| scopes             | ✅        | ❌      | Exclusive with importMap per config file.                                                                                                                                                                       |
| exclude            | ✅        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| lint.include       | ✅        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| lint.exclude       | ✅        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| lint.files         | ⚠️        | ❌      | Deprecated                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| lint.rules.tags    | ✅        | ✅      | Tags are merged by appending package to workspace list. Duplicates are ignored.                                                                                                                                 |
| lint.rules.include |           |         |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| lint.rules.exclude | ✅        | ✅      | Rules are merged per package, with package taking priority over workspace (package include is stronger than workspace exclude).                                                                                 |
| lint.report        | ✅        | ❌      | Only one reporter can be active at a time, so allowing different reporters per workspace would not work in the case where you lint files spanning multiple packages.                                            |
| fmt.include        | ✅        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| fmt.exclude        | ✅        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| fmt.files          | ⚠️        | ❌      | Deprecated                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| fmt.useTabs        | ✅        | ✅      | Package takes priority over workspace.                                                                                                                                                                          |
| fmt.indentWidth    | ✅        | ✅      | Package takes priority over workspace.                                                                                                                                                                          |
| fmt.singleQuote    | ✅        | ✅      | Package takes priority over workspace.                                                                                                                                                                          |
| fmt.proseWrap      | ✅        | ✅      | Package takes priority over workspace.                                                                                                                                                                          |
| fmt.semiColons     | ✅        | ✅      | Package takes priority over workspace.                                                                                                                                                                          |
| fmt.options.\*     | ⚠️        | ❌      | Deprecated                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| nodeModulesDir     | ✅        | ❌      | Resolution behaviour must be the same in the entire workspace.                                                                                                                                                  |
| vendor             | ✅        | ❌      | Resolution behaviour must be the same in the entire workspace.                                                                                                                                                  |
| tasks              | ✅        | ✅      | Package tasks take priority over workspace. cwd used is the cwd of the config file that the task was inside of.                                                                                                 |
| test.include       | ✅        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| test.exclude       | ✅        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| test.files         | ⚠️        | ❌      | Deprecated                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| publish.include    | ✅        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| publish.exclude    | ✅        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| bench.include      | ✅        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| bench.exclude      | ✅        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| bench.files        | ⚠️        | ❌      | Deprecated                                                                                                                                                                                                      |
| lock               | ✅        | ❌      | Only a single lock file may exist per resolver, and only resolver may exist per workspace, so conditional enablement of the lockfile per package does not make sense.                                           |
| unstable           | ✅        | ❌      | For simplicities sake, we do not allow unstable flags, because a lot of the CLI assumes that unstable flags are immutable and global to the entire process. Also weird interaction with DENO_UNSTABLE_\* flags. |
| name               | ❌        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| version            | ❌        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| exports            | ❌        | ✅      |                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| workspace          | ✅        | ❌      | Nested workspaces are not supported.                                                                                                                                                                            |

## Running commands across workspaces

Deno provides several ways to run commands across all or specific workspace
members:

### Type checking

Workspace members can have different sets of compiler options. They are also
inherited between root and member, much like
[TSConfig `extends`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/#extends). For
example:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "workspace": ["./web"],
  "compilerOptions": {
    "checkJs": true
  }
}
```

```json title="web/deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "lib": ["esnext", "dom"]
  }
}
```

Files in the `web` subdirectory will be configured with the following options:

```json
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "checkJs": true,
    "lib": ["esnext", "dom"]
  }
}
```

Each member will be partitioned and checked separately from one another. Just
run `deno check` from the workspace root:

```sh
deno check
```

### Running tests

To run tests across all workspace members, simply execute `deno test` from the
workspace root:

```sh
deno test
```

This will run tests in all workspace members according to their individual test
configurations.

To run tests for a specific workspace member, you can either:

1. Change to that member's directory and run the test command:

```sh
cd my-directory
deno test
```

2. Or specify the path from the workspace root:

```sh
deno test my-directory/
```

### Formatting and linting

Similar to testing, formatting and linting commands run across all workspace
members by default:

```sh
deno fmt
deno lint
```

Each workspace member follows its own formatting and linting rules as defined in
its `deno.json` file, with some settings inherited from the root configuration
as shown in the table above.

### Using workspace tasks

You can define tasks at both the workspace root and in individual workspace
members:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "workspace": ["./add", "./subtract"],
  "tasks": {
    "build": "echo 'Building all packages'",
    "test:all": "deno test"
  }
}
```

```json title="add/deno.json"
{
  "name": "@scope/add",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "exports": "./mod.ts",
  "tasks": {
    "build": "echo 'Building add package'",
    "test": "deno test"
  }
}
```

To run a task defined in a specific package:

```sh
deno task --cwd=add build
```

## Sharing and managing dependencies

Workspaces provide powerful ways to share and manage dependencies across
projects:

### Sharing development dependencies

Common development dependencies like testing libraries can be defined at the
workspace root:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "workspace": ["./add", "./subtract"],
  "imports": {
    "@std/testing/": "jsr:@std/testing@^0.218.0/",
    "chai": "npm:chai@^4.3.7"
  }
}
```

This makes these dependencies available to all workspace members without needing
to redefine them.

### Managing version conflicts

When resolving dependencies, workspace members can override dependencies defined
in the root. If both the root and a member specify different versions of the
same dependency, the member's version will be used when resolving within that
member's folder. This allows individual packages to use specific dependency
versions when needed.

However, member-specific dependencies are scoped only to that member's folder.
Outside of member folders, or when working with files at the workspace root
level, the workspace root's import map will be used for resolving dependencies
(including JSR and HTTPS dependencies).

### Interdependent workspace members

As shown in the earlier example with the `add` and `subtract` modules, workspace
members can depend on each other. This enables a clean separation of concerns
while maintaining the ability to develop and test interdependent modules
together.

The `subtract` module imports functionality from the `add` module, demonstrating
how workspace members can build upon each other:

```ts title="subtract/mod.ts"
import { add } from "@scope/add";

export function subtract(a: number, b: number): number {
  return add(a, b * -1);
}
```

This approach allows you to:

1. Break down complex projects into manageable, single-purpose packages
2. Share code between packages without publishing to a registry
3. Test and develop interdependent modules together
4. Gradually migrate monolithic codebases to modular architecture

## Using workspace protocol in package.json

Deno supports workspace protocol specifiers in `package.json` files. These are
useful when you have npm packages that depend on other packages within the
workspace:

```json title="package.json"
{
  "name": "my-npm-package",
  "dependencies": {
    "another-workspace-package": "workspace:*"
  }
}
```

The following workspace protocol specifiers are supported:

- `workspace:*` - Use the latest version available in the workspace
- `workspace:~` - Use the workspace version with only patch-level changes
- `workspace:^` - Use the workspace version with semver-compatible changes

## npm and pnpm workspace compatibility

Deno works seamlessly with standard npm workspaces defined in `package.json`:

```json title="package.json"
{
  "workspaces": ["packages/*"]
}
```

For pnpm users, Deno supports typical pnpm workspace configurations. However, if
you're using a `pnpm-workspace.yaml` file, you'll need to migrate to a
`deno.json` workspace configuration:

```yaml title="pnpm-workspace.yaml (to be replaced)"
packages:
  - "packages/*"
```

Should be converted to:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "workspace": ["packages/*"]
}
```

This allows for smooth integration between Deno and npm/pnpm ecosystems during
migration or in hybrid projects.

For more information on configuring your project, check out the
[Configuration with deno.json](/examples/configuration_with_deno_json/)
tutorial.


---

# Good. We grant net permission to net_client.ts.

> A comprehensive guide to using Deno's command-line interface (CLI). Learn about running scripts, managing permissions, using watch mode, and configuring Deno's runtime behavior through command-line flags and options.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/getting_started/command_line_interface


Deno is a command line program. The Deno command line interface (CLI) can be
used to run scripts, manage dependencies, and even compile your code into
standalone executables. You may be familiar with some simple commands having
followed the examples thus far. This page will provide a more detailed overview
of the Deno CLI.

The Deno CLI has a number of subcommands (like `run`, `init` and `test`, etc.).
They are used to perform different tasks within the Deno runtime environment.
Each subcommand has its own set of flags and options (eg --version) that can be
used to customize its behavior.

You can view all of the available commands and flags by running the `deno help`
subcommand in your terminal, or using the `-h` or `--help` flags.

Check out the [CLI reference guide](/runtime/reference/cli/) for a further
documentation on all the subcommands and flags available. We'll take a look at a
few commands in a bit more detail below to see how they can be used and
configured.

## An example subcommand - `deno run`

You can run a local TypeScript or JavaScript file by specifying its path
relative to the current working directory:

```shell
deno run main.ts
```

Deno supports running scripts directly from URLs. This is particularly useful
for quickly testing or running code without downloading it first:

```shell
deno run https://docs.deno.com/examples/scripts/hello_world.ts
```

You can also run a script by piping it through standard input. This is useful
for integrating with other command-line tools or dynamically generating scripts:

```shell
cat main.ts | deno run -
```

## Passing script arguments

Script arguments are additional parameters you can pass to your script when
running it from the command line. These arguments can be used to customize the
behavior of your program based on the input provided at runtime. Arguments
should be passed **after** the script name.

To test this out we can make a script that will log the arguments passed to it:

```ts title="main.ts"
console.log(Deno.args);
```

When we run that script and pass it some arguments it will log them to the
console:

```shell
$ deno run main.ts arg1 arg2 arg3
[ "arg1", "arg2", "arg3" ]
```

## Argument and flag ordering

_Note that anything passed after the script name will be passed as a script
argument and not consumed as a Deno runtime flag._ This leads to the following
pitfall:

```shell
# Good. We grant net permission to net_client.ts.
deno run --allow-net net_client.ts

# Bad! --allow-net was passed to Deno.args, throws a net permission error.
deno run net_client.ts --allow-net
```

## Common flags

Some flags can be used with multiple related subcommands. We discuss these
below.

### Watch mode

You can supply the `--watch` flag to `deno run`, `deno test`, and `deno fmt` to
enable the built-in file watcher. The watcher enables automatic reloading of
your application whenever changes are detected in the source files. This is
particularly useful during development, as it allows you to see the effects of
your changes immediately without manually restarting the application.

The files that are watched will depend on the subcommand used:

- for `deno run` and `deno test` the entrypoint, and all local files that the
  entrypoint statically imports will be watched.
- for `deno fmt` all local files and directories specified as command line
  arguments (or the working directory if no specific files/directories is
  passed) are watched.

```shell
deno run --watch main.ts
deno test --watch
deno fmt --watch
```

You can exclude paths or patterns from watching by providing the
`--watch-exclude` flag. The syntax is `--watch-exclude=path1,path2`. For
example:

```shell
deno run --watch --watch-exclude=file1.ts,file2.ts main.ts
```

This will exclude file1.ts and file2.ts from being watched.

To exclude a pattern, remember to surround it in quotes to prevent your shell
from expanding the glob:

```shell
deno run --watch --watch-exclude='*.js' main.ts
```

### Hot Module Replacement mode

You can use `--watch-hmr` flag with `deno run` to enable the hot module
replacement mode. Instead of restarting the program, the runtime will try to
update the program in-place. If updating in-place fails, the program will still
be restarted.

```sh
deno run --watch-hmr main.ts
```

When a hot module replacement is triggered, the runtime will dispatch a
`CustomEvent` of type `hmr` that will include `path` property in its `detail`
object. You can listen for this event and perform any additional logic that you
need to do when a module is updated (eg. notify a browser over a WebSocket
connection).

```ts
addEventListener("hmr", (e) => {
  console.log("HMR triggered", e.detail.path);
});
```

### Integrity flags (lock files)

Affect commands which can download resources to the cache: `deno install`,
`deno run`, `deno test`, `deno doc`, and `deno compile`.

```sh
--lock <FILE>    Check the specified lock file
--frozen[=<BOOLEAN>] Error out if lockfile is out of date
```

Find out more about these
[here](/runtime/fundamentals/modules/#integrity-checking-and-lock-files).

### Cache and compilation flags

Affect commands which can populate the cache: `deno install`, `deno run`,
`deno test`, `deno doc`, and `deno compile`. As well as the flags above, this
includes those which affect module resolution, compilation configuration etc.

```sh
--config <FILE>               Load configuration file
--import-map <FILE>           Load import map file
--no-remote                   Do not resolve remote modules
--reload=<CACHE_BLOCKLIST>    Reload source code cache (recompile TypeScript)
```

### Runtime flags

Affect commands which execute user code: `deno run` and `deno test`. These
include all of the above as well as the following.

### Type checking flags

You can type-check your code (without executing it) using the command:

```shell
> deno check main.ts
```

You can also type-check your code before execution by using the `--check`
argument to deno run:

```shell
> deno run --check main.ts
```

This flag affects `deno run` and `deno eval`. The following table describes the
type-checking behavior of various subcommands. Here "Local" means that only
errors from local code will induce type-errors, modules imported from https URLs
(remote) may have type errors that are not reported. (To turn on type-checking
for all modules, use `--check=all`.)

| Subcommand     | Type checking mode |
| -------------- | ------------------ |
| `deno bench`   | 📁 Local           |
| `deno check`   | 📁 Local           |
| `deno compile` | 📁 Local           |
| `deno eval`    | ❌ None            |
| `deno repl`    | ❌ None            |
| `deno run`     | ❌ None            |
| `deno test`    | 📁 Local           |

### Permission flags

These are listed [here](/runtime/fundamentals/security/).

### Other runtime flags

More flags which affect the execution environment.

```sh
--cached-only                Require that remote dependencies are already cached
--inspect=<HOST:PORT>        activate inspector on host:port ...
--inspect-brk=<HOST:PORT>    activate inspector on host:port and break at ...
--inspect-wait=<HOST:PORT>   activate inspector on host:port and wait for ...
--location <HREF>            Value of 'globalThis.location' used by some web APIs
--prompt                     Fallback to prompt if required permission wasn't passed
--seed <NUMBER>              Seed Math.random()
--v8-flags=<v8-flags>        Set V8 command line options. For help: ...
```


---

# runtime/getting_started/first_project.md

> Step-by-step guide to creating your first Deno project. Learn how to initialize a project, understand the basic file structure, run TypeScript code, and execute tests using Deno's built-in test runner.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/getting_started/first_project


Deno has many [built in tools](/runtime/reference/cli/) to make your development
experience as smooth as possible. One of these tools is the
[project initializer](/runtime/reference/cli/init), which creates a new Deno
project with a basic file structure and configuration.

While you are welcome to use JavaScript, Deno has built-in support for
[TypeScript](https://www.typescriptlang.org/) as well, so we'll be using
TypeScript in this guide. If you'd prefer to use JavaScript, you can rename the
files to `.js` and remove the type annotations.

## Initialize a new project

To initialize a new Deno project, run the following command in your terminal:

```bash
deno init my_project
```

This will create a new directory called `my_project` with the following
structure:

```plaintext
my_project
├── deno.json
├── main_test.ts
└── main.ts
```

A `deno.json` file is created to
[configure your project](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/), and two
TypeScript files are created; `main.ts` and `main_test.ts`. The `main.ts` file
is where you'll write your application code, on initial creation it will contain
a simple program which adds two numbers together. The `main_test.ts` file is
where you can write tests, initially it will contain a test for your addition
program.

## Run your project

You can run this program with the following command:

```bash
$ deno main.ts
Add 2 + 3 = 5
```

## Run your tests

Deno has a [built in test runner](/runtime/fundamentals/testing/). You can write
tests for your code and run them with the `deno test` command. Run the tests in
your new project with:

```bash
$ deno test
running 1 test from ./main_test.ts     
addTest ... ok (1ms)

ok | 1 passed | 0 failed (3ms)
```

Now that you have a basic project set up you can start building your
application. Check out our [examples and tutorials](/examples/) for more ideas
on what to build with Deno.

You can
[learn more about using TypeScript in Deno here](/runtime/fundamentals/typescript).


---

# Download and install the latest version of Deno

> A Guide to installing Deno on different operating systems. Includes instructions for Windows, macOS, and Linux using various package managers, manual installation methods, and Docker containers.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/getting_started/installation


Deno works on macOS, Linux, and Windows. Deno is a single binary executable. It
has no external dependencies. On macOS, both M1 (arm64) and Intel (x64)
executables are provided. On Linux and Windows, only x64 is supported.

## Download and install

[deno_install](https://github.com/denoland/deno_install) provides convenience
scripts to download and install the binary.

<deno-tabs group-id="operating-systems">
<deno-tab value="mac" label="macOS" default>

Using Shell:

```shell
curl -fsSL https://deno.land/install.sh | sh
```

Using [npm](https://npmjs.com/package/deno):

```shell
npm install -g deno
```

> <small>The startup time of the Deno command gets affected if it's installed
> via npm. We recommend the shell install script for better performance.</small>

Using [Homebrew](https://formulae.brew.sh/formula/deno):

```shell
brew install deno
```

Using [MacPorts](https://ports.macports.org/port/deno/):

```shell
sudo port install deno
```

Using [Nix](https://nixos.org/download.html):

```shell
nix-shell -p deno
```

Using [asdf](https://asdf-vm.com/):

```shell
asdf plugin add deno https://github.com/asdf-community/asdf-deno.git

# Download and install the latest version of Deno
asdf install deno latest

# To set as the default version of Deno globally
asdf set -u deno latest

# To set as the default version of Deno locally (current project only)
asdf set deno latest
```

Using [vfox](https://vfox.dev/):

```shell
vfox add deno

# Download and install the latest version of Deno
vfox install deno@latest

# To set the version of Deno globally
vfox use --global deno
```

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="windows" label="Windows">

Using PowerShell (Windows):

```powershell
irm https://deno.land/install.ps1 | iex
```

Using [npm](https://npmjs.com/package/deno):

```shell
npm install -g deno
```

> <small>The startup time of the Deno command gets affected if it's installed
> via npm. We recommend the PowerShell install script for better
> performance.</small>

Using [Scoop](https://scoop.sh/):

```shell
scoop install deno
```

Using [Chocolatey](https://chocolatey.org/packages/deno):

```shell
choco install deno
```

Using [Winget](https://github.com/microsoft/winget-cli):

```shell
winget install DenoLand.Deno
```

Using [vfox](https://vfox.dev/):

```shell
vfox add deno

# Download and install the latest version of Deno
vfox install deno@latest

# To set the version of Deno globally
vfox use --global deno
```

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="linux" label="Linux">

Using Shell:

```shell
curl -fsSL https://deno.land/install.sh | sh
```

Using [npm](https://npmjs.com/package/deno):

```shell
npm install -g deno
```

> <small>The startup time of the Deno command gets affected if it's installed
> via npm. We recommend the shell install script for better performance.</small>

Using [Nix](https://nixos.org/download.html):

```shell
nix-shell -p deno
```

Using [asdf](https://asdf-vm.com/):

```shell
asdf plugin add deno https://github.com/asdf-community/asdf-deno.git

# Download and install the latest version of Deno
asdf install deno latest

# To set as the default version of Deno globally
asdf set -u deno latest

# To set as the default version of Deno locally (current project only)
asdf set deno latest
```

Using [vfox](https://vfox.dev/):

```shell
vfox add deno

# Download and install the latest version of Deno
vfox install deno@latest

# To set the version of Deno globally
vfox use --global deno
```

</deno-tab>
</deno-tabs>

You can also build and install from source using
[Cargo](https://crates.io/crates/deno):

```shell
cargo install deno --locked
```

Deno binaries can also be installed manually, by downloading a zip file at
[github.com/denoland/deno/releases](https://github.com/denoland/deno/releases).
These packages contain just a single executable file. You will have to set the
executable bit on macOS and Linux.

## Docker

For more information and instructions on the official Docker images:
[https://github.com/denoland/deno_docker](https://github.com/denoland/deno_docker)

## Testing your installation

To test your installation, run `deno --version`. If this prints the Deno version
to the console the installation was successful.

Use `deno help` to see help text documenting Deno's flags and usage. Get a
detailed guide on the CLI
[here](/runtime/getting_started/command_line_interface/).

## Updating

To update a previously installed version of Deno, you can run:

```shell
deno upgrade
```

Or using [Winget](https://github.com/microsoft/winget-cli) (Windows):

```shell
winget upgrade DenoLand.Deno
```

This will fetch the latest release from
[github.com/denoland/deno/releases](https://github.com/denoland/deno/releases),
unzip it, and replace your current executable with it.

You can also use this utility to install a specific version of Deno:

```shell
deno upgrade --version 1.0.1
```

## Building from source

Information about how to build from source can be found in the
[`Building from source`](https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/main/.github/CONTRIBUTING.md#building-from-source)
guide.


---

# Set up your environment

> A guide to setting up your development environment for Deno. Learn how to configure popular editors like VS Code, set up language server support, and enable shell completions for better productivity.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/getting_started/setup_your_environment


Deno comes with many of the tools that are commonly needed for developing
applications, including a full
[language server (LSP)](/runtime/reference/cli/lsp/) to help power your IDE of
choice. This page will help you set up your environment to get the most out of
Deno while you are developing.

We'll cover:

- How to use Deno with your favorite editor/IDE
- How to generate shell completions

## Setting up your editor/IDE

### Visual Studio Code

If you haven’t already, download and install Visual Studio Code from the
[official website](https://code.visualstudio.com/).

In the Extensions tab, search for "Deno" and install the
[extension by Denoland](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=denoland.vscode-deno).

Next, open the Command Palette by pressing `Ctrl+Shift+P` and type
`Deno: Initialize Workspace Configuration`. Select this option to configure Deno
for your workspace.

![The VSCode command palette with the Deno: Initialize Workspace Configuration option selected.](./images/vscode-setup.png)

A file called `.vscode/settings.json` will be created in your workspace with the
following configuration:

```json
{
  "deno.enable": true
}
```

That’s it! You’ve successfully set up your developer environment for Deno using
VSCode. You will now get all the benefits of Deno’s LSP, including IntelliSense,
code formatting, linting, and more.

### JetBrains IDEs

To install the Deno Plugin, open your IDE and go to **File** > **Settings**.
Navigate to **Plugins** and search for `Deno`. Install the official Deno plugin.

![The WebStorm plugins settings](./images/webstorm_setup.png)

To configure the Plugin, go to **File** > **Settings** again. Navigate to
**Languages & Frameworks** > **Deno**. Check **Enable Deno for your project**
and specify the path to the Deno executable (if it has not been auto-detected).

Check out
[this blog post](https://blog.jetbrains.com/webstorm/2020/06/deno-support-in-jetbrains-ides/)
to learn more about how to get started with Deno in Jetbrains IDEs.

### Vim/Neovim via plugins

Deno is well-supported on both [Vim](https://www.vim.org/) and
[Neovim](https://neovim.io/) via
[coc.nvim](https://github.com/neoclide/coc.nvim),
[vim-easycomplete](https://github.com/jayli/vim-easycomplete),
[ALE](https://github.com/dense-analysis/ale) and
[vim-lsp](https://github.com/prabirshrestha/vim-lsp). coc.nvim offers plugins to
integrate to the Deno language server while ALE supports it _out of the box_.

### Neovim 0.6+ using the built-in language server

To use the Deno language server install
[nvim-lspconfig](https://github.com/neovim/nvim-lspconfig/) and follow the
instructions to enable the
[supplied Deno configuration](https://github.com/neovim/nvim-lspconfig/blob/master/doc/configs.md#denols).

Note that if you also have `ts_ls` as an LSP client, you may run into issues
where both `ts_ls` and `denols` are attached to your current buffer. To resolve
this, make sure to set some unique `root_dir` for both `ts_ls` and `denols`. You
may also need to set `single_file_support` to `false` for `ts_ls` to prevent it
from running in `single file mode`. Here is an example of such a configuration:

```lua
vim.lsp.config('denols', {
    on_attach = on_attach,
    root_markers = {"deno.json", "deno.jsonc"},
})

vim.lsp.config('ts_ls', {
    on_attach = on_attach,
    root_markers = {"package.json"},
    single_file_support = false,
})
```

For Deno, the example above assumes a `deno.json` or `deno.jsonc` file exists at
the root of the project.

##### Kickstart.nvim and Mason LSP

If you are using [kickstart.nvim](https://github.com/nvim-lua/kickstart.nvim)
add the above configuration like this inside the servers table in your
configuration `init.lua`.

```lua
local servers = {
        -- ... some configuration
        ts_ls = {
            root_dir = require("lspconfig").util.root_pattern({ "package.json", "tsconfig.json" }),
            single_file_support = false,
            settings = {},
        },
        denols = {
            root_dir = require("lspconfig").util.root_pattern({"deno.json", "deno.jsonc"}),
            single_file_support = false,
            settings = {},
        },
    }
```

#### coc.nvim

Once you have
[coc.nvim](https://github.com/neoclide/coc.nvim/wiki/Install-coc.nvim)
installed, you need to install the required
[coc-deno](https://github.com/fannheyward/coc-deno) via `:CocInstall coc-deno`.

Once the plugin is installed, and you want to enable Deno for a workspace, run
the command `:CocCommand deno.initializeWorkspace` and you should be able to
utilize commands like `gd` (goto definition) and `gr` (go/find references).

#### ALE

ALE supports Deno via the Deno language server out of the box and in many uses
cases doesn't require additional configuration. Once you have
[ALE installed](https://github.com/dense-analysis/ale#installation) you can
perform the command
[`:help ale-typescript-deno`](https://github.com/dense-analysis/ale/blob/master/doc/ale-typescript.txt)
to get information on the configuration options available.

For more information on how to setup ALE (like key bindings) refer to the
[official documentation](https://github.com/dense-analysis/ale#usage).

#### Vim-EasyComplete

Vim-EasyComplete supports Deno without any other configuration. Once you have
[vim-easycomplete installed](https://github.com/jayli/vim-easycomplete#installation),
you need install deno via `:InstallLspServer deno` if you haven't installed
deno. You can get more information from
[official documentation](https://github.com/jayli/vim-easycomplete).

#### Vim-Lsp

After installing Vim-Lsp through
[vim-plug](https://github.com/prabirshrestha/vim-lsp?tab=readme-ov-file#installing)
or vim packages. Add this code to your `.vimrc` configuration:

```vim
if executable('deno')
  let server_config = {
    \ 'name': 'deno',
    \ 'cmd': {server_info->['deno', 'lsp']},
    \ 'allowlist': ['typescript', 'javascript', 'javascriptreact', 'typescriptreact'],
    \ }

  if exists('$DENO_ENABLE')
    let deno_enabled = $DENO_ENABLE == '1'
    let server_config['workspace_config'] = { 'deno': { 'enable': deno_enabled ? v:true : v:false } }
  endif

  au User lsp_setup call lsp#register_server(server_config)
endif
```

You will have two ways to enable the LSP Server. One is to have a `deno.json` or
`deno.jsonc` in your current working directory, or force it with
`DENO_ENABLE=1`. Also if you want to highlight syntax in the intellisense
tooltip, you can add this code to your `.vimrc` configuration too:

```vim
let g:markdown_fenced_languages = ["ts=typescript"]
```

### Emacs

#### lsp-mode

Emacs supports Deno via the Deno language server using
[lsp-mode](https://emacs-lsp.github.io/lsp-mode/). Once
[lsp-mode is installed](https://emacs-lsp.github.io/lsp-mode/page/installation/)
it should support Deno, which can be
[configured](https://emacs-lsp.github.io/lsp-mode/page/lsp-deno/) to support
various settings.

#### eglot

You can also use built-in Deno language server by using
[`eglot`](https://github.com/joaotavora/eglot).

An example configuration for Deno via eglot:

```elisp
(add-to-list 'eglot-server-programs '((js-mode typescript-mode) . (eglot-deno "deno" "lsp")))

  (defclass eglot-deno (eglot-lsp-server) ()
    :documentation "A custom class for deno lsp.")

  (cl-defmethod eglot-initialization-options ((server eglot-deno))
    "Passes through required deno initialization options"
    (list
      :enable t
      :unstable t
      :typescript
        (:inlayHints
          (:variableTypes
            (:enabled t))
          (:parameterTypes
            (:enabled t)))))
```

This is the equivalent of having the following settings in a VSCode
`settings.json`:

```jsonc
{
  "deno.enable": true,
  "deno.unstable": true,
  "typescript.inlayHints.variableTypes.enabled": true,
  "typescript.inlayHints.parameterTypes.enabled": true
}
```

### Pulsar

The [Pulsar editor, formerly known as Atom](https://pulsar-edit.dev/) supports
integrating with the Deno language server via the
[atom-ide-deno](https://web.pulsar-edit.dev/packages/atom-ide-deno) package.
`atom-ide-deno` requires that the Deno CLI be installed and the
[atom-ide-base](https://web.pulsar-edit.dev/packages/atom-ide-base) package to
be installed as well.

### Sublime Text

[Sublime Text](https://www.sublimetext.com/) supports connecting to the Deno
language server via the [LSP package](https://packagecontrol.io/packages/LSP).
You may also want to install the
[TypeScript package](https://packagecontrol.io/packages/TypeScript) to get full
syntax highlighting.

Once you have the LSP package installed, you will want to add configuration to
your `.sublime-project` configuration like the below:

```jsonc
{
  "settings": {
    "LSP": {
      "deno": {
        "command": ["deno", "lsp"],
        "initializationOptions": {
          // "config": "", // Sets the path for the config file in your project
          "enable": true,
          // "importMap": "", // Sets the path for the import-map in your project
          "lint": true,
          "unstable": false
        },
        "enabled": true,
        "languages": [
          {
            "languageId": "javascript",
            "scopes": ["source.js"],
            "syntaxes": [
              "Packages/Babel/JavaScript (Babel).sublime-syntax",
              "Packages/JavaScript/JavaScript.sublime-syntax"
            ]
          },
          {
            "languageId": "javascriptreact",
            "scopes": ["source.jsx"],
            "syntaxes": [
              "Packages/Babel/JavaScript (Babel).sublime-syntax",
              "Packages/JavaScript/JavaScript.sublime-syntax"
            ]
          },
          {
            "languageId": "typescript",
            "scopes": ["source.ts"],
            "syntaxes": [
              "Packages/TypeScript-TmLanguage/TypeScript.tmLanguage",
              "Packages/TypeScript Syntax/TypeScript.tmLanguage"
            ]
          },
          {
            "languageId": "typescriptreact",
            "scopes": ["source.tsx"],
            "syntaxes": [
              "Packages/TypeScript-TmLanguage/TypeScriptReact.tmLanguage",
              "Packages/TypeScript Syntax/TypeScriptReact.tmLanguage"
            ]
          }
        ]
      }
    }
  }
}
```

### Nova

The [Nova editor](https://nova.app) can integrate the Deno language server via
the
[Deno extension](https://extensions.panic.com/extensions/co.gwil/co.gwil.deno/).

### GitHub Codespaces

[GitHub Codespaces](https://github.com/features/codespaces) allows you to
develop fully online or remotely on your local machine without needing to
configure or install Deno.

If a project is a Deno enabled project and contains the `.devcontainer`
configuration as part of the repository, opening the project in GitHub
Codespaces should just "work". If you are starting a new project, or you want to
add Deno support to an existing code space, it can be added by selecting the
`Codespaces: Add Development Container Configuration Files...` from the command
pallet and then selecting `Show All Definitions...` and then searching for the
`Deno` definition.

Once selected, you will need to rebuild your container so that the Deno CLI is
added to the container. After the container is rebuilt, the code space will
support Deno.

### Kakoune

[Kakoune](https://kakoune.org/) supports connecting to the Deno language server
via the [kak-lsp](https://github.com/kak-lsp/kak-lsp) client. Once
[kak-lsp is installed](https://github.com/kak-lsp/kak-lsp#installation) an
example of configuring it up to connect to the Deno language server is by adding
the following to your `kak-lsp.toml`:

```toml
[language.typescript]
filetypes = ["typescript", "javascript"]
roots = [".git"]
command = "deno"
args = ["lsp"]
[language.typescript.settings.deno]
enable = true
lint = true
```

### Helix

[Helix](https://helix-editor.com) comes with built-in language server support.
Enabling connection to the Deno language server requires changes in the
`languages.toml` configuration file.

```toml
[[language]]
name = "typescript"
roots = ["deno.json", "deno.jsonc", "package.json"]
file-types = ["ts", "tsx"]
auto-format = true
language-servers = ["deno-lsp"]

[[language]]
name = "javascript"
roots = ["deno.json", "deno.jsonc", "package.json"]
file-types = ["js", "jsx"]
auto-format = true
language-servers = ["deno-lsp"]

[language-server.deno-lsp]
command = "deno"
args = ["lsp"]
config.deno.enable = true
```

### Zed

The [Zed editor](https://zed.dev) can integrate the Deno language server via the
[Deno extension](https://zed.dev/extensions?query=deno&filter=language-servers).

## Shell completions

Built into the Deno CLI is support to generate shell completion information for
the CLI itself. By using `deno completions <shell>`, the Deno CLI will output to
stdout the completions. Current shells that are supported:

- bash
- elvish
- fish
- powershell
- zsh

### bash example

Output the completions and add them to the environment:

```shell
> deno completions bash > /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/deno.bash
> source /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/deno.bash
```

### PowerShell example

Output the completions:

```shell
> deno completions powershell >> $profile
> .$profile
```

This will create a Powershell profile at
`$HOME\Documents\WindowsPowerShell\Microsoft.PowerShell_profile.ps1`, and it
will be run whenever you launch the PowerShell.

### zsh example

You should have a directory where the completions can be saved:

```shell
> mkdir ~/.zsh
```

Then output the completions:

```shell
> deno completions zsh > ~/.zsh/_deno
```

And ensure the completions get loaded in your `~/.zshrc`:

```shell
fpath=(~/.zsh $fpath)
autoload -Uz compinit
compinit -u
```

If after reloading your shell and completions are still not loading, you may
need to remove `~/.zcompdump/` to remove previously generated completions and
then `compinit` to generate them again.

### zsh example with ohmyzsh and antigen

[ohmyzsh](https://github.com/ohmyzsh/ohmyzsh) is a configuration framework for
zsh and can make it easier to manage your shell configuration.
[antigen](https://github.com/zsh-users/antigen) is a plugin manager for zsh.

Create the directory to store the completions and output the completions:

```shell
> mkdir ~/.oh-my-zsh/custom/plugins/deno
> deno completions zsh > ~/.oh-my-zsh/custom/plugins/deno/_deno
```

Then your `.zshrc` might look something like this:

```shell
source /path-to-antigen/antigen.zsh

# Load the oh-my-zsh's library.
antigen use oh-my-zsh

antigen bundle deno
```

### fish example

Output the completions to a `deno.fish` file into the completions directory in
the fish config folder:

```shell
> deno completions fish > ~/.config/fish/completions/deno.fish
```

## Other tools

If you are writing or supporting a community integration using the Deno language
server, read more about
[integrating with the Deno LSP](/runtime/reference/lsp_integration/), but also
feel free to join our [Discord community](https://discord.gg/deno) in the
`#dev-lsp` channel.


---

# Where to get help

> Guide to getting help with Deno. Find community resources, support channels, discussion forums, and how to engage with the Deno community for troubleshooting and assistance.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/help


Stuck? Lost? Get Help from the Deno Community.

## [Community Discord](https://discord.gg/deno)

Ask questions and chat with community members in real-time.

## [Stack Overflow](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/tagged/deno)

Stack Overflow is a popular forum to ask code-level questions or if you're stuck
with a specific error.
[Ask your own!](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/ask?tags=deno)

## [DEV's Deno Community](https://dev.to/t/deno)

A great place to find interesting articles about best practices, application
architecture and new learnings. Post your articles with the tag `deno`.

## Examples and Tutorials

Deno provides a wide range of examples and tutorials that might address your
problem:

- [Deno by Example](/examples/): Practical code snippets for common tasks


---

# Welcome to Deno

> Learn the basics of Deno, a secure JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly runtime.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/


[Deno](https://deno.com)
([/ˈdiːnoʊ/](https://ipa-reader.com/?text=%CB%88di%CB%90no%CA%8A), pronounced
`dee-no`) is an
[open source](https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/main/LICENSE.md) JavaScript,
TypeScript, and WebAssembly runtime with secure defaults and a great developer
experience. It's built on [V8](https://v8.dev/),
[Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/), and [Tokio](https://tokio.rs/).

## Why Deno?

- Deno is
  **[TypeScript-ready out of the box](/runtime/fundamentals/typescript/).** Zero
  config or additional steps necessary.
- Deno is **[secure by default](/runtime/fundamentals/security/).** Where other
  runtimes give full access every script they run, Deno allows you to enforce
  granular permissions.
- Deno has a **robust built-in toolchain.** Unlike Node or browser JavaScript,
  Deno includes a [standard library](/runtime/reference/std/), along with a
  first-party [linter/formatter](/runtime/fundamentals/linting_and_formatting/),
  [test runner](/runtime/fundamentals/testing/), and more.
- Deno is **fully compatible with [Node and npm](/runtime/fundamentals/node/).**
- Deno is **fast and reliable**.
- **[Deno is open-source](https://github.com/denoland/deno).**

## Quick install

Install the Deno runtime on your system using one of the terminal commands
below:

<deno-tabs group-id="operating-systems">
<deno-tab value="mac" label="macOS" default>

```sh
curl -fsSL https://deno.land/install.sh | sh
```

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="windows" label="Windows">

In Windows PowerShell:

```powershell
irm https://deno.land/install.ps1 | iex
```

</deno-tab>
<deno-tab value="linux" label="Linux">

```sh
curl -fsSL https://deno.land/install.sh | sh
```

</deno-tab>
</deno-tabs>

[Additional installation options can be found here](/runtime/getting_started/installation/).
After installation, you should have the `deno` executable available on your
system path. You can verify the installation by running:

```sh
deno --version
```

## First steps

Deno can run JavaScript and [TypeScript](https://www.typescriptlang.org/) with
no additional tools or configuration required, all in a secure,
batteries-included runtime.

- [Making a Deno project](/runtime/getting_started/first_project/)
- [Setting up your environment](/runtime/getting_started/setup_your_environment/)
- [Using the CLI](/runtime/getting_started/command_line_interface)


---

# Bundling

> An overview of `deno bundle` subcommand that can be used to produce a single file application created from multiple source files for optimized execution.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/bundling


:::caution

This is an experimental feature and requires Deno `2.4.0` or newer.

:::

The `deno bundle` command outputs a single JavaScript file with all
dependencies.

`deno bundle` is powered by [ESBuild](https://esbuild.github.io/) under the
hood.

This tool is useful for deploying or distributing a project as a single
optimized JS file.

## Supported features

- Resolves and inlines all dependencies
- Supports JSX/TSX, TypeScript, and modern JavaScript, including
  [import attributes](/runtime/fundamentals/modules/#import-attributes) and CSS
- HTML entrypoint support (Deno 2.5+)
- Optional minification (`--minify`) and source maps (`--sourcemap`)
- Code splitting
- Platform targeting (`--platform`, supports Deno and browser)
- JSX support when configured

## Basic example

```ts title="main.ts"
import chalk from "npm:chalk";

console.log(chalk.red("Hello from `deno bundle`!"));
```

```bash
$ deno bundle main.ts > bundle.js

# Or with an explicit output file:

$ deno bundle -o bundle.js main.ts
```

Above invocation produces a single `bundle.js` file that contains all the
dependencies, resulting in a self-contained application file:

```bash
$ deno bundle.js
Hello from `deno bundle`!
```

You can use JSR, npm, http(s) and local imports in the file you are bundling,
`deno bundle` will take care of collecting all the sources and producing a
single output file.

## Options Overview

| Flag                    | Description                                          |
| ----------------------- | ---------------------------------------------------- |
| `-o`, `--output <file>` | Write bundled output to a file                       |
| `--outdir <dir>`        | Write bundled output to a directory                  |
| `--minify`              | Minify the output for production                     |
| `--format <format>`     | Output format (`esm` by default)                     |
| `--code-splitting`      | Enable code splitting                                |
| `--platform <platform>` | Bundle for `browser` or `deno` (default: `deno`)     |
| `--sourcemap`           | Include source maps (`linked`, `inline`, `external`) |
| `--watch`               | Automatically rebuild on file changes                |
| `--inline-imports`      | Inline imported modules (`true` or `false`)          |

---

## Runtime API

In addition to the CLI, you can use `Deno.bundle()` to programmatically bundle
your JavaScript or TypeScript files. This allows you to integrate bundling into
your build processes and workflows.

:::note

This API was added in Deno v2.5. The `Deno.bundle()` API is experimental and
must be used with the `--unstable-bundle` flag.

:::

### Basic usage

```ts
const result = await Deno.bundle({
  entrypoints: ["./index.tsx"],
  outputDir: "dist",
  platform: "browser",
  minify: true,
});
console.log(result);
```

### Processing outputs in memory

You can also process the bundled outputs in memory instead of writing them to
disk:

```ts
const result = await Deno.bundle({
  entrypoints: ["./index.tsx"],
  output: "dist",
  platform: "browser",
  minify: true,
  write: false,
});

for (const file of result.outputFiles!) {
  console.log(file.text());
}
```

This approach offers greater flexibility for integrating bundling into various
workflows, such as serving bundled files directly from memory or performing
additional processing on the output.

---

## HTML entrypoint support

Starting with Deno 2.5, `deno bundle` supports HTML files as entrypoints.
Previously, only `.js`/`.ts`/`.jsx`/`.tsx` files could be used as entrypoints.

```bash
deno bundle --outdir dist index.html
```

When you use an HTML file as an entrypoint, `deno bundle` will:

1. Find all script references in the HTML file
2. Bundle those scripts and their dependencies
3. Update the paths in the HTML file to point to the bundled scripts
4. Bundle and inject any imported CSS files into the HTML output

### Example

Given an `index.tsx` file:

```tsx title="index.tsx"
import { render } from "npm:preact";
import "./styles.css";

const app = (
  <div>
    <p>Hello World!</p>
  </div>
);

render(app, document.body);
```

And an HTML file that references it:

```html title="index.html"
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <title>Example</title>
    <script src="./index.tsx" type="module"></script>
  </head>
</html>
```

Running `deno bundle --outdir dist index.html` produces:

```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <head>
    <meta charset="utf-8">
    <title>Example</title>
    <script src="./index-2TFDJWLF.js" type="module" crossorigin></script>
    <link rel="stylesheet" crossorigin href="./index-EWSJYQGA.css">
  </head>
</html>
```

The bundled output includes content-based hashes for cache-busting and
fingerprinting.

HTML entrypoints are fully supported in both the CLI and the runtime API
mentioned above.

### When to use HTML bundling

- **`deno bundle index.html`** - Great for small, static apps where you want a
  quick packaged build
- **Vite** - Better for complex projects that benefit from the wider Vite
  ecosystem

Both approaches work seamlessly on Deno, so you can choose whichever fits your
workflow best.

---

## Bundle a React page for the web

Start with an `app.jsx` and `index.html`:

```jsx
import React from "npm:react";
import { createRoot } from "npm:react-dom/client";

function App() {
  return <h1>Hello, React!</h1>;
}

const root = createRoot(document.getElementById("root"));
root.render(<App />);
```

```html
<!DOCTYPE html>
<html lang="en">
  <body>
    <div id="root"></div>
    <script type="module" src="/bundle.js"></script>
  </body>
</html>
```

Now, let's bundle:

```bash
$ deno bundle --platform=browser app.jsx -o bundle.js
⚠️ deno bundle is experimental and subject to changes
Bundled 9 modules in 99ms
  app.bundle.js 874.67KB
```

At this point, we're ready to serve our page, let's use
[`@std/http/file-server` from JSR](https://jsr.io/@std/http/file-server) to
serve our app:

```bash
$ deno run -ENR jsr:@std/http/file-server
Listening on http://127.0.0.1:8000
```

Visiting the page in your browser should show:

![Image of serving bundled React app](./images/bundled_react.png)


---

# deno add

> Add and manage project dependencies with Deno.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/add



---

# `deno bench`, benchmarking tool

> Run benchmarks using Deno's built-in bench tool.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/bench


## Quickstart

Firstly, let's create a file `url_bench.ts` and register a bench using the
`Deno.bench()` function.

```ts
// url_bench.ts
Deno.bench("URL parsing", () => {
  new URL("https://deno.land");
});
```

Secondly, run the benchmark using the `deno bench` subcommand.

```shell
$ deno bench url_bench.ts
Check file:///path/to/url_bench.ts
    CPU | 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-12100
Runtime | Deno 2.4.2 (x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu)

file:///path/to/url_bench.ts

| benchmark     | time/iter (avg) |        iter/s |      (min … max)      |      p75 |      p99 |     p995 |
| ------------- | --------------- | ------------- | --------------------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |
| URL parsing   |        345.8 ns |     2,892,000 | (325.4 ns … 497.2 ns) | 346.9 ns | 443.2 ns | 497.2 ns |
```

## Writing benchmarks

To define a benchmark you need to register it with a call to the `Deno.bench`
API. There are multiple overloads of this API to allow for the greatest
flexibility and easy switching between the forms (eg. when you need to quickly
focus a single bench for debugging, using the `only: true` option):

```ts
// Compact form: name and function
Deno.bench("hello world #1", () => {
  new URL("https://deno.land");
});

// Compact form: named function.
Deno.bench(function helloWorld3() {
  new URL("https://deno.land");
});

// Longer form: bench definition.
Deno.bench({
  name: "hello world #2",
  fn: () => {
    new URL("https://deno.land");
  },
});

// Similar to compact form, with additional configuration as a second argument.
Deno.bench("hello world #4", { permissions: { read: true } }, () => {
  new URL("https://deno.land");
});

// Similar to longer form, with bench function as a second argument.
Deno.bench(
  { name: "hello world #5", permissions: { read: true } },
  () => {
    new URL("https://deno.land");
  },
);

// Similar to longer form, with a named bench function as a second argument.
Deno.bench({ permissions: { read: true } }, function helloWorld6() {
  new URL("https://deno.land");
});
```

### Async functions

You can also bench asynchronous code by passing a bench function that returns a
promise. For this you can use the `async` keyword when defining a function:

```ts
Deno.bench("async hello world", async () => {
  await 1;
});
```

### Critical sections

Sometimes the benchmark case needs to include setup and teardown code that would
taint the benchmark results. For example, if you want to measure how long it
takes to read a small file, you need to open the file, read it, and then close
it. If the file is small enough the time it takes to open and close the file
might outweigh the time it takes to read the file itself.

To help with such situations you can `Deno.BenchContext.start` and
`Deno.BenchContext.end` to tell the benchmarking tool about the critical section
you want to measure. Everything outside of the section between these two calls
will be excluded from the measurement.

```ts
Deno.bench("foo", async (b) => {
  // Open a file that we will act upon.
  using file = await Deno.open("a_big_data_file.txt");

  // Tell the benchmarking tool that this is the only section you want
  // to measure.
  b.start();

  // Now let's measure how long it takes to read all of the data from the file.
  await new Response(file.readable).arrayBuffer();

  // End measurement here.
  b.end();
});
```

The above example requires the `--allow-read` flag to run the benchmark:
`deno bench --allow-read file_reading.ts`.

## Grouping and baselines

When registering a bench case, it can be assigned to a group, using
`Deno.BenchDefinition.group` option:

```ts
// url_bench.ts
Deno.bench("url parse", { group: "url" }, () => {
  new URL("https://deno.land");
});
```

It is useful to assign several cases to a single group and compare how they
perform against a "baseline" case.

In this example we'll check how performant is `Date.now()` compared to
`performance.now()`, to do that we'll mark the first case as a "baseline" using
`Deno.BenchDefinition.baseline` option:

```ts
// time_bench.ts
Deno.bench("Date.now()", { group: "timing", baseline: true }, () => {
  Date.now();
});

Deno.bench("performance.now()", { group: "timing" }, () => {
  performance.now();
});
```

```shell
$ deno bench time_bench.ts
    CPU | 12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-12100
Runtime | Deno 2.4.2 (x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu)

file:///path/to/time_bench.ts

| benchmark           | time/iter (avg) |        iter/s |      (min … max)      |      p75 |      p99 |     p995 |
| ------------------- | --------------- | ------------- | --------------------- | -------- | -------- | -------- |

group timing
| Date.now()          |         44.2 ns |    22,630,000 | ( 42.3 ns …  73.4 ns) |  44.0 ns |  54.1 ns |  55.1 ns |
| performance.now()   |         59.9 ns |    16,700,000 | ( 56.0 ns …  94.8 ns) |  60.7 ns |  76.6 ns |  79.5 ns |

summary
  Date.now()
     1.35x faster than performance.now()
```

You can specify multiple groups in the same file.

## Running benchmarks

To run a benchmark, call `deno bench` with the file that contains your bench
function. You can also omit the file name, in which case all benchmarks in the
current directory (recursively) that match the glob
`{*_,*.,}bench.{ts, tsx, mts, js, mjs, jsx}` will be run. If you pass a
directory, all files in the directory that match this glob will be run.

The glob expands to:

- files named `bench.{ts, tsx, mts, js, mjs, jsx}`,
- or files ending with `.bench.{ts, tsx, mts, js, mjs, jsx}`,
- or files ending with `_bench.{ts, tsx, mts, js, mjs, jsx}`

```bash
# Run all benches in the current directory and all sub-directories
deno bench

# Run all benches in the util directory
deno bench util/

# Run just my_bench.ts
deno bench my_bench.ts
```

> ⚠️ If you want to pass additional CLI arguments to the bench files use `--` to
> inform Deno that remaining arguments are scripts arguments.

```bash
# Pass additional arguments to the bench file
deno bench my_bench.ts -- -e --foo --bar
```

`deno bench` uses the same permission model as `deno run` and therefore will
require, for example, `--allow-write` to write to the file system during
benching.

To see all runtime options with `deno bench`, you can reference the command line
help:

```bash
deno help bench
```

## Filtering

There are a number of options to filter the benches you are running.

### Command line filtering

Benches can be run individually or in groups using the command line `--filter`
option.

The filter flags accept a string or a pattern as value.

Assuming the following benches:

```ts
Deno.bench({
  name: "my-bench",
  fn: () => {/* bench function zero */},
});
Deno.bench({
  name: "bench-1",
  fn: () => {/* bench function one */},
});
Deno.bench({
  name: "bench2",
  fn: () => {/* bench function two */},
});
```

This command will run all of these benches because they all contain the word
"bench".

```bash
deno bench --filter "bench" benchmarks/
```

On the flip side, the following command uses a pattern and will run the second
and third benchmarks.

```bash
deno bench --filter "/bench-*\d/" benchmarks/
```

_To let Deno know that you want to use a pattern, wrap your filter with
forward-slashes like the JavaScript syntactic sugar for a regex._

### Bench definition filtering

Within the benches themselves, you have two options for filtering.

#### Filtering out (ignoring these benches)

Sometimes you want to ignore benches based on some sort of condition (for
example you only want a benchmark to run on Windows). For this you can use the
`ignore` boolean in the bench definition. If it is set to true the bench will be
skipped.

```ts
Deno.bench({
  name: "bench windows feature",
  ignore: Deno.build.os !== "windows",
  fn() {
    // do windows feature
  },
});
```

#### Filtering in (only run these benches)

Sometimes you may be in the middle of a performance problem within a large bench
class and you would like to focus on just that single bench and ignore the rest
for now. For this you can use the `only` option to tell the benchmark harness to
only run benches with this set to true. Multiple benches can set this option.
While the benchmark run will report on the success or failure of each bench, the
overall benchmark run will always fail if any bench is flagged with `only`, as
this is a temporary measure only which disables nearly all of your benchmarks.

```ts
Deno.bench({
  name: "Focus on this bench only",
  only: true,
  fn() {
    // bench complicated stuff
  },
});
```

## JSON output

To retrieve the output as JSON, use the `--json` flag:

```shell
$ deno bench my_bench.ts --json
{
  "version": 1,
  "runtime": "Deno/2.4.2 x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu",
  "cpu": "12th Gen Intel(R) Core(TM) i3-12100",
  "benches": [
    {
      "origin": "file:///path/to/my_bench.ts",
      "group": null,
      "name": "Test",
      "baseline": false,
      "results": [
        {
          "ok": {
            "n": 51,
            "min": 946.7129,
            "max": 3024.3281,
            "avg": 1241.3926823529412,
            "p75": 1174.9718,
            "p99": 3024.3281,
            "p995": 3024.3281,
            "p999": 3024.3281,
            "highPrecision": false,
            "usedExplicitTimers": false
          }
        }
      ]
    }
  ]
}
```


---

# Bundler

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/bundle



---

# deno check

> Download and type-check code without execution

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/check


## Example

Type-check without execution.

```ts title="example.ts"
const x: string = 1 + 1n;
```

```bash
deno check example.ts
```


---

# deno clean

> Remove cached dependencies for a clean start

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/clean



---

# `deno compile`, standalone executables

> Compile your code into a standalone executable

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/compile


## Flags

As with [`deno install`](/runtime/reference/cli/install/), the runtime flags
used to execute the script must be specified at compilation time. This includes
permission flags.

```sh
deno compile --allow-read --allow-net jsr:@std/http/file-server
```

[Script arguments](/runtime/getting_started/command_line_interface/#passing-script-arguments)
can be partially embedded.

```console
deno compile --allow-read --allow-net jsr:@std/http/file-server -p 8080

./file_server --help
```

## Cross Compilation

You can cross-compile binaries for other platforms by using the `--target` flag.

```
# Cross compile for Apple Silicon
deno compile --target aarch64-apple-darwin main.ts

# Cross compile for Windows with an icon
deno compile --target x86_64-pc-windows-msvc --icon ./icon.ico main.ts
```

### Supported Targets

Deno supports cross compiling to all targets regardless of the host platform.

| OS      | Architecture | Target                      |
| ------- | ------------ | --------------------------- |
| Windows | x86_64       | `x86_64-pc-windows-msvc`    |
| macOS   | x86_64       | `x86_64-apple-darwin`       |
| macOS   | ARM64        | `aarch64-apple-darwin`      |
| Linux   | x86_64       | `x86_64-unknown-linux-gnu`  |
| Linux   | ARM64        | `aarch64-unknown-linux-gnu` |

## Icons

It is possible to add an icon to the executable by using the `--icon` flag when
targeting Windows. The icon must be in the `.ico` format.

```
deno compile --icon icon.ico main.ts

# Cross compilation with icon
deno compile --target x86_64-pc-windows-msvc --icon ./icon.ico main.ts
```

## Dynamic Imports

By default, statically analyzable dynamic imports (imports that have the string
literal within the `import("...")` call expression) will be included in the
output.

```ts
// calculator.ts and its dependencies will be included in the binary
const calculator = await import("./calculator.ts");
```

But non-statically analyzable dynamic imports won't:

```ts
const specifier = condition ? "./calc.ts" : "./better_calc.ts";
const calculator = await import(specifier);
```

To include non-statically analyzable dynamic imports, specify an
`--include <path>` flag.

```shell
deno compile --include calc.ts --include better_calc.ts main.ts
```

## Including Data Files or Directories

Starting in Deno 2.1, you can include files or directories in the executable by
specifying them via the `--include <path>` flag.

```shell
deno compile --include names.csv --include data main.ts
```

Then read the file relative to the directory path of the current module via
`import.meta.dirname`:

```ts
// main.ts
const names = Deno.readTextFileSync(import.meta.dirname + "/names.csv");
const dataFiles = Deno.readDirSync(import.meta.dirname + "/data");

// use names and dataFiles here
```

Note this currently only works for files on the file system and not remote
files.

## Workers

Similarly to non-statically analyzable dynamic imports, code for
[workers](../web_platform_apis/#web-workers) is not included in the compiled
executable by default. There are two ways to include workers:

1. Use the `--include <path>` flag to include the worker code.

```shell
deno compile --include worker.ts main.ts
```

2. Import worker module using a statically analyzable import.

```ts
// main.ts
import "./worker.ts";
```

```shell
deno compile main.ts
```

## Code Signing

### macOS

By default, on macOS, the compiled executable will be signed using an ad-hoc
signature which is the equivalent of running `codesign -s -`:

```shell
$ deno compile -o main main.ts
$ codesign --verify -vv ./main

./main: valid on disk
./main: satisfies its Designated Requirement
```

You can specify a signing identity when code signing the executable just like
you would do with any other macOS executable:

```shell
codesign -s "Developer ID Application: Your Name" ./main
```

Refer to the
[official documentation](https://developer.apple.com/documentation/security/notarizing-macos-software-before-distribution)
for more information on codesigning and notarization on macOS.

### Windows

On Windows, the compiled executable can be signed using the `SignTool.exe`
utility.

```shell
$ deno compile -o main.exe main.ts
$ signtool sign /fd SHA256 main.exe
```

## Unavailable in executables

- [Web Storage API](/runtime/reference/web_platform_apis/#web-storage)
- [Web Cache](/api/web/~/Cache)


---

# deno completions

> Generate shell completions for Deno

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/completions


You can use the output script to configure autocompletion for `deno` commands.
For example: `deno un` -> <kbd>Tab</kbd> -> `deno uninstall`.

## Examples

### Configure Bash shell completion

```bash
deno completions bash > deno.bash

if [ -d "/usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/" ]; then
  sudo mv deno.bash /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/
  source /usr/local/etc/bash_completion.d/deno.bash
elif [ -d "/usr/share/bash-completion/completions/" ]; then
  sudo mv deno.bash /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/
  source /usr/share/bash-completion/completions/deno.bash
else
  echo "Please move deno.bash to the appropriate bash completions directory"
fi
```

### Configure PowerShell shell completion

```bash
deno completions powershell | Out-String | Invoke-Expression
```

### Configure zsh shell completion

First add the following to your `.zshrc` file:

```bash
fpath=(~/.zsh/completion $fpath)
autoload -U compinit
compinit
```

Then run the following commands:

```bash
deno completions zsh > _deno
mv _deno ~/.zsh/completion/_deno
autoload -U compinit && compinit
```

### Configure fish shell completion

```bash
deno completions fish > completions.fish
chmod +x ./completions.fish
```


---

# deno coverage

> Generate a coverage report for your code

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/coverage


## Inclusions and Exclusions

By default coverage includes any of your code that exists on the local file
system, and it's imports.

You can customize the inclusions and exclusions by using the `--include` and
`--exclude` options.

You can expand the coverage to include files that are not on the local file
system by using the `--include` option and customizing the regex pattern.

```bash
deno coverage --include="^file:|https:"
```

The default inclusion pattern should be sufficient for most use cases, but you
can customize it to be more specific about which files are included in your
coverage report.

Files that contain `test.js`, `test.ts`, `test.jsx`, or `test.tsx` in their name
are excluded by default.

This is equivalent to:

```bash
deno coverage --exclude="test\.(js|mjs|ts|jsx|tsx)$"
```

This default setting prevents your test code from contributing to your coverage
report. For a URL to match it must match the include pattern and not match the
exclude pattern.

## Ignoring Code

Code can be ignored in generated coverage reports by adding coverage ignore
comments. Branches and lines in ignored code will be excluded from the report.
Ignored branches and lines do not count as covered lines. Instead, ignored lines
of code are treated as empty lines.

To ignore an entire file, add a `// deno-coverage-ignore-file` comment at the
top of the file.

```ts
// deno-coverage-ignore-file

// all code in this file is ignored
```

Ignored files will not appear in the coverage report.

To ignore a single line, add a `// deno-coverage-ignore` comment on the line
above the code you want to ignore.

```ts
// deno-coverage-ignore
console.log("this line is ignored");
```

To ignore multiple lines, add a `// deno-coverage-ignore-start` comment above
the code you want to ignore and a `// deno-coverage-ignore-stop` comment below.

```ts
// deno-coverage-ignore-start
if (condition) {
  console.log("both the branch and lines are ignored");
}
// deno-coverage-ignore-stop
```

All code after a `// deno-coverage-ignore-start` comment is ignored until a
`// deno-coverage-ignore-stop` is reached.

Each `// deno-coverage-ignore-start` comment must be terminated by a
`// deno-coverage-ignore-stop` comment, and ignored ranges may not be nested.
When these requirements are not met, some lines may be unintentionally included
in the coverage report. The `deno coverage` command will log warnings for any
invalid comments.

```ts
// deno-coverage-ignore-start
if (condition) {
  // deno-coverage-ignore-start - A warning will be logged because the previous
  //                              coverage range is unterminated.
  console.log("this code is ignored");
  // deno-coverage-ignore-stop
}
// deno-coverage-ignore-stop

// ...

// deno-coverage-ignore-start - This comment will be ignored and a warning will
//                              be logged, because this range is unterminated.
console.log("this code is not ignored");
```

Only white space may precede the coverage directive in a coverage comment.
However, any text may trail the directive.

```ts
// deno-coverage-ignore Trailing text is allowed.
console.log("This line is ignored");

// But leading text isn't. deno-coverage-ignore
console.log("This line is not ignored");
```

Coverage comments must start with `//`. Comments starting with `/*` are not
valid coverage comments.

```ts
// deno-coverage-ignore
console.log("This line is ignored");

/* deno-coverage-ignore */
console.log("This line is not ignored");
```

## Output Formats

By default we support Deno's own coverage format - but you can also output
coverage reports in the
[lcov format](https://github.com/linux-test-project/lcov?tab=readme-ov-file) (a
standard file format used to describe code coverage data), or in html.

```bash
deno coverage --lcov --output=cov.lcov
```

This lcov file can be used with other tools that support the lcov format.

```bash
deno coverage --html
```

This will output a coverage report as a html file

## Examples

Generate a coverage report from the default coverage profile in your workspace

```bash
deno test --coverage
deno coverage
```

Generate a coverage report from a coverage profile with a custom name

```bash
deno test --coverage=custom_profile_name
deno coverage custom_profile_name
```

> Note: You can alternatively set coverage directory by `DENO_COVERAGE_DIR` env
> var.
>
> ```
> DENO_COVERAGE_DIR=custom_profile_name deno test
> deno coverage custom_profile_name
> ```

Only include coverage that matches a specific pattern - in this case, only
include tests from main.ts

```bash
deno coverage --include="main.ts"
```

Export test coverage from the default coverage profile to an lcov file

```bash
deno test --coverage
deno coverage --lcov --output=cov.lcov
```


---

# deno deploy

> Manage and publish your projects on the web

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/deploy


The `deno deploy` command provides a command line interface for managing and
deploying applications to [Deno Deploy EA](https://deno.com/deploy), Deno's
platform for hosting JavaScript, TypeScript, and WebAssembly applications.

When called without any subcommands, `deno deploy` will deploy your local
directory to the specified application.

## Authentication

The deploy command uses secure token-based authentication stored in your
system's keyring:

- **Automatic Authentication**: The CLI will prompt for authentication when
  needed
- **Token Storage**: Deploy tokens are securely stored using the system keyring
- **Token Management**: The CLI provides operations to get, set, and delete
  authentication tokens.

## Global options

- `-h, --help` - Show help information
- `--org <name>` - Specify the organization name
- `--app <name>` - Specify the application name
- `--prod` - Deploy directly to production

## Subcommands

### Create application

Creates a new application in Deno Deploy.

```bash
deno deploy create [root-path]
```

**Options:**

- `-h, --help` - Show help information
- `--org <name>` - The name of the organization to create the application for

```bash
deno deploy create --org my-organization
```

### Environment variables management

Manage environment variables for your deployed applications.

```bash
deno deploy env
```

**Options:**

- `-h, --help` - Show help information
- `--org <name>` - The name of the organization
- `--app <name>` - The name of the application

#### List environment variables

```bash
deno deploy env list
```

Lists all environment variables in an application.

#### Add environment variable

```bash
deno deploy env add <variable> <value>
```

Adds an environment variable to the application.

```bash
deno deploy env add DATABASE_URL "postgresql://user:pass@localhost/db"
```

#### Update environment variable value

```bash
deno deploy env update-value <variable> <value>
```

Updates the value of an existing environment variable.

```bash
deno deploy env update-value API_KEY "new-api-key-value"
```

#### Specifying environment variable contexts

Environment variables can be made available to specific contexts such as
Production, Preview, Local, and Build.

```bash
deno deploy env update-contexts <variable> [contexts...]
```

Updates the contexts of an environment variable in the application:

#### Delete environment variable

```bash
deno deploy env delete <variable>
```

Deletes an environment variable from the application.

```bash
deno deploy env delete OLD_API_KEY
```

#### Load environment variables from file

```bash
deno deploy env load <file>
```

Loads environment variables from a `.env` file into the application.

```bash
deno deploy env load .env.production
```

### Application logs

Stream logs from a deployed application.

```bash
deno deploy logs
```

**Options:**

- `-h, --help` - Show help information
- `--org <name>` - The name of the organization
- `--app <name>` - The name of the application
- `--start <date>` - The starting timestamp of the logs
- `--end <date>` - The ending timestamp of the logs (requires --start)

```bash
deno deploy logs --org my-org --app my-app --start "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z"
```

### Configure cloud connections

The `deploy` command includes tools to help you configure integrations for use
as [Cloud Connections](/deploy/reference/cloud_connections/) in your
applications.

#### AWS integration setup

[Configure AWS integration](/deploy/reference/cloud_connections/#aws%3A-easy-setup-with-deno-deploy-setup-aws)
for use as a Cloud Connection in your application.

```bash
deno deploy setup-aws --org <name> --app <name>
```

**Options:**

- `-h, --help` - Show help information
- `--org <name>` - The name of the organization (required)
- `--app <name>` - The name of the application (required)

```bash
deno deploy setup-aws --org my-org --app my-app
```

### Google Cloud Platform integration setup

[Configure Google Cloud Platform integration](/deploy/reference/cloud_connections/#setting-up-gcp)
for use as a Cloud Connection in your application.

```bash
deno deploy setup-gcp --org <name> --app <name>
```

**Options:**

- `-h, --help` - Show help information
- `--org <name>` - The name of the organization (required)
- `--app <name>` - The name of the application (required)

```bash
deno deploy setup-gcp --org my-org --app my-app
```

## Usage examples

### Basic deployment

```bash
# Deploy current directory to production
deno deploy --prod

# Deploy with specific org and app
deno deploy --org my-company --app my-api --prod
```

### Environment setup

```bash
# Create a new application
deno deploy create --org my-company

# Set up environment variables
deno deploy env add DATABASE_URL "postgresql://..."
deno deploy env add API_KEY "your-api-key"

# Load from .env file
deno deploy env load .env.production
```

### Monitoring

```bash
# View recent logs
deno deploy logs --org my-company --app my-api

# View logs for specific time range
deno deploy logs --org my-company --app my-api \
  --start "2024-01-01T00:00:00Z" \
  --end "2024-01-01T23:59:59Z"
```

### Cloud integration

```bash
# Set up AWS integration
deno deploy setup-aws --org my-company --app my-api

# Set up GCP integration
deno deploy setup-gcp --org my-company --app my-api
```

## Getting help

- Use `deno deploy --help` for general help
- Use `deno deploy <subcommand> --help` for specific subcommand help
- Check the [Deno Deploy documentation](/deploy/) for platform-specific
  information


---

# `deno doc`, documentation generator

> Generate documentation from your code

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/doc


## Examples

`deno doc` followed by a list of one or more source files will print the JSDoc
documentation for each of the module's **exported** members.

For example, given a file `add.ts` with the contents:

```ts
/**
 * Adds x and y.
 * @param {number} x
 * @param {number} y
 * @returns {number} Sum of x and y
 */
export function add(x: number, y: number): number {
  return x + y;
}
```

Running the Deno `doc` command, prints the function's JSDoc comment to `stdout`:

```shell
deno doc add.ts
function add(x: number, y: number): number
  Adds x and y. @param {number} x @param {number} y @returns {number} Sum of x and y
```

## Linting

You can use `--lint` flag to check for problems in your documentation while it's
being generated. `deno doc` will point out three kinds of problems:

1. Error for an exported type from the root module referencing a non-exported
   type.
   - Ensures API consumers have access to all the types the API uses. This can
     be suppressed by exporting the type from a root module (one of the files
     specified to `deno doc` on the command line) or by marking the type with an
     `@internal` jsdoc tag.
1. Error for missing return type or property type on a **public** type.
   - Ensures `deno doc` displays the return/property type and helps improve type
     checking performance.
1. Error for missing JS doc comment on a **public** type.
   - Ensures the code is documented. Can be suppressed by adding a jsdoc
     comment, or via an `@ignore` jsdoc tag to exclude it from the
     documentation. Alternatively, add an `@internal` tag to keep it in the
     docs, but signify it's internal.

For example:

```ts title="/mod.ts"
interface Person {
  name: string;
  // ...
}

export function getName(person: Person) {
  return person.name;
}
```

```shell
$ deno doc --lint mod.ts
Type 'getName' references type 'Person' which is not exported from a root module.
Missing JS documentation comment.
Missing return type.
    at file:///mod.ts:6:1
```

These lints are meant to help you write better documentation and speed up
type-checking in your projects. If any problems are found, the program exits
with non-zero exit code and the output is reported to standard error.

## Supported JSDoc features and tags

Deno implements a large set of JSDoc tags, but does not strictly adhere to the
JSDoc standard, but rather align with sensible standards and features provided
by widely used tools and ecosystems in the same feature-space, like
[TSDoc](https://tsdoc.org/) and [TypeDoc](https://typedoc.org/).

For any free-form text places, ie the main description of a JSDoc comment, the
description of a parameter, etc. accept markdown.

### Supported Tags

The following tags are supported, being a selection of tags used and specified
by JSDoc, TSDoc and TypeDoc:

- [`constructor`/`class`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-class): mark a function to be a
  constructor.
- [`ignore`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-ignore): ignore a symbol to be included in
  the output.
- internal: mark a symbol to be used only for internal. In the HTML generator,
  the symbol will not get a listed entry, however it will still be generated and
  can be reached if a non-internal symbol links to it.
- [`public`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-public): treat a symbol as public API.
  Equivalent of TypeScript `public` keyword.
- [`private`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-private): treat a symbol as private API.
  Equivalent of TypeScript `private` keyword.
- [`protected`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-protected): treat a property or method as
  protected API. Equivalent of TypeScript `protected` keyword.
- [`readonly`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-readonly): mark a symbol to be readonly,
  meaning that it cannot be overwritten.
- [`experimental`](https://tsdoc.org/pages/tags/experimental): mark a symbol as
  experimental, meaning that the API might change or be removed, or behaviour is
  not well-defined.
- [`deprecated`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-deprecated): mark a symbol as
  deprecated, meaning that it is not supported anymore and might be removed in a
  future version.
- [`module`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-module): this tag can be defined on a
  top-level JSDoc comment, which will treat that comment to be for the file
  instead of the subsequent symbol. A value can be specified, which will use the
  value as an identifier for the module (ie for default exports).
- `category`/`group`: mark a symbol to be of a specific category/group. This is
  useful for grouping together various symbols together.
- [`see`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-see): define an external reference related to
  the symbol.
- [`example`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-example): define an example for the symbol.
  Unlike JSDoc, code examples need to be wrapped in triple backtick
  (markdown-style codeblocks), which aligns more with TSDoc than JSDoc.
- `tags`: define additional custom labels for a symbol, via a comma separated
  list.
- [`since`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-since): define since when the symbol has been
  available.
- [`callback`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-callback): define a callback.
- [`template`/`typeparam`/`typeParam`](https://tsdoc.org/pages/tags/typeparam):
  define a generic parameter.
- [`prop`/`property`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-property): define a property on a
  symbol.
- [`typedef`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-typedef): define a type.
- [`param`/`arg`/`argument`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-param): define a parameter
  on a function.
- [`return`/`returns`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-returns): define the return type
  and/or comment of a function.
- [`throws`/`exception`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-throws): define what a function
  throws when called.
- [`enum`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-enum): define an object to be an enum.
- [`extends`/`augments`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-augments): define a type that a
  function extends on.
- [`this`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-this): define what the `this` keyword refers
  to in a function.
- [`type`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-type): define the type of a symbol.
- [`default`](https://jsdoc.app/tags-default): define the default value for a
  variable, property or field.

### Inline Linking

Inline links let you specify links to other parts of the page, other symbols, or
modules. Besides just supporting markdown-style links,
[JSDoc style inline-links](https://jsdoc.app/tags-inline-link) are also
supported.

For example, you can do`{@link https://docs.deno.com}`, which will be rendered
as the following 'https://docs.deno.com'. `{@linkcode https://docs.deno.com}`
can also be used, to make it in a monospace font, and will be rendered roughly
like this: '`https://docs.deno.com`'.

You can also specify a replacement label, via
`{@link https://docs.deno.com | Deno Docs}`, which will use the text after `|`
as the text to display instead of the link. The previous example would render as
'[Deno Docs](https://docs.deno.com)'.

You can add inline links in your descriptions to other symbols via
`{@link MySymbol}`.

For module linking, the same applies, but you use the `{@link [myModule]}`
syntax. You can also link to symbols in a different module via
`{@link [myModule].mysymbol}`.

## HTML output

Use the `--html` flag to generate a static site with documentation.

```console
$ deno doc --html --name="My library" ./mod.ts

$ deno doc --html --name="My library" --output=./documentation/ ./mod.ts

$ deno doc --html --name="My library" ./sub1/mod.ts ./sub2/mod.ts
```

The generated documentation is a static site with multiple pages that can be
deployed to any static site hosting service.

A client-side search is included in the generated site, but is not available if
user's browser has JavaScript disabled.

## JSON output

Use the `--json` flag to output the documentation in JSON format. This JSON
format is consumed by the
[deno doc website](https://github.com/denoland/docland) and is used to generate
module documentation.


---

# Configuring Deno behavior

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/env_variables


There are several environment variables which can impact the behavior of Deno:

### DENO_AUTH_TOKENS

A list of authorization tokens which can be used to allow Deno to access remote
private code. See the
[Private modules and repositories](/runtime/reference/private_repositories)
section for more details.

### DENO_TLS_CA_STORE

A list of certificate stores which will be used when establishing TLS
connections. The available stores are `mozilla` and `system`. You can specify
one, both or none. Certificate chains attempt to resolve in the same order in
which you specify them. The default value is `mozilla`. The `mozilla` store will
use the bundled Mozilla certs provided by
[`webpki-roots`](https://crates.io/crates/webpki-roots). The `system` store will
use your platform's
[native certificate store](https://crates.io/crates/rustls-native-certs). The
exact set of Mozilla certs will depend on the version of Deno you are using. If
you specify no certificate stores, then no trust will be given to any TLS
connection without also specifying `DENO_CERT` or `--cert` or specifying a
specific certificate per TLS connection.

### DENO_CERT

Load a certificate authority from a PEM encoded file. This "overrides" the
`--cert` option. See the [Proxies](#proxies) section for more information.

### DENO_DIR

this will set the directory where cached information from the CLI is stored.
This includes items like cached remote modules, cached transpiled modules,
language server cache information and persisted data from local storage. This
defaults to the operating system's default cache location and then under the
`deno` path.

### DENO_INSTALL_ROOT

When using `deno install` where the installed scripts are stored. This defaults
to `$HOME/.deno/bin`.

### DENO_NO_PACKAGE_JSON

Set to disable auto-resolution of package.json files.

### DENO_NO_PROMPT

Set to disable permission prompts on access (alternative to passing
`--no-prompt` on invocation).

### DENO_NO_UPDATE_CHECK

Set to disable checking if a newer Deno version is available.

### DENO_WEBGPU_TRACE

The directory to use for WebGPU traces.

### HTTP_PROXY

The proxy address to use for HTTP requests. See the [Proxies](#proxies) section
for more information.

### HTTPS_PROXY

The proxy address to use for HTTPS requests. See the [Proxies](#proxies) section
for more information.

### NO_COLOR

If set, this will prevent the Deno CLI from sending ANSI color codes when
writing to stdout and stderr. See the website
[https://no-color.org](https://no-color.org/) for more information on this _de
facto_ standard. The value of this flag can be accessed at runtime without
permission to read the environment variables by checking the value of
`Deno.noColor`.

### NO_PROXY

Indicates hosts which should bypass the proxy set in the other environment
variables. See the [Proxies](#proxies) section for more information.

### NPM_CONFIG_REGISTRY

The npm registry to use when loading modules via
[npm specifiers](/runtime/fundamentals/node/#using-npm-packages)

## Proxies

Deno is able to handle network requests through a proxy server, useful for
various reasons such as security, caching, or accessing resources behind a
firewall. The runtime supports supports proxies for module downloads and the Web
standard `fetch` API.

Deno reads proxy configuration from environment variables: `HTTP_PROXY`,
`HTTPS_PROXY` and `NO_PROXY`.

On Windows, if environment variables are not found, Deno falls back to reading
proxies from the registry.


---

# deno eval

> Evaluate JavaScript and TypeScript code in the command line

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/eval



---

# `deno fmt`, code formatting

> Format your code with Deno's built-in formatter

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/fmt


To see a list of the available CLI options for `deno fmt`, run:

```sh
deno fmt --help
```

## Supported File Types

Deno ships with a built-in code formatter that will auto-format the following
files:

<!-- This list needs to be updated along with https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/main/cli/tools/fmt.rs -->

| File Type            | Extension                                              | Notes                                                                                  |
| -------------------- | ------------------------------------------------------ | -------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| JavaScript           | `.js`, `.cjs`, `.mjs`                                  |                                                                                        |
| TypeScript           | `.ts`, `.mts`, `.cts`                                  |                                                                                        |
| JSX                  | `.jsx`                                                 |                                                                                        |
| TSX                  | `.tsx`                                                 |                                                                                        |
| Markdown             | `.md`, `.mkd`, `.mkdn`, `.mdwn`, `.mdown`, `.markdown` |                                                                                        |
| JSON                 | `.json`                                                |                                                                                        |
| JSONC                | `.jsonc`                                               |                                                                                        |
| CSS                  | `.css`                                                 |                                                                                        |
| HTML                 | `.html`                                                |                                                                                        |
| [Nunjucks][Nunjucks] | `.njk`                                                 |                                                                                        |
| [Vento][Vento]       | `.vto`                                                 |                                                                                        |
| YAML                 | `.yml`, `.yaml`                                        |                                                                                        |
| Sass                 | `.sass`                                                |                                                                                        |
| SCSS                 | `.scss`                                                |                                                                                        |
| LESS                 | `.less`                                                |                                                                                        |
| Jupyter Notebook     | `.ipynb`                                               |                                                                                        |
| Astro                | `.astro`                                               | Requires `--unstable-component` flag or `"unstable": ["fmt-component"]` config option. |
| Svelte               | `.svelte`                                              | Requires `--unstable-component` flag or `"unstable": ["fmt-component"]` config option. |
| Vue                  | `.vue`                                                 | Requires `--unstable-component` flag or `"unstable": ["fmt-component"]` config option. |
| SQL                  | `.sql`                                                 | Requires `--unstable-sql` flag or `"unstable": ["fmt-sql"]` config option.             |

[Nunjucks]: https://mozilla.github.io/nunjucks/
[Vento]: https://github.com/ventojs/vento

:::note

**`deno fmt` can format code snippets in Markdown files.** Snippets must be
enclosed in triple backticks and have a language attribute.

:::

## Ignoring Code

### JavaScript / TypeScript / JSONC

Ignore formatting code by preceding it with a `// deno-fmt-ignore` comment:

```ts
// deno-fmt-ignore
export const identity = [
    1, 0, 0,
    0, 1, 0,
    0, 0, 1,
];
```

Or ignore an entire file by adding a `// deno-fmt-ignore-file` comment at the
top of the file.

### Markdown / HTML / CSS

Ignore formatting next item by preceding it with `<!--- deno-fmt-ignore -->`
comment:

```html
<html>
  <body>
    <p>
      Hello there
      <!-- deno-fmt-ignore -->
    </p>
  </body>
</html>
```

To ignore a section of code, surround the code with
`<!-- deno-fmt-ignore-start -->` and `<!-- deno-fmt-ignore-end -->` comments.

Or ignore an entire file by adding a `<!-- deno-fmt-ignore-file -->` comment at
the top of the file.

### YAML

Ignore formatting next item by preceding it with `# deno-fmt-ignore` comment:

```html
# deno-fmt-ignore aaaaaa: bbbbbbb
```

## More about linting and formatting

For more information about linting and formating in Deno, and the differences
between these two utilities, visit the
[Linting and Formatting](/runtime/fundamentals/linting_and_formatting/) page in
our Fundamentals section.


---

# Deno CLI Subcommands

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/


The Deno CLI (Command Line Interface) allows you to interact with the Deno
runtime environment from your terminal or command prompt. The CLI has a number
of subcommands that can be used to perform different tasks, check the links
below for more information on each subcommand.

## Execution

- [deno run](/runtime/reference/cli/run/) - run a script
- [deno serve](/runtime/reference/cli/serve/) - run a web server
- [deno task](/runtime/reference/cli/task/) - run a task
- [deno repl](/runtime/reference/cli/repl/) - starts a read-eval-print-loop
- [deno eval](/runtime/reference/cli/eval/) - evaluate provided script

## Dependency management

- [deno add](/runtime/reference/cli/add) - add dependencies
- deno cache - _(Deprecated. Please use
  [deno install](/runtime/reference/cli/install/))_
- [deno install](/runtime/reference/cli/install/) - install a dependency or a
  script
- [deno uninstall](/runtime/reference/cli/uninstall/) - uninstall a dependency
  or a script
- [deno remove](/runtime/reference/cli/remove) - Remove dependencies
- [deno outdated](/runtime/reference/cli/outdated) - view or update outdated
  dependencies

## Tooling

- [deno bench](/runtime/reference/cli/bench/) - benchmarking tool
- [deno check](/runtime/reference/cli/check/) - type check your program without
  running it
- [deno compile](/runtime/reference/cli/compile/) - compile a program into a
  standalone executable
- [deno completions](/runtime/reference/cli/completions/) - generate shell
  completions
- [deno coverage](/runtime/reference/cli/coverage/) - generate test coverage
  reports
- [deno doc](/runtime/reference/cli/doc/) - generate documentation for a module
- [deno deploy](/runtime/reference/cli/deploy) - Manage and publish your
  projects on the web
- [deno fmt](/runtime/reference/cli/fmt/) - format your code
- [deno info](/runtime/reference/cli/info/) - inspect an ES module and all of
  its dependencies
- [deno init](/runtime/reference/cli/init/) - create a new project
- [deno jupyter](/runtime/reference/cli/jupyter/) - run a Jupyter notebook
- [deno lint](/runtime/reference/cli/lint/) - lint your code
- [deno lsp](/runtime/reference/cli/lsp/) - language server protocol integration
- [deno publish](/runtime/reference/cli/publish/) - publish a module to JSR
- [deno test](/runtime/reference/cli/test/) - run your tests
- [deno types](/runtime/reference/cli/types/) - print runtime types
- [deno upgrade](/runtime/reference/cli/upgrade/) - upgrade Deno to the latest
  version

## Other

- [Unstable feature flags](/runtime/reference/cli/unstable_flags/)
- [Integrating the Deno LSP](/runtime/reference/lsp_integration/)


---

# `deno info`, dependency inspector

> Inspect the dependencies of your project

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/info


## Example

```shell
$ deno info jsr:@std/http@1.0.0-rc.5/file-server
local: /home/lucacasonato/.cache/deno/deps/https/jsr.io/3a0e5ef03d2090c75c81daf771ed9a73009518adfe688c333dc11d8006dc3598
emit: /home/lucacasonato/.cache/deno/gen/https/jsr.io/3a0e5ef03d2090c75c81daf771ed9a73009518adfe688c333dc11d8006dc3598.js
type: TypeScript
dependencies: 40 unique
size: 326.42KB

https://jsr.io/@std/http/1.0.0-rc.5/file_server.ts (24.74KB)
├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/posix/join.ts (862B)
│ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/assert_path.ts (307B)
│ └─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/posix/normalize.ts (1.31KB)
│   ├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/normalize.ts (263B)
│   │ └── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/assert_path.ts *
│   ├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/normalize_string.ts (2.25KB)
│   │ └── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/constants.ts (1.97KB)
│   └─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/posix/_util.ts (391B)
│     └── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/constants.ts *
├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/posix/normalize.ts *
├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/extname.ts (906B)
│ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_os.ts (736B)
│ ├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/posix/extname.ts (2.28KB)
│ │ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/constants.ts *
│ │ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/assert_path.ts *
│ │ └── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/posix/_util.ts *
│ └─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/windows/extname.ts (2.5KB)
│   ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/constants.ts *
│   ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/assert_path.ts *
│   └─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/windows/_util.ts (828B)
│     └── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/constants.ts *
├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/join.ts (926B)
│ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_os.ts *
│ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/posix/join.ts *
│ └─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/windows/join.ts (2.41KB)
│   ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/assert_path.ts *
│   ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/windows/_util.ts *
│   └─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/windows/normalize.ts (3.84KB)
│     ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/normalize.ts *
│     ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/constants.ts *
│     ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/normalize_string.ts *
│     └── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/windows/_util.ts *
├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/relative.ts (1.08KB)
│ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_os.ts *
│ ├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/posix/relative.ts (3.25KB)
│ │ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/posix/_util.ts *
│ │ ├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/posix/resolve.ts (1.84KB)
│ │ │ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/normalize_string.ts *
│ │ │ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/assert_path.ts *
│ │ │ └── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/posix/_util.ts *
│ │ └─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/relative.ts (287B)
│ │   └── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/assert_path.ts *
│ └─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/windows/relative.ts (4.24KB)
│   ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/constants.ts *
│   ├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/windows/resolve.ts (5.02KB)
│   │ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/constants.ts *
│   │ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/normalize_string.ts *
│   │ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/assert_path.ts *
│   │ └── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/windows/_util.ts *
│   └── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_common/relative.ts *
├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/resolve.ts (1.02KB)
│ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_os.ts *
│ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/posix/resolve.ts *
│ └── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/windows/resolve.ts *
├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/constants.ts (705B)
│ └── https://jsr.io/@std/path/1.0.1/_os.ts *
├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/content_type.ts (3.09KB)
│ ├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/parse_media_type.ts (3.54KB)
│ │ └── https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/_util.ts (3.18KB)
│ ├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/get_charset.ts (1.45KB)
│ │ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/parse_media_type.ts *
│ │ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/_util.ts *
│ │ └─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/_db.ts (1.34KB)
│ │   ├── https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/vendor/db.ts (190.69KB)
│ │   └── https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/_util.ts *
│ ├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/format_media_type.ts (2.45KB)
│ │ └── https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/_util.ts *
│ ├── https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/_db.ts *
│ └─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/type_by_extension.ts (1.15KB)
│   └── https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/1.0.2/_db.ts *
├─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/http/1.0.0-rc.5/etag.ts (6.46KB)
│ └─┬ https://jsr.io/@std/encoding/1.0.1/base64.ts (3.18KB)
│   └── https://jsr.io/@std/encoding/1.0.1/_validate_binary_like.ts (798B)
├── https://jsr.io/@std/http/1.0.0-rc.5/status.ts (13.39KB)
├── https://jsr.io/@std/streams/1.0.0-rc.4/byte_slice_stream.ts (2.57KB)
├── https://jsr.io/@std/cli/1.0.0/parse_args.ts (21.94KB)
├── https://jsr.io/@std/http/1.0.0-rc.5/deno.json (415B)
├── https://jsr.io/@std/fmt/1.0.0-rc.1/bytes.ts (5.3KB)
└── https://jsr.io/@std/net/1.0.0-rc.2/get_network_address.ts (1.68KB)
```

Dependency inspector works with any local or remote ES modules.

## Cache location

`deno info` can be used to display information about cache location:

```shell
deno info
DENO_DIR location: "/Users/deno/Library/Caches/deno"
Remote modules cache: "/Users/deno/Library/Caches/deno/deps"
TypeScript compiler cache: "/Users/deno/Library/Caches/deno/gen"
```


---

# `deno init`, start a new project

> Scaffold a new Deno project with tests and configuration

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/init


## Examples

```sh
$ deno init
✅ Project initialized
Run these commands to get started

  // Run the program
  deno run main.ts

  // Run the program and watch for file changes
  deno task dev

  // Run the tests
  deno test

$ deno run main.ts
Add 2 + 3 = 5

$ deno test
Check file:///dev/main_test.ts
running 1 test from main_test.ts
addTest ... ok (6ms)

ok | 1 passed | 0 failed (29ms)
```

The `init` subcommand will create two files (`main.ts` and `main_test.ts`).
These files provide a basic example of how to write a Deno program and how to
write tests for it. The `main.ts` file exports a `add` function that adds two
numbers together and the `main_test.ts` file contains a test for this function.

You can also specify an argument to `deno init` to initialize a project in a
specific directory:

```sh
$ deno init my_deno_project
✅ Project initialized

Run these commands to get started

  cd my_deno_project

  // Run the program
  deno run main.ts

  // Run the program and watch for file changes
  deno task dev

  // Run the tests
  deno test
```

## Init a JSR package

By running `deno init --lib` Deno will bootstrap a project that is ready to be
published on [JSR](https://jsr.io/).

```sh
$ deno init --lib
✅ Project initialized

Run these commands to get started

  # Run the tests
  deno test

  # Run the tests and watch for file changes
  deno task dev

  # Publish to JSR (dry run)
  deno publish --dry-run
```

Inside `deno.json` you'll see that the entries for `name`, `exports` and
`version` are prefilled.

```json
{
  "name": "my-lib",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "exports": "./mod.ts",
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno test --watch mod.ts"
  },
  "imports": {
    "@std/assert": "jsr:@std/assert@1"
  }
}
```

## Initialize a web server

Running `deno init --serve` bootstraps a web server that works with
[`deno serve`](./serve).

```sh
$ deno init --serve
✅ Project initialized

Run these commands to get started

  # Run the server
  deno serve -R main.ts

  # Run the server and watch for file changes
  deno task dev

  # Run the tests
  deno -R test
```

Your [`deno.json`](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/) file will look like
this:

```json
{
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno serve --watch -R main.ts"
  },
  "imports": {
    "@std/assert": "jsr:@std/assert@1",
    "@std/http": "jsr:@std/http@1"
  }
}
```

Now, you can start your web server, which
[watches for changes](/runtime/getting_started/command_line_interface/#watch-mode),
by running `deno task dev`.

```sh
$ deno task dev
Task dev deno serve --watch -R main.ts
Watcher Process started.
deno serve: Listening on http://0.0.0.0:8000/
```

## Generate a library project

You can append a `--lib` flag to add extra parameters to your `deno.json`, such
as "name", "version" and an "exports" fields.

```sh
$ deno init my_deno_project --lib
✅ Project initialized
```

The resulting `deno.json will be as follows:

```jsonc
{
  "name": "my_deno_project",
  "version": "0.1.0",
  "exports": "./mod.ts",
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno test --watch mod.ts"
  },
  "license": "MIT",
  "imports": {
    "@std/assert": "jsr:@std/assert@1"
  }
}
```


---

# `deno install`

> Install and cache dependencies for your project

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/install


## Examples

### deno install

Use this command to install all dependencies defined in `deno.json` and/or
`package.json`.

The dependencies will be installed in the global cache, but if your project has
a `package.json` file, a local `node_modules` directory will be set up as well.

### deno install [PACKAGES]

Use this command to install particular packages and add them to `deno.json` or
`package.json`.

```shell
$ deno install jsr:@std/testing npm:express
```

:::tip

You can also use `deno add` which is an alias to `deno install [PACKAGES]`

:::

If your project has a `package.json` file, the packages coming from npm will be
added to `dependencies` in `package.json`. Otherwise all packages will be added
to `deno.json`.

### deno install --entrypoint [FILES]

Use this command to install all dependencies that are used in the provided files
and their dependencies.

This is particularly useful if you use `jsr:`, `npm:`, `http:` or `https:`
specifiers in your code and want to cache all the dependencies before deploying
your project.

```js title="main.js"
import * as colors from "jsr:@std/fmt/colors";
import express from "npm:express";
```

```shell
$ deno install -e main.js
Download jsr:@std/fmt
Download npm:express
```

:::tip

If you want to set up local `node_modules` directory, you can pass
`--node-modules-dir=auto` flag.

Some dependencies might not work correctly without a local `node_modules`
directory.

:::

### deno install --global [PACKAGE_OR_URL]

Use this command to install provide package or script as a globally available
binary on your system.

This command creates a thin, executable shell script which invokes `deno` using
the specified CLI flags and main module. It is placed in the installation root.

Example:

```shell
$ deno install --global --allow-net --allow-read jsr:@std/http/file-server
Download jsr:@std/http/file-server...

✅ Successfully installed file-server.
/Users/deno/.deno/bin/file-server
```

To change the executable name, use `-n`/`--name`:

```shell
deno install -g -N -R -n serve jsr:@std/http/file-server
```

The executable name is inferred by default:

- Attempt to take the file stem of the URL path. The above example would become
  'file-server'.
- If the file stem is something generic like 'main', 'mod', 'index' or 'cli',
  and the path has no parent, take the file name of the parent path. Otherwise
  settle with the generic name.
- If the resulting name has an '@...' suffix, strip it.

To change the installation root, use `--root`:

```shell
deno install -g -N -R --root /usr/local/bin jsr:@std/http/file-server
```

The installation root is determined, in order of precedence:

- `--root` option
- `DENO_INSTALL_ROOT` environment variable
- `$HOME/.deno/bin`

These must be added to the path manually if required.

```shell
echo 'export PATH="$HOME/.deno/bin:$PATH"' >> ~/.bashrc
```

You must specify permissions that will be used to run the script at installation
time.

```shell
deno install -g -N -R jsr:@std/http/file-server -- -p 8080
```

The above command creates an executable called `file_server` that runs with
network and read permissions and binds to port 8080.

For good practice, use the
[`import.meta.main`](/runtime/tutorials/module_metadata/) idiom to specify the
entry point in an executable script.

Example:

```ts
// https://example.com/awesome/cli.ts
async function myAwesomeCli(): Promise<void> {
  // -- snip --
}

if (import.meta.main) {
  myAwesomeCli();
}
```

When you create an executable script make sure to let users know by adding an
example installation command to your repository:

```shell
# Install using deno install

$ deno install -n awesome_cli https://example.com/awesome/cli.ts
```

## Native Node.js addons

A lot of popular packages npm packages like
[`npm:sqlite3`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/sqlite3) or
[`npm:duckdb`](https://www.npmjs.com/package/duckdb) depend on
["lifecycle scripts"](https://docs.npmjs.com/cli/v10/using-npm/scripts#life-cycle-scripts),
eg. `preinstall` or `postinstall` scripts. Most often running these scripts is
required for a package to work correctly.

Unlike npm, Deno does not run these scripts by default as they pose a potential
security vulnerability.

You can still run these scripts by passing the `--allow-scripts=<packages>` flag
when running `deno install`:

```shell
deno install --allow-scripts=npm:sqlite3
```

_Install all dependencies and allow `npm:sqlite3` package to run its lifecycle
scripts_.

## --quiet flag

The `--quiet` flag suppresses diagnostic output when installing dependencies.
When used with `deno install`, it will hide progress indicators, download
information, and success messages.

```shell
$ deno install --quiet jsr:@std/http/file-server
```

This is useful for scripting environments or when you want cleaner output in CI
pipelines.

## Uninstall

You can uninstall dependencies or binary script with `deno uninstall` command:

```shell
$ deno uninstall express
Removed express
```

```shell
$ deno uninstall -g file-server
deleted /Users/deno/.deno/bin/file-server
✅ Successfully uninstalled file-server
```

See [`deno uninstall` page for more details](/runtime/reference/cli/uninstall/).


---

# Jupyter Kernel for Deno

> Write JavaScript and TypeScript in Jupyter notebooks thanks to Deno's built-in Jupyter kernel

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/jupyter


Deno ships with a built-in Jupyter kernel that allows you to write JavaScript
and TypeScript; use Web and Deno APIs and import `npm` packages straight in your
interactive notebooks.

:::caution `deno jupyter` always runs with `--allow-all`

Currently all code executed in the Jupyter kernel runs with `--allow-all` flag.
This is a temporary limitation and will be addressed in the future.

:::

## Quickstart

Run `deno jupyter` and follow the instructions.

You can run `deno jupyter --install` to force installation of the kernel. Deno
assumes that `jupyter` command is available in your `PATH`.

After completing the installation process, the Deno kernel will be available in
the notebook creation dialog in JupyterLab and the classic notebook:

![Jupyter notebook kernel selection](../images/jupyter_notebook.png)

You can use the Deno Jupyter kernel in any editor that supports Jupyter
notebooks.

### VS Code

- Install the
  [VSCode Jupyter extension](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=ms-toolsai.jupyter)
- Open or create a notebook file by opening the Command Palette (Ctrl+Shift+P)
  and selecting "Create: New Jupyter Notebook". This can be done manually by
  creating a file with the ".ipynb" file extension.
- When on a new or existing Notebook, click creating a new Jupyter Notebook
  select "Jupyter kernels" and then select Deno

![Selecting Deno in VS Code](https://github.com/denoland/deno-docs/assets/836375/32f0ccc3-35f7-47e5-84f4-17c20a5b5732)

### JetBrains IDEs

Jupyter Notebooks are available right out of the box.

## Rich content output

`Deno.jupyter` namespaces provides helper function for displaying rich content
in your notebooks
[using MIME types that Jupyter supports](https://docs.jupyter.org/en/latest/reference/mimetype.html).

---

The easiest way to provide a rich output is to return an object that that has a
`[Symbol.for("Jupyter.display")]` method.

This method should return a dictionary mapping a MIME type to a value that
should be displayed.

```ts
{
  [Symbol.for("Jupyter.display")]() {
    return {
      // Plain text content
      "text/plain": "Hello world!",

      // HTML output
      "text/html": "<h1>Hello world!</h1>",
    }
  }
}
```

_Example of an object that returns plain text and HTML output._

:::info

You can also use `Deno.jupyter.$display` instead of typing
`Symbol.for("Jupyter.display")`

:::

This is a regular function, so you you can use any library you want to format
the output - eg. use `@std/fmt/colors` to provide a colorful output:

```ts
import * as colors from "jsr:@std/fmt/colors";

{
  [Deno.jupyter.$display]() {
    return {
      "text/plain": colors.green("Hello world"),
    }
  }
}
```

You can also use `Deno.jupyter.display` function to directly display the MIME
bundle:

```js
await Deno.jupyter.display({
  "text/plain": "Hello, world!",
  "text/html": "<h1>Hello, world!</h1>",
  "text/markdown": "# Hello, world!",
}, { raw: true });
```

![`Deno.jupyter.display` API example](../images/jupyter-display.png)

Your notebook frontend will automatically select the "richest" MIME type to
display based on its capabilities.

---

`Deno.jupyter` provides several helper methods for rich output of common media
types.

`Deno.jupyter.html` is a tagged template that will render the provided string as
an HTML in the notebook.

```js
Deno.jupyter.html`<h1>Hello, world!</h1>
<h2>From Deno kernel</h2>
<p>Lorem ipsum <i>dolor</i> <b>sit</b> <u>amet</u></p>`;
```

![`Deno.jupyter.html` API example](../images/jupyter-html.png)

`Deno.jupyter.md` is a tagged template that will render provided string as a
Markdown document in the notebook.

```js
Deno.jupyter
  .md`# Notebooks in TypeScript via Deno ![Deno logo](https://github.com/denoland.png?size=32)

**Interactive compute with Jupyter _built into Deno_!**`;
```

![`Deno.jupyter.md` API example](../images/jupyter-md.png)

`Deno.jupyter.svg` is a tagged template that will render provided string as an
SVG figure in the notebook.

```js
Deno.jupyter.svg`<svg xmlns="http://www.w3.org/2000/svg" viewBox="0 0 100 100">
      <circle cx="50" cy="50" r="40" stroke="green" stroke-width="4" fill="yellow" />
    </svg>`;
```

![`Deno.jupyter.svg` API example](../images/jupyter-svg.png)

`Deno.jupyter.image` is function that will render a JPG or PNG image. You can
pass a filepath, or already read bytes:

```js
Deno.jupyter.image("./cat.jpg");

const data = Deno.readFileSync("./dog.png");
Deno.jupyter.image(data);
```

## prompt and confirm APIs

You can use `prompt` and `confirm` Web APIs to wait for user input in your
notebook.

<figure>

<video class="w-full" alt="`confirm` and `prompt` APIs example" autoplay muted loop playsinline controls src="../images/jupyter-confirm-prompt.mp4"></video>

<figcaption><span style="font-family: monospace;">confirm</span> and <span style="font-family: monospace;">prompt</span> APIs example</figcaption>

</figure>

## IO pub channel broadcasting

`Deno.jupyter.broadcast` allows to publish messages to the IO pub channel
allowing to provide live updates as the cell is evaluated.

Consider this example that prints a message before we start a computation and
another when the computation is finished:

```js
await Deno.jupyter.broadcast("display_data", {
  data: { "text/html": "<b>Processing...</b>" },
  metadata: {},
  transient: { display_id: "progress" },
});

// Pretend we're doing an expensive compute
await new Promise((resolve) => setTimeout(resolve, 1500));

await Deno.jupyter.broadcast("update_display_data", {
  data: { "text/html": "<b>Done</b>" },
  metadata: {},
  transient: { display_id: "progress" },
});
```

<figure>

<video class="w-full" alt="`Deno.jupyter.broadcast` API example" autoplay muted loop playsinline controls src="../images/jupyter-broadcast.mp4"></video>

<figcaption><span style="font-family: monospace;">Deno.jupyter.broadcast</span> API example</figcaption>

</figure>

## Examples

Here's an example of using `@observablehq/plot` to generate a chart:

```ts
import { document, penguins } from "jsr:@ry/jupyter-helper";
import * as Plot from "npm:@observablehq/plot";

let p = await penguins();

Plot.plot({
  marks: [
    Plot.dot(p.toRecords(), {
      x: "culmen_depth_mm",
      y: "culmen_length_mm",
      fill: "species",
    }),
  ],
  document,
});
```

![Example plot generated using `@observablehq/plot` library](../images/jupyter-plot.png)

See https://github.com/rgbkrk/denotebooks for more advanced examples leveraging
data analysis and visualisation libraries like Polars, Observable and d3.

## `jupyter console` integration

You can also use Deno Jupyter kernel in the `jupyter console` REPL. To do that,
you should launch your console with `jupyter console --kernel deno`.

![Using the Deno kernel in a CLI](../images/jupyter-cli.gif)


---

# `deno lint`, linter

> Run the Deno linter to check your code for errors and apply automated fixes

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/lint


## Available rules

For a complete list of supported rules, visit [List of rules](/lint/)
documentation page.

## Ignore directives

### File level

To ignore a whole file use `// deno-lint-ignore-file` at the top of the file:

```ts
// deno-lint-ignore-file

function foo(): any {
  // ...
}
```

You can also specify the reason for ignoring the file:

```ts
// deno-lint-ignore-file -- reason for ignoring

function foo(): any {
  // ...
}
```

The ignore directive must be placed before the first statement or declaration:

```ts
// Copyright 2018-2024 the Deno authors. All rights reserved. MIT license.

/**
 * Some JS doc
 */

// deno-lint-ignore-file

import { bar } from "./bar.js";

function foo(): any {
  // ...
}
```

You can also ignore certain diagnostics in the whole file:

```ts
// deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any no-empty

function foo(): any {
  // ...
}
```

If there are multiple `// deno-lint-ignore-file` directives, all but the first
one are ignored:

```ts
// This is effective
// deno-lint-ignore-file no-explicit-any no-empty

// But this is NOT effective
// deno-lint-ignore-file no-debugger

function foo(): any {
  debugger; // not ignored!
}
```

### Line level

To ignore specific diagnostics use `// deno-lint-ignore <codes...>` on the
preceding line of the offending line.

```ts
// deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any
function foo(): any {
  // ...
}

// deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any explicit-function-return-type
function bar(a: any) {
  // ...
}
```

You must specify the names of the rules to be ignored.

You can also specify the reason for ignoring the diagnostic:

```ts
// deno-lint-ignore no-explicit-any -- reason for ignoring
function foo(): any {
  // ...
}
```

## Ignore `ban-unused-ignore` itself

`deno lint` provides [`ban-unused-ignore` rule](/lint/rules/ban-unused-ignore/),
which will detect ignore directives that don't ever suppress certain
diagnostics. This is useful when you want to discover ignore directives that are
no longer necessary after refactoring the code.

In a few cases, however, you might want to ignore `ban-unused-ignore` rule
itself. One of the typical cases would be when working with auto-generated
files; it makes sense to add file-level ignore directives for some rules, and
there's almost no need for detecting unused directives via `ban-unused-ignore`
in this case.

You can use `// deno-lint-ignore-file ban-unused-ignore` as always if you want
to suppress the rule for a whole file:

```ts
// deno-lint-ignore-file ban-unused-ignore no-explicit-any

// `no-explicit-any` isn't used but you'll get no diagnostics because of ignoring
// `ban-unused-ignore`
console.log(42);
```

Do note that ignoring `ban-unused-ignore` itself only works via file-level
ignore directives. This means that per line directives, like
`// deno-lint-ignore ban-unused-ignore`, don't work at all. If you want to
ignore `ban-unused-ignore` for some special reasons, make sure to add it as a
file-level ignore directive.

## More about linting and formatting

For more information about linting and formating in Deno, and the differences
between these two utilities, visit the
[Linting and Formatting](/runtime/fundamentals/linting_and_formatting/) page in
our Fundamentals section.


---

# deno lsp

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/lsp


:::info

Usually humans do not use this subcommand directly. The 'deno lsp' can provide
IDEs with go-to-definition support and automatic code formatting.

:::

Starts the Deno language server. The language server is used by editors to
provide features like intellisense, code formatting, and more. Read more about
[integrating with the Deno LSP](/runtime/reference/lsp_integration/).

## Description

The 'deno lsp' subcommand provides a way for code editors and IDEs to interact
with Deno using the Language Server Protocol.

Read more about
[how to connect editors and IDEs to `deno lsp`](https://deno.land/manual@v1.42.4/getting_started/setup_your_environment#editors-and-ides).


---

# deno outdated

> Check for outdated dependencies in your project and safely update them with an interactive CLI

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/outdated


## Checking for outdated dependencies

The `outdated` subcommand checks for new versions of NPM and JSR dependencies
listed in `deno.json` or `package.json` files, and displays dependencies that
could be updated. Workspaces are fully supported, including workspaces where
some members use `package.json` and others use `deno.json`.

For example, take a project with a `deno.json` file:

```json
{
  "imports": {
    "@std/fmt": "jsr:@std/fmt@^1.0.0",
    "@std/async": "jsr:@std/async@1.0.1",
    "chalk": "npm:chalk@4"
  }
}
```

and a lockfile that has `@std/fmt` at version `1.0.0`.

```bash
$ deno outdated
┌────────────────┬─────────┬────────┬────────┐
│ Package        │ Current │ Update │ Latest │
├────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┤
│ jsr:@std/fmt   │ 1.0.0   │ 1.0.3  │ 1.0.3  │
├────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┤
│ jsr:@std/async │ 1.0.1   │ 1.0.1  │ 1.0.8  │
├────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┤
│ npm:chalk      │ 4.1.2   │ 4.1.2  │ 5.3.0  │
└────────────────┴─────────┴────────┴────────┘
```

The `Update` column lists the newest semver-compatible version, while the
`Latest` column lists the latest version.

Notice that `jsr:@std/async` is listed, even though there is no
semver-compatible version to update to. If you would prefer to only show
packages that have new compatible versions you can pass the `--compatible` flag.

```bash
$ deno outdated --compatible
┌────────────────┬─────────┬────────┬────────┐
│ Package        │ Current │ Update │ Latest │
├────────────────┼─────────┼────────┼────────┤
│ jsr:@std/fmt   │ 1.0.0   │ 1.0.3  │ 1.0.3  │
└────────────────┴─────────┴────────┴────────┘
```

`jsr:@std/fmt` is still listed, since it could be compatibly updated to `1.0.3`,
but `jsr:@std/async` is no longer shown.

## Updating dependencies

The `outdated` subcommand can also update dependencies with the `--update` flag.
By default, it will only update dependencies to semver-compatible versions (i.e.
it won't update to a breaking version).

```bash
$ deno outdated --update
Updated 1 dependency:
 - jsr:@std/fmt 1.0.0 -> 1.0.3
```

To update to the latest versions (regardless of whether it's semver compatible),
pass the `--latest` flag.

```bash
$ deno outdated --update --latest
Updated 3 dependencies:
 - jsr:@std/async 1.0.1 -> 1.0.8
 - jsr:@std/fmt   1.0.0 -> 1.0.3
 - npm:chalk      4.1.2 -> 5.3.0
```

## Selecting packages

The `outdated` subcommand also supports selecting which packages to operate on.
This works with or without the `--update flag.

```bash
$ deno outdated --update --latest chalk
Updated 1 dependency:
 - npm:chalk 4.1.2 -> 5.3.0
```

Multiple selectors can be passed, and wildcards (`*`) or exclusions (`!`) are
also supported.

For instance, to update all packages with the `@std` scope, except for
`@std/fmt`:

```bash
$ deno outdated --update --latest "@std/*" "!@std/fmt"
Updated 1 dependency:
 - jsr:@std/async 1.0.1 -> 1.0.8
```

Note that if you use wildcards, you will probably need to surround the argument
in quotes to prevent the shell from trying to expand them.

### Updating to specific versions

In addition to selecting packages to update, the `--update` flag also supports
selecting the new _version_ specifying the version after `@`.

```bash
❯ deno outdated --update chalk@5.2 @std/async@1.0.6
Updated 2 dependencies:
 - jsr:@std/async 1.0.1 -> 1.0.6
 - npm:chalk      4.1.2 -> 5.2.0
```

## Workspaces

In a workspace setting, by default `outdated` will only operate on the _current_
workspace member.

For instance, given a workspace:

```json
{
  "workspace": ["./member-a", "./member-b"]
}
```

Running

```bash
deno outdated
```

from the `./member-a` directory will only check for outdated dependencies listed
in `./member-a/deno.json` or `./member-a/package.json`.

To include all workspace members, pass the `--recursive` flag (the `-r`
shorthand is also accepted)

```bash
deno outdated --recursive
deno outdated --update --latest -r
```


---

# deno publish

> Publish your package or workspace to the JSR registry

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/publish


## Package Requirements

Your package must have a `name` and `version` and an `exports` field in its
`deno.json` or `jsr.json` file.

- The `name` field must be unique and follow the `@<scope_name>/<package_name>`
  convention.
- The `version` field must be a valid semver version.
- The `exports` field must point to the main entry point of the package. The
  exports field can either be specified as a single string, or as an object
  mapping entrypoint names to paths in your package.

Example:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "name": "@scope_name/package_name",
  "version": "1.0.0",
  "exports": "./main.ts"
}
```

Before you publish your package, you must create it in the registry by visiting
[JSR - Publish a package](https://jsr.io/new).

## Examples

Publish your current workspace

```bash
deno publish
```

Publish your current workspace with a specific token, bypassing interactive
authentication

```bash
deno publish --token c00921b1-0d4f-4d18-b8c8-ac98227f9275
```

Publish and check for errors in remote modules

```bash
deno publish --check=all
```

Perform a dry run to simulate publishing.

```bash
deno publish --dry-run
```

Publish using settings from a specific configuration file

```bash
deno publish --config custom-config.json
```


---

# deno remove

> Remove a dependency from your project

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/remove



---

# `deno repl`, interactive scripting prompt

> Interact with Deno's runtime in a REPL environment

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/repl


## Special variables

The REPL provides a couple of special variables, that are always available:

| Identifier | Description                          |
| ---------- | ------------------------------------ |
| _          | Yields the last evaluated expression |
| _error     | Yields the last thrown error         |

```console
Deno 1.14.3
exit using ctrl+d or close()
> "hello world!"
"hello world!"
> _
"hello world!"
> const foo = "bar";
undefined
> _
undefined
```

## Special functions

The REPL provides several functions in the global scope:

| Function | Description                       |
| -------- | --------------------------------- |
| clear()  | Clears the entire terminal screen |
| close()  | Close the current REPL session    |

## `--eval` flag

`--eval` flag allows you to run some code in the runtime before you are dropped
into the REPL. This is useful for importing some code you commonly use in the
REPL, or modifying the runtime in some way:

```console
$ deno repl --allow-net --eval 'import { assert } from "jsr:@std/assert@1"'
Deno 1.45.3
exit using ctrl+d, ctrl+c, or close()
> assert(true)
undefined
> assert(false)
Uncaught AssertionError
    at assert (https://jsr.io/@std/assert/1.0.0/assert.ts:21:11)
    at <anonymous>:1:22
```

## `--eval-file` flag

`--eval-file` flag allows you to run code from specified files before you are
dropped into the REPL. Like the `--eval` flag, this is useful for importing code
you commonly use in the REPL, or modifying the runtime in some way.

Files can be specified as paths or URLs. URL files are cached and can be
reloaded via the `--reload` flag.

If `--eval` is also specified, then `--eval-file` files are run before the
`--eval` code.

```console
$ deno repl --eval-file=https://docs.deno.com/examples/welcome.ts,https://docs.deno.com/examples/local.ts
Download https://docs.deno.com/examples/welcome.ts
Welcome to Deno!
Download https://docs.deno.com/examples/local.ts
Deno 1.45.3
exit using ctrl+d or close()
> local // this variable is defined locally in local.ts, but not exported
"This is a local variable inside of local.ts"
```

### Relative Import Path Resolution

If `--eval-file` specifies a code file that contains relative imports, then the
runtime will try to resolve the imports relative to the current working
directory. It will not try to resolve them relative to the code file's location.
This can cause "Module not found" errors when `--eval-file` is used with module
files:

```console
$ deno repl --eval-file=https://jsr.io/@std/encoding/1.0.0/ascii85.ts
error in --eval-file file https://jsr.io/@std/encoding/1.0.0/ascii85.ts. Uncaught TypeError: Module not found "file:///home/_validate_binary_like.ts".
    at async <anonymous>:2:13
Deno 1.45.3
exit using ctrl+d or close()
>
```

## Tab completions

Tab completions are crucial feature for quick navigation in REPL. After hitting
`tab` key, Deno will now show a list of all possible completions.

```console
$ deno repl
Deno 1.45.3
exit using ctrl+d or close()
> Deno.read
readTextFile      readFile          readDirSync       readLinkSync      readAll           read
readTextFileSync  readFileSync      readDir           readLink          readAllSync       readSync
```

## Keyboard shortcuts

| Keystroke             | Action                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| --------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| Ctrl-A, Home          | Move cursor to the beginning of line                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| Ctrl-B, Left          | Move cursor one character left                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Ctrl-C                | Interrupt and cancel the current edit                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| Ctrl-D                | If line _is_ empty, signal end of line                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| Ctrl-D, Del           | If line is _not_ empty, delete character under cursor                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| Ctrl-E, End           | Move cursor to end of line                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Ctrl-F, Right         | Move cursor one character right                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| Ctrl-H, Backspace     | Delete character before cursor                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Ctrl-I, Tab           | Next completion                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| Ctrl-J, Ctrl-M, Enter | Finish the line entry                                                                                                                                                                                                                                 |
| Ctrl-K                | Delete from cursor to end of line                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |
| Ctrl-L                | Clear screen                                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| Ctrl-N, Down          | Next match from history                                                                                                                                                                                                                               |
| Ctrl-P, Up            | Previous match from history                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| Ctrl-R                | Reverse Search history (Ctrl-S forward, Ctrl-G cancel)                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| Ctrl-T                | Transpose previous character with current character                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| Ctrl-U                | Delete from start of line to cursor                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| Ctrl-V, Ctrl-Q        | Insert the subsequent character verbatim instead of performing any Action associated with it. For example, to insert a newline while editing a multi-line history entry, press Ctrl-V then Ctrl-J (Ctrl-J is the ASCII Control Character `Line Feed`) |
| Ctrl-W                | Delete word leading up to cursor (using white space as a word boundary)                                                                                                                                                                               |
| Ctrl-X Ctrl-U         | Undo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| Ctrl-Y                | Paste from Yank buffer                                                                                                                                                                                                                                |
| Ctrl-Y                | Paste from Yank buffer (Meta-Y to paste next yank instead)                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Ctrl-Z                | Suspend (Unix only)                                                                                                                                                                                                                                   |
| Ctrl-_                | Undo                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                  |
| Meta-0, 1, ..., -     | Specify the digit to the argument. `–` starts a negative argument.                                                                                                                                                                                    |
| Meta &lt;             | Move to first entry in history                                                                                                                                                                                                                        |
| Meta &gt;             | Move to last entry in history                                                                                                                                                                                                                         |
| Meta-B, Alt-Left      | Move cursor to previous word                                                                                                                                                                                                                          |
| Meta-Backspace        | Kill from the start of the current word, or, if between words, to the start of the previous word                                                                                                                                                      |
| Meta-C                | Capitalize the current word                                                                                                                                                                                                                           |
| Meta-D                | Delete forwards one word                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Meta-F, Alt-Right     | Move cursor to next word                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Meta-L                | Lower-case the next word                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Meta-T                | Transpose words                                                                                                                                                                                                                                       |
| Meta-U                | Upper-case the next word                                                                                                                                                                                                                              |
| Meta-Y                | See Ctrl-Y                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            |
| Ctrl-S                | Insert a new line                                                                                                                                                                                                                                     |

## `DENO_REPL_HISTORY`

By default, Deno stores REPL history in a `deno_history.txt` file within the
`DENO_DIR` directory. The location of your `DENO_DIR` directory and other
resources, can be found by running the `deno info`.

You can use `DENO_REPL_HISTORY` environmental variable to control where Deno
stores the REPL history file. You can set it to an empty value, Deno will not
store the history file.


---

# `deno run`, run a file

> Run a JavaScript or TypeScript program from a file or URL with Deno's runtime

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/run


## Usage

To run [this file](https://docs.deno.com/examples/scripts/hello_world.ts) use:

```console
deno run https://docs.deno.com/examples/scripts/hello_world.ts
```

You can also run files locally. Ensure that you are in the correct directory and
use:

```console
deno run hello-world.ts
```

By default, Deno runs programs in a sandbox without access to disk, network or
ability to spawn subprocesses. This is because the Deno runtime is
[secure by default](/runtime/fundamentals/security/). You can grant or deny
required permissions using the
[`--allow-*` and `--deny-*` flags](/runtime/fundamentals/security/#permissions-list).

### Permissions examples

Grant permission to read from disk and listen to network:

```console
deno run --allow-read --allow-net server.ts
```

Grant permission to read allow-listed files from disk:

```console
deno run --allow-read=/etc server.ts
```

Grant all permissions _this is not recommended and should only be used for
testing_:

```console
deno run -A server.ts
```

If your project requires multiple security flags you should consider using a
[`deno task`](/runtime/reference/cli/task/) to execute them.

## Watch

To watch for file changes and restart process automatically use the `--watch`
flag. Deno's built in application watcher will restart your application as soon
as files are changed.

_Be sure to put the flag before the file name_ eg:

```console
deno run --allow-net --watch server.ts
```

Deno's watcher will notify you of changes in the console, and will warn in the
console if there are errors while you work.

## Running a package.json script

`package.json` scripts can be executed with the
[`deno task`](/runtime/reference/cli/task/) command.

## Running code from stdin

You can pipe code from stdin and run it immediately with:

```console
curl https://docs.deno.com/examples/scripts/hello_world.ts | deno run -
```

## Terminate run

To stop the run command use `ctrl + c`.


---

# deno serve

> A flexible and configurable HTTP server for Deno

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/serve


## Example

Here's an example of how you can create a simple HTTP server with declarative
fetch:

```typescript title="server.ts"
export default {
  async fetch(_req) {
    return new Response("Hello world!");
  },
} satisfies Deno.ServeDefaultExport;
```

The `satisfies Deno.ServeDefaultExport` type assertion ensures that your
exported object conforms to the expected interface for Deno's HTTP server. This
provides type safety and better editor autocomplete while allowing you to
maintain the inferred types of your implementation.

You can then run the server using the `deno serve` command:

```bash
deno serve server.ts
```

The logic inside the `fetch` function can be customized to handle different
types of requests and serve content accordingly:

```typescript title="server.ts"
export default {
  async fetch(request) {
    if (request.url.endsWith("/json")) {
      return Response.json({ hello: "world" });
    }

    return new Response("Hello world!");
  },
} satisfies Deno.ServeDefaultExport;
```


---

# `deno task`

> A configurable task runner for Deno

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/task


## Description

`deno task` provides a cross-platform way to define and execute custom commands
specific to a codebase.

To get started, define your commands in your codebase's
[Deno configuration file](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/) under a
`"tasks"` key.

For example:

```jsonc
{
  "tasks": {
    "data": "deno task collect && deno task analyze",
    "collect": "deno run --allow-read=. --allow-write=. scripts/collect.js",
    "analyze": {
      "description": "Run analysis script",
      "command": "deno run --allow-read=. scripts/analyze.js"
    }
  }
}
```

## Specifying the current working directory

By default, `deno task` executes commands with the directory of the Deno
configuration file (ex. _deno.json_) as the current working directory. This
allows tasks to use relative paths and continue to work regardless of where in
the directory tree you happen to execute the deno task from. In some scenarios,
this may not be desired and this behavior can be overridden with the `INIT_CWD`
environment variable.

`INIT_CWD` will be set with the full path to the directory the task was run in,
if not already set. This aligns with the same behavior as `npm run`.

For example, the following task will change the current working directory of the
task to be in the same directory the user ran the task from and then output the
current working directory which is now that directory (remember, this works on
Windows too because `deno task` is cross-platform).

```json
{
  "tasks": {
    "my_task": "cd $INIT_CWD && pwd"
  }
}
```

## Getting directory `deno task` was run from

Since tasks are run using the directory of the Deno configuration file as the
current working directory, it may be useful to know the directory the
`deno task` was executed from instead. This is possible by using the `INIT_CWD`
environment variable in a task or script launched from `deno task` (works the
same way as in `npm run`, but in a cross-platform way).

For example, to provide this directory to a script in a task, do the following
(note the directory is surrounded in double quotes to keep it as a single
argument in case it contains spaces):

```json
{
  "tasks": {
    "start": "deno run main.ts \"$INIT_CWD\""
  }
}
```

## Wildcard matching of tasks

The `deno task` command can run multiple tasks in parallel by passing a wildcard
pattern. A wildcard pattern is specified with the `*` character.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "build-client": "deno run -RW client/build.ts",
    "build-server": "deno run -RW server/build.ts"
  }
}
```

Running `deno task "build-*"` will run both `build-client` and `build-server`
tasks.

:::note

**When using a wildcard** make sure to quote the task name (eg. `"build-*"`),
otherwise your shell might try to expand the wildcard character, leading to
surprising errors.

:::

## Task dependencies

You can specify dependencies for a task:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "build": "deno run -RW build.ts",
    "generate": "deno run -RW generate.ts",
    "serve": {
      "command": "deno run -RN server.ts",
      "dependencies": ["build", "generate"]
    }
  }
}
```

In the above example, running `deno task serve` will first execute `build` and
`generate` tasks in parallel, and once both of them finish successfully the
`serve` task will be executed:

```bash
$ deno task serve
Task build deno run -RW build.ts
Task generate deno run -RW generate.ts
Generating data...
Starting the build...
Build finished
Data generated
Task serve deno run -RN server.ts
Listening on http://localhost:8000/
```

Dependency tasks are executed in parallel, with the default parallel limit being
equal to number of cores on your machine. To change this limit, use the
`DENO_JOBS` environmental variable.

Dependencies are tracked and if multiple tasks depend on the same task, that
task will only be run once:

```jsonc title="deno.json"
{
  //   a
  //  / \
  // b   c
  //  \ /
  //   d
  "tasks": {
    "a": {
      "command": "deno run a.js",
      "dependencies": ["b", "c"]
    },
    "b": {
      "command": "deno run b.js",
      "dependencies": ["d"]
    },
    "c": {
      "command": "deno run c.js",
      "dependencies": ["d"]
    },
    "d": "deno run d.js"
  }
}
```

```bash
$ deno task a
Task d deno run d.js
Running d
Task c deno run c.js
Running c
Task b deno run b.js
Running b
Task a deno run a.js
Running a
```

If a cycle between dependencies is discovered, an error will be returned:

```jsonc title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "a": {
      "command": "deno run a.js",
      "dependencies": ["b"]
    },
    "b": {
      "command": "deno run b.js",
      "dependencies": ["a"]
    }
  }
}
```

```bash
$ deno task a
Task cycle detected: a -> b -> a
```

You can also specify a task that has `dependencies` but no `command`. This is
useful to logically group several tasks together:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "dev-client": "deno run --watch client/mod.ts",
    "dev-server": "deno run --watch sever/mod.ts",
    "dev": {
      "dependencies": ["dev-client", "dev-server"]
    }
  }
}
```

Running `deno task dev` will run both `dev-client` and `dev-server` in parallel.

## Node and npx binary support

By default, `deno task` will execute commands with the `deno` binary. If you
need to ensure that a command is run with the `npm` or `npx` binary, you can do
so by invoking the `npm` or `npx` `run` command respectively. For example:

```json
{
  "tasks": {
    "test:node": "npm run test"
  }
}
```

## Workspace support

`deno task` can be used in workspaces, to run tasks from multiple member
directories in parallel. To execute `dev` tasks from all workspace members use
`--recursive` flag:

```jsonc title="deno.json"
{
  "workspace": [
    "client",
    "server"
  ]
}
```

```jsonc title="client/deno.json"
{
  "name": "@scope/client",
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno run -RN build.ts"
  }
}
```

```jsonc title="server/deno.json"
{
  "name": "@scope/server",
  "tasks": {
    "dev": "deno run -RN server.ts"
  }
}
```

```bash
$ deno task --recursive dev
Task dev deno run -RN build.ts
Task dev deno run -RN server.ts
Bundling project...
Listening on http://localhost:8000/
Project bundled
```

Tasks to run can be filtered based on the workspace members:

```bash
$ deno task --filter "client" dev
Task dev deno run -RN build.ts
Bundling project...
Project bundled
```

Note that the filter matches against the workspace member names as specified in
the `name` field of each member's `deno.json` file.

## Syntax

`deno task` uses a cross-platform shell that's a subset of sh/bash to execute
defined tasks.

### Boolean lists

Boolean lists provide a way to execute additional commands based on the exit
code of the initial command. They separate commands using the `&&` and `||`
operators.

The `&&` operator provides a way to execute a command and if it _succeeds_ (has
an exit code of `0`) it will execute the next command:

```sh
deno run --allow-read=. --allow-write=. collect.ts && deno run --allow-read=. analyze.ts
```

The `||` operator is the opposite. It provides a way to execute a command and
only if it _fails_ (has a non-zero exit code) it will execute the next command:

```sh
deno run --allow-read=. --allow-write=. collect.ts || deno run play_sad_music.ts
```

### Sequential lists

Sequential lists are similar to boolean lists, but execute regardless of whether
the previous command in the list passed or failed. Commands are separated with a
semi-colon (`;`).

```sh
deno run output_data.ts ; deno run --allow-net server.ts
```

### Async commands

Async commands provide a way to make a command execute asynchronously. This can
be useful when starting multiple processes. To make a command asynchronous, add
an `&` to the end of it. For example the following would execute
`sleep 1 && deno run --allow-net server.ts` and `deno run --allow-net client.ts`
at the same time:

```sh
sleep 1 && deno run --allow-net server.ts & deno run --allow-net client.ts
```

Unlike in most shells, the first async command to fail will cause all the other
commands to fail immediately. In the example above, this would mean that if the
server command fails then the client command will also fail and exit. You can
opt out of this behavior by adding `|| true` to the end of a command, which will
force a `0` exit code. For example:

```sh
deno run --allow-net server.ts || true & deno run --allow-net client.ts || true
```

### Environment variables

Environment variables are defined like the following:

```sh
export VAR_NAME=value
```

Here's an example of using one in a task with shell variable substitution and
then with it being exported as part of the environment of the spawned Deno
process (note that in the JSON configuration file the double quotes would need
to be escaped with backslashes):

```sh
export VAR=hello && echo $VAR && deno eval "console.log('Deno: ' + Deno.env.get('VAR'))"
```

Would output:

```console
hello
Deno: hello
```

#### Setting environment variables for a command

To specify environment variable(s) before a command, list them like so:

```console
VAR=hello VAR2=bye deno run main.ts
```

This will use those environment variables specifically for the following
command.

### Shell variables

Shell variables are similar to environment variables, but won't be exported to
spawned commands. They are defined with the following syntax:

```sh
VAR_NAME=value
```

If we use a shell variable instead of an environment variable in a similar
example to what's shown in the previous "Environment variables" section:

```sh
VAR=hello && echo $VAR && deno eval "console.log('Deno: ' + Deno.env.get('VAR'))"
```

We will get the following output:

```console
hello
Deno: undefined
```

Shell variables can be useful when we want to re-use a value, but don't want it
available in any spawned processes.

### Exit status variable

The exit code of the previously run command is available in the `$?` variable.

```sh
# outputs 10
deno eval 'Deno.exit(10)' || echo $?
```

### Pipelines

Pipelines provide a way to pipe the output of one command to another.

The following command pipes the stdout output "Hello" to the stdin of the
spawned Deno process:

```sh
echo Hello | deno run main.ts
```

To pipe stdout and stderr, use `|&` instead:

```sh
deno eval 'console.log(1); console.error(2);' |& deno run main.ts
```

### Command substitution

The `$(command)` syntax provides a way to use the output of a command in other
commands that get executed.

For example, to provide the output of getting the latest git revision to another
command you could do the following:

```sh
deno run main.ts $(git rev-parse HEAD)
```

Another example using a shell variable:

```sh
REV=$(git rev-parse HEAD) && deno run main.ts $REV && echo $REV
```

### Negate exit code

To negate the exit code, add an exclamation point and space before a command:

```sh
# change the exit code from 1 to 0
! deno eval 'Deno.exit(1);'
```

### Redirects

Redirects provide a way to pipe stdout and/or stderr to a file.

For example, the following redirects _stdout_ of `deno run main.ts` to a file
called `file.txt` on the file system:

```sh
deno run main.ts > file.txt
```

To instead redirect _stderr_, use `2>`:

```sh
deno run main.ts 2> file.txt
```

To redirect both stdout _and_ stderr, use `&>`:

```sh
deno run main.ts &> file.txt
```

To append to a file, instead of overwriting an existing one, use two right angle
brackets instead of one:

```sh
deno run main.ts >> file.txt
```

Suppressing either stdout, stderr, or both of a command is possible by
redirecting to `/dev/null`. This works in a cross-platform way including on
Windows.

```sh
# suppress stdout
deno run main.ts > /dev/null
# suppress stderr
deno run main.ts 2> /dev/null
# suppress both stdout and stderr
deno run main.ts &> /dev/null
```

Or redirecting stdout to stderr and vice-versa:

```sh
# redirect stdout to stderr
deno run main.ts >&2
# redirect stderr to stdout
deno run main.ts 2>&1
```

Input redirects are also supported:

```sh
# redirect file.txt to the stdin of gzip
gzip < file.txt
```

Note that redirecting multiple redirects is currently not supported.

### Cross-platform shebang

Starting in Deno 1.42, `deno task` will execute scripts that start with
`#!/usr/bin/env -S` the same way on all platforms.

For example:

```ts title="script.ts"
#!/usr/bin/env -S deno run
console.log("Hello there!");
```

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "tasks": {
    "hi": "./script.ts"
  }
}
```

Then on a Windows machine:

```sh
> pwd
C:\Users\david\dev\my_project
> deno task hi
Hello there!
```

### Glob expansion

Glob expansion is supported in Deno 1.34 and above. This allows for specifying
globs to match files in a cross-platform way.

```console
# match .ts files in the current and descendant directories
echo **/*.ts
# match .ts files in the current directory
echo *.ts
# match files that start with "data", have a single number, then end with .csv
echo data[0-9].csv
```

The supported glob characters are `*`, `?`, and `[`/`]`.

## Built-in commands

`deno task` ships with several built-in commands that work the same out of the
box on Windows, Mac, and Linux.

- [`cp`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cp.1.html) - Copies files.
- [`mv`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/mv.1.html) - Moves files.
- [`rm`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/rm.1.html) - Remove files or
  directories.
  - Ex: `rm -rf [FILE]...` - Commonly used to recursively delete files or
    directories.
- [`mkdir`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/mkdir.1.html) - Makes
  directories.
  - Ex. `mkdir -p DIRECTORY...` - Commonly used to make a directory and all its
    parents with no error if it exists.
- [`pwd`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/pwd.1.html) - Prints the name of
  the current/working directory.
- [`sleep`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/sleep.1.html) - Delays for a
  specified amount of time.
  - Ex. `sleep 1` to sleep for 1 second, `sleep 0.5` to sleep for half a second,
    or `sleep 1m` to sleep a minute
- [`echo`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/echo.1.html) - Displays a line
  of text.
- [`cat`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/cat.1.html) - Concatenates files
  and outputs them on stdout. When no arguments are provided it reads and
  outputs stdin.
- [`exit`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/exit.1p.html) - Causes the
  shell to exit.
- [`head`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/head.1.html) - Output the first
  part of a file.
- [`unset`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/unset.1p.html) - Unsets
  environment variables.
- [`xargs`](https://man7.org/linux/man-pages/man1/xargs.1p.html) - Builds
  arguments from stdin and executes a command.

If you find a useful flag missing on a command or have any suggestions for
additional commands that should be supported out of the box, then please
[open an issue](https://github.com/denoland/deno_task_shell/issues) on the
[deno_task_shell](https://github.com/denoland/deno_task_shell/) repo.

Note that if you wish to execute any of these commands in a non-cross-platform
way on Mac or Linux, then you may do so by running it through `sh`:
`sh -c <command>` (ex. `sh -c cp source destination`).

## package.json support

`deno task` falls back to reading from the `"scripts"` entries in a package.json
file if it is discovered. Note that Deno does not respect or support any npm
life cycle events like `preinstall` or `postinstall`—you must explicitly run the
script entries you want to run (ex.
`deno install --entrypoint main.ts && deno task postinstall`).


---

# deno test

> Run tests for your project with Deno's built-in test runner

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/test


## Additional information

It can be executed in watch mode (`--watch`), supports parallel execution
(`--parallel`), and can be configured to run tests in a random order with
(`--shuffle`). Additionally, there is built in support for code coverage
(`--coverage`) and leak detection (`--trace-leaks`).

## Examples

Run tests

```bash
deno test
```

Run tests in specific files

```bash
deno test src/fetch_test.ts src/signal_test.ts
```

Run tests where glob matches

```bash
deno test src/*.test.ts
```

Run tests and skip type-checking

```bash
deno test --no-check
```

Run tests, re-running on file change

```bash
deno test --watch
```


---

# deno types

> Generate TypeScript types from your code

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/types



---

# deno uninstall

> Remove a dependency from your project or from your global cache

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/uninstall


## `deno uninstall [PACKAGES]`

Remove dependencies specified in `deno.json` or `package.json`:

```shell
$ deno add npm:express
Add npm:express@5.0.0

$ cat deno.json
{
  "imports": {
    "express": "npm:express@5.0.0"
  }
}
```

```shell
$ deno uninstall express
Removed express

$ cat deno.json
{
  "imports": {}
}
```

:::tip

You can also use `deno remove` which is an alias to `deno uninstall [PACKAGES]`

:::

You can remove multiple dependencies at once:

```shell
$ deno add npm:express jsr:@std/http
Added npm:express@5.0.0
Added jsr:@std/http@1.0.7

$ cat deno.json
{
  "imports": {
    "@std/http": "jsr:@std/http@^1.0.7",
    "express": "npm:express@^5.0.0",
  }
}
```

```shell
$ deno remove express @std/http
Removed express
Removed @std/http

$ cat deno.json
{
  "imports": {}
}
```

:::info

While dependencies are removed from the `deno.json` and `package.json` they
still persist in the global cache for future use.

:::

If your project contains `package.json`, `deno uninstall` can work with it too:

```shell
$ cat package.json
{
  "dependencies": {
    "express": "^5.0.0"
  }
}

$ deno remove express
Removed express

$ cat package.json
{
  "dependencies": {}
}
```

## `deno uninstall --global [SCRIPT_NAME]`

Uninstall `serve`

```bash
deno uninstall --global serve
```

Uninstall `serve` from a specific installation root

```bash
deno uninstall -g --root /usr/local/bin serve
```


---

# Unstable feature flags

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/unstable_flags


New Deno runtime features are often released behind feature flags, so that users
can try out new APIs and features before they are finalized. Current unstable
feature flags are listed on this page, and can also be found in the CLI help
text by running:

```sh
deno --help
```

## Using flags at the command line

You can enable a feature flag when you run a Deno program from the command line
by passing in the flag as an option to the CLI. Here's an example of running a
program with the `--unstable-node-globals` flag enabled:

```sh
deno run --unstable-node-globals main.ts
```

## Configuring flags in `deno.json`

You can specify which unstable features you'd like to enable for your project
using a
[configuration option in `deno.json`](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/).

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "unstable": ["bare-node-builtins", "webgpu"]
}
```

The possible values in the `unstable` array are the flag names with the
`--unstable-` prefix removed.

## Configuration via environment variables

Some flags can be enabled by setting a value (any value) for an environment
variable of a given name, rather than being passed as a flag or `deno.json`
configuration option. Flags that are settable via environment variables will be
noted below.

Here's an example of setting the `--unstable-bare-node-builtins` flag via
environment variable:

```sh
export DENO_UNSTABLE_BARE_NODE_BUILTINS=true
```

## `--unstable-bare-node-builtins`

**Environment variable:** `DENO_UNSTABLE_BARE_NODE_BUILTINS`

This flag enables you to
[import Node.js built-in modules](/runtime/fundamentals/node/#node-built-in-modules)
without a `node:` specifier, as in the example below. You can also use this flag
to enable npm packages without an `npm:` specifier if you are manually managing
your Node.js dependencies.

```ts title="example.ts"
import { readFileSync } from "fs";

console.log(readFileSync("deno.json", { encoding: "utf8" }));
```

## `--unstable-detect-cjs`

**Environment variable:** `DENO_UNSTABLE_DETECT_CJS`

Loads `.js`, `.jsx`, `.ts`, and `.tsx` modules as possibly being CommonJS in the
following additional scenarios:

1. The _package.json_ has no `"type"` field.
1. No _package.json_ exists.

By default, Deno only loads these modules as being possibly CommonJS when you're
in a project with a _package.json_ and the closest _package.json_ has
`{ "type": "commonjs" }`.

Requires Deno >= 2.1.2

## `--unstable-node-globals`

This flags injects Node specific globals into the global scope. The injected
globals are:

- `Buffer`
- `global`
- `setImmediate`
- `clearImmediate`

Note, that `process` is already available as a global starting with Deno 2.0.

Requires Deno >= 2.1.0

## `--unstable-sloppy-imports`

**Environment variable:** `DENO_UNSTABLE_SLOPPY_IMPORTS`

This flag enables behavior which will infer file extensions from imports that do
not include them. Normally, the import statement below would produce an error:

```ts title="foo.ts"
import { Example } from "./bar";
console.log(Example);
```

```ts title="bar.ts"
export const Example = "Example";
```

Executing the script with sloppy imports enabled will remove the error, but
provide guidance that a more performant syntax should be used.

Sloppy imports will allow (but print warnings for) the following:

- Omit file extensions from imports
- Use incorrect file extensions (e.g. importing with a `.js` extension when the
  actual file is `.ts`)
- Import a directory path, and automatically use `index.js` or `index.ts` as the
  import for that directory

[`deno compile`](/runtime/reference/cli/compile/) does not support sloppy
imports.

## `--unstable-unsafe-proto`

Deno made a conscious decision to not support `Object.prototype.__proto__` for
security reasons. However there are still many npm packages that rely on this
property to work correctly.

This flag enables this property. Note that it is not recommended to use this,
but if you really need to use a package that relies on it, the escape hatch is
now available to you.

## `--unstable-webgpu`

Enable the
[`WebGPU` API](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebGPU_API) in
the global scope, as in the browser. Below is a simple example to get basic
information about the GPU using this API:

```ts
// Try to get an adapter from the user agent.
const adapter = await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter();
if (adapter) {
  // Print out some basic details about the adapter.
  const adapterInfo = await adapter.requestAdapterInfo();

  // On some systems this will be blank...
  console.log(`Found adapter: ${adapterInfo.device}`);

  // Print GPU feature list
  const features = [...adapter.features.values()];
  console.log(`Supported features: ${features.join(", ")}`);
} else {
  console.error("No adapter found");
}
```

Check out [this repository](https://github.com/denoland/webgpu-examples) for
more examples using WebGPU.

## `--unstable-broadcast-channel`

Enabling this flag makes the
[`BroadcastChannel`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/BroadcastChannel)
web API available for use in the global scope, as in the browser.

## `--unstable-worker-options`

Enable unstable
[Web Worker](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Workers_API/Using_web_workers)
API options. Specifically, it enables you to specify permissions available to
workers:

```ts
new Worker(`data:application/javascript;base64,${btoa(`postMessage("ok");`)}`, {
  type: "module",
  deno: {
    permissions: {
      read: true,
    },
  },
}).onmessage = ({ data }) => {
  console.log(data);
};
```

## `--unstable-cron`

Enabling this flag makes the [`Deno.cron`](/deploy/kv/manual/cron) API available
on the `Deno` namespace.

## `--unstable-kv`

Enabling this flag makes [Deno KV](/deploy/kv/manual) APIs available in the
`Deno` namespace.

## `--unstable-net`

Enable unstable net APIs. These APIs include:

- [`WebSocketStream`](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebSocketStream)
- [`Deno.DatagramConn`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.DatagramConn)

## `--unstable-otel`

Enable the
[OpenTelemetry integration for Deno](/runtime/fundamentals/open_telemetry). This
feature is now stable, so this flag is unnecessary in
[Deno 2.4](https://deno.com/blog/v2.4)+.

## `--unstable`

:::caution

**`--unstable` is deprecated - use granular flags instead.**

The `--unstable` flag is no longer being used for new features, and will be
removed in a future release. All unstable features that were available using
this flag are now available as granular unstable flags, notably:

- `--unstable-kv`
- `--unstable-cron`

Please use these feature flags instead moving forward.

:::

## `--unstable-temporal`

Enable the experimental [Temporal API](https://tc39.es/proposal-temporal/docs/)
in the global scope. The Temporal API is a modern date and time API that is
being developed as a replacement for the legacy `Date` object in JavaScript. It
provides better support for time zones, calendars, and more precise date/time
calculations.

To use the Temporal API in your Deno program, run it with the flag:

```sh
deno run --unstable-temporal your_script.ts
```

Or configure it in your `deno.json`:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "unstable": ["temporal"]
}
```

```ts title="example.ts"
// Example using Temporal API
const now = Temporal.Now.plainDateTimeISO();
console.log(`Current date and time: ${now}`);

const date = Temporal.PlainDate.from("2025-07-10");
const nextWeek = date.add({ days: 7 });
console.log(`Next week: ${nextWeek}`);

// Working with time zones
const zonedDateTime = Temporal.Now.zonedDateTimeISO("America/New_York");
console.log(`Time in New York: ${zonedDateTime}`);
```

Note that the Temporal API is still experimental and the specification may
change before it becomes stable. Use this flag only for testing and
experimentation.


---

# deno update

> Update outdated dependencies with an interactive CLI

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/update


## Updating dependencies

By default, the `update` subcommand will only update dependencies to
semver-compatible versions (i.e. it won't update to a breaking version).

```bash
$ deno update
Updated 1 dependency:
 - jsr:@std/fmt 1.0.0 -> 1.0.3
```

To update to the latest versions (regardless of whether it's semver compatible),
pass the `--latest` flag.

```bash
$ deno update --latest
Updated 3 dependencies:
 - jsr:@std/async 1.0.1 -> 1.0.8
 - jsr:@std/fmt   1.0.0 -> 1.0.3
 - npm:chalk      4.1.2 -> 5.3.0
```

## Selecting packages

The `update` subcommand also supports selecting which packages to operate on.

```bash
$ deno update --latest chalk
Updated 1 dependency:
 - npm:chalk 4.1.2 -> 5.3.0
```

Multiple selectors can be passed, and wildcards (`*`) or exclusions (`!`) are
also supported.

For instance, to update all packages with the `@std` scope, except for
`@std/fmt`:

```bash
$ deno update --latest "@std/*" "!@std/fmt"
Updated 1 dependency:
 - jsr:@std/async 1.0.1 -> 1.0.8
```

Note that if you use wildcards, you will probably need to surround the argument
in quotes to prevent the shell from trying to expand them.

### Updating to specific versions

In addition to selecting packages to update, the `--update` flag also supports
selecting the new _version_ specifying the version after `@`.

```bash
❯ deno update chalk@5.2 @std/async@1.0.6
Updated 2 dependencies:
 - jsr:@std/async 1.0.1 -> 1.0.6
 - npm:chalk      4.1.2 -> 5.2.0
```

## Workspaces

In a workspace setting, by default `update` will only operate on the _current_
workspace member.

For instance, given a workspace:

```json
{
  "workspace": ["./member-a", "./member-b"]
}
```

Running

```bash
deno update
```

from the `./member-a` directory will only update dependencies listed in
`./member-a/deno.json` or `./member-a/package.json`.

To include all workspace members, pass the `--recursive` flag (the `-r`
shorthand is also accepted)

```bash
deno update --recursive
deno update --latest -r
```


---

# deno upgrade

> Upgrade Deno to the latest, or any specific version

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/upgrade


## Examples

### Upgrade to the latest version

Use this command without any options to upgrade Deno to the latest available
version:

```shell
$ deno upgrade
Checking for latest version
Version has been found
Deno is upgrading to version 1.38.5
downloading https://github.com/denoland/deno/releases/download/v1.38.5/deno-x86_64-apple-darwin.zip
downloading 100%
Upgrade done successfully
```

### Upgrade to a specific version

You can specify a particular version to upgrade to:

```shell
$ deno upgrade --version 1.37.0
Checking for version 1.37.0
Version has been found
Deno is upgrading to version 1.37.0
downloading https://github.com/denoland/deno/releases/download/v1.37.0/deno-x86_64-apple-darwin.zip
downloading 100%
Upgrade done successfully
```

### Check available upgrade without installing

Use the `--dry-run` flag to see what would be upgraded without actually
performing the upgrade:

```shell
$ deno upgrade --dry-run
Checking for latest version
Version has been found
Would upgrade to version 1.38.5
```

## --quiet flag

The `--quiet` flag suppresses diagnostic output during the upgrade process. When
used with `deno upgrade`, it will hide progress indicators, download
information, and success messages.

```shell
$ deno upgrade --quiet
```

This is useful for scripting environments or when you want cleaner output in CI
pipelines.

## Canary build

By default, Deno will upgrade from the official GitHub releases. You can specify
the `--canary` build flag for the latest canary build:

```shell
# Upgrade to the latest canary build
$ deno upgrade --canary
```


---

# Continuous integration

> Guide to setting up continuous integration (CI) pipelines for Deno projects. Learn how to configure GitHub Actions workflows, run tests and linting in CI, handle cross-platform builds, and optimize pipeline performance with caching.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/continuous_integration


Deno's built-in tools make it easy to set up Continuous Integration (CI)
pipelines for your projects. [Testing](/runtime/fundamentals/testing),
[linting and formatting](/runtime/fundamentals/linting_and_formatting/) your
code can all be done with the corresponding commands `deno test`, `deno lint`
and `deno fmt`. In addition, you can generate code coverage reports from test
results with `deno coverage` in pipelines.

## Setting up a basic pipeline

:::tip

Looking for a ready-made GitHub Actions workflow? GitHub provides an official
starter workflow for Deno that you can add to your repository:
<https://github.com/actions/starter-workflows/blob/main/ci/deno.yml>.

In GitHub, open the Actions tab, choose "New workflow", and search for "Deno" to
use the template.

:::

You can set up basic pipelines for Deno projects in GitHub Actions. The concepts
explained on this page largely apply to other CI providers as well, such as
Azure Pipelines, CircleCI or GitLab.

Building a pipeline for Deno generally starts with checking out the repository
and installing Deno:

```yaml
name: Build

on: push

jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
    steps:
      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
      - uses: denoland/setup-deno@v2
        with:
          deno-version: v2.x # Run with latest stable Deno.
```

To expand the workflow, add any of the `deno` subcommands that you might need:

```yaml
# Check if the code is formatted according to Deno's default
# formatting conventions.
- run: deno fmt --check

# Scan the code for syntax errors and style issues. If
# you want to use a custom linter configuration you can add a configuration file with --config <myconfig>
- run: deno lint

# Run all test files in the repository and collect code coverage. The example
# runs with all permissions, but it is recommended to run with the minimal permissions your program needs (for example --allow-read).
- run: deno test --allow-all --coverage=cov/

# This generates a report from the collected coverage in `deno test --coverage`. It is
# stored as a .lcov file which integrates well with services such as Codecov, Coveralls and Travis CI.
- run: deno coverage --lcov cov/ > cov.lcov
```

## Cross-platform workflows

As a Deno module maintainer, you probably want to know that your code works on
all of the major operating systems in use today: Linux, MacOS and Windows. A
cross-platform workflow can be achieved by running a matrix of parallel jobs,
each one running the build on a different OS:

```yaml
jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
    steps:
      - run: deno test --allow-all --coverage cov/
```

:::caution

Note: GitHub Actions has a known
[issue](https://github.com/actions/checkout/issues/135) with handling
Windows-style line endings (CRLF). This may cause issues when running `deno fmt`
in a pipeline with jobs that run on `windows`. To prevent this, configure the
Actions runner to use Linux-style line endings before running the
`actions/checkout@v4` step:

```sh
git config --system core.autocrlf false
git config --system core.eol lf
```

:::

If you are working with experimental or unstable Deno APIs, you can include a
matrix job running the canary version of Deno. This can help to spot breaking
changes early on:

```yaml
jobs:
  build:
    runs-on: ${{ matrix.os }}
    continue-on-error: ${{ matrix.canary }} # Continue in case the canary run does not succeed
    strategy:
      matrix:
        os: [ubuntu-latest, macos-latest, windows-latest]
        deno-version: [v1.x]
        canary: [false]
        include:
          - deno-version: canary
            os: ubuntu-latest
            canary: true
```

## Speeding up Deno pipelines

### Reducing repetition

In cross-platform runs, certain steps of a pipeline do not need to run for each
OS necessarily. For example, generating the same test coverage report on Linux,
MacOS and Windows is a bit redundant. You can use the `if` conditional keyword
of GitHub Actions in these cases. The example below shows how to run code
coverage generation and upload steps only on the `ubuntu` (Linux) runner:

```yaml
- name: Generate coverage report
  if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
  run: deno coverage --lcov cov > cov.lcov

- name: Upload coverage to Coveralls.io
  if: matrix.os == 'ubuntu-latest'
  # Any code coverage service can be used, Coveralls.io is used here as an example.
  uses: coverallsapp/github-action@master
  with:
    github-token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }} # Generated by GitHub.
    path-to-lcov: cov.lcov
```

### Caching dependencies

As a project grows in size, more and more dependencies tend to be included. Deno
will download these dependencies during testing and if a workflow is run many
times a day, this can become a time-consuming process. A common solution to
speed things up is to cache dependencies so that they do not need to be
downloaded anew.

Deno stores dependencies locally in a cache directory. In a pipeline the cache
can be preserved between workflows by turning on the `cache: true` option on
`denoland/setup-deno`:

```yaml
steps:
  - uses: actions/checkout@v4
  - uses: denoland/setup-deno@v2
    with:
      cache: true
```

At first, when this workflow runs the cache is still empty and commands like
`deno test` will still have to download dependencies, but when the job succeeds
the contents of cached dependencies are saved and any subsequent runs can
restore them from cache instead of re-downloading.

To demonstrate, let's say you have a project that uses the logger from
[`@std/log`](https://jsr.io/@std/log):

```json, title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "@std/log": "jsr:@std/log@0.224.5"
  }
}
```

In order to increment this version, you can update the dependency and then
reload the cache and update the lockfile locally:

```console
deno install --reload --frozen=false
```

You should see changes in the lockfile's contents after running this. When this
is committed and run through the pipeline, you should then see a new cache and
using it in any runs that follow.

By default, the cache is automatically keyed by:

- the github
  [job_id](https://docs.github.com/en/actions/writing-workflows/workflow-syntax-for-github-actions#jobsjob_id)
- the runner os and architecture
- a hash of the `deno.lock` files in the project

It is possible to customize the default hash
(`${{ hashFiles('**/deno.lock') }}`) used as part of the cache key via the
`cache-hash` input.

```yaml
- uses: denoland/setup-deno@v2
  with:
    # setting `cache-hash` implies `cache: true` and will replace
    # the default cache-hash of `${{ hashFiles('**/deno.lock') }}`
    cache-hash: ${{ hashFiles('**/deno.json') }}
```


---

# Deno Namespace APIs

> A guide to Deno's built-in runtime APIs. Learn about file system operations, network functionality, permissions management, and other core capabilities available through the global Deno namespace.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/deno_namespace_apis


This page has moved to [/api/deno/](/api/deno/).


---

# Create working directory

> Complete guide to using Deno with Docker containers. Learn about official Deno images, writing Dockerfiles, multi-stage builds, workspace containerization, and Docker best practices for Deno applications.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/docker


## Using Deno with Docker

Deno provides [official Docker files](https://github.com/denoland/deno_docker)
and [images](https://hub.docker.com/r/denoland/deno).

To use the official image, create a `Dockerfile` in your project directory:

```dockerfile
FROM denoland/deno:latest

# Create working directory
WORKDIR /app

# Copy source
COPY . .

# Compile the main app
RUN deno cache main.ts

# Run the app
CMD ["deno", "run", "--allow-net", "main.ts"]
```

### Best Practices

#### Use Multi-stage Builds

For smaller production images:

```dockerfile
# Build stage
FROM denoland/deno:latest AS builder
WORKDIR /app
COPY . .
RUN deno cache main.ts

# Production stage
FROM denoland/deno:latest
WORKDIR /app
COPY --from=builder /app .
CMD ["deno", "run", "--allow-net", "main.ts"]
```

#### Permission Flags

Specify required permissions explicitly:

```dockerfile
CMD ["deno", "run", "--allow-net=api.example.com", "--allow-read=/data", "main.ts"]
```

#### Development Container

For development with hot-reload:

```dockerfile
FROM denoland/deno:latest

WORKDIR /app
COPY . .

CMD ["deno", "run", "--watch", "--allow-net", "main.ts"]
```

### Common Issues and Solutions

1. **Permission Denied Errors**
   - Use `--allow-*` flags appropriately
   - Consider using `deno.json` permissions

2. **Large Image Sizes**
   - Use multi-stage builds
   - Include only necessary files
   - Add proper `.dockerignore`

3. **Cache Invalidation**
   - Separate dependency caching
   - Use proper layer ordering

### Example .dockerignore

```text
.git
.gitignore
Dockerfile
README.md
*.log
_build/
node_modules/
```

### Available Docker Tags

Deno provides several official tags:

- `denoland/deno:latest` - Latest stable release
- `denoland/deno:alpine` - Alpine-based smaller image
- `denoland/deno:distroless` - Google's distroless-based image
- `denoland/deno:ubuntu` - Ubuntu-based image
- `denoland/deno:1.x` - Specific version tags

### Environment Variables

Common environment variables for Deno in Docker:

```dockerfile
ENV DENO_DIR=/deno-dir/
ENV DENO_INSTALL_ROOT=/usr/local
ENV PATH=${DENO_INSTALL_ROOT}/bin:${PATH}

# Optional environment variables
ENV DENO_NO_UPDATE_CHECK=1
ENV DENO_NO_PROMPT=1
```

### Running Tests in Docker

```dockerfile
FROM denoland/deno:latest

WORKDIR /app
COPY . .

# Run tests
CMD ["deno", "test", "--allow-none"]
```

### Using Docker Compose

```yaml
// filepath: docker-compose.yml
version: "3.8"
services:
  deno-app:
    build: .
    volumes:
      - .:/app
    ports:
      - "8000:8000"
    environment:
      - DENO_ENV=development
    command: ["deno", "run", "--watch", "--allow-net", "main.ts"]
```

### Health Checks

```dockerfile
HEALTHCHECK --interval=30s --timeout=3s \
  CMD deno eval "try { await fetch('http://localhost:8000/health'); } catch { Deno.exit(1); }"
```

### Common Development Workflow

For local development:

1. Build the image: `docker build -t my-deno-app .`
2. Run with volume mount:

```bash
docker run -it --rm \
  -v ${PWD}:/app \
  -p 8000:8000 \
  my-deno-app
```

### Security Considerations

- Run as non-root user:

```dockerfile
# Create deno user
RUN addgroup --system deno && \
    adduser --system --ingroup deno deno

# Switch to deno user
USER deno

# Continue with rest of Dockerfile
```

- Use minimal permissions:

```dockerfile
CMD ["deno", "run", "--allow-net=api.example.com", "--allow-read=/app", "main.ts"]
```

- Consider using `--deny-*` flags for additional security

## Working with Workspaces in Docker

When working with Deno workspaces (monorepos) in Docker, there are two main
approaches:

### 1. Full Workspace Containerization

Include the entire workspace when you need all dependencies:

```dockerfile
FROM denoland/deno:latest

WORKDIR /app

# Copy entire workspace
COPY deno.json .
COPY project-a/ ./project-a/
COPY project-b/ ./project-b/

WORKDIR /app/project-a
CMD ["deno", "run", "-A", "mod.ts"]
```

### 2. Minimal Workspace Containerization

For smaller images, include only required workspace members:

1. Create a build context structure:

```sh
project-root/
├── docker/
│   └── project-a/
│       ├── Dockerfile
│       ├── .dockerignore
│       └── build-context.sh
├── deno.json
├── project-a/
└── project-b/
```

2. Create a `.dockerignore`:

```text
// filepath: docker/project-a/.dockerignore
*
!deno.json
!project-a/**
!project-b/**  # Only if needed
```

3. Create a build context script:

```bash
// filepath: docker/project-a/build-context.sh
#!/bin/bash

# Create temporary build context
BUILD_DIR="./tmp-build-context"
mkdir -p $BUILD_DIR

# Copy workspace configuration
cp ../../deno.json $BUILD_DIR/

# Copy main project
cp -r ../../project-a $BUILD_DIR/

# Copy only required dependencies
if grep -q "\"@scope/project-b\"" "../../project-a/mod.ts"; then
    cp -r ../../project-b $BUILD_DIR/
fi
```

4. Create a minimal Dockerfile:

```dockerfile
// filepath: docker/project-a/Dockerfile
FROM denoland/deno:latest

WORKDIR /app

# Copy only necessary files
COPY deno.json .
COPY project-a/ ./project-a/
# Copy dependencies only if required
COPY project-b/ ./project-b/

WORKDIR /app/project-a

CMD ["deno", "run", "-A", "mod.ts"]
```

5. Build the container:

```bash
cd docker/project-a
./build-context.sh
docker build -t project-a -f Dockerfile tmp-build-context
rm -rf tmp-build-context
```

### Best Practices

- Always include the root `deno.json` file
- Maintain the same directory structure as development
- Document workspace dependencies clearly
- Use build scripts to manage context
- Include only required workspace members
- Update `.dockerignore` when dependencies change


---

# Documentation Tests

> Learn how to write and run documentation tests in Deno. This guide covers how to create testable code examples in documentation comments, type-checking documentation, and running doc tests with the Deno test runner.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/documentation


Deno supports both type-checking evaluating your documentation examples.

This makes sure that examples within your documentation are up to date and
working.

The basic idea is this:

````ts
/**
 * # Examples
 *
 * ```ts
 * const x = 42;
 * ```
 */
````

The triple backticks mark the start and end of code blocks, the language is
determined by the language identifier attribute which may be any of the
following:

- `js`
- `javascript`
- `mjs`
- `cjs`
- `jsx`
- `ts`
- `typescript`
- `mts`
- `cts`
- `tsx`

If no language identifier is specified then the language is inferred from media
type of the source document that the code block is extracted from.

Another attribute supported is `ignore`, which tells the test runner to skip
type-checking the code block.

````ts
/**
 * # Does not pass type check
 *
 * ```typescript ignore
 * const x: string = 42;
 * ```
 */
````

If this example was in a file named foo.ts, running `deno test --doc foo.ts`
will extract this example, and then both type-check and evaluate it as a
standalone module living in the same directory as the module being documented.

To document your exports, import the module using a relative path specifier:

````ts
/**
 * # Examples
 *
 * ```ts
 * import { foo } from "./foo.ts";
 * ```
 */
export function foo(): string {
  return "foo";
}
````

For more guides on testing in Deno, check out:

- [Basic testing tutorial](/examples/testing_tutorial/)
- [Mocking data in tests tutorial](/examples/mocking_tutorial/)
- [Testing web applications tutorial](/examples/web_testing_tutorial/)


---

# Environment variables

> A guide to working with environment variables in Deno. Learn about Deno.env API, .env file support, CLI configuration, and special environment variables that control Deno's behavior.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/env_variables


There are a few ways to use environment variables in Deno:

## Built-in Deno.env method

The Deno runtime offers built-in support for environment variables with
[`Deno.env`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.env).

`Deno.env` has getter and setter methods. Here is example usage:

```ts
Deno.env.set("FIREBASE_API_KEY", "examplekey123");
Deno.env.set("FIREBASE_AUTH_DOMAIN", "firebasedomain.com");

console.log(Deno.env.get("FIREBASE_API_KEY")); // examplekey123
console.log(Deno.env.get("FIREBASE_AUTH_DOMAIN")); // firebasedomain.com
console.log(Deno.env.has("FIREBASE_AUTH_DOMAIN")); // true
```

## .env file

Deno also supports `.env` files. You can tell Deno to read environment variables
from `.env` with the `--env-file` flag, for example:

```sh
deno run --env-file main.ts
```

This will read the `.env` file from the current working directory or the first
parent directory that contains one. If you want to load environment variables
from a different file, you can specify that file as a parameter to the flag.

You can pass multiple `--env-file` flags (e.g.,
`deno run --env-file=.env.one --env-file=.env.two --allow-env <script>`) to load
variables from multiple files.

:::note

When multiple declarations for the same environment variable exist within a
single `.env` file, the first occurrence is applied. However, if the same
variable is defined across multiple `.env` files (using multiple `--env-file`
arguments), the value from the last file specified takes precedence. This means
that the first occurrence found in the last `.env` file listed will be applied.

:::

## `@std/dotenv`

The `dotenv` package in the standard library can be used to load environment
variables from `.env`.

Let's say you have an `.env` file that looks like this:

```sh
GREETING="Hello, world."
```

Import the `load` module to auto-import from the `.env` file and into the
process environment.

```ts
import { load } from "jsr:@std/dotenv";

const env = await load({
  // optional: choose a specific path (defaults to ".env")
  envPath: ".env.local",
  // optional: also export to the process environment (so Deno.env can read it)
  export: true,
});

console.log(env.GREETING);
console.log(Deno.env.get("GREETING"));
```

Run this with `deno run --allow-read --allow-env app.ts`.

Further documentation for `.env` handling can be found in the
[@std/dotenv](https://jsr.io/@std/dotenv/doc) documentation.

## Set a variable when running a command

As with other CLI commands, you can set environment variables before running a
command like so:

```shell
MY_VAR="my value" deno run main.ts
```

This can be useful when you want to vary a task based on an environment
variable, and can be helpfully combined with
[`deno task`](/runtime/reference/cli/task/) commands like so:

```jsonc title="deno.json"
{

  ...
  
  "tasks": {
    "build:full": {
      "description": "Build the site with all features",
      "command": "BUILD_TYPE=FULL deno run main.ts"
    },
    "build:light": {
      "description": "Build the site without expensive operations",
      "command": "BUILD_TYPE=LIGHT deno run main.ts"
    }
  }
}
```

## `std/cli`

The Deno Standard Library has a [`std/cli` module](https://jsr.io/@std/cli) for
parsing command line arguments. Please refer to the module for documentation and
examples.

## Special environment variables

The Deno runtime has these special environment variables.

| name                 | description                                                                                                                                                                       |
| -------------------- | --------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| DENO_AUTH_TOKENS     | A semi-colon separated list of bearer tokens and hostnames to use when fetching remote modules from private repositories<br />(e.g. `abcde12345@deno.land;54321edcba@github.com`) |
| DENO_TLS_CA_STORE    | Comma-separated list of order dependent certificate stores.<br />Possible values: `system`, `mozilla`. Defaults to `mozilla`.                                                     |
| DENO_CERT            | Load certificate authority from PEM encoded file                                                                                                                                  |
| DENO_COVERAGE_DIR    | Set the directory for collecting coverage profile data. This option only works for [`deno test` subcommand](/runtime/reference/cli/test/).                                        |
| DENO_DIR             | Set the cache directory                                                                                                                                                           |
| DENO_INSTALL_ROOT    | Set deno install's output directory (defaults to `$HOME/.deno/bin`)                                                                                                               |
| DENO_REPL_HISTORY    | Set REPL history file path History file is disabled when the value is empty <br />(defaults to `$DENO_DIR/deno_history.txt`)                                                      |
| DENO_NO_PACKAGE_JSON | Disables auto-resolution of `package.json`                                                                                                                                        |
| DENO_NO_PROMPT       | Set to disable permission prompts on access<br />(alternative to passing `--no-prompt` on invocation)                                                                             |
| DENO_NO_UPDATE_CHECK | Set to disable checking if a newer Deno version is available                                                                                                                      |
| DENO_V8_FLAGS        | Set V8 command line options                                                                                                                                                       |
| DENO_JOBS            | Number of parallel workers used for the `--parallel` flag with the test subcommand.<br />Defaults to number of available CPUs.                                                    |
| DENO_WEBGPU_TRACE    | Path to a directory to output a [WGPU trace](https://github.com/gfx-rs/wgpu/pull/619) to when using the WebGPU API                                                                |
| DENO_WEBGPU_BACKEND  | Select the backend WebGPU will use, or a comma separated list of backends in order of preference. Possible values are `vulkan`, `dx12`, `metal`, or `opengl`                      |
| HTTP_PROXY           | Proxy address for HTTP requests (module downloads, fetch)                                                                                                                         |
| HTTPS_PROXY          | Proxy address for HTTPS requests (module downloads, fetch)                                                                                                                        |
| NPM_CONFIG_REGISTRY  | URL to use for the npm registry.                                                                                                                                                  |
| NO_COLOR             | Set to disable color                                                                                                                                                              |
| NO_PROXY             | Comma-separated list of hosts which do not use a proxy (module downloads, fetch)                                                                                                  |


---

# JSX

> Complete guide to using JSX in Deno. Learn about JSX configuration options, automatic runtime features, development transforms, and Deno's optimized precompile transform for server-side rendering.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/jsx


Deno has built-in support for JSX in both `.jsx` files and `.tsx` files. JSX in
Deno can be handy for server-side rendering or generating code for browser
consumption.

## Default configuration

The Deno CLI has a default configuration for JSX that is different than the
defaults for `tsc`. Effectively Deno uses the following
[TypeScript compiler](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/compiler-options.html)
options by default:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "jsx": "react",
    "jsxFactory": "React.createElement",
    "jsxFragmentFactory": "React.Fragment"
  }
}
```

Using the `"react"` option will convert JSX into the following JavaScript code:

```jsx
// input
const jsx = (
  <div className="foo">
    <MyComponent value={2} />
  </div>
);

// output:
const jsx = React.createElement(
  "div",
  { className: "foo" },
  React.createElement(MyComponent, { value: 2 }),
);
```

## JSX automatic runtime (recommended)

In React 17, the React team added what they called
[the _new_ JSX transforms](https://reactjs.org/blog/2020/09/22/introducing-the-new-jsx-transform.html).
This enhanced and modernized the API for JSX transforms as well as provided a
mechanism to automatically add relevant JSX imports so that you don't have to do
this yourself. This is the recommended way to use JSX.

To use the newer JSX runtime transform change the compiler options in your
`deno.json`.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "jsx": "react-jsx",
    "jsxImportSource": "react"
  },
  "imports": {
    "react": "npm:react",
    "@types/react": "npm:@types/react"
  }
}
```

:::note install dependencies

When manually adding imports to your `deno.json` file, remember to run
`deno install` to download and cache the dependencies.

:::

Behind the scenes the `jsxImportSource` setting will always append a
`/jsx-runtime` to the import specifier.

```js
// This import will be inserted automatically
import { jsx as _jsx } from "react/jsx-runtime";
```

Using the `"react-jsx"` option will convert JSX into the following JavaScript
code:

```jsx
// input
const jsx = (
  <div className="foo">
    <MyComponent value={2} />
  </div>
);

// output
import { jsx as _jsx } from "react/jsx-runtime";
const jsx = _jsx(
  "div",
  {
    className: "foo",
    children: _jsx(MyComponent, { value: 2 }),
  },
);
```

If you want to use [Preact](https://preactjs.com/) instead of React you can
update the `jsxImportSource` value accordingly.

```diff title="deno.json"
  {
    "compilerOptions": {
      "jsx": "react-jsx",
-     "jsxImportSource": "react"
+     "jsxImportSource": "preact"
    },
    "imports": {
-     "react": "npm:react"
+     "preact": "npm:preact"
    }
  }
```

### Development transform

Setting the `"jsx"` option to `"react-jsxdev"` instead of `"react-jsx"` will
pass additional debugging information to each JSX node. The additional
information is the file path, line number and column number of the callsite of
each JSX node.

This information is typically used in frameworks to enhance the debugging
experience during development. In React this information is used to enhance
stack traces and show where a component was instantiated in the React developer
tools browser extension.

Using the `"react-jsxdev"` option will convert JSX into the following JavaScript
code:

```jsx
// input
const jsx = (
  <div className="foo">
    <MyComponent value={2} />
  </div>
);

// output
import { jsxDEV as _jsxDEV } from "react/jsx-dev-runtime";
const _jsxFileName = "file:///input.tsx";
const jsx = _jsxDEV(
  "div",
  {
    className: "foo",
    children: _jsxDEV(
      MyComponent,
      {
        value: 2,
      },
      void 0,
      false,
      {
        fileName: _jsxFileName,
        lineNumber: 3,
        columnNumber: 5,
      },
      this,
    ),
  },
  void 0,
  false,
  {
    fileName: _jsxFileName,
    lineNumber: 1,
    columnNumber: 14,
  },
  this,
);
```

:::caution

Only use the `"react-jsxdev"` information during development and not in
production.

:::

### Using the JSX import source pragma

Whether you have a JSX import source configured for your project, or if you are
using the default "legacy" configuration, you can add the JSX import source
pragma to a `.jsx` or `.tsx` module, and Deno will respect it.

The `@jsxImportSource` pragma needs to be in the leading comments of the module.
For example to use Preact from esm.sh, you would do something like this:

```jsx
/** @jsxImportSource https://esm.sh/preact */

export function App() {
  return (
    <div>
      <h1>Hello, world!</h1>
    </div>
  );
}
```

### `jsxImportSourceTypes`

In certain cases, a library may not provide types. To specify the types, you can
use the `@jsxImportSourceTypes` pragma:

```jsx
/** @jsxImportSource npm:react@^18.3 */
/** @jsxImportSourceTypes npm:@types/react@^18.3 */

export function Hello() {
  return <div>Hello!</div>;
}
```

Or specify via the `jsxImportSourceTypes` compiler option in a _deno.json_:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "jsx": "react-jsx",
    "jsxImportSource": "npm:react@^18.3",
    "jsxImportSourceTypes": "npm:@types/react@^18.3"
  }
}
```

## JSX precompile transform

Deno ships with a
[new JSX transform](https://deno.com/blog/v1.38#fastest-jsx-transform) that is
optimized for server-side rendering. It can be up to **7-20x faster** than the
other JSX transform options. The difference is that the precompile transform
analyses your JSX statically and stores precompiled HTML strings if possible.
That way a lot of time creating JSX objects can be avoided.

To use the precompile transform, set the `jsx` option to `"precompile"`.

```diff title="deno.json"
  {
    "compilerOptions": {
+     "jsx": "precompile",
      "jsxImportSource": "preact"
    },
    "imports": {
      "preact": "npm:preact"
    }
  }
```

To prevent JSX nodes representing HTML elements from being precompiled, you can
add them to the `jsxPrecompileSkipElements` setting.

```diff title="deno.json"
  {
    "compilerOptions": {
      "jsx": "precompile",
      "jsxImportSource": "preact",
+     "jsxPrecompileSkipElements": ["a", "link"]
    },
    "imports": {
      "preact": "npm:preact"
    }
  }
```

:::note

The `precompile` transform works best with [Preact](https://preactjs.com/) or
[Hono](https://hono.dev/). It is not supported in React.

:::

Using the `"precompile"` option will convert JSX into the following JavaScript
code:

```jsx
// input
const jsx = (
  <div className="foo">
    <MyComponent value={2} />
  </div>
);

// output:
import {
  jsx as _jsx,
  jsxTemplate as _jsxTemplate,
} from "npm:preact/jsx-runtime";
const $$_tpl_1 = [
  '<div class="foo">',
  "</div>",
];
function MyComponent() {
  return null;
}
const jsx = _jsxTemplate(
  $$_tpl_1,
  _jsx(MyComponent, {
    value: 2,
  }),
);
```

## Rendering JSX in server responses

When using JSX for server-side rendering in Deno, you need to convert your JSX
components to HTML strings that can be sent in a Response. This is particularly
useful when building web applications with Deno.serve.

### Using Preact with renderToString

For Preact applications, you can use the `preact-render-to-string` package:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "jsx": "precompile",
    "jsxImportSource": "preact"
  },
  "imports": {
    "preact": "npm:preact@^10.26.6",
    "preact-render-to-string": "npm:preact-render-to-string@^6.5.13"
  }
}
```

Then in your server code:

```tsx title="server.tsx"
import { renderToString } from "preact-render-to-string";

const App = () => {
  return <h1>Hello world</h1>;
};

Deno.serve(() => {
  const html = `<!DOCTYPE html>${renderToString(<App />)}`;
  return new Response(html, {
    headers: { "Content-Type": "text/html; charset=utf-8" },
  });
});
```

This approach works well with the precompile transform, providing optimal
performance for server-side rendering.

### Using React with renderToString

If you're using React instead of Preact, you can use React's own server
rendering capabilities:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "jsx": "react-jsx",
    "jsxImportSource": "react"
  },
  "imports": {
    "react": "npm:react@^18.2.0",
    "react-dom": "npm:react-dom@^18.2.0",
    "react-dom/server": "npm:react-dom@^18.2.0/server"
  }
}
```

And in your server code:

```tsx title="server.tsx"
import { renderToString } from "react-dom/server";

const App = () => {
  return <h1>Hello from React</h1>;
};

Deno.serve(() => {
  const html = `<!DOCTYPE html>${renderToString(<App />)}`;
  return new Response(html, {
    headers: { "Content-Type": "text/html; charset=utf-8" },
  });
});
```

With these configurations, your Deno server can efficiently render JSX
components to HTML and serve them to clients.


---

# Lint Plugins

> Guide to creating and using custom lint plugins in Deno. Learn how to write custom lint rules, use selectors for AST matching, implement fixes, and test your plugins using Deno's lint plugin API.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/lint_plugins


:::caution

This is an experimental feature and requires Deno `2.2.0` or newer.

The plugin API is currently marked as "unstable" since it is subject to changes
in the future.

:::

The built-in linter can be extended with plugins to add custom lint rules.

Whilst Deno ships with [many lint rules](/lint/) out of the box, there are cases
where you need a custom rule tailored particularly to your project - whether to
catch a context-specific problem or enforce company-wide conventions.

This is where the lint plugin API comes into play.

The lint plugin API is intentionally modeled after the
[ESLint API](https://eslint.org/docs/latest/extend/custom-rules). While this API
doesn't provide 100% compatibility, the existing knowledge of authoring ESLint
plugins can be mostly reused if you happen to have written custom
[ESLint](https://eslint.org/) rules in the past.

Plugins are loaded via the `lint.plugins` setting in `deno.json`.

The value is an array of plugin specifiers. These can be paths, `npm:`, or
`jsr:` specifiers.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "lint": {
    "plugins": ["./my-plugin.ts"]
  }
}
```

## Example plugin

A plugin always has the same shape. It has a default export which is your plugin
object.

:::info

Deno provides type declarations for the lint plugins API.

All the typings are available under the `Deno.lint` namespace.

:::

```ts title="my-plugin.ts"
const plugin: Deno.lint.Plugin = {
  // The name of your plugin. Will be shown in error output
  name: "my-plugin",
  // Object with rules. The property name is the rule name and
  // will be shown in the error output as well.
  rules: {
    "my-rule": {
      // Inside the `create(context)` method is where you'll put your logic.
      // It's called when a file is being linted.
      create(context) {
        // Return an AST visitor object
        return {
          // Here in this example we forbid any identifiers being named `_a`
          Identifier(node) {
            if (node.name === "_a") {
              // Report a lint error with a custom message
              context.report({
                node,
                message: "should be _b",
                // Optional: Provide a fix, which can be applied when
                // the user runs `deno lint --fix`
                fix(fixer) {
                  return fixer.replaceText(node, "_b");
                },
              });
            }
          },
        };
      },
    },
  },
};
export default plugin;
```

## Using selectors to match nodes

Writing code to match a specific node can sometimes become a bit tedious if you
write it in plain JavaScript. Sometimes this matching logic would be easier to
express via a selector, similar to CSS selectors. By using a string as the
property name in the returned visitor object, we can specify a custom selector.

```ts title="my-plugin.ts"
const plugin: Deno.lint.Plugin = {
  name: "my-plugin",
  rules: {
    "my-rule": {
      create(context) {
        return {
          // Selectors can be used too. Here we check for
          // `require("...") calls.
          'CallExpression[callee.name="require"]'(node) {
            context.report({
              node,
              message: "Don't use require() calls to load modules",
            });
          },
        };
      },
    },
  },
};
export default plugin;
```

Note, that we can always refine our match further in JavaScript if the matching
logic is too complex to be expressed as a selector alone. The full list of the
supported syntax for selectors is:

| Syntax                    | Description                            |
| ------------------------- | -------------------------------------- |
| `Foo + Foo`               | Next sibling selector                  |
| `Foo > Bar`               | Child combinator                       |
| `Foo ~ Bar`               | Subsequent sibling combinator          |
| `Foo Bar`                 | Descendant combinator                  |
| `Foo[attr]`               | Attribute existence                    |
| `Foo[attr.length < 2]`    | Attribute value comparison             |
| `Foo[attr=/(foo\|bar)*/]` | Attribute value regex check            |
| `:first-child`            | First child pseudo-class               |
| `:last-child`             | Last child pseudo-class                |
| `:nth-child(2n + 1)`      | Nth-child pseudo-class                 |
| `:not(> Bar)`             | Not pseudo-class                       |
| `:is(> Bar)`              | Is pseudo-class                        |
| `:where(> Bar)`           | Where pseudo-class (same as `:is()`)   |
| `:matches(> Bar)`         | Matches pseudo-class (same as `:is()`) |
| `:has(> Bar)`             | Has pseudo-class                       |
| `IfStatement.test`        | Field selector `.<field>`              |

There is also the `:exit` pseudo that is only valid at the end of the whole
selector. When it's present, Deno will call the function while going **up** the
tree instead of when going down.

:::tip

We highly recommend using the
[typescript-eslint playground](https://typescript-eslint.io/play/) when
developing lint rules. It allows you to inspect code and the resulting AST
format. This makes it easier to see which selectors match which node.

:::

## Applying fixes

A custom lint rule can supply a function to apply a fix when reporting a
problem. The optional `fix()` method is called when running `deno lint --fix` or
applying a fix from inside your editor through the Deno LSP.

The `fix()` method receives a `fixer` instance which contains helper methods to
make creating a fix easier. A fix consists of a start position, an end position
and the new text that should be put in this range.

```ts
context.report({
  node,
  message: "should be _b",
  fix(fixer) {
    return fixer.replaceText(node, "_b");
  },
});
```

The `fixer` object has the following methods:

- `insertTextAfter(node, text)`: Insert text after the given node.
- `insertTextAfterRange(range, text)`: Insert text after the given range.
- `insertTextBefore(node, text)`: Insert text before the given node.
- `insertTextBeforeRange(range, text)`: Insert text before the given range.
- `remove(node)`: Remove the given node.
- `removeRange(range)`: Remove text in the given range.
- `replaceText(node, text)`: Replace the text in the given node.
- `replaceTextRange(range, text)`: Replace the text in the given range.

The `fix()` method can also return an array of fixes or yield multiple fixes if
it's a generator function.

Sometimes the original source text of a node is needed to create a fix. To get
the source code of any node use `context.sourceCode.getText()`:

```ts
context.report({
  node,
  message: "should be _b",
  fix(fixer) {
    const original = context.sourceCode.getText(node);
    const newText = `{ ${original} }`;
    return fixer.replaceText(node, newText);
  },
});
```

## Running cleanup code

If your plugin requires running cleanup code after a file has been linted, you
can hook into the linter via the `destroy()` hook. It is called after a file has
been linted and just before the plugin context is destroyed.

```ts title="my-plugin.ts"
const plugin: Deno.lint.Plugin = {
  name: "my-plugin",
  rules: {
    "my-rule": {
      create(context) {
        // ...
      },
      // Optional: Run code after a linting for a file is completed
      // and each rule context is destroyed.
      destroy() {
        // do some cleanup stuff if you need to
      },
    },
  },
};
export default plugin;
```

:::caution

It is not safe to assume that your plugin code will be executed again for each
of the files linted.

Prefer not to keep a global state, and do cleanup in the `destroy` hook, in case
`deno lint` decides to reuse the existing plugin instance.

:::

## Excluding custom rules

Similar to built-in rules, you can disable custom rules provided by a plugin. To
do so, add it to the `lint.rules.exclude` key in `deno.json`. The format of a
custom lint rule is always `<plugin-name>/<rule-name>`.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "lint": {
    "plugins": ["./my-plugin.ts"],
    "rules": {
      "exclude": ["my-plugin/my-rule"]
    }
  }
}
```

## Ignoring custom lint reports

Sometimes you want to disable a reported lint error for a particular place in
your code. Instead of disabling the custom lint rule entirely, you can disable a
reported location by placing a code comment before it.

```ts
// deno-lint-ignore my-custom-plugin/no-console
console.log("hey");
```

This will disable the lint rule from a lint plugin for this particular line.

The syntax for the ignore comment is:

```ts
// deno-lint-ignore <my-plugin>/<my-rule>
```

## Testing plugins

The `Deno.lint.runPlugin` API provides a convenient way to test your plugins. It
allows you to assert that the plugin produces expected diagnostics given the
particular input.

Let's use the example plugin, defined above:

```ts title="my-plugin_test.ts"
import { assertEquals } from "jsr:@std/assert";
import myPlugin from "./my-plugin.ts";

Deno.test("my-plugin", () => {
  const diagnostics = Deno.lint.runPlugin(
    myPlugin,
    "main.ts", // Dummy filename, file doesn't need to exist.
    "const _a = 'a';",
  );

  assertEquals(diagnostics.length, 1);
  const d = diagnostics[0];
  assertEquals(d.id, "my-plugin/my-rule");
  assertEquals(d.message, "should be _b");
  assertEquals(d.fix, [{ range: [6, 8], text: "_b" }]);
});
```

:::info

The `Deno.lint.runPlugin` API is only available in the `deno test` and
`deno bench` subcommands.

Trying to use it with any other subcommand will throw an error.

:::

Consult [the API reference](/api/deno/) for more information on
[`Deno.lint.runPlugin`](/api/deno/~/Deno.lint.runPlugin) and
[`Deno.lint.Diagnostic`](/api/deno/~/Deno.lint.Diagnostic).


---

# Language Server Integration

> Technical guide to integrating Deno's Language Server Protocol (LSP). Learn about LSP implementation details, custom commands, requests, notifications, and testing API integration for editor and tool developers.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/lsp_integration


:::tip

If you are looking for information how to use Deno's LSP with various editors,
visit
[Setup your environment page](/runtime/getting_started/setup_your_environment/).

:::

The Deno CLI comes with a built in language server that can provide an
intelligent editing experience, as well as a way to easily access the other
tools that come built in with Deno. For most users, using the language server
would be via an editor such as [Visual Studio Code](/runtime/reference/vscode/)
or [other editors](/runtime/getting_started/setup_your_environment/).

This page is designed for those creating integrations to the language server or
providing a package registry for Deno that integrates intelligently.

The Deno Language Server provides a server implementation of the
[Language Server Protocol](https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/)
which is specifically tailored to provide a _Deno_ view of code. It is
integrated into the command line and can be started via the `lsp` sub-command.

## Structure

When the language server is started, a `LanguageServer` instance is created
which holds all of the state of the language server. It also defines all of the
methods that the client calls via the Language Server RPC protocol.

## Settings

The language server supports a number of settings for a workspace:

- `deno.enable`
- `deno.enablePaths`
- `deno.cache`
- `deno.certificateStores`
- `deno.config`
- `deno.importMap`
- `deno.internalDebug`
- `deno.codeLens.implementations`
- `deno.codeLens.references`
- `deno.codeLens.referencesAllFunctions`
- `deno.codeLens.test`
- `deno.suggest.completeFunctionCalls`
- `deno.suggest.names`
- `deno.suggest.paths`
- `deno.suggest.autoImports`
- `deno.suggest.imports.autoDiscover`
- `deno.suggest.imports.hosts`
- `deno.lint`
- `deno.tlsCertificate`
- `deno.unsafelyIgnoreCertificateErrors`
- `deno.unstable`

And there are settings that are supported on a per resource basis by the
language server:

- `deno.enable`
- `deno.enablePaths`
- `deno.codeLens.test`

Deno analyzes these settings at multiple points in the language server process.
First, when the `initialize` request arrives from the client, the
`initializationOptions` will be assumed to be an object that represents the
`deno` namespace of options. For example, the following value will enable Deno
with the unstable APIs for this instance of the language server.

```json
{
  "enable": true,
  "unstable": true
}
```

When the language server receives a `workspace/didChangeConfiguration`
notification, it will assess if the client has indicated if it has a
`workspaceConfiguration` capability. If it does, it will send a
`workspace/configuration` request which will include a request for the workspace
configuration as well as the configuration of all URIs that the language server
is currently tracking.

If the client has the `workspaceConfiguration` capability, the language server
will send a configuration request for the URI when it received the
`textDocument/didOpen` notification in order to get the resources specific
settings.

If the client does not have the `workspaceConfiguration` capability, the
language server will assume the workspace setting applies to all resources.

## Commands

There are several commands that might be issued by the language server to the
client, which the client is expected to implement:

### .cache

`deno.cache` is sent as a resolution code action when there is an un-cached
module specifier that is being imported into a module. It will be sent with an
argument that contains the resolved specifier as a string to be cached.

### showReferences

`deno.showReferences` is sent as the command on some code lenses to show
locations of references. The arguments contain the specifier that is the subject
of the command, the start position of the target and the locations of the
references to show.

### test

`deno.test` is sent as part of a test code lens to, of which the client is
expected to run a test based on the arguments, which are the specifier the test
is contained in and the name of the test to filter the tests on.

## Requests

The LSP currently supports the following custom requests. A client should
implement these in order to have a fully functioning client that integrates well
with Deno:

### /cache

`deno/cache` will instruct Deno to attempt to cache a module and all of its
dependencies. If a `referrer` only is passed, then all dependencies for the
module specifier will be loaded. If there are values in the `uris`, then only
those `uris` will be cached.

It expects parameters of:

```ts
interface CacheParams {
  referrer: TextDocumentIdentifier;
  uris: TextDocumentIdentifier[];
}
```

### performance

`deno/performance` requests the return of the timing averages for the internal
instrumentation of Deno. It does not expect any parameters.

### reloadImportRegistries

`deno/reloadImportRegistries` reloads any cached responses from import
registries. It does not expect any parameters.

### virtualTextDocument

`deno/virtualTextDocument` requests a virtual text document from the LSP, which
is a read only document that can be displayed in the client. This allows clients
to access documents in the Deno cache, like remote modules and TypeScript
library files built into Deno. The Deno language server will encode all internal
files under the custom schema `deno:`, so clients should route all requests for
the `deno:` schema back to the `deno/virtualTextDocument` API.

It also supports a special URL of `deno:/status.md` which provides a markdown
formatted text document that contains details about the status of the LSP for
display to a user.

It expects parameters of:

```ts
interface VirtualTextDocumentParams {
  textDocument: TextDocumentIdentifier;
}
```

### task

`deno/task` requests the return of available deno tasks, see
[task_runner](/runtime/reference/cli/task_runner/). It does not expect any
parameters.

## Notifications

There is currently one custom notification that is sent from the server to the
client, `deno/registryState`. When `deno.suggest.imports.autoDiscover` is `true`
and an origin for an import being added to a document is not explicitly set in
`deno.suggest.imports.hosts`, the origin will be checked and the notification
will be sent to the client of the status.

When receiving the notification, if the param `suggestion` is `true`, the client
should offer the user the choice to enable the origin and add it to the
configuration for `deno.suggest.imports.hosts`. If `suggestion` is `false` the
client should add it to the configuration of as `false` to stop the language
server from attempting to detect if suggestions are supported.

The params for the notification are:

```ts
interface RegistryStatusNotificationParams {
  origin: string;
  suggestions: boolean;
}
```

## Language IDs

The language server supports diagnostics and formatting for the following
[text document language IDs](https://microsoft.github.io/language-server-protocol/specifications/specification-current/#textDocumentItem):

- `"javascript"`
- `"javascriptreact"`
- `"jsx"` _non standard, same as `javascriptreact`_
- `"typescript"`
- `"typescriptreact"`
- `"tsx"` _non standard, same as `typescriptreact`_

The language server supports only formatting for the following language IDs:

- `"json"`
- `"jsonc"`
- `"markdown"`

## Testing

The Deno language server supports a custom set of APIs to enable testing. These
are built around providing information to enable the
[vscode's Testing API](https://code.visualstudio.com/api/extension-guides/testing)
but can be used by other language server clients to provide a similar interface.

Both the client and the server should support the experimental `testingApi`
capability:

```ts
interface ClientCapabilities {
  experimental?: {
    testingApi: boolean;
  };
}
```

```ts
interface ServerCapabilities {
  experimental?: {
    testingApi: boolean;
  };
}
```

When a version of Deno that supports the testing API encounters a client which
supports the capability, it will initialize the code which handles the test
detection and will start providing the notifications which enable it.

It should also be noted that when the testing API capabilities are enabled, the
testing code lenses will no longer be sent to the client.

### Testing settings

There are specific settings which change the behavior of the language server:

- `deno.testing.args` - An array of strings which will be provided as arguments
  when executing tests. This works in the same fashion as the `deno test`
  subcommand.
- `deno.testing.enable` - A binary flag that enables or disables the testing
  server

### Testing notifications

The server will send notifications to the client under certain conditions.

#### deno/testModule

When a module containing tests is discovered by the server, it will notify the
client by sending a `deno/testModule` notification along with a payload of
`TestModuleParams`.

Deno structures in this fashion:

- A module can contain _n_ tests.
- A test can contain _n_ steps.
- A step can contain _n_ steps.

When Deno does static analysis of a test module, it attempts to identify any
tests and test steps. Because of the dynamic way tests can be declared in Deno,
they cannot always be statically identified and can only be identified when the
module is executed. The notification is designed to handle both of these
situations when updating the client. When tests are discovered statically, the
notification `kind` will be `"replace"`, when tests or steps are discovered at
execution time, the notification `kind` will be `"insert"`.

As a test document is edited in the editor, and `textDocument/didChange`
notifications are received from the client, the static analysis of those changes
will be performed server side and if the tests have changed, the client will
receive a notification.

When a client receives a `"replace"` notification, it can safely "replace" a
test module representation, where when an `"insert"` it received, it should
recursively try to add to existing representations.

For test modules the `textDocument.uri` should be used as the unique ID for any
representation (as it the string URL to the unique module). `TestData` items
contain a unique `id` string. This `id` string is a SHA-256 hash of identifying
information that the server tracks for a test.

```ts
interface TestData {
  /** The unique ID for this test/step. */
  id: string;

  /** The display label for the test/step. */
  label: string;

  /** Any test steps that are associated with this test/step */
  steps?: TestData[];

  /** The range of the owning text document that applies to the test. */
  range?: Range;
}

interface TestModuleParams {
  /** The text document identifier that the tests are related to. */
  textDocument: TextDocumentIdentifier;

  /** A indication if tests described are _newly_ discovered and should be
   * _inserted_ or if the tests associated are a replacement for any existing
   * tests. */
  kind: "insert" | "replace";

  /** The text label for the test module. */
  label: string;

  /** An array of tests that are owned by this test module. */
  tests: TestData[];
}
```

#### deno/testModuleDelete

When a test module is deleted that the server is observing, the server will
issue a `deno/testModuleDelete` notification. When receiving the notification
the client should remove the representation of the test module and all of its
children tests and test steps.

```ts
interface TestModuleDeleteParams {
  /** The text document identifier that has been removed. */
  textDocument: TextDocumentIdentifier;
}
```

#### deno/testRunProgress

When a [`deno/testRun`](#denotestrun) is requested from the client, the server
will support progress of that test run via the `deno/testRunProgress`
notification.

The client should process these messages and update any UI representation.

The state change is represented in the `.message.kind` property of the
`TestRunProgressParams`. The states are:

- `"enqueued"` - A test or test step has been enqueued for testing.
- `"skipped"` - A test or test step was skipped. This occurs when the Deno test
  has the `ignore` option set to `true`.
- `"started"` - A test or test step has started.
- `"passed"` - A test or test step has passed.
- `"failed"` - A test or test step has failed. This is intended to indicate an
  error with the test harness instead of the test itself, but Deno currently
  does not support this distinction.
- `"errored"` - The test or test step has errored. Additional information about
  the error will be in the `.message.messages` property.
- `"end"` - The test run has ended.

```ts
interface TestIdentifier {
  /** The test module the message is related to. */
  textDocument: TextDocumentIdentifier;

  /** The optional ID of the test. If not present, then the message applies to
   * all tests in the test module. */
  id?: string;

  /** The optional ID of the step. If not present, then the message only applies
   * to the test. */
  stepId?: string;
}

interface TestMessage {
  /** The content of the message. */
  message: MarkupContent;

  /** An optional string which represents the expected output. */
  expectedOutput?: string;

  /** An optional string which represents the actual output. */
  actualOutput?: string;

  /** An optional location related to the message. */
  location?: Location;
}

interface TestEnqueuedStartedSkipped {
  /** The state change that has occurred to a specific test or test step.
   *
   * - `"enqueued"` - the test is now enqueued to be tested
   * - `"started"` - the test has started
   * - `"skipped"` - the test was skipped
   */
  type: "enqueued" | "started" | "skipped";

  /** The test or test step relating to the state change. */
  test: TestIdentifier;
}

interface TestFailedErrored {
  /** The state change that has occurred to a specific test or test step.
   *
   * - `"failed"` - The test failed to run properly, versus the test erroring.
   *   currently the Deno language server does not support this.
   * - `"errored"` - The test errored.
   */
  type: "failed" | "errored";

  /** The test or test step relating to the state change. */
  test: TestIdentifier;

  /** Messages related to the state change. */
  messages: TestMessage[];

  /** An optional duration, in milliseconds from the start to the current
   * state. */
  duration?: number;
}

interface TestPassed {
  /** The state change that has occurred to a specific test or test step. */
  type: "passed";

  /** The test or test step relating to the state change. */
  test: TestIdentifier;

  /** An optional duration, in milliseconds from the start to the current
   * state. */
  duration?: number;
}

interface TestOutput {
  /** The test or test step has output information / logged information. */
  type: "output";

  /** The value of the output. */
  value: string;

  /** The associated test or test step if there was one. */
  test?: TestIdentifier;

  /** An optional location associated with the output. */
  location?: Location;
}

interface TestEnd {
  /** The test run has ended. */
  type: "end";
}

type TestRunProgressMessage =
  | TestEnqueuedStartedSkipped
  | TestFailedErrored
  | TestPassed
  | TestOutput
  | TestEnd;

interface TestRunProgressParams {
  /** The test run ID that the progress message applies to. */
  id: number;

  /** The message*/
  message: TestRunProgressMessage;
}
```

### Testing requests

The server handles two different requests:

#### deno/testRun

To request the language server to perform a set of tests, the client sends a
`deno/testRun` request, which includes that ID of the test run to be used in
future responses to the client, the type of the test run, and any test modules
or tests to include or exclude.

Currently Deno only supports the `"run"` kind of test run. Both `"debug"` and
`"coverage"` are planned to be supported in the future.

When there are no test modules or tests that are included, it implies that all
discovered tests modules and tests should be executed. When a test module is
included, but not any test ids, it implies that all tests within that test
module should be included. Once all the tests are identified, any excluded tests
are removed and the resolved set of tests are returned in the response as
`"enqueued"`.

It is not possible to include or exclude test steps via this API, because of the
dynamic nature of how test steps are declared and run.

```ts
interface TestRunRequestParams {
  /** The id of the test run to be used for future messages. */
  id: number;

  /** The run kind. Currently Deno only supports `"run"` */
  kind: "run" | "coverage" | "debug";

  /** Test modules or tests to exclude from the test run. */
  exclude?: TestIdentifier[];

  /** Test modules or tests to include in the test run. */
  include?: TestIdentifier[];
}

interface EnqueuedTestModule {
  /** The test module the enqueued test IDs relate to */
  textDocument: TextDocumentIdentifier;

  /** The test IDs which are now enqueued for testing */
  ids: string[];
}

interface TestRunResponseParams {
  /** Test modules and test IDs that are now enqueued for testing. */
  enqueued: EnqueuedTestModule[];
}
```

#### deno/testRunCancel

If a client wishes to cancel a currently running test run, it sends a
`deno/testRunCancel` request with the test ID to cancel. The response back will
be a boolean of `true` if the test is cancelled or `false` if it was not
possible. Appropriate test progress notifications will still be sent as the test
is being cancelled.

```ts
interface TestRunCancelParams {
  /** The test id to be cancelled. */
  id: number;
}
```


---

# Deno 1.x to 2.x Migration Guide

> Comprehensive guide to migrating from Deno 1.x to 2.x. Learn about breaking changes, API updates, Node.js compatibility features, and how to update your codebase to work with Deno 2.x.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/migration_guide


While we’ve accomplished a ton in Deno 1.x, the next major version is focused on
using Deno **at scale**. This means seamless interoperability with Node.js and
npm JavaScript infrastructure and supporting a wider range of projects and
development teams, all without sacrificing the simplicity, security, and
“batteries included” nature that developers love.

## Backwards compatibility with Node.js and npm

Deno 2 is backwards compatible with Node.js and npm. This allows you to not only
run Deno in your current Node.js projects, but also incrementally adopt pieces
of Deno's all-in-one toolchain.

For example, you can use `deno install` on a Node.js project to install
dependencies, run `deno fmt` to format code without needing Prettier, or use
`deno lint` to check for common pitfalls instead of using ESLint.

Deno 2 understands `package.json`, the `node_modules` directory, and even npm
workspaces, allowing you to migrate your existing projects using ESM with little
effort.

For better Node compatibility, npm packages are no longer installed by default
when there is a package.json and instead running `deno install` is recommended.
To get Deno 1.x behavior of auto-installing, add the following to your
deno.json:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "nodeModulesDir": "auto"
}
```

[Read more on `Node.js support` page](/runtime/fundamentals/node/).

## Managing dependencies

Deno 2 greatly improves dependency management for npm and JSR packages with
tools like:

- [`deno install`](/runtime/reference/cli/install/)
- [`deno add`](/runtime/reference/cli/add/)
- [`deno remove`](/runtime/reference/cli/remove/)

You can expect a seamless experience with Deno-first projects using `deno.json`,
Node.js-first project using `package.json`, as well as hybrid projects using
both `deno.json` and `package.json` to enable an easy migration path.

## Monorepo, workspace and private registries support

Deno 2 was built with development teams working on mission-critical projects in
mind. These teams work on complex codebases, sharing internal code, often using
private registries.

With Deno 2 your team can leverage private npm registries the same way you'd do
with Node.js and npm, using an `.npmrc` file:

```js title=".npmrc"
@mycompany:registry=http://mycompany.com:8111/
mycompany.com:8111/:_authToken=token
```

Learn more about private registry configuration
[on `npm packages` page](/runtime/fundamentals/node/#private-registries).

Deno 2 has workspace support, allowing you to mix Deno-first and Node-first
packages in the same monorepo, making incremental adoption fast and
approachable.

Read more
[on `Workspaces and Monorepos` page](/runtime/fundamentals/workspaces/).

## Framework support

With improved Node.js and npm compatibility, Deno 2 supports a plethora of
user-favorite frameworks like:

- Next.js
- SvelteKit
- Remix
- Nuxt
- TanStack
- Qwik
- and more

Most existing projects will require minimal or no changes; just replace
`npm run dev` with `deno task dev` and get on with your work.

Deno will provide helpful error messages with suggestions to guide you towards a
working solution.

You can also use `deno lint --fix` to automatically fix common
incompatibilities.

---

The following section outlines the configuration, CLI, and API changes between
Deno 1.x and Deno 2.

## Config changes

- `nodeModulesDir`

Using a boolean value for the `nodeModulesDir` and `--node-modules-dir` config
options has been deprecated in favor of selecting from multiple behavior
options. For this reason, the default value when the option is not set has
changed.

```diff
- "nodeModulesDir": false | true
+ "nodeModulesDir": "none" | "auto" | "manual"

- Default value without package.json: false (corresponding to "none")
+ Default value without package.json: "none"

- Default value with package.json:  true (corresponding to "auto")
+ Default value with package.json:  "manual"
```

If your project does not contain a `package.json` file, the default behavior
will remain unchanged.

If your project contains a `package.json` file and you do not specify the
`nodeModulesDir` option, you must set it to `auto` to keep the default Deno 1.x
auto-installing behavior. The new default in Deno 2 is `manual`, which expects
the user to keep this directory up to date manually.

See
[Node modules directory](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/#node-modules-directory)
for reference.

## CLI changes

- `deno bundle`

The `deno bundle` command has been removed. We recommend using
[`esbuild`](https://esbuild.github.io/) together with
[`esbuild-deno-loader`](https://jsr.io/@luca/esbuild-deno-loader).

```ts
import * as esbuild from "npm:esbuild";
import { denoPlugins } from "jsr:@luca/esbuild-deno-loader";

const result = await esbuild.build({
  plugins: [...denoPlugins()],
  entryPoints: ["https://deno.land/std@0.185.0/bytes/mod.ts"],
  outfile: "./dist/bytes.esm.js",
  bundle: true,
  format: "esm",
});

esbuild.stop();
```

- `deno cache`

The `deno cache` command has been merged into the `deno install` command under
the `--entrypoint` option.

```diff
- deno cache main.ts
+ deno install --entrypoint main.ts
```

- `deno vendor`

The `deno vendor` command has been replaced by a `"vendor": true` configuration
option in `deno.json`.

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "vendor": true
}
```

- `--allow-none`

Use the `--permit-no-files` CLI flag instead.

```diff
- deno test --allow-none
+ deno test --permit-no-files
```

- `--jobs`

Use the
[`DENO_JOBS`](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/manual/basics/env_variables/#special-environment-variables)
environment variable instead.

```diff
- deno test --jobs=4 --parallel
+ DENO_JOBS=4 deno test --parallel
```

- `--ts`

Use the `--ext=ts` CLI flag instead.

```diff
- deno run --ts script.ts
+ deno run --ext=ts script.ts
```

```diff
- deno run -T script.ts
+ deno run --ext=ts script.ts
```

- `--trace-ops`

Use the `--trace-leaks` CLI flag instead.

```diff
- deno test --trace-ops
+ deno test --trace-leaks
```

- `--unstable`

Use granular unstable flags (`--unstable-*`) or configuration options instead.
See
[Unstable Feature Flags](https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/cli/unstable_flags/)
for reference.

```ts
// kv.ts
const kv = await Deno.openKv();

// ...
```

```diff
- deno run --unstable kv.ts
+ deno run --unstable-kv kv.ts
```

Or

```diff
{
+ "unstable": ["kv"]
}
```

See the
[Deno 1.40 Blog Post](https://deno.com/blog/v1.40#changes-to-how-we-handle-unstable-features)
for details.

## Import assertions removal

Import assertions were removed from JavaScript and are now deprecated in Deno
2.0. Use import attributes instead:

```diff
- import data from "./data.json" assert { type: "json" };
+ import data from "./data.json" with { type: "json" };
```

This was one of the rare cases when a proposal was
[downgraded after hitting Stage 3](https://github.com/tc39/proposal-import-attributes?tab=readme-ov-file#history).

## API changes

- `Deno.Buffer`

Use [`Buffer`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/buffer/~/Buffer) from the Standard
Library instead.

```diff
+ import { Buffer } from "jsr:@std/io/buffer";

- const buffer = new Deno.Buffer();
+ const buffer = new Buffer();

  // ...
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.Closer`

Use [`Closer`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/types/~/Closer) from the Standard
Library instead.

```diff
+ import type { Closer } from "jsr:@std/io/types";

- function foo(closer: Deno.Closer) {
+ function foo(closer: Closer) {
  // ...  
}
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.close()`

Use the `.close()` method on the resource instead.

<a href="#" id="rid">test</a>

```diff
  const conn = await Deno.connect({ port: 80 });

  // ...


- Deno.close(conn.rid);
+ conn.close();
```

```diff
  const file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");

  // ...

- Deno.close(file.rid);
+ file.close();
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.Conn.prototype.rid`

Use [`Deno.Conn`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Conn) instance methods
instead.

```diff
  const conn = await Deno.connect({ port: 80 });

  const buffer = new Uint8Array(1_024);
- await Deno.read(conn.rid, buffer);
+ await conn.read(buffer);

  const data = new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!");
- await Deno.write(conn.rid, data);
+ await conn.write(data);

- await Deno.shutdown(conn.rid);
+ await conn.closeWrite();

- Deno.close(conn.rid);
+ conn.close();
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.ConnectTlsOptions.certChain`

Use the
[`cert`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.TlsCertifiedKeyPem#property_cert)
option instead.

```diff
const caCert = await Deno.readTextFile("./certs/my_custom_root_CA.pem");
using conn = await Deno.connectTls({
  hostname: "192.0.2.1",
  port: 80,
  caCerts: [caCert],
- certChain: Deno.readTextFileSync("./server.crt"),
+ cert: Deno.readTextFileSync("./server.crt"),
  key: Deno.readTextFileSync("./server.key"),
});
```

See [deno#22274](https://github.com/denoland/deno/pull/22274) for details.

- `Deno.ConnectTlsOptions.certFile`

Use the
[`cert`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.TlsCertifiedKeyPem#property_cert)
option instead.

```diff
const caCert = await Deno.readTextFile("./certs/my_custom_root_CA.pem");
using conn = await Deno.connectTls({
  hostname: "192.0.2.1",
  port: 80,
  caCerts: [caCert],
- certFile: "./server.crt",
+ cert: Deno.readTextFileSync("./server.crt"),
  key: Deno.readTextFileSync("./server.key"),
});
```

See [deno#22274](https://github.com/denoland/deno/pull/22274) for details.

- `Deno.ConnectTlsOptions.privateKey`

Use the
[`key`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.TlsCertifiedKeyPem#property_key)
option instead.

```diff
const caCert = await Deno.readTextFile("./certs/my_custom_root_CA.pem");
using conn = await Deno.connectTls({
  hostname: "192.0.2.1",
  port: 80,
  caCerts: [caCert],
  cert: Deno.readTextFileSync("./server.crt"),
- keyFile: "./server.key",
+ key: Deno.readTextFileSync("./server.key"),
});
```

See [deno#22274](https://github.com/denoland/deno/pull/22274) for details.

- `Deno.copy()`

Use [`copy()`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/copy/~/copy) from the Standard Library
instead.

```diff
+ import { copy } from "jsr:@std/io/copy";

  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");

- await Deno.copy(file, Deno.stdout);
+ await copy(file, Deno.stdout);
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.customInspect`

Use `Symbol.for("Deno.customInspect")` instead.

```diff
class Foo {
- [Deno.customInspect]() {
+ [Symbol.for("Deno.customInspect")] {
  }
}
```

See [deno#9294](https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/9294) for details.

- `Deno.fdatasync()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.syncData()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.syncData)
instead.

```diff
  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt", { read: true, write: true });

  await file.write(new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!"));
- await Deno.fdatasync(file.rid);
+ await file.syncData();
```

- `Deno.fdatasyncSync()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.syncDataSync()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.syncDataSync)
instead.

```diff
  using file = Deno.openSync("/foo/bar.txt", { read: true, write: true });

  file.writeSync(new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!"));
- Deno.fdatasyncSync(file.rid);
+ file.syncDataSync();
```

- `Deno.File`

Use [`Deno.FsFile`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile) instead.

```diff
- function foo(file: Deno.File) {
+ function foo(file: Deno.FsFile) {
  // ...
}
```

See [deno#13661](https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/13661) for details.

- `Deno.flock()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.lock()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.lock)
instead.

```diff
  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");

- await Deno.flock(file.rid);
+ await file.lock();
```

See [deno#22178](https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/22178) for details.

- `Deno.flockSync()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.lockSync()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.lockSync)
instead.

```diff
  using file = Deno.openSync("/foo/bar.txt");

- Deno.flockSync(file.rid);
+ file.lockSync();
```

See [deno#22178](https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/22178) for details.

- `Deno.FsFile.prototype.rid`

Use [`Deno.FsFile`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile) instance
methods instead.

```diff
  const file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");

  const buffer = new Uint8Array(1_024);
- await Deno.read(file.rid, buffer);
+ await file.read(buffer);

  const data = new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!");
- await Deno.write(file.rid, data);
+ await file.write(data);

- Deno.close(file.rid);
+ file.close();
```

- `Deno.fstatSync()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.statSync()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.statSync)
instead.

```diff
  using file = Deno.openSync("/foo/bar.txt");

- const fileInfo = Deno.fstatSync(file.rid);
+ const fileInfo = file.statSync();
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.fstat()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.stat()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.stat)
instead.

```diff
  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");

- const fileInfo = await Deno.fstat(file.rid);
+ const fileInfo = await file.stat();
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.FsWatcher.prototype.rid`

Use [`Deno.FsWatcher`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsWatcher) instance
methods instead.

```diff
  using watcher = Deno.watchFs("/dir");

  // ...

- Deno.close(watcher.rid);
+ watcher.close();
```

See [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.fsync()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.sync()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.sync)
instead.

```diff
  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt", { read: true, write: true });

  await file.write(new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!"));
  await file.truncate(1);
- await Deno.fsync(file.rid);
+ await file.sync();
```

- `Deno.fsyncSync()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.syncSync()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.syncSync)
instead.

```diff
  using file = Deno.openSync("/foo/bar.txt", { read: true, write: true });

  file.writeSync("new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!"));
  file.truncateSync(1);
- Deno.fsyncSync(file.rid);
+ file.syncSync();
```

- `Deno.ftruncateSync()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.truncateSync()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.truncateSync)
instead.

```diff
  using file = Deno.openSync("/foo/bar.txt");

- Deno.ftruncateSync(file.rid, 7);
+ file.truncateSync(7);
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.ftruncate()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.truncate()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.truncate)
instead.

```diff
  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");

- await Deno.ftruncate(file.rid, 7);
+ await file.truncate(7);
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.funlock()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.unlock()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.unlock)
instead.

```diff
  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");

- await Deno.funlock(file.rid);
+ await file.unlock();
```

See [deno#22178](https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/22178) for details.

- `Deno.funlockSync()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.unlockSync()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.unlockSync)
instead.

```diff
  using file = Deno.openSync("/foo/bar.txt");

- Deno.funlockSync(file.rid);
+ file.unlockSync();
```

See [deno#22178](https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/22178) for details.

- `Deno.futimeSync()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.utimeSync()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.utimeSync)
instead.

```diff
  using file = Deno.openSync("/foo/bar.txt");

- Deno.futimeSync(file.rid, 1556495550, new Date());
+ file.utimeSync(1556495550, new Date());
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.futime()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.utime()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.utime)
instead.

```diff
  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");

- await Deno.futime(file.rid, 1556495550, new Date());
+ await file.utime(1556495550, new Date());
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.isatty()`

Use `Deno.FsFile.prototype.isTerminal()`, `Deno.stdin.prototype.isTerminal()`,
`Deno.stdout.prototype.isTerminal()` or `Deno.stderr.prototype.isTerminal()`
instead.

```diff
  using file = await Deno.open("/dev/tty6");

- Deno.isatty(file.rid);
+ file.isTerminal();
```

```diff
- Deno.isatty(Deno.stdin.rid);
+ Deno.stdin.isTerminal();
```

```diff
- Deno.isatty(Deno.stdout.rid);
+ Deno.stdout.isTerminal();
```

```diff
- Deno.isatty(Deno.stderr.rid);
+ Deno.stderr.isTerminal();
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.iter()`

Use
[`iterateReader()`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/iterate-reader/~/iterateReader)
from the Standard Library instead.

```diff
+ import { iterateReader } from "jsr:@std/io/iterate-reader";

- for await (const chunk of Deno.iter(Deno.stdout)) {
+ for await (const chunk of iterateReader(Deno.stdout)) {
  // ...
}
```

```diff
+ import { iterateReaderSync } from "jsr:@std/io/iterate-reader";

  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");

- for await (const chunk of Deno.iter(file)) {
+ for await (const chunk of iterateReader(file)) {
  // ...
}
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.iterSync()`

Use
[`iterateReaderSync()`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/iterate-reader/~/iterateReaderSync)
from the Standard Library instead.

```diff
+ import { iterateReaderSync } from "jsr:@std/io/iterate-reader";

- for (const chunk of Deno.iterSync(Deno.stdout)) {
+ for (const chunk of iterateReaderSync(Deno.stdout)) {
  // ...
}
```

```diff
+ import { iterateReaderSync } from "jsr:@std/io/iterate-reader";

  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");

- for (const chunk of Deno.iterSync(file)) {
+ for (const chunk of iterateReaderSync(file)) {
  // ...
}
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.Listener.prototype.rid`

Use [`Deno.Listener`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Listener) instance
methods instead.

```diff
  const listener = Deno.listen({ port: 80 })

- Deno.close(listener.rid);
+ listener.close();
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.ListenTlsOptions.certChain`

Use the
[`cert`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.ListenTlsOptions#property_cert)
option instead.

```diff
using listener = Deno.listenTls({
  port: 443,
- certChain: Deno.readTextFile("./server.crt"),
+ cert: Deno.readTextFile("./server.crt"),
  key: Deno.readTextFileSync("./server.key"),
});
```

- `Deno.ListenTlsOptions.certFile`

Pass the certificate file contents to the
[`cert`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.ListenTlsOptions#property_cert)
option instead.

```diff
using listener = Deno.listenTls({
  port: 443,
- certFile: "./server.crt",
+ cert: Deno.readTextFile("./server.crt"),
  key: Deno.readTextFileSync("./server.key"),
});
```

See [deno#12639](https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/12639) for details.

- `Deno.ListenTlsOptions.keyFile`

Pass the key file contents to the
[`key`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.ListenTlsOptions#property_key)
option instead.

```diff
using listener = Deno.listenTls({
  port: 443,
  cert: Deno.readTextFile("./server.crt"),
- keyFile: "./server.key",
+ key: Deno.readTextFileSync("./server.key"),
});
```

See [deno#12639](https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/12639) for details.

- `Deno.metrics()`

There is no replacement API for this symbol.

- `Deno.readAllSync()`

Use [`readAllSync()`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/read-all/~/readAllSync) from
the Standard Library instead.

```diff
+ import { readAllSync } from "jsr:@std/io/read-all";

- const data = Deno.readAllSync(Deno.stdin);
+ const data = readAllSync(Deno.stdin);
```

```diff
+ import { readAllSync } from "jsr:@std/io/read-all";

  using file = Deno.openSync("/foo/bar.txt", { read: true });

- const data = Deno.readAllSync(file);
+ const data = readAllSync(file);
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.readAll()`

Use [`readAll()`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/read-all/~/readAll) from the
Standard Library instead.

```diff
+ import { readAll } from "jsr:@std/io/read-all";

- const data = await Deno.readAll(Deno.stdin);
+ const data = await readAll(Deno.stdin);
```

```diff
+ import { readAll } from "jsr:@std/io/read-all";

  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt", { read: true });

- const data = await Deno.readAll(file);
+ const data = await readAll(file);
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.Reader`

Use [`Reader`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/~/Reader) from the Standard Library
instead.

```diff
+ import type { Reader } from "jsr:@std/io/types";

- function foo(closer: Deno.Reader) {
+ function foo(closer: Reader) {
  // ...  
}
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.ReaderSync`

Use [`ReaderSync`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/~/ReaderSync) from the Standard
Library instead.

```diff
+ import type { ReaderSync } from "jsr:@std/io/types";

- function foo(reader: Deno.ReaderSync) {
+ function foo(reader: ReaderSync) {
  // ...  
}
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.readSync()`

Use the `.readSync()` method on the resource itself.

```diff
  using conn = await Deno.connect({ port: 80 });
  const buffer = new Uint8Array(1_024);

- Deno.readSync(conn.rid, buffer);
+ conn.readSync(buffer);
```

```diff
  using file = Deno.openSync("/foo/bar.txt");
  const buffer = new Uint8Array(1_024);

- Deno.readSync(file.rid, buffer);
+ file.readSync(buffer);
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.read()`

Use the `.read()` method on the resource itself.

```diff
  using conn = await Deno.connect({ port: 80 });
  const buffer = new Uint8Array(1_024);

- await Deno.read(conn.rid, buffer);
+ await conn.read(buffer);
```

```diff
  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");
  const buffer = new Uint8Array(1_024);

- await Deno.read(file.rid, buffer);
+ await file.read(buffer);
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.resources()`

There is no replacement API for this symbol, as resource IDs (RIDs) are being
phased-out.

- `Deno.run()`

Use [`new Deno.Command()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Command)
instead.

```diff
- const process = Deno.run({ cmd: [ "echo", "hello world" ], stdout: "piped" });
- const [{ success }, stdout] = await Promise.all([
-   process.status(),
-   process.output(),
- ]);
- process.close();
+ const command = new Deno.Command("echo", {
+   args: ["hello world"]
+ });
+ const { success, stdout } = await command.output();
  console.log(success);
  console.log(new TextDecoder().decode(stdout));
```

Note: This symbol is soft-removed as of Deno 2. Its types have been removed, but
its implementation remains to reduce breaking changes. You can ignore "property
does not exist" TypeScript errors by using the
[`@ts-ignore`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-6.html#suppress-errors-in-ts-files-using--ts-ignore-comments)
directive.

```diff
+ // @ts-ignore `Deno.run()` is soft-removed as of Deno 2.
  const process = Deno.run({ cmd: [ "echo", "hello world" ], stdout: "piped" });
  const [{ success }, stdout] = await Promise.all([
    process.status(),
    process.output(),
  ]);
  process.close();
  console.log(success);
  console.log(new TextDecoder().decode(stdout));
```

See [deno#16516](https://github.com/denoland/deno/pull/16516) for details.

- `Deno.Seeker`

Use [`Seeker`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/types/~/Seeker) from the Standard
Library instead.

```diff
+ import type { Seeker } from "jsr:@std/io/types";

- function foo(seeker: Deno.Seeker) {
+ function foo(seeker: Seeker) {
  // ...  
}
```

- `Deno.SeekerSync`

Use [`SeekerSync`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/types/~/SeekerSync) from the
Standard Library instead.

```diff
+ import type { SeekerSync } from "jsr:@std/io/types";

- function foo(seeker: Deno.SeekerSync) {
+ function foo(seeker: SeekerSync) {
  // ...  
}
```

- `Deno.seekSync()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.seekSync()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.seekSync)
instead.

```diff
  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");

- Deno.seekSync(file.rid, 6, Deno.SeekMode.Start);
+ file.seekSync(6, Deno.SeekMode.Start);
```

See [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.seek()`

Use
[`Deno.FsFile.prototype.seek()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.FsFile.prototype.seek)
instead.

```diff
  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");

- await Deno.seek(file.rid, 6, Deno.SeekMode.Start);
+ await file.seek(6, Deno.SeekMode.Start);
```

See [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.serveHttp()`

Use [`Deno.serve()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.serve) instead.

```diff
- const conn = Deno.listen({ port: 80 });
- const httpConn = Deno.serveHttp(await conn.accept());
- const e = await httpConn.nextRequest();
- if (e) {
-  e.respondWith(new Response("Hello World"));
- }
+ Deno.serve({ port: 80 }, () => new Response("Hello World"));
```

Note: This symbol is soft-removed as of Deno 2. Its types have been removed, but
its implementation remains to reduce breaking changes. You can ignore "property
does not exist" TypeScript errors by using the
[`@ts-ignore`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-6.html#suppress-errors-in-ts-files-using--ts-ignore-comments)
directive.

```diff
  const conn = Deno.listen({ port: 80 });
+ // @ts-ignore `Deno.serveHttp()` is soft-removed as of Deno 2.
  const httpConn = Deno.serveHttp(await conn.accept());
  const e = await httpConn.nextRequest();
  if (e) {
   e.respondWith(new Response("Hello World"));
  }
```

See the
[Deno 1.35 blog post](https://deno.com/blog/v1.35#denoserve-is-now-stable) for
details.

- `Deno.Server`

Use [`Deno.HttpServer`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.HttpServer)
instead.

```diff
- function foo(server: Deno.Server) {
+ function foo(server: Deno.HttpServer) {
  // ...  
}
```

See [deno#20840](https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/20840) for details.

- `Deno.shutdown()`

Use
[`Deno.Conn.closeWrite()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.Conn#method_closeWrite_0)
instead.

```diff
  using conn = await Deno.connect({ port: 80 });

- await Deno.shutdown(conn.rid);
+ await conn.closeWrite();
```

See [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.stderr.prototype.rid`

Use [`Deno.stderr`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.stderr) instance
methods instead.

```diff
- if (Deno.isatty(Deno.stderr.rid)) {
+ if (Deno.stderr.isTerminal()) {
    console.log("`Deno.stderr` is a terminal");
  }

  const data = new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!");
- await Deno.write(Deno.stderr.rid, data);
+ await Deno.stderr.write(data);

- Deno.close(Deno.stderr.rid);
+ Deno.stderr.close();
```

Note: This symbol is soft-removed as of Deno 2. Its types have been removed, but
its implementation remains to reduce breaking changes. You can ignore "property
does not exist" TypeScript errors by using the
[`@ts-ignore`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-6.html#suppress-errors-in-ts-files-using--ts-ignore-comments)
directive.

```diff
+ // @ts-ignore `Deno.stderr.rid` is soft-removed as of Deno 2.
  Deno.isatty(Deno.stderr.rid);
```

See [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.stdin.prototype.rid`

Use [`Deno.stdin`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.stdin) instance methods
instead.

```diff
- if (Deno.isatty(Deno.stdin.rid)) {
+ if (Deno.stdin.isTerminal()) {
    console.log("`Deno.stdout` is a terminal");
  }

  const buffer = new Uint8Array(1_024);
- await Deno.write(Deno.stdin.rid, buffer);
+ await Deno.stdin.write(buffer);

- Deno.close(Deno.stdin.rid);
+ Deno.stdin.close();
```

Note: This symbol is soft-removed as of Deno 2. Its types have been removed, but
its implementation remains to reduce breaking changes. You can ignore "property
does not exist" TypeScript errors by using the
[`@ts-ignore`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-6.html#suppress-errors-in-ts-files-using--ts-ignore-comments)
directive.

```diff
+ // @ts-ignore `Deno.stdin.rid` is soft-removed as of Deno 2.
  Deno.isatty(Deno.stdin.rid);
```

See [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.stdout.prototype.rid`

Use [`Deno.stdout`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.stdout) instance
methods instead.

```diff
- if (Deno.isatty(Deno.stdout.rid)) {
+ if (Deno.stdout.isTerminal()) {
    console.log("`Deno.stdout` is a terminal");
  }

  const data = new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!");
- await Deno.write(Deno.stdout.rid, data);
+ await Deno.stdout.write(data);

- Deno.close(Deno.stdout.rid);
+ Deno.stdout.close();
```

Note: This symbol is soft-removed as of Deno 2. Its types have been removed, but
its implementation remains to reduce breaking changes. You can ignore "property
does not exist" TypeScript errors by using the
[`@ts-ignore`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/release-notes/typescript-2-6.html#suppress-errors-in-ts-files-using--ts-ignore-comments)
directive.

```diff
+ // @ts-ignore `Deno.stdout.rid` is soft-removed as of Deno 2.
  Deno.isatty(Deno.stdout.rid);
```

See [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.TcpConn.prototype.rid`

Use [`Deno.TcpConn`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.TcpConn) instance
methods instead.

```diff
  using tcpConn = await Deno.connect({ port: 80 });

  const buffer = new Uint8Array(1_024);
- await Deno.read(tcpConn.rid, buffer);
+ await tcpConn.read(buffer);

  const data = new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!");
- await Deno.write(tcpConn.rid, data);
+ await tcpConn.write(data);

- await Deno.shutdown(tcpConn.rid);
+ await tcpConn.closeWrite();

- Deno.close(tcpConn.rid);
+ tcpConn.close();
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.TlsConn.prototype.rid`

Use [`Deno.TlsConn`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.TlsConn) instance
methods instead.

```diff
  const caCert = await Deno.readTextFile("./certs/my_custom_root_CA.pem");
  using tlsConn = await Deno.connectTls({ caCerts: [caCert], hostname: "192.0.2.1", port: 80 });

  const buffer = new Uint8Array(1_024);
- await Deno.read(tlsConn.rid, buffer);
+ await tlsConn.read(buffer);

  const data = new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!");
- await Deno.write(tlsConn.rid, data);
+ await tlsConn.write(data);

- await Deno.shutdown(tlsConn.rid);
+ await tlsConn.closeWrite();

- Deno.close(tlsConn.rid);
+ tlsConn.close();
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.TlsListener.prototype.rid`

Use [`Deno.TlsListener`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.TlsListener)
instance methods instead.

```diff
  const listener = Deno.listenTls({
    port: 443,
    cert: Deno.readTextFileSync("./server.crt"),
    key: Deno.readTextFileSync("./server.key"),
  });

  // ...

- Deno.close(listener.rid);
+ listener.close();
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.UnixConn.prototype.rid`

Use [`Deno.UnixConn`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.UnixConn) instance
methods instead.

```diff
  using unixConn = await Deno.connect({ path: "/foo/bar.sock", transport: "unix" });

  const buffer = new Uint8Array(1_024);
- await Deno.read(unixConn.rid, buffer);
+ await unixConn.read(buffer);

  const data = new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!");
- await Deno.write(unixConn.rid, data);
+ await unixConn.write(data);

- await Deno.shutdown(unixConn.rid);
+ await unixConn.closeWrite();

- Deno.close(unixConn.rid);
+ unixConn.close();
```

See the [Deno 1.40 blog post][Deno 1.40 blog post] for details.

- `Deno.writeAllSync()`

Use [`writeAllSync()`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/~/writeAllSync) from the
Standard Library instead.

```diff
+ import { writeAllSync } from "jsr:@std/io/write-all";

  const data = new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!");

- Deno.writeAllSync(Deno.stdout, data);
+ writeAllSync(Deno.stdout, data);
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.writeAll()`

Use [`writeAll()`](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/~/writeAll) from the Standard
Library instead.

```diff
+ import { writeAll } from "jsr:@std/io/write-all";

  const data = new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!");

- await Deno.writeAll(Deno.stdout, data);
+ await writeAll(Deno.stdout, data);
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.Writer`

Use [Writer](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/~/Writer) from the Standard Library
instead.

```diff
+ import type { Writer } from "jsr:@std/io/types";

- function foo(writer: Deno.Writer) {
+ function foo(writer: Writer) {
  // ...  
}
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.WriterSync`

Use [WriterSync](https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc/~/WriterSync) from the Standard
Library instead.

```diff
+ import type { WriterSync } from "jsr:@std/io/types";

- function foo(writer: Deno.WriterSync) {
+ function foo(writer: WriterSync) {
  // ...  
}
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.writeSync()`

Use the `.writeSync()` method on the resource itself.

```diff
  using conn = await Deno.connect({ port: 80 });
  const buffer = new TextEncoder().encode("My message");

- Deno.writeSync(conn.rid, buffer);
+ conn.writeSync(buffer);
```

```diff
  using file = Deno.openSync("/foo/bar.txt", { write: true });
  const buffer = new TextEncoder().encode("My message");

- Deno.writeSync(file.rid, buffer);
+ file.writeSync(buffer);
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `Deno.write()`

Use the `.write()` method on the resource itself.

```diff
  using conn = await Deno.connect({ port: 80 });
  const buffer = new TextEncoder().encode("My message");

- await Deno.write(conn.rid, buffer);
+ await conn.write(buffer);
```

```diff
  using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt", { write: true });
  const buffer = new TextEncoder().encode("My message");

- await Deno.write(file.rid, buffer);
+ await file.write(buffer);
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

- `new Deno.FsFile()`

Use [`Deno.openSync()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.openSync) or
[`Deno.open()`](https://docs.deno.com/api/deno/~/Deno.open) instead.

```diff
- const file = new Deno.FsFile(3);
+ using file = await Deno.open("/foo/bar.txt");
```

- `window`

Use `globalThis` instead.

```diff
  const messageBuffer = new TextEncoder().encode("Hello, world!");
  
- const hashBuffer = await window.crypto.subtle.digest("SHA-256", messageBuffer);
+ const hashBuffer = await globalThis.crypto.subtle.digest("SHA-256", messageBuffer);
```

See [deno#9795][deno#9795] for details.

[deno#9795]: https://github.com/denoland/deno/issues/9795
[Deno 1.40 blog post]: https://deno.com/blog/v1.40#deprecations-stabilizations-and-removals


---

# runtime/reference/node_apis.md

> A guide to Node.js compatibility in Deno. Learn about supported Node.js built-in modules, global objects, and how to use Node.js packages in Deno projects.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/node_apis


Deno provides polyfills for a number of built-in Node.js modules and globals.

<a href="/api/node/" class="docs-cta runtime-cta">Explore built-in Node APIs</a>

Node compatibility is an ongoing project - help us identify gaps and let us know
which modules you need by
[opening an issue on GitHub](https://github.com/denoland/deno).

{{ await generateNodeCompatibility() }}

## Globals

This is the list of Node globals that Deno supports. These globals are only
available in the `npm` package scope. In your own code you can use them by
importing them from the relevant `node:` module.

| Global name                                                                                                      | Status                             |
| ---------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- | ---------------------------------- |
| [`AbortController`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-abortcontroller)                                   | ✅                                 |
| [`AbortSignal`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-abortsignal)                                           | ✅                                 |
| [`Blob`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-blob)                                                         | ✅                                 |
| [`Buffer`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-buffer)                                                     | ✅                                 |
| [`ByteLengthQueuingStrategy`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-bytelengthqueuingstrategy)               | ✅                                 |
| [`__dirname`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#__dirname)                                                     | ⚠️ [Info](#node.js-global-objects) |
| [`__filename`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#__filename)                                                   | ⚠️ [Info](#nodejs-global-objects)  |
| [`atob`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#atobdata)                                                           | ✅                                 |
| [`BroadcastChannel`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#broadcastchannel)                                       | ✅                                 |
| [`btoa`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#btoadata)                                                           | ✅                                 |
| [`clearImmediate`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#clearimmediateimmediateobject)                            | ✅                                 |
| [`clearInterval`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#clearintervalintervalobject)                               | ✅                                 |
| [`clearTimeout`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#cleartimeouttimeoutobject)                                  | ✅                                 |
| [`CompressionStream`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-compressionstream)                               | ✅                                 |
| [`console`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#console)                                                         | ✅                                 |
| [`CountQueuingStrategy`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-countqueuingstrategy)                         | ✅                                 |
| [`Crypto`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#crypto)                                                           | ✅                                 |
| [`CryptoKey`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#cryptokey)                                                     | ✅                                 |
| [`CustomEvent`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#customevent)                                                 | ✅                                 |
| [`CustomEvent`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#customevent)                                                 | ✅                                 |
| [`DecompressionStream`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-decompressionstream)                           | ✅                                 |
| [`Event`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#event)                                                             | ✅                                 |
| [`EventTarget`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#eventtarget)                                                 | ✅                                 |
| [`exports`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#exports)                                                         | ✅                                 |
| [`fetch`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#fetch)                                                             | ✅                                 |
| [`File`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-file)                                                         | ✅                                 |
| [`FormData`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-formdata)                                                 | ✅                                 |
| [`global`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#global)                                                           | ✅                                 |
| [`Headers`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-headers)                                                   | ✅                                 |
| [`MessageChannel`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#messagechannel)                                           | ✅                                 |
| [`MessageEvent`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#messageevent)                                               | ✅                                 |
| [`MessagePort`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#messageport)                                                 | ✅                                 |
| [`module`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#module)                                                           | ✅                                 |
| [`PerformanceEntry`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#performanceentry)                                       | ✅                                 |
| [`PerformanceMark`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#performancemark)                                         | ✅                                 |
| [`PerformanceMeasure`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#performancemeasure)                                   | ✅                                 |
| [`PerformanceObserver`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#performanceobserver)                                 | ✅                                 |
| [`PerformanceObserverEntryList`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#performanceobserverentrylist)               | ❌                                 |
| [`PerformanceResourceTiming`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#performanceresourcetiming)                     | ❌                                 |
| [`performance`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#performance)                                                 | ✅                                 |
| [`process`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#process)                                                         | ✅                                 |
| [`queueMicrotask`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#queuemicrotaskcallback)                                   | ✅                                 |
| [`ReadableByteStreamController`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-readablebytestreamcontroller)         | ✅                                 |
| [`ReadableStream`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-readablestream)                                     | ✅                                 |
| [`ReadableStreamBYOBReader`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-readablestreambyobreader)                 | ✅                                 |
| [`ReadableStreamBYOBRequest`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-readablestreambyobrequest)               | ✅                                 |
| [`ReadableStreamDefaultController`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-readablestreamdefaultcontroller)   | ✅                                 |
| [`ReadableStreamDefaultReader`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-readablestreamdefaultreader)           | ✅                                 |
| [`require`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#require)                                                         | ✅                                 |
| [`Response`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#response)                                                       | ✅                                 |
| [`Request`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#request)                                                         | ✅                                 |
| [`setImmediate`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#setimmediatecallback-args)                                  | ✅                                 |
| [`setInterval`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#setintervalcallback-delay-args)                              | ✅                                 |
| [`setTimeout`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#settimeoutcallback-delay-args)                                | ✅                                 |
| [`structuredClone`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#structuredclonevalue-options)                            | ✅                                 |
| [`structuredClone`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#structuredclonevalue-options)                            | ✅                                 |
| [`SubtleCrypto`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#subtlecrypto)                                               | ✅                                 |
| [`DOMException`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#domexception)                                               | ✅                                 |
| [`TextDecoder`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#textdecoder)                                                 | ✅                                 |
| [`TextDecoderStream`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-textdecoderstream)                               | ✅                                 |
| [`TextEncoder`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#textencoder)                                                 | ✅                                 |
| [`TextEncoderStream`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-textencoderstream)                               | ✅                                 |
| [`TransformStream`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-transformstream)                                   | ✅                                 |
| [`TransformStreamDefaultController`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-transformstreamdefaultcontroller) | ✅                                 |
| [`URL`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#url)                                                                 | ✅                                 |
| [`URLSearchParams`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#urlsearchparams)                                         | ✅                                 |
| [`URLSearchParams`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#urlsearchparams)                                         | ✅                                 |
| [`WebAssembly`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#webassembly)                                                 | ✅                                 |
| [`WritableStream`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-writablestream)                                     | ✅                                 |
| [`WritableStreamDefaultController`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-writablestreamdefaultcontroller)   | ✅                                 |
| [`WritableStreamDefaultWriter`](https://nodejs.org/api/globals.html#class-writablestreamdefaultwriter)           | ✅                                 |

## Node test results

If you're interested in a more detailed view of compatibility on a per-test-case
basis, you can find a list of both passing and failing Node.js test cases on
[this page](https://node-test-viewer.deno.dev/).


---

# Standard Assertions (@std/assert)

> Common assertion functions, especially useful for testing

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/assert

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>A library of assertion functions.
If the assertion is false an <code>AssertionError</code> will be thrown which will
result in pretty-printed diff of the failing assertion.</p>
<p>This module is browser compatible, but do not rely on good formatting of
values for AssertionError messages in browsers.</p>

```js
import { assert } from "@std/assert";

assert("I am truthy"); // Doesn't throw
assert(false); // Throws `AssertionError`
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/assert
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/assert/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/assert on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is an assertion?

An assertion is a check that must be true. If it isn’t, the program throws an
`AssertionError` with a helpful message and diff so you can quickly spot what
went wrong.

In tests, assertions verify behavior. In application code, they can document and
guard invariants (preconditions/postconditions). In TypeScript, some assertions
(like `assert(condition)`) also narrow types after the check.

## When to use @std/assert?

The utilities in this package make test failures clear and actionable ( allowing
for pretty diffs and focused messages). Improve the readability of your tests by
codifying expectations in-line.

Assertions help to prevent silent bugs by failing fast when assumptions are
violated.

Use assertions liberally in your tests to verify behavior and catch regressions.

## Examples

```ts
import {
  assert,
  assertAlmostEquals,
  assertArrayIncludes,
  assertEquals,
  assertExists,
  assertFalse,
  assertMatch,
  assertNotEquals,
  assertObjectMatch,
  assertRejects,
  assertStrictEquals,
  assertThrows,
} from "@std/assert";

// Basic truthiness and type narrowing
const value: unknown = "hello";
assert(typeof value === "string", "Expected a string");
// value is now narrowed to string

// Deep structural equality (objects/arrays)
assertEquals({ a: 1, b: [1, 2] }, { a: 1, b: [1, 2] });
assertNotEquals([1, 2], [1, 2, 3]);

// Strict (reference/identity) equality for primitives/refs
assertStrictEquals(1, 1);
assertFalse(false);
assertExists("non-empty"); // not null or undefined

// Pattern & numeric comparisons
assertMatch("deno.land", /deno/);
assertAlmostEquals(0.1 + 0.2, 0.3, 1e-15);

// Collections
assertArrayIncludes([1, 2, 3], [2, 3]);
assertObjectMatch(
  { id: 42, name: "A", meta: { ok: true } },
  { name: "A", meta: { ok: true } }, // subset must match
);

// Errors: sync vs async
assertThrows(() => JSON.parse("not json"), SyntaxError);
await assertRejects(() => fetch("https://deno.land/404"));
```

## Choosing the right equality

Assertions for equality come in two main flavors:

### `assertEquals`

Compares values recursively by structure and content. For arrays, order matters;
for plain objects, key order doesn’t. It’s best for comparing serialized-style
data (objects, arrays, numbers, strings, booleans).

### `assertStrictEquals`

Checks that both operands are the exact same value (for primitives) or reference
(for objects), using semantics similar to `Object.is`.

For example:<br> `assertStrictEquals({ x: 1 }, { x: 1 })` fails (different
references)<br> `assertEquals({ x: 1 }, { x: 1 })` passes<br>
`assertStrictEquals(NaN, NaN)` passes (like `Object.is`)

### Examples

```ts
// Deep vs strict
assertEquals({ a: 1 }, { a: 1 }); // ✅ same structure/content
// assertStrictEquals({ a: 1 }, { a: 1 });   // ❌ different references

const obj = { a: 1 };
assertStrictEquals(obj, obj); // ✅ same reference

// Arrays: order matters for equality
assertEquals([1, 2, 3], [1, 2, 3]); // ✅
// assertEquals([1, 2, 3], [3, 2, 1]);       // ❌ different order

// Numbers: floating point
// Prefer assertAlmostEquals for inexact math
// assertEquals(0.1 + 0.2, 0.3);             // ❌
assertAlmostEquals(0.1 + 0.2, 0.3, 1e-15); // ✅
```

- Use `assertEquals` for comparing data shapes and values; use
  `assertStrictEquals` when you care about reference identity or exact primitive
  equality.
- For partial object checks, reach for `assertObjectMatch` instead of asserting
  the entire object.
- When comparing large nested structures, `assertEquals` is comprehensive but
  more expensive—prefer strict or targeted checks when performance matters in
  hot test suites.

## Writing good failure messages

All assertions accept an optional message as the last argument. Write messages
to help developers understand where the failure occured and how to fix it. Keep
messages concise and user-focused:

```ts
assert(Array.isArray(items), "items must be an array");
assertEquals(result.status, 200, "API should return 200 OK");
```

## Testing patterns

Use with [`Deno.test`](/runtime/fundamentals/testing/):

```ts
Deno.test("adds numbers", () => {
  assertEquals(1 + 2, 3);
});

Deno.test("throws on invalid JSON", () => {
  assertThrows(() => JSON.parse("nope"), SyntaxError);
});

Deno.test("rejects for failed fetch", async () => {
  await assertRejects(() => fetch("https://deno.land/404"));
});
```

## Tips

- When doing floating point maths, use `assertAlmostEquals`, which has a
  tolerance for numeric comparisons.
- For partial object checks, use `assertObjectMatch` instead of asserting the
  entire shape.
- `assert(condition)` has an assertion signature in TS (`asserts condition`),
  which narrows types after the check.
- Prefer `assertRejects` for promises and `assertThrows` for sync code, don’t
  mix them.

## See also

- [`@std/expect`](/runtime/reference/std/expect/) offers a Jest-style BDD
  assertion API if you prefer fluent matchers.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/async

> Utilities for asynchronous operations, like delays, debouncing, or pooling

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/async

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Provide helpers with asynchronous tasks like <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/async@1.0.15/doc/~/delay" rel="nofollow"><code>delays</code></a>,
<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/async@1.0.15/doc/~/debounce" rel="nofollow"><code>debouncing</code></a>, <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/async@1.0.15/doc/~/retry" rel="nofollow"><code>retrying</code></a>, or
<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/async@1.0.15/doc/~/pooledMap" rel="nofollow"><code>pooling</code></a>.</p>

```js
import { delay } from "@std/async/delay";

await delay(100); // waits for 100 milliseconds
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/async
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/async/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/async on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is async?

Asynchronous programming lets your program start work now and finish it later
without blocking the main thread. In JavaScript this typically means Promises,
`async`/`await`, timers, and async iterables. Async code improves responsiveness
and throughput by overlapping I/O (network, disk, timers) and controlling
concurrency.

## Why use @std/async?

This package gives you small, focused utilities that solve common async problems
so you don’t have to re‑implement them:

- `delay` and `deadline` for scheduling and timeouts (with cancellation via
  `AbortSignal`).
- `debounce` (and `throttle` in unstable) to control call frequency for UI/CLI
  events.
- `retry` with backoff/jitter for flaky operations like HTTP requests.
- `pooledMap` to cap concurrency when transforming streams of work.
- `tee`/`MuxAsyncIterator` to branch or merge async iterables.

These helpers are tiny, predictable, and work across Deno, Node.js, Bun,
Workers, and the browser.

## Examples

Debounce rapid events (e.g., typeahead):

```ts
import { debounce } from "@std/async/debounce";

const search = debounce(async (q: string) => {
  // fetch results after the user pauses typing
}, 200);

// call many times; only the last call after 200ms runs
search("d");
search("de");
search("deno");
```

Retry with exponential backoff and jitter:

```ts
import { retry } from "@std/async/retry";

const data = await retry(() =>
  fetch("/api").then((r) => {
    if (!r.ok) throw new Error("bad status");
    return r.json();
  }), {
  maxAttempts: 5,
  minTimeout: 100,
  multiplier: 2,
  jitter: 0.2,
});
```

Limit concurrency with pooledMap:

```ts
import { pooledMap } from "@std/async/pool";

const urls = ["/a", "/b", "/c", "/d"]; // many more in practice
for await (const res of pooledMap(3, urls, (u) => fetch(u))) {
  // at most 3 fetches in flight; results arrive as they complete
}
```

Deadlines and cancellation:

```ts
import { deadline } from "@std/async/deadline";

await deadline(fetch("/slow"), 1_000); // throws DOMException("TimeoutError") after 1s
```
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/bytes

> Utilities to manipulate Uint8Arrays that are not built-in to JavaScript

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/bytes

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Helper functions for working with
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Uint8Array" rel="nofollow"><code>Uint8Array</code></a>
byte slices.</p>

```js
import { concat, indexOfNeedle, endsWith } from "@std/bytes";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const a = new Uint8Array([0, 1, 2]);
const b = new Uint8Array([3, 4, 5]);

const c = concat([a, b]);

assertEquals(c, new Uint8Array([0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5]));

assertEquals(indexOfNeedle(c, new Uint8Array([2, 3])), 2);

assertEquals(endsWith(c, b), true);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/bytes
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/bytes/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/bytes on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
### What is a Uint8Array?

`Uint8Array` is a typed array view over an `ArrayBuffer` that represents raw
bytes. Each element is an unsigned 8‑bit integer (0–255). Typed arrays are
fixed‑length, efficient, and ideal for working with binary data from files,
networks, crypto, images, WASM memory, and more.

## When to use @std/bytes

If you are working with raw binary data (`Uint8Array`), for example searching,
slicing, comparing or concatenating. This package provides helpful utility
functions that are not built-in to JavaScript.

## Examples

```ts
import { concat, equals, indexOfNeedle } from "@std/bytes";

const a = new Uint8Array([1, 2]);
const b = new Uint8Array([3, 4]);
const all = concat([a, b]); // Uint8Array [1,2,3,4]

console.log(equals(all, new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3, 4])));
console.log(indexOfNeedle(all, new Uint8Array([2, 3]))); // 1
```

## Tips

- Prefer these helpers over manual loops for clarity and correctness.
- Convert text ↔ bytes using `TextEncoder`/`TextDecoder`.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/cache

> Cache utilities

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/cache

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

:::info Unstable

This @std package is experimental and its API may change without a major version bump.

:::
## Overview

<p>In-memory cache utilities, such as memoization and caches with different
expiration policies.</p>

```js
import { memoize, LruCache, type MemoizationCacheResult } from "@std/cache";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const cache = new LruCache<string, MemoizationCacheResult<bigint>>(1000);

// fibonacci function, which is very slow for n > ~30 if not memoized
const fib = memoize((n: bigint): bigint => {
  return n <= 2n ? 1n : fib(n - 1n) + fib(n - 2n);
}, { cache });

assertEquals(fib(100n), 354224848179261915075n);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/cache
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/cache/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/cache on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is caching?

Caching stores recently used or expensive-to-compute data in memory so you can
reuse it faster next time instead of recomputing or refetching. It is helpful
when calculations are slow, network calls are frequent, or you access the same
data repeatedly.

Memoization is caching for function results: given the same inputs, return the
previously computed output. It is great for pure functions (no side effects)
where the result depends only on the inputs.

## Why use @std/cache?

The package provides a ready-to-use `memoize()` helper and common cache types so
you don’t rebuild them yourself.

The package works across Deno/Node/Bun/Workers and keeps APIs small and
predictable.

### LRU

LRU (Least Recently Used) evicts the entry you haven’t used for the longest
time. Use it when “recent things are likely needed again.” Good for hot working
sets.

### TTL

TTL (Time To Live) evicts entries after a fixed duration, regardless of access.
Use it when data becomes stale quickly (e.g., config from a service, short-lived
tokens).

- Choose eviction by workload: LRU for temporal locality, TTL for freshness,
  size-based when memory-bound.
- Memoization caches must consider argument identity—objects/functions need
  stable keys (e.g., serialize or use WeakMap when appropriate).
- Beware of unbounded growth; set sensible limits and measure hit ratios to tune
  capacity.
- Handle errors/timeouts explicitly—cache only successful results unless
  failures should be sticky.

## Examples

```ts
import { LruCache, memoize } from "@std/cache";

const cache = new LruCache<string, number>(500);
const fib = memoize(
  (n: number): number => n <= 1 ? n : fib(n - 1) + fib(n - 2),
  { cache },
);
```
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/cbor

> Utilities for parsing and serializing Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/cbor

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

:::info Unstable

This @std package is experimental and its API may change without a major version bump.

:::
## Overview

<p>Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR) is a binary data serialization
format optimized for compactness and efficiency. It is designed to encode a
wide range of data types, including integers, strings, arrays, and maps, in a
space-efficient manner.
<a href="https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/rfc8949" rel="nofollow">RFC 8949 - Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)</a>
spec.</p>
<h3 id="limitations">
Limitations</h3>
<ul>
<li>This implementation only supports the encoding and decoding of
"Text String" keys.</li>
<li>This implementation encodes decimal numbers with 64 bits. It takes no
effort to figure out if the decimal can be encoded with 32 or 16 bits.</li>
<li>When decoding, integers with a value below 2 ** 32 will be of type
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Number" rel="nofollow">number</a>, with all larger integers being of type <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/BigInt" rel="nofollow">bigint</a>.</li>
</ul>
<p>Functions and classes may have more specific limitations listed.</p>

```js
import { assert, assertEquals } from "@std/assert";
import { decodeCbor, encodeCbor } from "@std/cbor";

const rawMessage = "I am a raw Message!";

const encodedMessage = encodeCbor(rawMessage);
const decodedMessage = decodeCbor(encodedMessage);

assert(typeof decodedMessage === "string");
assertEquals(decodedMessage, rawMessage);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/cbor
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/cbor/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/cbor on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is CBOR?

CBOR (Concise Binary Object Representation) is like a binary version of JSON. It
stores data in a compact binary format instead of text, which reduces size and
speeds up parsing.

It supports all the common types (numbers, strings, booleans, null, arrays,
maps) plus binary data and big integers. CBOR is typically used for sending data
over the network (ideal for IoT or mobile devices where there is limited
bandwidth), storing compact payloads, and interop between languages.

## Why use @std/cbor?

This package provides simple functions to encode JavaScript objects to CBOR
binary and decode CBOR binary back to JavaScript objects.

## Examples

```ts
import { decodeCbor, encodeCbor } from "@std/cbor";

const obj = { t: "temp", v: 21.5, ts: Date.now() };
const bin = encodeCbor(obj);
const back = decodeCbor(bin);
```

### Binary data (Uint8Array)

```ts
import { decodeCbor, encodeCbor } from "@std/cbor";

const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode("hello");
const encoded = encodeCbor(bytes);
const decoded = decodeCbor(encoded);

if (!(decoded instanceof Uint8Array)) throw new Error("expected bytes");
console.log(new TextDecoder().decode(decoded)); // "hello"
```

### Big integers behavior

Integers larger than 2**32 decode as bigint:

```ts
import { decodeCbor, encodeCbor } from "@std/cbor";

const bigNumber = 5_000_000_000; // > 2**32
const bigBytes = encodeCbor(bigNumber);
const bigValue = decodeCbor(bigBytes);

console.log(typeof bigValue); // "bigint"
console.log(bigValue === 5_000_000_000n); // true

const smallValue = decodeCbor(encodeCbor(42));
console.log(typeof smallValue); // "number"
```

### Sequences (multiple values)

```ts
import { decodeCborSequence, encodeCborSequence } from "@std/cbor";

const packet = encodeCborSequence([{ id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, "done" as const]);
const values = decodeCborSequence(packet);
// values: [{ id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, "done"]
```

### Tagged values (dates)

Use CBOR Tag 1 for epoch-based time (seconds since Unix epoch). How you
interpret tags on decode is up to your app.

```ts
import { decodeCbor, encodeCbor } from "@std/cbor";
import { CborTag } from "@std/cbor/tag";

const nowSeconds = Math.floor(Date.now() / 1000);
const tagged = new CborTag(1, nowSeconds);
const buf = encodeCbor(tagged);

const out = decodeCbor(buf) as CborTag;
console.log(out.tagNumber); // 1
console.log(out.tagContent); // epoch seconds
```

### Decode guard pattern

When consuming untrusted bytes, check shapes after decode.

```ts
import { decodeCbor } from "@std/cbor";

function isRecord(x: unknown): x is Record<string, unknown> {
  return typeof x === "object" && x !== null && !Array.isArray(x);
}

const bytesFromNetwork = new Uint8Array(/* ... */);
const value = decodeCbor(bytesFromNetwork);

if (!isRecord(value) || typeof value.type !== "string") {
  throw new Error("Unexpected payload");
}

// safe to use
console.log(value.type);
```
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/cli

> Tools for creating interactive command line tools

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/cli

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Tools for creating interactive command line tools.</p>

```js
import { parseArgs } from "@std/cli/parse-args";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

// Same as running `deno run example.ts --foo --bar=baz ./quux.txt`
const args = parseArgs(["--foo", "--bar=baz", "./quux.txt"]);
assertEquals(args, { foo: true, bar: "baz", _: ["./quux.txt"] });
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/cli
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/cli/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/cli on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## Why use @std/cli?

This package helps you build command‑line tools with great developer experience.
It focuses on the essentials:

- Parsing flags and arguments (`parseArgs`) without heavy frameworks
- Prompting for sensitive input (`promptSecret`)
- Measuring display width reliably (`unicodeWidth`) for clean TTY output
- Unstable extras to enhance UX: spinners, progress bars, ANSI cursor control,
  and interactive selects

Use it when you want a lightweight, composable toolkit for CLI utilities. For
more complex CLIs with subcommands, rich help, and config systems, you can still
start with `parseArgs` and layer in your own structure.

## Examples

```ts
import { parseArgs } from "@std/cli/parse-args";
import { promptSecret } from "@std/cli/prompt-secret";

const args = parseArgs(Deno.args, {
  alias: { v: "verbose" },
  boolean: ["verbose"],
  string: ["out"],
});

if (args.verbose) console.log("Verbose mode on");
const token = await promptSecret("Enter API token: ");
console.log(`Writing to: ${args.out ?? "stdout"}`);
```

- `parseArgs` is lightweight and unopinionated—great for simple tools; for
  complex CLIs consider subcommands and help text patterns.
- Booleans default to false unless present; use `--no-flag` support if needed
  via `booleanNegation` options.
- Use `stopEarly` to treat `--` as end of options and pass-through remaining
  args.

### parseArgs: aliases, defaults, collect, negatable, unknown, and --

```ts
import { parseArgs } from "@std/cli/parse-args";

const argv = [
  "-v",
  "--out=dist/file.txt",
  "--tag",
  "alpha",
  "--tag",
  "beta",
  "--no-cache",
  "--",
  "--literally-a-file-flag",
];

const args = parseArgs(argv, {
  alias: { v: "verbose" },
  boolean: ["verbose", "cache"],
  string: ["out"],
  default: { out: "stdout" },
  collect: ["tag"],
  negatable: ["cache"],
  unknown: (flag) => {
    if (flag.startsWith("--") && flag !== "--") {
      console.warn(`Unknown flag: ${flag}`);
      return false; // drop it from parsed output
    }
    return true;
  },
  "--": true,
});

// args.tag -> ["alpha", "beta"]
// args.cache -> false (because of --no-cache)
// args.verbose -> true (because of -v)
// args.out -> "dist/file.txt"
// args["--"] -> ["--literally-a-file-flag"] (pass-through)
```

### promptSecret: masking and clearing

```ts
import { promptSecret } from "@std/cli/prompt-secret";

const token = await promptSecret("Enter token: ", { mask: "*" });
// Optionally clear the prompt line after entry
await promptSecret("Press Enter to continue", { mask: "", clear: true });
```

### unicodeWidth: simple column alignment

```ts
import { unicodeWidth } from "@std/cli/unicode-width";

const rows = [
  ["Name", "Width"],
  ["hello", String(unicodeWidth("hello"))],
  ["你好", String(unicodeWidth("你好"))],
  ["🐙octo", String(unicodeWidth("🐙octo"))],
];

const col1Width = Math.max(...rows.map((r) => unicodeWidth(r[0])));
for (const [a, b] of rows) {
  const pad = " ".repeat(col1Width - unicodeWidth(a));
  console.log(`${a}${pad}  ${b}`);
}
```

### Unstable UI helpers: spinner and progress bar

These APIs are marked unstable and may change.

```ts
// Spinner
import { Spinner } from "@std/cli/unstable-spinner";

const spinner = new Spinner({ message: "Fetching data..." });
spinner.start();
await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 800));
spinner.stop();

// ProgressBar
import { ProgressBar } from "@std/cli/unstable-progress-bar";

const bar = new ProgressBar({ max: 5 });
for (let i = 0; i < 5; i++) {
  await new Promise((r) => setTimeout(r, 300));
  bar.value = i + 1;
}
bar.stop();
```
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/collections

> Pure functions for common tasks related to collection types like arrays and objects

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/collections

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Pure functions for common tasks around collection types like arrays and
objects.</p>
<p>Inspired by
<a href="https://kotlinlang.org/api/latest/jvm/stdlib/kotlin.collections/" rel="nofollow">Kotlin's Collections</a>
package and <a href="https://lodash.com/" rel="nofollow">Lodash</a>.</p>

```js
import { intersect, sample, pick } from "@std/collections";
import { assertEquals, assertArrayIncludes } from "@std/assert";

const lisaInterests = ["Cooking", "Music", "Hiking"];
const kimInterests = ["Music", "Tennis", "Cooking"];

assertEquals(intersect(lisaInterests, kimInterests), ["Cooking", "Music"]);

assertArrayIncludes(lisaInterests, [sample(lisaInterests)]);

const cat = { name: "Lulu", age: 3, breed: "Ragdoll" };

assertEquals(pick(cat, ["name", "breed"]), { name: "Lulu", breed: "Ragdoll"});
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/collections
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/collections/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/collections on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What are collection types?

Collection types are data structures that hold multiple values, such as arrays
and objects. They allow you to group related data together and perform
operations on them, like filtering, transforming, and aggregating.

This package provides small, focused functions to work with these types,
allowing you to compose complex operations from simple building blocks.

## Why use @std/collections?

The collections package provides small, pure helpers (intersect, pick, groupBy,
partition) to use instead of pulling a large utility library.

## Examples

### Distinct and distinctBy

```ts
import { distinct, distinctBy } from "@std/collections";

const tags = ["a", "b", "a", "c"];
console.log(distinct(tags)); // ["a", "b", "c"]

const people = [
  { id: 1, name: "Alice" },
  { id: 1, name: "Alice v2" },
  { id: 2, name: "Bob" },
];
console.log(distinctBy(people, (p) => p.id));
// [{ id: 1, name: "Alice" }, { id: 2, name: "Bob" }]
```

### Map records: mapValues, mapKeys

```ts
import { mapKeys, mapValues } from "@std/collections";

const rec = { a: 1, b: 2 };
console.log(mapValues(rec, (v) => v * 2)); // { a: 2, b: 4 }
console.log(mapKeys(rec, (k) => k.toUpperCase())); // { A: 1, B: 2 }
```

### Deep merge nested objects

```ts
import { deepMerge } from "@std/collections/deep-merge";

const a = { cfg: { retries: 2, mode: "fast" } };
const b = { cfg: { retries: 3 } };
console.log(deepMerge(a, b));
// { cfg: { retries: 3, mode: "fast" } }
```

### Sliding windows (with options)

```ts
import { slidingWindows } from "@std/collections";

console.log(slidingWindows([1, 2, 3, 4], 3));
// [[1,2,3],[2,3,4]]

console.log(slidingWindows([1, 2, 3, 4, 5], 3, { step: 2, partial: true }));
// [[1,2,3],[3,4,5],[5]]
```

### Sort by derived keys

```ts
import { sortBy } from "@std/collections";

const items = [{ v: 2 }, { v: 5 }, { v: 1 }];
console.log(sortBy(items, (i) => i.v));
// [{ v: 1 }, { v: 2 }, { v: 5 }]
console.log(sortBy(items, (i) => i.v, { order: "desc" }));
// [{ v: 5 }, { v: 2 }, { v: 1 }]
```

### Partition entries of an object

```ts
import { partitionEntries } from "@std/collections";

const user = { id: 1, name: "Sam", active: true, score: 42 };
const [numbers, rest] = partitionEntries(
  user,
  ([, v]) => typeof v === "number",
);
// numbers: { id: 1, score: 42 }
// rest: { name: "Sam", active: true }
```

### Produce joined strings

```ts
import { joinToString } from "@std/collections";

console.log(
  joinToString([1, 2, 3], { prefix: "[", separator: ", ", suffix: "]" }),
);
// "[1, 2, 3]"
```

## Tips

- Functions are pure and data-first; they don’t mutate your inputs.
- Prefer these primitives to keep dependencies light and code clear.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/crypto

> Extensions to the Web Crypto API

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/crypto

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Extensions to the
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Web_Crypto_API" rel="nofollow">Web Crypto</a>
supporting additional encryption APIs, but also delegating to the built-in
APIs when possible.</p>

```js
import { crypto } from "@std/crypto/crypto";

const message = "Hello, Deno!";
const encoder = new TextEncoder();
const data = encoder.encode(message);

await crypto.subtle.digest("BLAKE3", data);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/crypto
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/crypto/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/crypto on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is web crypto?

The Web Crypto API is a standard set of low-level cryptographic primitives
available in web browsers and other environments like Deno. It provides secure
methods for hashing, encryption, decryption, signing, and verifying data, useful
when you need to protect sensitive information.

## Why use @std/crypto?

This package provides Web Crypto–compatible helpers and algorithms (like
[BLAKE3](https://github.com/BLAKE3-team/BLAKE3/)) with a familiar API. Use it
in:

- API clients and SDKs: sign/verify payloads, compute request checksums, or
  derive cache validators (ETag‑like) with BLAKE3.
- CLI tools and build systems: fingerprint files and directories for caching,
  artifact integrity, or change detection.
- Edge/serverless apps: verify webhooks and JWT parts, hash bodies before
  storage, or compare secrets in constant time.
- Data pipelines: de‑duplicate blobs via fast hashing; generate stable IDs from
  content.

## Examples

### Hashing

```ts
import { crypto } from "@std/crypto/crypto";

const data = new TextEncoder().encode("hello");
const hash = await crypto.subtle.digest("BLAKE3", data);
console.log(new Uint8Array(hash));
```

### Hash to hex

```ts
import { crypto } from "@std/crypto/crypto";

const toHex = (bytes: Uint8Array) =>
  Array.from(bytes).map((b) => b.toString(16).padStart(2, "0")).join("");

const data = new TextEncoder().encode("hello");
const buf = await crypto.subtle.digest("BLAKE3", data);
console.log(toHex(new Uint8Array(buf))); // e.g. "ea..."
```

### Hash a file (BLAKE3)

```ts
import { crypto } from "@std/crypto/crypto";

const file = await Deno.readFile("./README.md");
const buf = await crypto.subtle.digest("BLAKE3", file);
console.log(new Uint8Array(buf));
```

### Constant‑time compare

```ts
import { crypto } from "@std/crypto/crypto";
import { timingSafeEqual } from "@std/crypto/timing-safe-equal";

const enc = new TextEncoder();
const a = new Uint8Array(
  await crypto.subtle.digest("BLAKE3", enc.encode("abc")),
);
const b = new Uint8Array(
  await crypto.subtle.digest("BLAKE3", enc.encode("abd")),
);

console.log(timingSafeEqual(a, b)); // false
```

### Synchronous hashing (scripts)

```ts
import { crypto } from "@std/crypto/crypto";

const data = new TextEncoder().encode("fast");
const buf = crypto.subtle.digestSync("BLAKE3", data);
console.log(new Uint8Array(buf));
```

### Random bytes

```ts
import { crypto } from "@std/crypto/crypto";

const iv = new Uint8Array(12);
crypto.getRandomValues(iv);
console.log(iv);
```

### AES‑GCM encrypt/decrypt (Web Crypto)

```ts
import { crypto } from "@std/crypto/crypto";

const key = await crypto.subtle.generateKey(
  { name: "AES-GCM", length: 256 },
  true,
  ["encrypt", "decrypt"],
);

const iv = crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint8Array(12));
const data = new TextEncoder().encode("secret message");

const ciphertext = await crypto.subtle.encrypt(
  { name: "AES-GCM", iv },
  key,
  data,
);
const plaintext = await crypto.subtle.decrypt(
  { name: "AES-GCM", iv },
  key,
  ciphertext,
);

console.log(new TextDecoder().decode(new Uint8Array(plaintext))); // "secret message"
```

## Tips

- Prefer Web Crypto primitives; avoid rolling your own crypto.
- Encode inputs with `TextEncoder` and compare results as bytes or hex.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/csv

> Reading and writing of comma-separated values (CSV) files

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/csv

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Reads and writes comma-separated values (CSV) files.</p>
<h2 id="parsing-csv">
Parsing CSV</h2>

```js
import { parse } from "@std/csv/parse";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const string = "a,b,c\nd,e,f";

// Parse as array of arrays (default)
assertEquals(parse(string, { skipFirstRow: false }), [["a", "b", "c"], ["d", "e", "f"]]);

// Parse csv file with headers into array of objects
assertEquals(parse(string, { skipFirstRow: true }), [{ a: "d", b: "e", c: "f" }]);

// Parse with custom column names
assertEquals(parse(string, { columns: ["x", "y", "z"] }), [
  { x: "a", y: "b", z: "c" },
  { x: "d", y: "e", z: "f" }
]);

// Parse tab-separated values
const tsvString = "name\tage\tcity\njohn\t30\tnew york\nmary\t25\tlos angeles";
assertEquals(parse(tsvString, { separator: "\t", skipFirstRow: true }), [
  { name: "john", age: "30", city: "new york" },
  { name: "mary", age: "25", city: "los angeles" }
]);

// Parse a CSV file which has comments
const csvWithComments = "# This is a comment\nname,age,city\n# Another comment\njohn,30,new york\nmary,25,los angeles";
assertEquals(parse(csvWithComments, { comment: "#", skipFirstRow: true }), [
  { name: "john", age: "30", city: "new york" },
  { name: "mary", age: "25", city: "los angeles" }
]);
```

<h2 id="parsing-csv-from-a-stream">
Parsing CSV from a Stream</h2>

```js
import { CsvParseStream } from "@std/csv/parse-stream";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

// Parse from a stream (useful for large files)
const source = ReadableStream.from([
  "name,age,city\n",
  "john,30,new york\n",
  "mary,25,los angeles\n"
]);

const csvStream = source
  .pipeThrough(new CsvParseStream({ skipFirstRow: true }));

const records = await Array.fromAsync(csvStream);
assertEquals(records, [
  { name: "john", age: "30", city: "new york" },
  { name: "mary", age: "25", city: "los angeles" }
]);

// Or process records one by one
// for await (const record of csvStream) {
//   console.log(record);
// }
```

<h2 id="stringifying-data-to-csv">
Stringifying Data to CSV</h2>

```js
import { stringify } from "@std/csv/stringify";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

// Convert array of arrays to CSV
const arrayData = [["name", "age", "city"], ["john", "30", "new york"], ["mary", "25", "los angeles"]];
const csvString = stringify(arrayData);
assertEquals(csvString, "name,age,city\r\njohn,30,new york\r\nmary,25,los angeles\r\n");

// Convert array of objects to CSV
const objectData = [
  { name: "john", age: "30", city: "new york" },
  { name: "mary", age: "25", city: "los angeles" }
];

// When using an array of objects, you must specify columns to use
const customColumns = stringify(objectData, { columns: ["city", "name", "age"] });
assertEquals(customColumns, "city,name,age\r\nnew york,john,30\r\nlos angeles,mary,25\r\n");
```

<h2 id="streaming-stringify-data-to-csv">
Streaming Stringify Data to CSV</h2>

```js
import { CsvStringifyStream } from "@std/csv/stringify-stream";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

async function writeCsvToTempFile(): Promise<string> {
  const path = await Deno.makeTempFile();
  using file = await Deno.open(path, { write: true });

  const readable = ReadableStream.from([
    { id: 1, name: "one" },
    { id: 2, name: "two" },
    { id: 3, name: "three" },
  ]);

  await readable
    .pipeThrough(new CsvStringifyStream({ columns: ["id", "name"] }))
    .pipeThrough(new TextEncoderStream())
    .pipeTo(file.writable);

  return path;
}

const path = await writeCsvToTempFile();
const content = await Deno.readTextFile(path);
assertEquals(content, "id,name\r\n1,one\r\n2,two\r\n3,three\r\n");
```

<h2 id="csv-format-information">
CSV Format Information</h2>
<p>There are many kinds of CSV files; this module supports the format described
in <a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc4180.html" rel="nofollow">RFC 4180</a>.</p>
<p>A csv file contains zero or more records of one or more fields per record.
Each record is separated by the newline character. The final record may
optionally be followed by a newline character.</p>

```js
field1,field2,field3
```

<p>White space is considered part of a field.</p>
<p>Carriage returns before newline characters are silently removed.</p>
<p>Blank lines are ignored. A line with only whitespace characters (excluding
the ending newline character) is not considered a blank line.</p>
<p>Fields which start and stop with the quote character " are called
quoted-fields. The beginning and ending quote are not part of the field.</p>
<p>The source:</p>

```js
normal string,"quoted-field"
```

<p>results in the fields</p>

```js
[`normal string`, `quoted-field`]
```

<p>Within a quoted-field a quote character followed by a second quote character is considered a single quote.</p>

```js
"the ""word"" is true","a ""quoted-field"""
```

<p>results in</p>

```js
[`the "word" is true`, `a "quoted-field"`]
```

<p>Newlines and commas may be included in a quoted-field</p>

```js
"Multi-line
field","comma is ,"
```

<p>results in</p>

```js
[`Multi-line
field`, `comma is ,`]
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/csv
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/csv/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/csv on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is a CSV?

CSV (Comma-Separated Values) is a simple text format for storing tabular data,
where each line represents a row and each value within the row is separated by a
comma. It’s widely used for data exchange between applications, especially
spreadsheets and databases.

## When to use @std/csv

This package is great for reading and writing CSV files in your applications. It
supports parsing CSV into arrays or objects, stringifying data back to CSV, and
streaming for large files.

## Tips

- Use `skipFirstRow: true` to treat the first row as headers.
- For objects, specify `columns` when stringifying.
- Prefer streaming parsers for multi-GB datasets.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/data-structures

> Common data structures like red-black trees and binary heaps

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/data-structures

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Data structures for use in algorithms and other data manipulation.</p>

```js
import { BinarySearchTree } from "@std/data-structures";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const values = [3, 10, 13, 4, 6, 7, 1, 14];
const tree = new BinarySearchTree<number>();
values.forEach((value) => tree.insert(value));

assertEquals([...tree], [1, 3, 4, 6, 7, 10, 13, 14]);
assertEquals(tree.min(), 1);
assertEquals(tree.max(), 14);
assertEquals(tree.find(42), null);
assertEquals(tree.find(7), 7);
assertEquals(tree.remove(42), false);
assertEquals(tree.remove(7), true);
assertEquals([...tree], [1, 3, 4, 6, 10, 13, 14]);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/data-structures
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/data-structures/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/data-structures on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What “data structures” means here

In this package, “data structures” are purpose-built containers with clear
invariants and predictable performance characteristics that go beyond
JavaScript’s built-ins (Array, Map, Set). They provide capabilities like
priority ordering (heaps), ordered search and iteration (trees), reversible
lookups (bidirectional maps), and fixed-shape storage (2D arrays).

- Most structures implement `Iterable`, so you can spread or `for..of` them.
- Many accept a comparator (for example, `ascend`/`descend`) to control order.

### When to use what

- BinaryHeap (priority queue): schedule work, pick top-k items,
  Dijkstra/Best‑First search. Default is a max‑heap; supply a custom comparator
  to change priority.
- RedBlackTree (self‑balancing BST): maintain a sorted set of values with fast
  min/max and in‑order iteration even under adversarial input.
- BinarySearchTree (unbalanced): simpler tree for mostly random inputs or
  educational use; supports traversal orders and min/max.
- BidirectionalMap (unstable): two‑way lookups when both keys and values are
  unique (for example, ID ↔ code).
- D2Array (unstable): fixed‑size 2D grid (boards, matrices) with O(1) access.

### Examples

```ts
import { BinaryHeap } from "@std/data-structures";

// Priority queue (max-heap by default)
const pq = BinaryHeap.from([5, 1, 3]);
pq.pop(); // 5

// Custom priority: shortest string first
const shortestFirst = new BinaryHeap<string>((a, b) => b.length - a.length);
shortestFirst.push("bbb", "a", "cc");
shortestFirst.pop(); // "a"
```

```ts
import { ascend, RedBlackTree } from "@std/data-structures";

const t = RedBlackTree.from([5, 1, 9], ascend<number>);
[...t]; // [1, 5, 9]
t.min(); // 1
t.max(); // 9
```

```ts
// Unstable submodules
import { BidirectionalMap } from "@std/data-structures/unstable-bidirectional-map";
import { D2Array } from "@std/data-structures/unstable-2d-array";

const bimap = new BidirectionalMap<string, number>();
bimap.set("alice", 1);
bimap.getReverse(1); // "alice"

const grid = new D2Array<number>(3, 2, 0); // width=3, height=2, initial=0
grid.resize(4, 2);
grid.insert(1, 1, 42);
grid.get(1, 1); // 42
```
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/datetime

> Utilities for dealing with Date objects

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/datetime

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

:::info Unstable

This @std package is experimental and its API may change without a major version bump.

:::
## Overview

<p>Utilities for dealing with <a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/docs/Web/JavaScript/Reference/Global_Objects/Date" rel="nofollow"><code>Date</code></a> objects.</p>

```js
import { dayOfYear, isLeap, difference, HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND } from "@std/datetime";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

assertEquals(dayOfYear(new Date("2019-03-11T03:24:00")), 70);
assertEquals(isLeap(1970), false);

const date0 = new Date("2018-05-14");
const date1 = new Date("2020-05-13");
assertEquals(difference(date0, date1).years, 1);

assertEquals(HOUR / MINUTE, 60);
assertEquals(MINUTE / SECOND, 60);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/datetime
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/datetime/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/datetime on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is datetime?

In JavaScript, dates and times center around the built‑in `Date` object:

- A `Date` stores a single point in time as milliseconds since the Unix epoch
  (1970‑01‑01T00:00:00Z). Its internal value is always UTC.
- Rendering and many getters can be either local time (e.g., `getHours`) or UTC
  (e.g., `getUTCHours`). Be explicit about which you need.
- Parsing with the `Date` constructor is locale/implementation‑dependent for
  non‑ISO strings. Prefer ISO‑8601 (`YYYY‑MM‑DDTHH:mm:ssZ`) or a library/parser.

The `@std/datetime` package builds on top of this to offer simple parsing,
formatting, and date arithmetic with explicit patterns and options.

It aims to cover common needs without a large dependency and works across Deno,
Node.js, Bun, browsers, and Workers.

## When to use @std/datetime

If you are formatting and parsing dates/times and doing small calculations
without pulling larger libraries. Typical use cases:

- Human‑readable timestamps for logs, filenames, or UI.
- Parsing user input safely with explicit formats instead of Date’s heuristics.
- Showing relative durations (e.g., “X days remaining”).
- Getting calendar fields like week of year or day number in year.
- Generating standards‑compliant strings (e.g., ISO‑8601) for APIs.

## Examples

```ts
import {
  dayOfYear,
  dayOfYearUtc,
  difference,
  format,
  isLeap,
  isUtcLeap,
  parse,
  weekOfYear,
} from "@std/datetime";

// Format with time zone
const nowTokyo = format(
  new Date("2025-01-02T12:34:56Z"),
  "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm XXX",
  { timeZone: "Asia/Tokyo" },
);

// Parse an explicit pattern (local time unless the pattern/offset specifies otherwise)
const parsed = parse("2025-01-02 09:30", "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm");
parsed instanceof Date; // true

// Difference in specific units
const a = new Date("2024-01-01T00:00:00Z");
const b = new Date("2025-06-01T00:00:00Z");
difference(a, b, { units: ["years", "months", "days"] });
// -> { years: 1, months: 5, days: 0 }

// Week of year and day-of-year
weekOfYear(new Date("2025-01-05")); // ISO week number (1-53)
dayOfYear(new Date("2025-03-01")); // Local TZ
dayOfYearUtc(new Date(Date.UTC(2025, 2, 1))); // UTC

// Leap year checks
isLeap(2024); // true in local rules
isUtcLeap(2024); // true (timezone-independent)
```

```ts
// Format in UTC vs a specific time zone
import { format } from "@std/datetime";

const d = new Date("2025-01-02T00:00:00Z");
format(d, "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm XXX", { timeZone: "UTC" }); // 2025-01-02 00:00 +00:00
format(d, "yyyy-MM-dd HH:mm XXX", { timeZone: "Asia/Tokyo" }); // 2025-01-02 09:00 +09:00
```

```ts
// Parse an ISO string with numeric offset
import { parse } from "@std/datetime";

const withOffset = parse(
  "2025-01-02T09:30:00+09:00",
  "yyyy-MM-dd'T'HH:mm:ssXXX",
);
withOffset.toISOString(); // 2025-01-02T00:30:00.000Z
```

```ts
// Add durations using provided constants
import { HOUR, MINUTE, SECOND } from "@std/datetime";

const start = new Date("2025-01-01T00:00:00Z");
const plus90m = new Date(start.getTime() + 90 * MINUTE);
const plus1h5s = new Date(start.getTime() + HOUR + 5 * SECOND);
```

```ts
// Days until a deadline (countdown)
import { difference } from "@std/datetime";

const now = new Date("2025-01-01T00:00:00Z");
const launch = new Date("2025-02-15T00:00:00Z");
difference(now, launch, { units: ["days"] }); // { days: 45 }
```

```ts
// ISO week-of-year around year boundaries
import { weekOfYear } from "@std/datetime";

weekOfYear(new Date("2020-12-31")); // 53
weekOfYear(new Date("2021-01-01")); // 53 (still the last ISO week of 2020)
weekOfYear(new Date("2021-01-04")); // 1
```

```ts
// Leap-year checks with Date inputs
import { isLeap } from "@std/datetime";

isLeap(new Date("2000-01-01")); // true (divisible by 400)
isLeap(new Date("1900-01-01")); // false (century not divisible by 400)
```

## Tips

- Be explicit about time zones in formats (e.g., include `XXX` offset tokens).
- Prefer ISO 8601 for interchange and storage.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/dotenv

> Parsing and loading environment variables from a `.env` file

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/dotenv

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

:::info Unstable

This @std package is experimental and its API may change without a major version bump.

:::
## Overview

<p>Parses and loads environment variables from a <code>.env</code> file into the current
process, or stringify data into a <code>.env</code> file format.</p>
<p>Note: The key needs to match the pattern /^[a-zA-Z_][a-zA-Z0-9_]*$/.</p>

```js
// Automatically load environment variables from a `.env` file
import "@std/dotenv/load";
```

```js
import { parse, stringify } from "@std/dotenv";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

assertEquals(parse("GREETING=hello world"), { GREETING: "hello world" });
assertEquals(stringify({ GREETING: "hello world" }), "GREETING='hello world'");
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/dotenv
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/dotenv/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/dotenv on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is dotenv?

`dotenv` is a popular way to manage environment variables in development. It
loads key-value pairs from a `.env` file into `process.env`, making it easy to
configure your app without hardcoding values.

## When to use @std/dotenv

Use this package to load local configuration during development, for preview
builds, or in simple deployments where your platform doesn’t inject environment
variables for you, keeping secrets and config out of source code.

## Examples

```ts
// Auto-load from .env at process start
import "@std/dotenv/load";

// Or load manually
import { load } from "@std/dotenv";

const env = await load({
  envPath: ".env.local", // where to read variables from (default: .env)
  defaultsPath: ".env.defaults", // optional defaults if a key is missing
  examplePath: ".env.example", // assert required keys exist
  export: true, // also export to the process environment
  allowEmptyValues: true, // allow empty values in example/defaults
  override: false, // do not overwrite existing env vars by default
});

// Values are available both from the returned object and (when export: true)
// via the runtime’s environment API (e.g., Deno.env)
console.log(env.DATABASE_URL);
// Deno.env.get("DATABASE_URL");
```

```ts
// Parse and stringify
import { parse, stringify } from "@std/dotenv";

const text = `
GREETING="hello world" # comment
PORT=8080
`;

parse(text); // { GREETING: "hello world", PORT: "8080" }

stringify({ GREETING: "hello world" });
// "GREETING='hello world'"
```

## Tips

- Don’t commit secrets. Add `.env` to your project's `.gitignore` file.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/encoding

> Utilities for encoding and decoding common formats like hex, base64, and varint

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/encoding

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Utilities for encoding and decoding common formats like hex, base64, and varint.</p>
<h2 id="basic-usage">
Basic Usage</h2>

```js
import { encodeBase64, decodeBase64 } from "@std/encoding";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const foobar = new TextEncoder().encode("foobar");
assertEquals(encodeBase64(foobar), "Zm9vYmFy");
assertEquals(decodeBase64("Zm9vYmFy"), foobar);
```

<h2 id="various-encoding-formats">
Various Encoding Formats</h2>

```js
import {
  encodeHex,
  encodeBase32,
  encodeBase58,
  encodeBase64,
  encodeAscii85,
  decodeHex,
  decodeBase32,
  decodeBase58,
  decodeBase64,
  decodeAscii85,
} from "@std/encoding";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

// Many different encodings for different character sets
assertEquals(encodeHex("Hello world!"), "48656c6c6f20776f726c6421");
assertEquals(encodeBase32("Hello world!"), "JBSWY3DPEB3W64TMMQQQ====");
assertEquals(encodeBase58("Hello world!"), "2NEpo7TZRhna7vSvL");
assertEquals(encodeBase64("Hello world!"), "SGVsbG8gd29ybGQh");
assertEquals(encodeAscii85("Hello world!"), "87cURD]j7BEbo80");

// Decoding
assertEquals(new TextDecoder().decode(decodeHex("48656c6c6f20776f726c6421")), "Hello world!");
assertEquals(new TextDecoder().decode(decodeBase32("JBSWY3DPEB3W64TMMQQQ====")), "Hello world!");
assertEquals(new TextDecoder().decode(decodeBase58("2NEpo7TZRhna7vSvL")), "Hello world!");
assertEquals(new TextDecoder().decode(decodeBase64("SGVsbG8gd29ybGQh")), "Hello world!");
assertEquals(new TextDecoder().decode(decodeAscii85("87cURD]j7BEbo80")), "Hello world!");
```

<h2 id="url-safe-base64">
URL-Safe Base64</h2>

```js
import { encodeBase64, encodeBase64Url } from "@std/encoding";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

assertEquals(encodeBase64("ice creams"), "aWNlIGNyZWFtcw=="); // Not url-safe because of `=`
assertEquals(encodeBase64Url("ice creams"), "aWNlIGNyZWFtcw"); // URL-safe!

// Base64Url replaces + with - and / with _
assertEquals(encodeBase64("subjects?"), "c3ViamVjdHM/"); // slash is not URL-safe
assertEquals(encodeBase64Url("subjects?"), "c3ViamVjdHM_"); // _ is URL-safe
```

<h2 id="binary-data-encoding">
Binary Data Encoding</h2>

```js
import { encodeHex, encodeBase64 } from "@std/encoding";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

// Working with binary data
const binaryData = new Uint8Array([0xDE, 0xAD, 0xBE, 0xEF]);
assertEquals(encodeHex(binaryData), "deadbeef");
assertEquals(encodeBase64(binaryData), "3q2+7w==");
```

<h2 id="varint-encoding">
Varint Encoding</h2>
<p>Learn more from the <a href="https://protobuf.dev/programming-guides/encoding/#varints" rel="nofollow">protobuf Varint encoding docs</a>.</p>

```js
import { encodeVarint, decodeVarint } from "@std/encoding";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

// Varint encoding support
assertEquals(encodeVarint(9601n), [new Uint8Array([129, 75]), 2]);

// Decode a varint
const bytes = new Uint8Array([129, 75]);
assertEquals(decodeVarint(bytes), [9601n, 2]);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/encoding
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/encoding/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/encoding on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is encoding?

Encoding is the process of converting data from one format to another, often to
make it suitable for transmission or storage. Common encoding formats include
Base64, Hex, and Varint.

## Why use @std/encoding?

This package provides simple, reliable functions for encoding and decoding data
in various formats. You will use encoding for:

- Interop: exchange binary data in human/transmissible forms (URLs, JSON,
  command line, logs).
- Safety: decode helpers throw on malformed inputs (e.g., hex) rather than
  silently truncating.
- Portability: single API surface across runtimes.
- Control: choose URL‑safe Base64 to avoid +, /, = in URLs.

## Examples

```ts
import {
  decodeBase64Url,
  decodeHex,
  encodeBase64Url,
  encodeHex,
} from "@std/encoding";

// Strings <-> bytes
const bytes = new TextEncoder().encode("hello");
const text = new TextDecoder().decode(bytes);

// URL-safe tokens
const token = encodeBase64Url(bytes); // aGVsbG8
const roundtrip = new TextDecoder().decode(decodeBase64Url(token));

// Hex utilities
const hex = encodeHex(bytes); // 68656c6c6f
const fromHex = decodeHex(hex);
```

```ts
// Other supported encodings
import {
  decodeAscii85,
  decodeBase32,
  decodeBase58,
  decodeBase64,
  encodeAscii85,
  encodeBase32,
  encodeBase58,
  encodeBase64,
} from "@std/encoding";

encodeBase64("Hello world!"); // "SGVsbG8gd29ybGQh"
encodeBase32("Hello world!"); // "JBSWY3DPEB3W64TMMQQQ===="
encodeBase58("Hello world!"); // "2NEpo7TZRhna7vSvL"
encodeAscii85("Hello world!"); // "87cURD]j7BEbo80"

new TextDecoder().decode(decodeBase64("SGVsbG8gd29ybGQh")); // "Hello world!"
```

```ts
// Varint (compact integer encoding)
import { decodeVarint, encodeVarint } from "@std/encoding";

const [buf, end] = encodeVarint(9601n);
const [num, next] = decodeVarint(buf);
```

## Tips

- All encoders/decoders work with `Uint8Array`. Use `TextEncoder`/`TextDecoder`
  for string ↔ bytes.
- Prefer Base64URL for tokens/query params; standard Base64 may include
  characters that need escaping.
- Hex helpers return lowercase by default.
- Varint encodes integers compactly; it’s not for arbitrary binary payloads.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/expect

> Jest compatible `expect` assertion functions

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/expect

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>This module provides Jest compatible expect assertion functionality.</p>

```js
import { expect } from "@std/expect";

const x = 6 * 7;
expect(x).toEqual(42);
expect(x).not.toEqual(0);

await expect(Promise.resolve(x)).resolves.toEqual(42);
```

<p>Currently this module supports the following functions:</p>
<ul>
<li>Common matchers:
<ul>
<li><code>toBe</code></li>
<li><code>toEqual</code></li>
<li><code>toStrictEqual</code></li>
<li><code>toMatch</code></li>
<li><code>toMatchObject</code></li>
<li><code>toBeDefined</code></li>
<li><code>toBeUndefined</code></li>
<li><code>toBeNull</code></li>
<li><code>toBeNaN</code></li>
<li><code>toBeTruthy</code></li>
<li><code>toBeFalsy</code></li>
<li><code>toContain</code></li>
<li><code>toContainEqual</code></li>
<li><code>toHaveLength</code></li>
<li><code>toBeGreaterThan</code></li>
<li><code>toBeGreaterThanOrEqual</code></li>
<li><code>toBeLessThan</code></li>
<li><code>toBeLessThanOrEqual</code></li>
<li><code>toBeCloseTo</code></li>
<li><code>toBeInstanceOf</code></li>
<li><code>toThrow</code></li>
<li><code>toHaveProperty</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Mock related matchers:
<ul>
<li><code>toHaveBeenCalled</code></li>
<li><code>toHaveBeenCalledTimes</code></li>
<li><code>toHaveBeenCalledWith</code></li>
<li><code>toHaveBeenLastCalledWith</code></li>
<li><code>toHaveBeenNthCalledWith</code></li>
<li><code>toHaveReturned</code></li>
<li><code>toHaveReturnedTimes</code></li>
<li><code>toHaveReturnedWith</code></li>
<li><code>toHaveLastReturnedWith</code></li>
<li><code>toHaveNthReturnedWith</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Asymmetric matchers:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.anything" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.anything</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.any" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.any</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.arrayContaining" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.arrayContaining</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.not.arrayContaining" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.not.arrayContaining</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.objectContaining" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.objectContaining</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.not.objectContaining" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.not.objectContaining</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.closeTo" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.closeTo</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.stringContaining" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.stringContaining</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.not.stringContaining" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.not.stringContaining</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.stringMatching" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.stringMatching</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.not.stringMatching" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.not.stringMatching</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>Utilities:
<ul>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.addSnapshotSerializer" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.addSnapshotSerializer</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.assertions" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.assertions</code></a></li>
<li><code>expect.addEqualityTester</code></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.extend" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.extend</code></a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect@1.0.17/doc/~/expect.hasAssertions" rel="nofollow"><code>expect.hasAssertions</code></a></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>Only these functions are still not available:</p>
<ul>
<li>Matchers:
<ul>
<li><code>toMatchSnapshot</code></li>
<li><code>toMatchInlineSnapshot</code></li>
<li><code>toThrowErrorMatchingSnapshot</code></li>
<li><code>toThrowErrorMatchingInlineSnapshot</code></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
<p>The tracking issue to add support for unsupported parts of the API is
<a href="https://github.com/denoland/std/issues/3964" rel="nofollow">https://github.com/denoland/std/issues/3964</a>.</p>
<p>This module is largely inspired by
<a href="https://github.com/allain/expect" rel="nofollow">x/expect</a> module by
<a href="https://github.com/allain" rel="nofollow">Allain Lalonde</a>.</p>

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/expect
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/expect/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/expect on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is expect?

A Jest‑compatible fluent assertion API. Instead of standalone assert functions,
you write expectations like `expect(value).toBe(1)` and can chain modifiers like
`.not`, `.resolves`, and `.rejects`.

## When to use @std/expect

If you prefer a Jest-like API for fluent, readable assertions with rich
matchers, especially when migrating from Jest.

## Examples

```ts
import { expect } from "@std/expect";

expect({ a: 1, b: 2 }).toMatchObject({ a: 1 });
await expect(Promise.resolve(42)).resolves.toBe(42);
expect([1, 2, 3]).toContain(2);

// Throwing and async rejections
expect(() => JSON.parse("{"))
  .toThrow(SyntaxError);
await expect(Promise.reject(new Error("boom")))
  .rejects.toThrow("boom");

// Close-to for floating point, regex matching
expect(0.1 + 0.2).toBeCloseTo(0.3, 15);
expect("hello world").toMatch(/world/);

// Using asymmetric matchers
expect({ id: 1, name: "Ada" })
  .toEqual(expect.objectContaining({ name: expect.stringMatching(/^A/) }));
```

## Use with Deno.test

```ts
import { expect } from "@std/expect";
Deno.test("basic expect", () => {
  const value = 2 + 2;
  expect(value).toBe(4);
});
```

For more information on testing in Deno, see the
[testing docs](/runtime/fundamentals/testing/).

## Tips

- Use `toEqual` for deep data comparisons and `toBe` for identity.
- Prefer `.resolves` / `.rejects` helpers for promises.
- Prefer `.resolves` / `.rejects` helpers for promises.
- Use `toStrictEqual` for stricter deep checks (no extra props, etc.).
- Extend with custom matchers via `expect.extend` when needed.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/fmt

> Utilities for formatting values, such as adding colors to text, formatting durations, printf utils, formatting byte numbers.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/fmt

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Provides utilities for formatting text of different types:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/fmt/doc/bytes/~" rel="nofollow">Human-readable bytes</a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/fmt/doc/colors/~" rel="nofollow">Styles for the CLI</a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/fmt/doc/duration/~" rel="nofollow">Time duration</a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/fmt/doc/printf/~" rel="nofollow">Printing formatted strings to stdout</a></li>
</ul>

```js
import { format } from "@std/fmt/bytes";
import { red } from "@std/fmt/colors";

console.log(red(format(1337))); // Prints "1.34 kB"
```

<h1 id="runtime-compatibility">
Runtime compatibility</h1>
<p><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/fmt/doc/bytes/~" rel="nofollow">bytes</a>,
<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/fmt/doc/colors/~" rel="nofollow">colors</a>, and
<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/fmt/doc/duration/~" rel="nofollow">duration</a> supports all major runtimes.
<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/fmt/doc/printf/~" rel="nofollow">printf</a> is mostly compatible with major
runtimes, however some of features, such as <code>%v</code>, <code>%i</code> and <code>%I</code> format
specifiers, are only available in Deno. See the API docs for details.</p>

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/fmt
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/fmt/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/fmt on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is formatting?

Formatting is the process of transforming data into a specific layout or style
for presentation. This can include adding colors, adjusting spacing, or
converting values into human-readable forms.

## When to use @std/fmt

If you need to present data in a user-friendly way, especially in command-line
applications.

## Examples

```ts
// Bytes: base‑10 (kB) vs binary (KiB), signed values, and locale
import { format as formatBytes } from "@std/fmt/bytes";

formatBytes(1337); // "1.34 kB"
formatBytes(1536, { binary: true }); // "1.50 KiB"
formatBytes(-4096, { signed: true }); // "-4.10 kB"
formatBytes(12_345_678, { locale: "de-DE" }); // e.g., "12,35 MB"
```

```ts
// Duration: compact display with optional zero suppression
import { format as formatDuration } from "@std/fmt/duration";

formatDuration(90_000); // e.g., "1m 30s" (exact style may vary)
formatDuration(3_600_000, { ignoreZero: true }); // e.g., "1h"
```

```ts
// printf/sprintf: Go‑style formatting
import { printf, sprintf } from "@std/fmt/printf";

printf("%-10s %08d 0x%X\n", "build#", 42, 3735928559);
const line = sprintf("%6.2f%% %s", 12.3456, "complete");
// Note: some specifiers like %v/%i/%I are Deno‑only.
```

```ts
// Colors: compose styles; toggle and strip ANSI codes
import {
  bold,
  getColorEnabled,
  green,
  red,
  setColorEnabled,
  stripAnsiCode,
} from "@std/fmt/colors";

setColorEnabled(true);
const ok = bold(green("OK"));
const err = bold(red("ERROR"));
console.log(ok, err);

// Remove ANSI when writing to logs
const plain = stripAnsiCode(ok);
```

## Tips

- Use bytes options (`binary`, `bits`, `locale`, `minimumFractionDigits`,
  `maximumFractionDigits`, `signed`) to match your UX.
- Prefer concise duration output for CLIs; suppress zeros with `ignoreZero`.
- Be conservative with colors for accessibility; strip ANSI when writing to
  files or systems that don’t support it.
- Reach for printf/sprintf when you need exact widths, padding, or numeric
  bases.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/front-matter

> Extract front matter from strings

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/front-matter

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Extracts
<a href="https://daily-dev-tips.com/posts/what-exactly-is-frontmatter/" rel="nofollow">front matter</a>
from strings. Adapted from
<a href="https://github.com/jxson/front-matter/blob/36f139ef797bd9e5196a9ede03ef481d7fbca18e/index.js" rel="nofollow">jxson/front-matter</a>.</p>
<h2 id="supported-formats">
Supported formats</h2>
<h3 id="json">
JSON</h3>

```js
import { test, extractJson } from "@std/front-matter";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const str = "---json\n{\"and\": \"this\"}\n---\ndeno is awesome";

assertEquals(test(str), true);
assertEquals(extractJson(str), {
  frontMatter: "{\"and\": \"this\"}",
  body: "deno is awesome",
  attrs: { and: "this" }
});
```

<p><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/front-matter@1.0.9/doc/~/extractJson" rel="nofollow"><code>extract</code></a> and <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/front-matter@1.0.9/doc/~/test" rel="nofollow"><code>test</code></a> support the following
delimiters.</p>

```js
---json
{
  "and": "this"
}
---
```

```js
{
  "is": "JSON"
}
```

<h3 id="toml">
TOML</h3>

```js
import { test, extractToml } from "@std/front-matter";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const str = "---toml\nmodule = 'front_matter'\n---\ndeno is awesome";

assertEquals(test(str), true);
assertEquals(extractToml(str), {
  frontMatter: "module = 'front_matter'",
  body: "deno is awesome",
  attrs: { module: "front_matter" }
});
```

<p><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/front-matter@1.0.9/doc/~/extractToml" rel="nofollow"><code>extract</code></a> and <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/front-matter@1.0.9/doc/~/test" rel="nofollow"><code>test</code></a> support the following
delimiters.</p>

```js
---toml
this = 'is'
---
```

```js
= toml =
parsed = 'as'
toml = 'data'
= toml =
```

```js
+++
is = 'that'
not = 'cool?'
+++
```

<h3 id="yaml">
YAML</h3>

```js
import { test, extractYaml } from "@std/front-matter";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const str = "---yaml\nmodule: front_matter\n---\ndeno is awesome";

assertEquals(test(str), true);
assertEquals(extractYaml(str), {
  frontMatter: "module: front_matter",
  body: "deno is awesome",
  attrs: { module: "front_matter" }
});
```

<p><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/front-matter@1.0.9/doc/~/extractYaml" rel="nofollow"><code>extract</code></a> and <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/front-matter@1.0.9/doc/~/test" rel="nofollow"><code>test</code></a> support the following
delimiters.</p>

```js
---
these: are
---
```

```js
---yaml
all: recognized
---
```

```js
= yaml =
as: yaml
= yaml =
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/front-matter
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/front-matter/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/front-matter on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is front matter?

Front matter is metadata placed at the top of a file, typically used in Markdown
or other text files to provide information about the document. It is usually
enclosed within specific delimiters, such as `---` for YAML, `+++` for TOML, or
`---json` for JSON. The metadata can include details like the title, author,
date, tags, and other attributes that describe the content of the file.

## Why use @std/front-matter?

Use this package to easily parse and extract front matter from your content
files, allowing you to separate metadata from the main content. This is
especially useful in static site generators, blogging platforms, and content
management systems where front matter is commonly used to manage document
metadata.

## Examples

```ts
// Detect and extract YAML front matter
import { extractYaml, test } from "@std/front-matter";

const source = `---yaml\ntitle: Hello\nauthor: Ada\n---\nContent starts here.`;

if (test(source)) {
  const { attrs, body, frontMatter } = extractYaml(source);
  // attrs: { title: "Hello", author: "Ada" }
  // body: "Content starts here."
  // frontMatter: "title: Hello\nauthor: Ada"
}
```

```ts
// JSON front matter
import { extractJson } from "@std/front-matter";

const jsonSource = `---json\n{ "tags": ["news", "deno"] }\n---\nPost body`;
const { attrs } = extractJson(jsonSource);
// attrs: { tags: ["news", "deno"] }
```

```ts
// TOML front matter
import { extractToml } from "@std/front-matter";

const tomlSource = `+++\ncategory = 'release'\n+++\nNotes...`;
const { attrs, body } = extractToml(tomlSource);
// attrs: { category: "release" }
// body: "Notes..."
```

## Tips

- Supports JSON, TOML, and YAML delimiters—pick one and stick with it for
  consistency.
- Returned `attrs` are already parsed for you; `body` is the remaining content.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/fs

> Helpers for working with the file system

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/fs

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Helpers for working with the filesystem.</p>

```js
import { ensureFile, copy, ensureDir, move } from "@std/fs";

await ensureFile("example.txt");

await copy("example.txt", "example_copy.txt");

await ensureDir("subdir");

await move("example_copy.txt", "subdir/example_copy.txt");
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/fs
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/fs/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/fs on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## Why use @std/fs?

Reach for it when you want higher-level filesystem operations (such as ensuring
files/dirs, copying, moving, walking directories) than the bare
[Deno APIs](/examples/#filesystem).

## Examples

```ts
import { ensureDir, expandGlob, walk } from "@std/fs";

await ensureDir("./out/assets");

for await (const entry of expandGlob("src/**/*.{ts,tsx}")) {
  console.log(entry.path);
}

for await (
  const f of walk("./content", { includeDirs: false, exts: [".md"] })
) {
  console.log(f.path);
}
```

## Tips

- Most helpers are async, don’t forget the `await`!
- Combine with `@std/path` to build cross-platform paths.
- Use `copy` with `overwrite: true` explicitly when replacing files.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/html

> Functions for HTML, such as escaping or unescaping HTML entities

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/html

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Functions for HTML tasks such as escaping or unescaping HTML entities.</p>

```js
import { unescape } from "@std/html/entities";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

assertEquals(unescape("&lt;&gt;'&amp;AA"), "<>'&AA");
assertEquals(unescape("&thorn;&eth;"), "&thorn;&eth;");
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/html
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/html/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/html on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is this package?

A utility library for safely escaping and unescaping HTML entities to prevent
XSS vulnerabilities when inserting user-provided content into HTML.

## Why use @std/html?

Your application may need to display user-generated content within HTML. To
prevent cross-site scripting (XSS) attacks, it is crucial to escape special
characters like `<`, `>`, `&`, `"`, and `'` before embedding user input into
HTML.

## Examples

```ts
import { escape, unescape } from "@std/html/entities";

const safe = escape(`<img src=x onerror=alert(1)>`); // &lt;img src=x onerror=alert(1)&gt;
const back = unescape("&amp;lt;b&amp;gt;ok&amp;lt;/b&amp;gt;"); // <b>ok</b>
```

## Tips

- Escaping and unescaping targets entities is not full HTML sanitization. Use a
  sanitizer for removing tags/attributes.
- Escaping is idempotent when run once; avoid double-escaping (`&amp;amp;`).
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/http

> Utilities for building HTTP servers

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/http

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Provides user-friendly <code>serve</code> on top of Deno's native HTTP server
and other utilities for creating HTTP servers and clients.</p>
<h2 id="file-server">
File Server</h2>
<p>A small program for serving local files over HTTP.</p>

```js
deno run --allow-net --allow-read jsr:@std/http/file-server
Listening on:
- Local: http://localhost:8000
```

<p>When the <code>--allow-sys=networkInterfaces</code> permission is provided, the file
server will also display the local area network addresses that can be used to
access the server.</p>
<h2 id="http-status-code-and-status-text">
HTTP Status Code and Status Text</h2>
<p>Helper for processing status code and status text.</p>
<h2 id="http-errors">
HTTP errors</h2>
<p>Provides error classes for each HTTP error status code as well as utility
functions for handling HTTP errors in a structured way.</p>
<h2 id="methods">
Methods</h2>
<p>Provides helper functions and types to work with HTTP method strings safely.</p>
<h2 id="negotiation">
Negotiation</h2>
<p>A set of functions which can be used to negotiate content types, encodings and
languages when responding to requests.</p>
<blockquote>
<p>Note: some libraries include accept charset functionality by analyzing the
<code>Accept-Charset</code> header. This is a legacy header that
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/HTTP/Headers/Accept-Charset" rel="nofollow">clients omit and servers should ignore</a>
therefore is not provided.</p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="user-agent-handling">
User agent handling</h2>
<p>The <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/http@1.0.22/doc/~/UserAgent" rel="nofollow"><code>UserAgent</code></a> class provides user agent string parsing, allowing
a user agent flag to be semantically understood.</p>
<p>For example to integrate the user agent provided in the header <code>User-Agent</code>
in an http request would look like this:</p>

```js
import { UserAgent } from "@std/http/user-agent";

Deno.serve((req) => {
  const userAgent = new UserAgent(req.headers.get("user-agent") ?? "");
  return new Response(`Hello, ${userAgent.browser.name}
    on ${userAgent.os.name} ${userAgent.os.version}!`);
});
```

<h3 id="routing">
Routing</h3>
<p><code>route</code> provides an easy way to route requests to different
handlers based on the request path and method.</p>

```js
import { route, type Route } from "@std/http/unstable-route";
import { serveDir } from "@std/http/file-server";

const routes: Route[] = [
  {
    pattern: new URLPattern({ pathname: "/about" }),
    handler: () => new Response("About page"),
  },
  {
    pattern: new URLPattern({ pathname: "/users/:id" }),
    handler: (_req, _info, params) => new Response(params?.pathname.groups.id),
  },
  {
    pattern: new URLPattern({ pathname: "/static/*" }),
    handler: (req: Request) => serveDir(req)
  },
  {
    method: ["GET", "HEAD"],
    pattern: new URLPattern({ pathname: "/api" }),
    handler: (req: Request) => new Response(req.method === 'HEAD' ? null : 'ok'),
  },
];

function defaultHandler(_req: Request) {
  return new Response("Not found", { status: 404 });
}

Deno.serve(route(routes, defaultHandler));
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/http
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/http/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/http on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## Why use @std/http?

Great for small, fast HTTP servers and handlers using the Web Fetch API style.

## Examples

A minimal server

```ts
import { serve } from "@std/http";

serve((_req) => new Response("Hello"), { port: 8000 });
```

Conditional GET with ETag (304 Not Modified)

```ts
import { serve } from "@std/http";
import { eTag, ifNoneMatch } from "@std/http/etag";

const body = JSON.stringify({ message: "Hello, cached world" });
const etag = eTag(body);

serve((req) => {
  const inm = req.headers.get("if-none-match");
  // ifNoneMatch returns false when the tag matches -> respond 304
  if (!ifNoneMatch(inm, etag)) {
    return new Response(null, { status: 304, headers: { ETag: etag } });
  }
  return new Response(body, {
    headers: { "content-type": "application/json; charset=utf-8", ETag: etag },
  });
});
```

Content negotiation (HTML vs JSON)

```ts
import { serve } from "@std/http";
import { accepts } from "@std/http/negotiation";

serve((req) => {
  const preferred = accepts(req) ?? ["*/*"];
  if (preferred.includes("application/json") || preferred.includes("*/*")) {
    return Response.json({ ok: true });
  }
  return new Response("<h1>ok</h1>", {
    headers: { "content-type": "text/html; charset=utf-8" },
  });
});
```

Cookies: set, read, and delete

```ts
import { serve } from "@std/http";
import { deleteCookie, getCookies, setCookie } from "@std/http/cookie";

serve(async (req) => {
  const url = new URL(req.url);
  const headers = new Headers();

  if (url.pathname === "/login" && req.method === "POST") {
    // In practice, validate credentials first
    setCookie(headers, {
      name: "sid",
      value: crypto.randomUUID(),
      httpOnly: true,
      secure: true,
      sameSite: "Lax",
      path: "/",
      maxAge: 60 * 60, // 1 hour
    });
    return new Response("ok", { headers });
  }

  if (url.pathname === "/me") {
    const cookies = getCookies(req.headers);
    const sid = cookies["sid"] ?? "(none)";
    return Response.json({ sid });
  }

  if (url.pathname === "/logout") {
    deleteCookie(headers, "sid", { path: "/" });
    return new Response("bye", { headers });
  }

  return new Response("not found", { status: 404 });
});
```

Static files and CORS with `serveDir`

```ts
import { serve } from "@std/http";
import { serveDir } from "@std/http/file-server";

// Requires --allow-read for your public directory
serve((req) =>
  serveDir(req, {
    fsRoot: "public",
    showDirListing: true,
    enableCors: true, // Adds basic Access-Control-* headers
    urlRoot: "/static",
  })
);
```

Stream updates with Server-Sent Events (SSE)

```ts
import { serve } from "@std/http";
import { ServerSentEventStream } from "@std/http/server-sent-event-stream";

serve((_req) => {
  const { readable, writable } = new TransformStream();
  const sse = new ServerSentEventStream(writable);

  let i = 0;
  const timer = setInterval(() => {
    sse.dispatchMessage({
      event: "tick",
      id: String(i),
      data: new Date().toISOString(),
    });
    i++;
    if (i === 5) { // stop after 5 messages
      clearInterval(timer);
      sse.close();
    }
  }, 1000);

  return new Response(readable, {
    headers: {
      "content-type": "text/event-stream",
      "cache-control": "no-cache",
      "connection": "keep-alive",
    },
  });
});
```

Serve a single file (Range requests supported)

```ts
import { serve } from "@std/http";
import { serveFile } from "@std/http/file-server";

serve((req) => {
  const url = new URL(req.url);
  if (url.pathname === "/video") {
    return serveFile(req, "static/video.mp4");
  }
  return new Response("not found", { status: 404 });
});
```

## Tips

- Handlers are `(req: Request) => Response | Promise<Response>`.
- Compose with standard `URL`, `Headers`, and `Request` for parsing and
  responses.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# Standard Library (@std)

> An introduction to Deno's Standard Library. Learn about TypeScript-first modules, cross-platform compatibility, versioning, package management, and how to use standard modules in your Deno projects.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/


Deno provides a standard library written in TypeScript. It is a set of standard
modules that can be reused by programs, allowing you to focus on your
application logic rather than "reinventing the wheel" for common tasks. All of
the modules in the Deno Standard Library are audited by the core team and are
guaranteed to work with Deno, ensuring consistency and reliability.

Many packages in the Deno Standard Library are also compatible with Node.js,
Cloudflare Workers, and other JavaScript environments. This allows you to write
code that can be run in multiple environments without modification.

The standard library is hosted on JSR and is available at:
[https://jsr.io/@std](https://jsr.io/@std). Packages are documented, tested, and
include usage examples.

## Packages

<!-- packages:start -->
- [@std/assert](./assert/) – Common assertion functions, especially useful for testing
- [@std/async](./async/) – Utilities for asynchronous operations, like delays, debouncing, or pooling
- [@std/bytes](./bytes/) – Utilities to manipulate Uint8Arrays that are not built-in to JavaScript
- [@std/cache](./cache/) – UNSTABLE: Cache utilities
- [@std/cbor](./cbor/) – UNSTABLE: Utilities for parsing and serializing Concise Binary Object Representation (CBOR)
- [@std/cli](./cli/) – Tools for creating interactive command line tools
- [@std/collections](./collections/) – Pure functions for common tasks related to collection types like arrays and objects
- [@std/crypto](./crypto/) – Extensions to the Web Crypto API
- [@std/csv](./csv/) – Reading and writing of comma-separated values (CSV) files
- [@std/data-structures](./data-structures/) – Common data structures like red-black trees and binary heaps
- [@std/datetime](./datetime/) – UNSTABLE: Utilities for dealing with Date objects
- [@std/dotenv](./dotenv/) – UNSTABLE: Parsing and loading environment variables from a `.env` file
- [@std/encoding](./encoding/) – Utilities for encoding and decoding common formats like hex, base64, and varint
- [@std/expect](./expect/) – Jest compatible `expect` assertion functions
- [@std/fmt](./fmt/) – Utilities for formatting values, such as adding colors to text, formatting durations, printf utils, formatting byte numbers.
- [@std/front-matter](./front-matter/) – Extract front matter from strings
- [@std/fs](./fs/) – Helpers for working with the file system
- [@std/html](./html/) – Functions for HTML, such as escaping or unescaping HTML entities
- [@std/http](./http/) – Utilities for building HTTP servers
- [@std/ini](./ini/) – UNSTABLE: Parsing and serializing of INI files
- [@std/internal](./internal/) – INTERNAL: The internal package for @std. Do not use this directly.
- [@std/io](./io/) – UNSTABLE: The utilities for advanced I/O operations using Reader and Writer interfaces.
- [@std/json](./json/) – (Streaming) parsing and serializing of JSON files
- [@std/jsonc](./jsonc/) – Parsing and serializing of JSONC files
- [@std/log](./log/) – UNSTABLE: A customizable logger framework
- [@std/math](./math/) – Basic math utilities
- [@std/media-types](./media-types/) – Utility functions for media types (MIME types)
- [@std/msgpack](./msgpack/) – Encoding and decoding for the msgpack format
- [@std/net](./net/) – Utilities for working with the network
- [@std/path](./path/) – Utilities for working with file system paths
- [@std/random](./random/) – UNSTABLE: Various utilities using random number generators. The package also provides seeded pseudo-random number generator.
- [@std/regexp](./regexp/) – Utilities for working with RegExp
- [@std/semver](./semver/) – Parsing and comparing of semantic versions (SemVer)
- [@std/streams](./streams/) – Utilities for working with the Web Streams API
- [@std/tar](./tar/) – UNSTABLE: Streaming utilities for working with tar archives.
- [@std/testing](./testing/) – Tools for testing Deno code like snapshot testing, bdd testing, and time mocking
- [@std/text](./text/) – Utilities for working with text
- [@std/toml](./toml/) – Parsing and serializing of TOML files
- [@std/ulid](./ulid/) – Generation of Universally Unique Lexicographically Sortable Identifiers (ULIDs)
- [@std/uuid](./uuid/) – Generators and validators for UUIDs
- [@std/webgpu](./webgpu/) – UNSTABLE: Utilities for working with the Web GPU API
- [@std/yaml](./yaml/) – Parsing and serializing of YAML files
<!-- packages:end -->

## Versioning and stability

Each package of the standard library is independently versioned. Packages follow
[semantic versioning rules](https://jsr.io/@std/semver). You can use
[version pinning or version ranges](/runtime/fundamentals/modules/#package-versions)
to prevent major releases from affecting your code.

## Importing standard library modules

To install packages from the Deno Standard Library, you can use the `deno add`
subcommand to add the package to your `deno.json` import map.

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/fs jsr:@std/path
```

The `deno.json` `imports` field will be updated to include those imports:

```json
{
  "imports": {
    "@std/fs": "jsr:@std/fs@^1.0.2",
    "@std/path": "jsr:@std/path@^1.0.3"
  }
}
```

You can then import these packages in your source code:

```ts
import { copy } from "@std/fs";
import { join } from "@std/path";

await copy("foo.txt", join("dist", "foo.txt"));
```

Alternatively, you can import modules directly with the `jsr:` specifier:

```js
import { copy } from "jsr:@std/fs@^1.0.2";
import { join } from "jsr:@std/path@^1.0.3";

await copy("foo.txt", join("dist", "foo.txt"));
```

## Node.js compatibility

The Deno Standard Library is designed to be compatible with Node.js, Cloudflare
Workers, and other JavaScript environments. The standard library is written in
TypeScript and compiled to JavaScript, so it can be used in any JavaScript
environment.

```sh
npx jsr add @std/fs @std/path
```

Running this command will add those packages to your `package.json`:

```json
{
  "dependencies": {
    "@std/fs": "npm:@jsr/std__fs@^1.0.2",
    "@std/path": "npm:@jsr/std__path@^1.0.3"
  }
}
```

Then you can import them in your source code, just like you would with any other
Node.js package. TypeScript will automatically find the type definitions for
these packages.

```ts
import { copy } from "@std/fs";
import { join } from "@std/path";

await copy("foo.txt", join("dist", "foo.txt"));
```


---

# @std/ini

> Parsing and serializing of INI files

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/ini

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

:::info Unstable

This @std package is experimental and its API may change without a major version bump.

:::
## Overview

<p><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/ini@0.225.2/doc/~/parse" rel="nofollow"><code>parse</code></a> and <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/ini@0.225.2/doc/~/stringify" rel="nofollow"><code>stringify</code></a> for handling
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/INI_file" rel="nofollow">INI</a> encoded data, such as the
<a href="https://specifications.freedesktop.org/desktop-entry-spec/latest/ar01s03.html" rel="nofollow">Desktop Entry specification</a>.
Values are parsed as strings by default to preserve data parity from the original.
Customization is possible in the form of reviver/replacer functions like those in <code>JSON.parse</code> and <code>JSON.stringify</code>.
Nested sections, repeated key names within a section, and key/value arrays are not supported,
but will be preserved when using <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/ini@0.225.2/doc/~/IniMap" rel="nofollow"><code>IniMap</code></a>. Multi-line values are not supported and will throw a syntax error.
White space padding and lines starting with '#', ';', or '//' will be treated as comments.</p>

```js
import * as ini from "@std/ini";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const iniFile = `# Example configuration file
Global Key=Some data here

[Section #1]
Section Value=42
Section Date=1977-05-25`;

const parsed = ini.parse(iniFile, {
  reviver(key, value, section) {
    if (section === "Section #1") {
      if (key === "Section Value") return Number(value);
      if (key === "Section Date") return new Date(value);
    }
    return value;
  },
});

assertEquals(parsed, {
  "Global Key": "Some data here",
  "Section #1": {
    "Section Value": 42,
    "Section Date": new Date("1977-05-25T00:00:00.000Z"),
  },
});

const text = ini.stringify(parsed, {
  replacer(key, value, section) {
    if (section === "Section #1" && key === "Section Date") {
      return (value as Date).toISOString().split("T")[0];
    }
    return value;
  },
});

assertEquals(text, `Global Key=Some data here
[Section #1]
Section Value=42
Section Date=1977-05-25`);
```

<p>Optionally, <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/ini@0.225.2/doc/~/IniMap" rel="nofollow"><code>IniMap</code></a> may be used for finer INI handling. Using this class will permit preserving
comments, accessing values like a map, iterating over key/value/section entries, and more.</p>

```js
import { IniMap } from "@std/ini/ini-map";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const ini = new IniMap();
ini.set("section1", "keyA", 100);
assertEquals(ini.toString(), `[section1]
keyA=100`);

ini.set('keyA', 25)
assertEquals(ini.toObject(), {
  keyA: 25,
  section1: {
    keyA: 100
  }
});
```

<p>The reviver and replacer APIs can be used to extend the behavior of IniMap, such as adding support
for duplicate keys as if they were arrays of values.</p>

```js
import { IniMap } from "@std/ini/ini-map";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const iniFile = `# Example of key/value arrays
[section1]
key1=This key
key1=is non-standard
key1=but can be captured!`;

const ini = new IniMap({ assignment: "=", deduplicate: true });
ini.parse(iniFile, (key, value, section) => {
  if (section) {
    if (ini.has(section, key)) {
      const exists = ini.get(section, key);
      if (Array.isArray(exists)) {
        exists.push(value);
        return exists;
      } else {
        return [exists, value];
      }
    }
  }
  return value;
});

assertEquals(
  ini.get("section1", "key1"),
  ["This key", "is non-standard", "but can be captured!"]
);

const result = ini.toString((key, value) => {
  if (Array.isArray(value)) {
    return value.join(
      `${ini.formatting.lineBreak}${key}${ini.formatting.assignment}`,
    );
  }
  return value;
});

assertEquals(result, iniFile);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/ini
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/ini/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/ini on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is an INI file?

INI files are simple text files used for configuration. They consist of
key-value pairs grouped into sections, making them easy to read and edit by
humans. INI files are commonly used for application settings, preferences, and
other configuration data.

## Why use @std/ini?

- INI is loosely specified; favor simple key/value usage and flat sections for
  best interoperability.
- Values parse as strings by default. Use reviver/replacer to coerce to
  numbers/dates/booleans explicitly.
- Multi-line values and arrays aren’t standard; use `IniMap` plus custom
  reviver/replacer to emulate if needed.
- Comments begin with `#`, `;`, or `//` and are preserved by `IniMap`.

## Examples

Coercing types

```ts
import * as ini from "@std/ini";

const cfg = ini.parse(text, {
  reviver(key, value) {
    if (/^(true|false)$/i.test(value)) return value.toLowerCase() === "true";
    if (/^\d+$/.test(value)) return Number(value);
    return value;
  },
});
```

Custom assignment operator and pretty formatting

```ts
import * as ini from "@std/ini";

const txt = `name: Deno\nversion: 1`;

// Use ':' instead of '=' when parsing
const parsed = ini.parse(txt, { assignment: ":" });

// And keep using ':' and pretty spacing on write
const out = ini.stringify(parsed, { assignment: ":", pretty: true });
// out => "name : Deno\nversion : 1"
```

Preserve comments and order with IniMap

```ts
import { IniMap } from "@std/ini/ini-map";

const text = `# Global
[app]
# Port to listen on
port=8080`;

const im = new IniMap();
im.parse(text);

// Modify a value while preserving comments and ordering
im.set("app", "port", "9090");

// Comments and structure are kept in the output
const roundTrip = im.toString();
```

Merge layered configs (base + local overrides)

```ts
import { IniMap } from "@std/ini/ini-map";

const baseText = `[db]\nhost=localhost\nport=5432\n[app]\nmode=prod`;
const localText = `[db]\nport=6543\n[app]\nmode=dev`;

const base = new IniMap();
base.parse(baseText);

const local = new IniMap();
local.parse(localText);

// Overlay values from local onto base
const overlay = (target: IniMap, source: IniMap) => {
  const obj = source.toObject() as Record<string, unknown>;
  for (const [k, v] of Object.entries(obj)) {
    if (v && typeof v === "object" && !Array.isArray(v)) {
      for (const [kk, vv] of Object.entries(v as Record<string, string>)) {
        target.set(k, kk, vv);
      }
    } else {
      target.set(k, v as string);
    }
  }
};

overlay(base, local);
const merged = base.toString();
```

Duplicate keys: last-wins vs preservation

```ts
import * as ini from "@std/ini";
import { IniMap } from "@std/ini/ini-map";

const dup = `x=1\nx=2`;

// Simple parse: last value wins
const simple = ini.parse(dup); // { x: "2" }

// Using IniMap preserves duplicates (you can implement custom handling)
const im = new IniMap({ deduplicate: true });
im.parse(dup);
// e.g. im.get("x") returns "2" by default; use a custom reviver to collect all
```
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/internal

> The internal package for @std. Do not use this directly.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/internal


:::info Internal

This @std package is for internal use and not intended for public consumption.
APIs may change or be removed.

:::


---

# @std/io

> The utilities for advanced I/O operations using Reader and Writer interfaces.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/io

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

:::info Unstable

This @std package is experimental and its API may change without a major version bump.

:::
## Overview

<p>Utilities for working with Deno's readers, writers, and web streams.</p>
<p><code>Reader</code> and <code>Writer</code> interfaces are deprecated in Deno, and so many of these
utilities are also deprecated. Consider using web streams instead.</p>

```js
import { toReadableStream, toWritableStream } from "@std/io";

await toReadableStream(Deno.stdin)
  .pipeTo(toWritableStream(Deno.stdout));
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/io
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/io/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/io on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## Tips

- Prefer Web Streams for new code. `Reader`/`Writer` helpers exist mainly for
  interop and are being phased out.
- Use `toReadableStream`/`toWritableStream` to bridge Deno’s classic IO to
  streams without buffering everything.
- Backpressure is automatic with Streams; avoid manual read loops when piping.
- For text transforms, pair with `TextDecoderStream`/`TextEncoderStream`.

## Examples

```ts
import { toReadableStream, toWritableStream } from "@std/io";

await toReadableStream(Deno.stdin)
  .pipeThrough(new TextDecoderStream())
  .pipeThrough(
    new TransformStream({
      transform(chunk, ctl) {
        ctl.enqueue(chunk.toUpperCase());
      },
    }),
  )
  .pipeThrough(new TextEncoderStream())
  .pipeTo(toWritableStream(Deno.stdout));
```
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/json

> (Streaming) parsing and serializing of JSON files

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/json

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Utilities for parsing streaming JSON data.</p>

```js
import { JsonStringifyStream } from "@std/json";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const stream = ReadableStream.from([{ foo: "bar" }, { baz: 100 }])
  .pipeThrough(new JsonStringifyStream());

assertEquals(await Array.fromAsync(stream), [
  `{"foo":"bar"}\n`,
  `{"baz":100}\n`
]);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/json
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/json/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/json on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is JSON streaming?

JSON streaming is a technique for processing JSON data in a continuous flow,
rather than loading the entire dataset into memory at once. This is particularly
useful for handling large JSON files or real-time data feeds.

## Why use @std/json?

To stream JSON in and out to handle large datasets without loading everything in
memory.

## Examples

Parse concatenated JSON (multiple JSON values back-to-back)

```ts
import {
  ConcatenatedJsonParseStream,
} from "@std/json/concatenated-json-parse-stream";

// Stream contains two JSON documents back-to-back without delimiters.
const input = ReadableStream.from([
  '{"a":1}{',
  '"b":2}',
]);

const parsed = input.pipeThrough(new ConcatenatedJsonParseStream());
console.log(await Array.fromAsync(parsed)); // [{ a: 1 }, { b: 2 }]
```

Produce NDJSON (JSON Lines) from objects

```ts
import { JsonStringifyStream } from "@std/json/stringify-stream";

const data = [{ id: 1 }, { id: 2 }, { id: 3 }];

// Add a trailing newline after each JSON value for NDJSON
const ndjson = ReadableStream
  .from(data)
  .pipeThrough(new JsonStringifyStream({ suffix: "\n" }));

// Post to a server that accepts application/x-ndjson
await fetch("/ingest", {
  method: "POST",
  headers: { "content-type": "application/x-ndjson" },
  body: ndjson,
});
```

Consume NDJSON safely (split lines across chunk boundaries)

```ts
import { JsonParseStream } from "@std/json/parse-stream";

// Split by newlines, even if a line is split across chunks
function lineSplitter() {
  let buffer = "";
  return new TransformStream<string, string>({
    transform(chunk, controller) {
      buffer += chunk;
      const lines = buffer.split(/\r?\n/);
      buffer = lines.pop() ?? ""; // keep last partial line
      for (const line of lines) if (line) controller.enqueue(line);
    },
    flush(controller) {
      if (buffer) controller.enqueue(buffer);
    },
  });
}

const res = await fetch("/stream.ndjson");
const values = res.body!
  .pipeThrough(new TextDecoderStream())
  .pipeThrough(lineSplitter())
  .pipeThrough(new JsonParseStream());

for await (const obj of values) {
  // Handle each JSON object as it arrives
  console.log(obj);
}
```

Transform a JSON stream on the fly

```ts
import { JsonParseStream } from "@std/json/parse-stream";
import { JsonStringifyStream } from "@std/json/stringify-stream";

// Incoming objects -> map -> outgoing NDJSON
function mapStream<T, U>(map: (t: T) => U) {
  return new TransformStream<T, U>({ transform: (t, c) => c.enqueue(map(t)) });
}

const response = await fetch("/objects.jsonl");
const uppercased = response.body!
  .pipeThrough(new TextDecoderStream())
  .pipeThrough(lineSplitter()) // from previous example
  .pipeThrough(new JsonParseStream<{ name: string }>())
  .pipeThrough(mapStream((o) => ({ name: o.name.toUpperCase() })))
  .pipeThrough(new JsonStringifyStream({ suffix: "\n" }));

// Pipe to another request, a file, or process further
await fetch("/store", { method: "POST", body: uppercased });
```

## Tips

- Use `JsonStringifyStream`/`JsonParseStream` to compose pipelines with
  `fetch()` and file streams.
- Be explicit about encoding boundaries—prefer UTF-8 and
  `TextEncoder`/`TextDecoder` when bridging.
- For NDJSON, use `JsonStringifyStream({ suffix: "\n" })` when producing, and
  split lines before `JsonParseStream` when consuming.
- Use `ConcatenatedJsonParseStream` when your input is a stream of back-to-back
  JSON values with no separators.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/jsonc

> Parsing and serializing of JSONC files

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/jsonc

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Provides tools for working with
<a href="https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/languages/json#_json-with-comments" rel="nofollow">JSONC</a>
(JSON with comments).</p>
<p>Currently, this module only provides a means of parsing JSONC. JSONC
serialization is not yet supported.</p>

```js
import { parse } from "@std/jsonc";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

assertEquals(parse('{"foo": "bar", } // comment'), { foo: "bar" });
assertEquals(parse('{"foo": "bar", } /* comment *\/'), { foo: "bar" });
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/jsonc
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/jsonc/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/jsonc on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is JSONC?

JSONC (JSON with Comments) is a variant of JSON that allows comments and
trailing commas. It is commonly used for configuration files where human
readability and maintainability are important, such as in Visual Studio Code
settings files.

### Why use @std/jsonc?

This package allows you to easily parse JSONC files, which are not supported by
the standard JSON parser. It is useful for reading configuration files that may
contain comments or trailing commas, making them more user-friendly.

## Examples

Parse with comments and trailing commas

```ts
import { parse } from "@std/jsonc";

const text = `{
  // Service config
  "host": "localhost",
  "port": 8000, // trailing comma allowed
}`;

const cfg = parse(text);
// => { host: "localhost", port: 8000 }
```

Merge user config over defaults

```ts
import { parse } from "@std/jsonc";

const defaults = { host: "127.0.0.1", port: 3000 } as const;
const userText = `{
  // Only override port
  "port": 8080,
}`;

const user = parse(userText) as Partial<typeof defaults>;
const finalCfg = { ...defaults, ...user };
// => { host: "127.0.0.1", port: 8080 }
```

Load a .jsonc file in Deno

```ts
import { parse } from "@std/jsonc";

const raw = await Deno.readTextFile("config.jsonc");
let cfg: unknown;
try {
  cfg = parse(raw);
} catch (err) {
  // Surface a clean error; JSONC parser points near the syntax location
  throw new Error(`Failed to parse config.jsonc: ${err.message}`);
}
```

Strip comments to plain JSON (if you must emit JSON)

```ts
// There is no JSONC stringify yet. To emit JSON, remove comments, then JSON.stringify
function stripJsonc(input: string): string {
  // Remove /* */ and // comments (naive). Ensure you don't remove content inside strings in critical cases.
  return input
    .replace(/\/\*[\s\S]*?\*\//g, "")
    .replace(/(^|[^:])\/\/.*$/gm, "$1");
}

const clean = stripJsonc(raw);
const obj = JSON.parse(clean);
```

### Tips

- Only parsing is supported; for writing, strip comments or use plain JSON.
- Be strict when reading untrusted input—JSONC is for config, not wire
  protocols.
- When stripping comments, be careful with naive regex in the presence of string
  literals. Prefer keeping JSONC at rest and converting only when necessary.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/log

> A customizable logger framework

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/log


:::info No longer recommended

The @std/log package is likely to be removed in the future; consider using
[OpenTelemetry](/runtime/fundamentals/open_telemetry/) for production systems.

:::


---

# @std/math

> Basic math utilities

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/math

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Math functions such as modulo and clamp.</p>

```js
import { clamp, modulo } from "@std/math";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

for (let n = -3; n <= 3; ++n) {
 const val = n * 12 + 5;
 // 5 o'clock is always 5 o'clock, no matter how many twelve-hour cycles you add or remove
 assertEquals(modulo(val, 12), 5);
 assertEquals(clamp(val, 0, 11), n === 0 ? 5 : n > 0 ? 11 : 0);
}
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/math
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/math/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/math on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
<!-- Add persistent custom content below. This section is preserved across generations. -->

<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/media-types

> Utility functions for media types (MIME types)

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/media-types

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Utility functions for media types (MIME types).</p>
<p>This API is inspired by the GoLang <a href="https://pkg.go.dev/mime" rel="nofollow"><code>mime</code></a>
package and <a href="https://github.com/jshttp/mime-types" rel="nofollow">jshttp/mime-types</a>,
and is designed to integrate and improve the APIs from
<a href="https://deno.land/x/media_types" rel="nofollow">x/media_types</a>.</p>
<p>The <code>vendor</code> folder contains copy of the
<a href="https://github.com/jshttp/mime-types" rel="nofollow">jshttp/mime-db</a> <code>db.json</code> file,
along with its license.</p>

```js
import { contentType, allExtensions, getCharset } from "@std/media-types";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

assertEquals(allExtensions("application/json"), ["json", "map"]);

assertEquals(contentType(".json"), "application/json; charset=UTF-8");

assertEquals(getCharset("text/plain"), "UTF-8");
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/media-types
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/media-types/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/media-types on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What are media types?

Media types, also known as MIME types, are standardized identifiers used to
indicate the nature and format of a file or piece of data. They are commonly
used in HTTP headers to specify the type of content being sent or received.

## Why use @std/media-types?

You may need to determine the correct MIME type for a file based on its
extension, or vice versa, when handling file uploads, downloads, or serving web
content. This package provides utility functions to easily map between
extensions and MIME types and obtain charset hints.

## Examples

### Quick lookups

```ts
import { allExtensions, extension, typeByExtension } from "@std/media-types";

console.log(typeByExtension(".png")); // "image/png"
console.log(extension("text/html")); // "html"
console.log(allExtensions("application/json")); // ["json", "map"]
```

### Build headers for responses

```ts
import { contentType } from "@std/media-types";

// Produces a full header value with charset when appropriate
const ct = contentType(".css"); // "text/css; charset=UTF-8"

return new Response("body", {
  headers: {
    "Content-Type": ct ?? "application/octet-stream",
  },
});
```

### Parse and normalize a Content-Type header

```ts
import { formatMediaType, parseMediaType } from "@std/media-types";

const header = "text/HTML; charset=UTF-8";
const [type, params] = parseMediaType(header)!; // ["text/html", { charset: "UTF-8" }]

// Re-serialize with normalized type and params (lowercased keys)
const normalized = formatMediaType(type, params);
// "text/html; charset=UTF-8"
```

### Extract multipart/form-data boundary from a request

```ts
import { parseMediaType } from "@std/media-types";

function getBoundary(headers: Headers): string | undefined {
  const value = headers.get("content-type");
  if (!value) return undefined;
  const parsed = parseMediaType(value);
  return parsed?.[1]?.boundary;
}
```

### Detect charset from an incoming request

```ts
import { getCharset } from "@std/media-types";

async function readText(req: Request): Promise<string> {
  const charset = getCharset(req.headers.get("content-type") ?? "") ?? "UTF-8";
  const bytes = new Uint8Array(await req.arrayBuffer());
  const decoder = new TextDecoder(charset);
  return decoder.decode(bytes);
}
```

## Tips

- Prefer `contentType(extOrType)` when constructing HTTP responses.
- Use `allExtensions(type)` to support multiple possible extensions.
- `parseMediaType` throws on invalid input; wrap in try/catch if parsing user
  input.
- When `contentType()` returns `undefined` for an unknown extension/type, fall
  back to `application/octet-stream`.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/msgpack

> Encoding and decoding for the msgpack format

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/msgpack

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>This module provides functions to encode and decode MessagePack.</p>
<p>MessagePack is an efficient binary serialization format that is language
agnostic. It is like JSON, but generally produces much smaller payloads.
<a href="https://msgpack.org/" rel="nofollow">Learn more about MessagePack</a>.</p>

```js
import { decode, encode } from "@std/msgpack";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const obj = {
  str: "deno",
  arr: [1, 2, 3],
  bool: true,
  nil: null,
  map: {
    foo: "bar"
  }
};

const encoded = encode(obj);
assertEquals(encoded.length, 42);

const decoded = decode(encoded);
assertEquals(decoded, obj);
```

<p>MessagePack supports encoding and decoding the following types:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>number</code></li>
<li><code>bigint</code></li>
<li><code>string</code></li>
<li><code>boolean</code></li>
<li><code>null</code></li>
<li><code>Uint8Array</code></li>
<li>arrays of values of these types</li>
<li>objects with string or number keys, and values of these types</li>
</ul>

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/msgpack
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/msgpack/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/msgpack on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is MessagePack?

MessagePack is a binary serialization format that is compact, fast, and
schema-less. It is designed to be efficient in both size and speed, making it
suitable for high-performance applications and data exchange between different
programming languages.

## Why use @std/msgpack?

- MessagePack is great for compact, fast, schema-less payloads between trusted
  services. Useful if you need a more efficient alternative to JSON.
- Binary-safe: `Uint8Array` round-trips without base64 overhead.

## Examples

```ts
import { decode, encode } from "@std/msgpack";

const payload = { id: 1, items: ["a", "b"], data: new Uint8Array([1, 2, 3]) };
const bin = encode(payload);
const back = decode(bin);
```

Custom extension types

```ts
import { Decoder, Encoder, ExtData } from "@std/msgpack";

// tag 1 for Date
const enc = new Encoder({
  extensionCodec: {
    tryToEncode(object) {
      if (object instanceof Date) {
        return new ExtData(
          1,
          new Uint8Array(new BigInt64Array([BigInt(object.getTime())]).buffer),
        );
      }
    },
  },
});

const dec = new Decoder({
  extensionCodec: {
    decode(data) {
      if (data.type === 1) {
        return new Date(Number(new BigInt64Array(data.data.buffer)[0]));
      }
    },
  },
});
```

## Tips

- Beware of bigint vs number: very large integers decode to `bigint`.
- For interop with other languages, stick to common types (number, string,
  boolean, null, arrays, maps, bytes).
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/net

> Utilities for working with the network

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/net

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Network utilities.</p>

```js
import { getAvailablePort } from "@std/net";

const command = new Deno.Command(Deno.execPath(), {
 args: ["test.ts", "--port", getAvailablePort().toString()],
});

// ...
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/net
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/net/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/net on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is @std/net?

Utilities to help with common networking tasks that complement Deno's core APIs:

- Finding or reserving an open port.
- Discovering a machine's LAN address to bind servers.
- Validating IP versions and checking if an address belongs to a CIDR subnet.

## Why use @std/net?

- To pick safe ports and interfaces:
  - Prefer ephemeral ports via `Deno.listen({ port: 0 })` when you control the
    listener.
  - Use `getAvailablePort()` when you need a free port value to pass to other
    processes before binding (then bind immediately to avoid races).
- Bind to the right network: use `getNetworkAddress()` to serve on your LAN’s
  IPv4 or IPv6 address instead of loopback.
- Validate and filter traffic: `isIPv4`/`isIPv6` and `match*Subnet` helpers let
  you build allow/deny lists or feature gates by IP ranges.

## Examples

```ts
const listener = Deno.listen({ hostname: "127.0.0.1", port: 0 });
const { port } = listener.addr as Deno.NetAddr;
// start server on listener ...
```

### Bind to a LAN address (not just localhost)

```ts
import { getNetworkAddress } from "@std/net/unstable-get-network-address";

const hostname = getNetworkAddress() ?? "127.0.0.1"; // default IPv4
Deno.serve({ hostname, port: 0 }, () => new Response("Hello from LAN"));
```

### Validate incoming IP family

```ts
import { isIPv4, isIPv6 } from "@std/net/unstable-ip";

function describe(ip: string): string {
  if (isIPv4(ip)) return "IPv4";
  if (isIPv6(ip)) return "IPv6";
  return "unknown";
}
```

### Allowlist requests by subnet (IPv4 and IPv6)

```ts
import { matchSubnets } from "@std/net/unstable-ip";

const allowlist = [
  "192.168.1.0/24", // home LAN
  "2001:db8::/64", // docs example IPv6 prefix
];

Deno.serve((req, info) => {
  const ip = (info.remoteAddr as Deno.NetAddr).hostname;
  if (!matchSubnets(ip, allowlist)) {
    return new Response("Forbidden", { status: 403 });
  }
  return new Response("OK");
});
```

### Pass a free port to a child process

```ts
import { getAvailablePort } from "@std/net";

const port = getAvailablePort();
// Immediately reserve it in your process if possible to avoid races
const listener = Deno.listen({ hostname: "127.0.0.1", port });

const child = new Deno.Command("deno", {
  args: ["run", "--allow-net", "./child_server.ts", String(port)],
});
child.spawn();
```

## Tips

- Prefer `Deno.listen({ port: 0 })` when possible; use `getAvailablePort()` only
  when you must pass a port value to another process first.
- After obtaining a port number, bind right away in the same process to avoid
  TOCTOU race conditions.
- `unstable-ip` helpers are great for allow/deny lists but avoid putting full
  access control solely in client-controlled headers like `X-Forwarded-For`.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/path

> Utilities for working with file system paths

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/path

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Utilities for working with OS-specific file paths.</p>
<p>Functions from this module will automatically switch to support the path style
of the current OS, either <code>windows</code> for Microsoft Windows, or <code>posix</code> for
every other operating system, eg. Linux, MacOS, BSD etc.</p>
<p>To use functions for a specific path style regardless of the current OS
import the modules from the platform sub directory instead.</p>
<h2 id="basic-path-operations">
Basic Path Operations</h2>

```js
import * as path from "@std/path";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

// Get components of a path
if (Deno.build.os === "windows") {
  assertEquals(path.basename("C:\\Users\\user\\file.txt"), "file.txt");
  assertEquals(path.dirname("C:\\Users\\user\\file.txt"), "C:\\Users\\user");
  assertEquals(path.extname("C:\\Users\\user\\file.txt"), ".txt");
} else {
  assertEquals(path.basename("/home/user/file.txt"), "file.txt");
  assertEquals(path.dirname("/home/user/file.txt"), "/home/user");
  assertEquals(path.extname("/home/user/file.txt"), ".txt");
}

// Join path segments
if (Deno.build.os === "windows") {
  assertEquals(path.join("C:\\", "Users", "docs", "file.txt"), "C:\\Users\\docs\\file.txt");
} else {
  assertEquals(path.join("/home", "user", "docs", "file.txt"), "/home/user/docs/file.txt");
}

// Normalize a path
if (Deno.build.os === "windows") {
  assertEquals(path.normalize("C:\\Users\\user\\..\\temp\\.\\file.txt"), "C:\\Users\\temp\\file.txt");
} else {
  assertEquals(path.normalize("/home/user/../temp/./file.txt"), "/home/temp/file.txt");
}

// Resolve absolute path
if (Deno.build.os === "windows") {
  const resolved = path.resolve("C:\\foo", "docs", "file.txt");
  assertEquals(resolved, "C:\\foo\\docs\\file.txt");
  assertEquals(path.isAbsolute(resolved), true);
} else {
  const resolved = path.resolve("/foo", "docs", "file.txt");
  assertEquals(resolved, "/foo/docs/file.txt");
  assertEquals(path.isAbsolute(resolved), true);
}

// Get relative path
if (Deno.build.os === "windows") {
  assertEquals(path.relative("C:\\Users", "C:\\Users\\docs\\file.txt"), "docs\\file.txt");
  assertEquals(path.relative("C:\\Users", "D:\\Programs"), "D:\\Programs");
} else {
  assertEquals(path.relative("/home/user", "/home/user/docs/file.txt"), "docs/file.txt");
  assertEquals(path.relative("/home/user", "/var/data"), "../../var/data");
}
```

<h2 id="path-parsing-and-formatting">
Path Parsing and Formatting</h2>

```js
import * as path from "@std/path";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

if (Deno.build.os === "windows") {
  const parsedWindows = path.parse("C:\\Users\\user\\file.txt");
  assertEquals(parsedWindows.root, "C:\\");
  assertEquals(parsedWindows.dir, "C:\\Users\\user");
  assertEquals(parsedWindows.base, "file.txt");
  assertEquals(parsedWindows.ext, ".txt");
  assertEquals(parsedWindows.name, "file");

  // Format path from components (Windows)
  assertEquals(
    path.format({ dir: "C:\\Users\\user", base: "file.txt" }),
    "C:\\Users\\user\\file.txt"
  );
} else {
  const parsedPosix = path.parse("/home/user/file.txt");
  assertEquals(parsedPosix.root, "/");
  assertEquals(parsedPosix.dir, "/home/user");
  assertEquals(parsedPosix.base, "file.txt");
  assertEquals(parsedPosix.ext, ".txt");
  assertEquals(parsedPosix.name, "file");

  // Format path from components (POSIX)
  assertEquals(
    path.format({ dir: "/home/user", base: "file.txt" }),
    "/home/user/file.txt"
  );
}
```

<h2 id="url-conversion">
URL Conversion</h2>

```js
import * as path from "@std/path";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

// Convert between file URLs and paths
if (Deno.build.os === "windows") {
  assertEquals(path.fromFileUrl("file:///C:/Users/user/file.txt"), "C:\\Users\\user\\file.txt");
  assertEquals(path.toFileUrl("C:\\Users\\user\\file.txt").href, "file:///C:/Users/user/file.txt");
} else {
  assertEquals(path.fromFileUrl("file:///home/user/file.txt"), "/home/user/file.txt");
  assertEquals(path.toFileUrl("/home/user/file.txt").href, "file:///home/user/file.txt");
}
```

<h2 id="path-properties">
Path Properties</h2>

```js
import * as path from "@std/path";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

// Check if path is absolute
if (Deno.build.os === "windows") {
  assertEquals(path.isAbsolute("C:\\Users"), true);
  assertEquals(path.isAbsolute("\\\\Server\\share"), true);
  assertEquals(path.isAbsolute("C:relative\\path"), false);
  assertEquals(path.isAbsolute("..\\relative\\path"), false);
} else {
  assertEquals(path.isAbsolute("/home/user"), true);
  assertEquals(path.isAbsolute("./relative/path"), false);
  assertEquals(path.isAbsolute("../relative/path"), false);
}

// Convert to namespaced path (Windows-specific)
if (Deno.build.os === "windows") {
  assertEquals(path.toNamespacedPath("C:\\Users\\file.txt"), "\\\\?\\C:\\Users\\file.txt");
  assertEquals(path.toNamespacedPath("\\\\server\\share\\file.txt"), "\\\\?\\UNC\\server\\share\\file.txt");
} else {
  // On POSIX, toNamespacedPath returns the path unchanged
  assertEquals(path.toNamespacedPath("/home/user/file.txt"), "/home/user/file.txt");
}
```

<h2 id="glob-pattern-utilities">
Glob Pattern Utilities</h2>

```js
import * as path from "@std/path";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

// Check if a string is a glob pattern
assertEquals(path.isGlob("*.txt"), true);

// Convert glob pattern to RegExp
const pattern = path.globToRegExp("*.txt");
assertEquals(pattern.test("file.txt"), true);

// Join multiple glob patterns
if (Deno.build.os === "windows") {
  assertEquals(path.joinGlobs(["src", "**\\*.ts"]), "src\\**\\*.ts");
} else {
  assertEquals(path.joinGlobs(["src", "**\/*.ts"]), "src/**\/*.ts");
}

// Normalize a glob pattern
if (Deno.build.os === "windows") {
  assertEquals(path.normalizeGlob("src\\..\\**\\*.ts"), "**\\*.ts");
} else {
  assertEquals(path.normalizeGlob("src/../**\/*.ts"), "**\/*.ts");
}
```

<p>For POSIX-specific functions:</p>

```js
import { fromFileUrl } from "@std/path/posix/from-file-url";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

assertEquals(fromFileUrl("file:///home/foo"), "/home/foo");
```

<p>For Windows-specific functions:</p>

```js
import { fromFileUrl } from "@std/path/windows/from-file-url";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

assertEquals(fromFileUrl("file:///home/foo"), "\\home\\foo");
```

<p>Functions for working with URLs can be found in
<a href="https://github.com/denoland/std/blob/HEAD/./doc/posix/~" rel="nofollow">@std/path/posix</a>.</p>

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/path
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/path/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/path on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## When to use @std/path

Use it anywhere you build, normalize, or inspect file paths. It handles POSIX
and Windows differences so your code stays portable.

## Examples

```ts
import { basename, dirname, extname, join, resolve } from "@std/path";

const file = join("content", "posts", "hello.md");
console.log(dirname(file)); // content/posts
console.log(basename(file)); // hello.md
console.log(extname(file)); // .md
console.log(resolve(".", "assets")); // absolute path
```

## Tips

- Prefer `join` over string concatenation.
- Use `fromFileUrl`/`toFileUrl` when moving between file URLs and paths.
- For OS-specific logic, import from `@std/path/posix` or `@std/path/windows`.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/random

> Various utilities using random number generators. The package also provides seeded pseudo-random number generator.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/random

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

:::info Unstable

This @std package is experimental and its API may change without a major version bump.

:::
## Overview

<p>Utilities for generating random numbers.</p>
<p>Example of generating a random integer with fixed seed number:</p>

```js
import { randomIntegerBetween } from "@std/random";
import { randomSeeded } from "@std/random";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const prng = randomSeeded(1n);

assertEquals(randomIntegerBetween(1, 10, { prng }), 3);
```

<p>Example of generating a random integer between two values:</p>

```js
import { randomIntegerBetween } from "@std/random";
import { randomSeeded } from "@std/random";

const prng = randomSeeded(BigInt(crypto.getRandomValues(new Uint32Array(1))[0]!));

const randomInteger = randomIntegerBetween(1, 10, { prng });
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/random
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/random/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/random on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## Why use @std/random?

Random number generation is useful for simulations, games, sampling,and
randomized algorithms. This package provides both convenience functions for
common use cases and a way to create reproducible pseudo-random sequences via
seeding.

## Examples

```ts
import { randomIntegerBetween, randomSeeded } from "@std/random";

const prng = randomSeeded(123n);
const roll = randomIntegerBetween(1, 6, { prng });
```

## Tips

- For reproducible tests and simulations, use `randomSeeded(seed)` and pass the
  PRNG to helpers.
- For security-sensitive randomness (tokens, keys), use the Web Crypto API
  (`crypto.getRandomValues`) instead of PRNG utilities.
- Distribution helpers like `randomIntegerBetween` are inclusive of both bounds;
  document this in APIs to avoid off-by-one confusion.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/regexp

> Utilities for working with RegExp

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/regexp

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Functions for tasks related to
<a href="https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Regular_expression" rel="nofollow">regular expression</a> (regexp),
such as escaping text for interpolation into a regexp.</p>

```js
import { escape } from "@std/regexp/escape";
import { assertEquals, assertMatch, assertNotMatch } from "@std/assert";

const re = new RegExp(`^${escape(".")}$`, "u");

assertEquals("^\\.$", re.source);
assertMatch(".", re);
assertNotMatch("a", re);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/regexp
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/regexp/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/regexp on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is RegExp?

RegExp (regular expressions) are patterns used to match character combinations
in strings. In JavaScript, they are implemented via the `RegExp` object and
literal syntax (e.g., `/pattern/flags`).

### Why use @std/regexp?

This package provides small utilities to make working with regexps safer and
easier:

- Use `escape()` when interpolating user input into a RegExp to avoid unintended
  meta-characters.
- Prefer the `u` (unicode) flag for correctness; it changes how escapes and
  character classes behave.
- Anchors: `^` and `$` match start/end of string; use `m` flag to make them
  line-based.
- When performance matters, precompile your regex once and reuse it.

## Examples

```ts
import { escape } from "@std/regexp/escape";

const user = "hello.+(world)";
const safe = new RegExp(`^${escape(user)}$`, "u");
safe.test("hello.+(world)"); // true
safe.test("helloX(world)"); // false

// Multiline anchors
const re = /^error:.+$/mu;
re.test("ok\nerror: bad\nnext"); // true
```
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/semver

> Parsing and comparing of semantic versions (SemVer)

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/semver

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>The Semantic Version parser.</p>
<p>Adapted directly from <a href="https://github.com/npm/node-semver" rel="nofollow">semver</a>.</p>

```js
import {
  parse,
  parseRange,
  greaterThan,
  lessThan,
  format
} from "@std/semver";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const semver = parse("1.2.3");
assertEquals(semver, {
  major: 1,
  minor: 2,
  patch: 3,
  prerelease: [],
  build: []
});

assertEquals(format(semver), "1.2.3");

const range = parseRange("1.x || >=2.5.0 || 5.0.0 - 7.2.3");

const s0 = parse("1.2.3");
const s1 = parse("9.8.7");

assertEquals(greaterThan(s0, s1), false);
assertEquals(lessThan(s0, s1), true);
```

<h2 id="versions">
Versions</h2>
<p>A "version" is described by the <code>v2.0.0</code> specification found at
<a href="https://semver.org" rel="nofollow">https://semver.org</a>.</p>
<p>A leading <code>"="</code> or <code>"v"</code> character is stripped off and ignored.</p>
<h2 id="format">
Format</h2>
<p>Semantic versions can be formatted as strings, by default they
are formatted as <code>full</code>. Below is a diagram showing the various
formatting options.</p>

```js
          full
       ┌───┴───┐
    release    │
   ┌───┴───┐   │
primary    │   │
 ┌─┴─┐     │   │
 1.2.3-pre.1+b.1
 │ │ │ └─┬─┘ └┬┘
 │ │ │   │    └── build
 │ │ │   └─────── pre
 │ │ └─────────── patch
 │ └───────────── minor
 └─────────────── major
```

<h2 id="ranges">
Ranges</h2>
<p>A version <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/semver@1.0.7/doc/~/Range" rel="nofollow"><code>Range</code></a> is a set of <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/semver@1.0.7/doc/~/Comparator" rel="nofollow"><code>Comparator</code></a>s which specify
versions that satisfy the range.</p>
<p>A <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/semver@1.0.7/doc/~/Comparator" rel="nofollow"><code>Comparator</code></a> is composed of an <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/semver@1.0.7/doc/~/Operator" rel="nofollow"><code>Operator</code></a> and a
<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/semver@1.0.7/doc/~/SemVer" rel="nofollow">SemVer</a>. The set of primitive <code>operators</code> is:</p>
<ul>
<li><code>&lt;</code> Less than</li>
<li><code>&lt;=</code> Less than or equal to</li>
<li><code>&gt;</code> Greater than</li>
<li><code>&gt;=</code> Greater than or equal to</li>
<li><code>=</code> Equal. If no operator is specified, then equality is assumed, so this
operator is optional, but MAY be included.</li>
</ul>
<p>For example, the comparator <code>&gt;=1.2.7</code> would match the versions <code>1.2.7</code>, <code>1.2.8</code>,
<code>2.5.3</code>, and <code>1.3.9</code>, but not the versions <code>1.2.6</code> or <code>1.1.0</code>.</p>
<p>Comparators can be joined by whitespace to form a <code>comparator set</code>, which is
satisfied by the <strong>intersection</strong> of all of the comparators it includes.</p>
<p>A range is composed of one or more comparator sets, joined by <code>||</code>. A version
matches a range if and only if every comparator in at least one of the
<code>||</code>-separated comparator sets is satisfied by the version.</p>
<p>For example, the range <code>&gt;=1.2.7 &lt;1.3.0</code> would match the versions <code>1.2.7</code>,
<code>1.2.8</code>, and <code>1.2.99</code>, but not the versions <code>1.2.6</code>, <code>1.3.0</code>, or <code>1.1.0</code>.</p>
<p>The range <code>1.2.7 || &gt;=1.2.9 &lt;2.0.0</code> would match the versions <code>1.2.7</code>, <code>1.2.9</code>,
and <code>1.4.6</code>, but not the versions <code>1.2.8</code> or <code>2.0.0</code>.</p>
<h3 id="prerelease-tags">
Prerelease Tags</h3>
<p>If a version has a prerelease tag (for example, <code>1.2.3-alpha.3</code>) then it will
only be allowed to satisfy comparator sets if at least one comparator with the
same <code>[major, minor, patch]</code> tuple also has a prerelease tag.</p>
<p>For example, the range <code>&gt;1.2.3-alpha.3</code> would be allowed to match the version
<code>1.2.3-alpha.7</code>, but it would <em>not</em> be satisfied by <code>3.4.5-alpha.9</code>, even though
<code>3.4.5-alpha.9</code> is technically "greater than" <code>1.2.3-alpha.3</code> according to the
SemVer sort rules. The version range only accepts prerelease tags on the <code>1.2.3</code>
version. The version <code>3.4.5</code> <em>would</em> satisfy the range, because it does not have
a prerelease flag, and <code>3.4.5</code> is greater than <code>1.2.3-alpha.7</code>.</p>
<p>The purpose for this behavior is twofold. First, prerelease versions frequently
are updated very quickly, and contain many breaking changes that are (by the
author"s design) not yet fit for public consumption. Therefore, by default, they
are excluded from range matching semantics.</p>
<p>Second, a user who has opted into using a prerelease version has clearly
indicated the intent to use <em>that specific</em> set of alpha/beta/rc versions. By
including a prerelease tag in the range, the user is indicating that they are
aware of the risk. However, it is still not appropriate to assume that they have
opted into taking a similar risk on the <em>next</em> set of prerelease versions.</p>
<h4 id="prerelease-identifiers">
Prerelease Identifiers</h4>
<p>The method <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/semver@1.0.7/doc/~/increment" rel="nofollow"><code>increment</code></a> takes an additional <code>identifier</code> string
argument that will append the value of the string as a prerelease identifier:</p>

```js
import { increment, parse } from "@std/semver";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

assertEquals(increment(parse("1.2.3"), "prerelease", { prerelease: "alpha" }), parse("1.2.4-alpha.0"));
```

<h3 id="build-metadata">
Build Metadata</h3>
<p>Build metadata is <code>.</code> delimited alpha-numeric string.
When parsing a version it is retained on the <code>build: string[]</code> field
of the SemVer instance. When incrementing there is an additional parameter that
can set the build metadata on the SemVer instance.</p>
<h3 id="advanced-range-syntax">
Advanced Range Syntax</h3>
<p>Advanced range syntax desugars to primitive comparators in deterministic ways.</p>
<p>Advanced ranges may be combined in the same way as primitive comparators using
white space or <code>||</code>.</p>
<h4 id="hyphen-ranges-x.y.z---a.b.c">
Hyphen Ranges <code>X.Y.Z - A.B.C</code></h4>
<p>Specifies an inclusive set.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>1.2.3 - 2.3.4</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.3 &lt;=2.3.4</code></li>
</ul>
<p>If a partial version is provided as the first version in the inclusive range,
then the missing pieces are replaced with zeroes.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>1.2 - 2.3.4</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.0 &lt;=2.3.4</code></li>
</ul>
<p>If a partial version is provided as the second version in the inclusive range,
then all versions that start with the supplied parts of the tuple are accepted,
but nothing that would be greater than the provided tuple parts.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>1.2.3 - 2.3</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.3 &lt;2.4.0</code></li>
<li><code>1.2.3 - 2</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.3 &lt;3.0.0</code></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="x-ranges-1.2.x-1.x-1.2.*-*">
X-Ranges <code>1.2.x</code> <code>1.X</code> <code>1.2.*</code> <code>*</code></h4>
<p>Any of <code>X</code>, <code>x</code>, or <code>*</code> may be used to "stand in" for one of the numeric values
in the <code>[major, minor, patch]</code> tuple.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>*</code> := <code>&gt;=0.0.0</code> (Any version satisfies)</li>
<li><code>1.x</code> := <code>&gt;=1.0.0 &lt;2.0.0</code> (Matching major version)</li>
<li><code>1.2.x</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.0 &lt;1.3.0</code> (Matching major and minor versions)</li>
</ul>
<p>A partial version range is treated as an X-Range, so the special character is in
fact optional.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>""</code> (empty string) := <code>*</code> := <code>&gt;=0.0.0</code></li>
<li><code>1</code> := <code>1.x.x</code> := <code>&gt;=1.0.0 &lt;2.0.0</code></li>
<li><code>1.2</code> := <code>1.2.x</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.0 &lt;1.3.0</code></li>
</ul>
<h4 id="tilde-ranges-1.2.3-1.2-1">
Tilde Ranges <code>~1.2.3</code> <code>~1.2</code> <code>~1</code></h4>
<p>Allows patch-level changes if a minor version is specified on the comparator.
Allows minor-level changes if not.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>~1.2.3</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.3 &lt;1.(2+1).0</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.3 &lt;1.3.0</code></li>
<li><code>~1.2</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.0 &lt;1.(2+1).0</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.0 &lt;1.3.0</code> (Same as <code>1.2.x</code>)</li>
<li><code>~1</code> := <code>&gt;=1.0.0 &lt;(1+1).0.0</code> := <code>&gt;=1.0.0 &lt;2.0.0</code> (Same as <code>1.x</code>)</li>
<li><code>~0.2.3</code> := <code>&gt;=0.2.3 &lt;0.(2+1).0</code> := <code>&gt;=0.2.3 &lt;0.3.0</code></li>
<li><code>~0.2</code> := <code>&gt;=0.2.0 &lt;0.(2+1).0</code> := <code>&gt;=0.2.0 &lt;0.3.0</code> (Same as <code>0.2.x</code>)</li>
<li><code>~0</code> := <code>&gt;=0.0.0 &lt;(0+1).0.0</code> := <code>&gt;=0.0.0 &lt;1.0.0</code> (Same as <code>0.x</code>)</li>
<li><code>~1.2.3-beta.2</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.3-beta.2 &lt;1.3.0</code> Note that prereleases in the
<code>1.2.3</code> version will be allowed, if they are greater than or equal to
<code>beta.2</code>. So, <code>1.2.3-beta.4</code> would be allowed, but <code>1.2.4-beta.2</code> would not,
because it is a prerelease of a different <code>[major, minor, patch]</code> tuple.</li>
</ul>
<h4 id="caret-ranges-^1.2.3-^0.2.5-^0.0.4">
Caret Ranges <code>^1.2.3</code> <code>^0.2.5</code> <code>^0.0.4</code></h4>
<p>Allows changes that do not modify the left-most non-zero element in the
<code>[major, minor, patch]</code> tuple. In other words, this allows patch and minor
updates for versions <code>1.0.0</code> and above, patch updates for versions
<code>0.X &gt;=0.1.0</code>, and <em>no</em> updates for versions <code>0.0.X</code>.</p>
<p>Many authors treat a <code>0.x</code> version as if the <code>x</code> were the major
"breaking-change" indicator.</p>
<p>Caret ranges are ideal when an author may make breaking changes between <code>0.2.4</code>
and <code>0.3.0</code> releases, which is a common practice. However, it presumes that
there will <em>not</em> be breaking changes between <code>0.2.4</code> and <code>0.2.5</code>. It allows for
changes that are presumed to be additive (but non-breaking), according to
commonly observed practices.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>^1.2.3</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.3 &lt;2.0.0</code></li>
<li><code>^0.2.3</code> := <code>&gt;=0.2.3 &lt;0.3.0</code></li>
<li><code>^0.0.3</code> := <code>&gt;=0.0.3 &lt;0.0.4</code></li>
<li><code>^1.2.3-beta.2</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.3-beta.2 &lt;2.0.0</code> Note that prereleases in the
<code>1.2.3</code> version will be allowed, if they are greater than or equal to
<code>beta.2</code>. So, <code>1.2.3-beta.4</code> would be allowed, but <code>1.2.4-beta.2</code> would not,
because it is a prerelease of a different <code>[major, minor, patch]</code> tuple.</li>
<li><code>^0.0.3-beta</code> := <code>&gt;=0.0.3-beta &lt;0.0.4</code> Note that prereleases in the <code>0.0.3</code>
version <em>only</em> will be allowed, if they are greater than or equal to <code>beta</code>.
So, <code>0.0.3-pr.2</code> would be allowed.</li>
</ul>
<p>When parsing caret ranges, a missing <code>patch</code> value desugars to the number <code>0</code>,
but will allow flexibility within that value, even if the major and minor
versions are both <code>0</code>.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>^1.2.x</code> := <code>&gt;=1.2.0 &lt;2.0.0</code></li>
<li><code>^0.0.x</code> := <code>&gt;=0.0.0 &lt;0.1.0</code></li>
<li><code>^0.0</code> := <code>&gt;=0.0.0 &lt;0.1.0</code></li>
</ul>
<p>A missing <code>minor</code> and <code>patch</code> values will desugar to zero, but also allow
flexibility within those values, even if the major version is zero.</p>
<ul>
<li><code>^1.x</code> := <code>&gt;=1.0.0 &lt;2.0.0</code></li>
<li><code>^0.x</code> := <code>&gt;=0.0.0 &lt;1.0.0</code></li>
</ul>
<h3 id="range-grammar">
Range Grammar</h3>
<p>Putting all this together, here is a Backus-Naur grammar for ranges, for the
benefit of parser authors:</p>

```js
range-set  ::= range ( logical-or range ) *
logical-or ::= ( " " ) * "||" ( " " ) *
range      ::= hyphen | simple ( " " simple ) * | ""
hyphen     ::= partial " - " partial
simple     ::= primitive | partial | tilde | caret
primitive  ::= ( "<" | ">" | ">=" | "<=" | "=" ) partial
partial    ::= xr ( "." xr ( "." xr qualifier ? )? )?
xr         ::= "x" | "X" | "*" | nr
nr         ::= "0" | ["1"-"9"] ( ["0"-"9"] ) *
tilde      ::= "~" partial
caret      ::= "^" partial
qualifier  ::= ( "-" pre )? ( "+" build )?
pre        ::= parts
build      ::= parts
parts      ::= part ( "." part ) *
part       ::= nr | [-0-9A-Za-z]+
```

<p>Note that, since ranges may be non-contiguous, a version might not be greater
than a range, less than a range, <em>or</em> satisfy a range! For example, the range
<code>1.2 &lt;1.2.9 || &gt;2.0.0</code> would have a hole from <code>1.2.9</code> until <code>2.0.0</code>, so the
version <code>1.2.10</code> would not be greater than the range (because <code>2.0.1</code> satisfies,
which is higher), nor less than the range (since <code>1.2.8</code> satisfies, which is
lower), and it also does not satisfy the range.</p>
<p>If you want to know if a version satisfies or does not satisfy a range, use the
<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/semver@1.0.7/doc/~/satisfies" rel="nofollow"><code>satisfies</code></a> function.</p>

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/semver
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/semver/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/semver on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## Why use @std/semver?

Compare, sort, and test version ranges correctly—avoid ad-hoc string compares.

## Examples

```ts
import { parse, parseRange, satisfies } from "@std/semver";

const v = parse("1.2.3");
const r = parseRange("^1.2.0");
console.log(satisfies(v, r)); // true
```

## Tips

- Use ranges (`^`, `~`, `x`, hyphen) to express compatibility windows.
- Be explicit with prereleases; range matching excludes them unless included.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/streams

> Utilities for working with the Web Streams API

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/streams

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Utilities for working with the
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Streams_API" rel="nofollow">Streams API</a>.</p>
<p>Includes buffering and conversion.</p>

```js
import { toText } from "@std/streams";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const stream = ReadableStream.from(["Hello, world!"]);
const text = await toText(stream);

assertEquals(text, "Hello, world!");
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/streams
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/streams/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/streams on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What are Web Streams?

Web Streams provide a standard way to handle streaming data in JavaScript. They
allow you to process data piece by piece as it arrives, rather than waiting for
the entire dataset to be available. This is particularly useful for handling
large files, network requests, or any situation where data is produced over
time.

## Why use @std/streams?

Use for buffering, converting, and composing Web Streams efficiently.

### Examples

```ts
import { copy, readerFromStreamReader, writeAll } from "@std/streams";

// Copy from a file to another file via streams
const r = await Deno.open("input.txt");
const w = await Deno.open("output.txt", {
  create: true,
  write: true,
  truncate: true,
});
await copy(r, w);
r.close();
w.close();

// Convert a ReadableStreamDefaultReader to a Deno.Reader
const res = await fetch("https://deno.land");
const denoReader = readerFromStreamReader(res.body!.getReader());
await writeAll(
  Deno.stdout,
  new Uint8Array(await new Response(denoReader).arrayBuffer()),
);
```

## Tips

- Prefer streaming for large payloads to reduce memory pressure.
- Use helpers like `toText`, `toArrayBuffer`, and `iterateReader` for
  conversions.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/tar

> Streaming utilities for working with tar archives.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/tar

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

:::info Unstable

This @std package is experimental and its API may change without a major version bump.

:::
## Overview

<p>Streaming utilities for working with tar archives.</p>
<p>Files are not compressed, only collected into the archive.</p>

```js
import { UntarStream } from "@std/tar/untar-stream";
import { dirname, normalize } from "@std/path";

for await (
  const entry of (await Deno.open("./out.tar.gz"))
    .readable
    .pipeThrough(new DecompressionStream("gzip"))
    .pipeThrough(new UntarStream())
) {
  const path = normalize(entry.path);
  await Deno.mkdir(dirname(path), { recursive: true });
  await entry.readable?.pipeTo((await Deno.create(path)).writable);
}
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/tar
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/tar/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/tar on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is tar?

Tar (tape archive) is a widely-used file format for collecting multiple files
into a single archive file, often for easier distribution or backup. It
preserves file metadata like permissions and timestamps, making it suitable for
system backups and software distribution.

## Why use @std/tar?

Use this package to create or extract tar archives in a streaming fashion, which
is efficient for large datasets and avoids high memory usage.

- This module is streaming-first: use Web Streams to read/write entries without
  buffering whole archives.
- Security: sanitize entry paths and guard against path traversal (".."
  segments) before writing to disk.
- Tar is an archive format, not compression. Layer
  `CompressionStream`/`DecompressionStream` for gzip.
- Preserve permissions/mtime if present in headers when extracting to maintain
  fidelity.

## Examples

```ts
import { UntarStream } from "@std/tar/untar-stream";
import { dirname, isAbsolute, normalize } from "@std/path";

const outDir = "/safe/root";

for await (const entry of file.readable.pipeThrough(new UntarStream())) {
  const normalized = normalize(entry.path);
  // Prevent writing outside outDir
  if (normalized.includes("..") || isAbsolute(normalized)) continue;
  const dest = `${outDir}/${normalized}`;
  await Deno.mkdir(dirname(dest), { recursive: true });
  if (entry.readable) {
    await entry.readable.pipeTo((await Deno.create(dest)).writable);
  }
}
```
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/testing

> Tools for testing Deno code like snapshot testing, bdd testing, and time mocking

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/testing

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>This package provides utilities for testing.</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/bdd/~" rel="nofollow">BDD style testing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/mock/~" rel="nofollow">Test doubles (mocking)</a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/time/~" rel="nofollow">Faking time and timers</a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/snapshot/~" rel="nofollow">Snapshot testing</a></li>
<li><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc/types/~" rel="nofollow">Type assertions</a></li>
</ul>

```js
import { assertSpyCalls, spy } from "@std/testing/mock";
import { FakeTime } from "@std/testing/time";

function secondInterval(cb: () => void): number {
  return setInterval(cb, 1000);
}

Deno.test("secondInterval calls callback every second and stops after being cleared", () => {
  using time = new FakeTime();

  const cb = spy();
  const intervalId = secondInterval(cb);
  assertSpyCalls(cb, 0);
  time.tick(500);
  assertSpyCalls(cb, 0);
  time.tick(500);
  assertSpyCalls(cb, 1);
  time.tick(3500);
  assertSpyCalls(cb, 4);

  clearInterval(intervalId);
  time.tick(1000);
  assertSpyCalls(cb, 4);
});
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/testing
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/testing/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/testing on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## Testing

Testing is the practice of verifying that your code behaves as expected. It
helps catch bugs early, ensures code quality, and provides confidence when
making changes.

Check out the [Deno testing examples](/examples/#testing) for practical usage.

## Why use @std/testing

Use these utilities alongside Deno’s built-in `Deno.test` to write clearer
specs, mock dependencies, fake timers, and create snapshots.

## Examples

```ts
import { afterEach, beforeEach, describe, it } from "@std/testing/bdd";
import { assertSpyCalls, spy } from "@std/testing/mock";
import { FakeTime } from "@std/testing/time";

describe("interval", () => {
  let time: FakeTime;
  beforeEach(() => (time = new FakeTime()));
  afterEach(() => time.restore());

  it("ticks", () => {
    const cb = spy();
    const id = setInterval(cb, 1000);
    time.tick(3000);
    assertSpyCalls(cb, 3);
    clearInterval(id);
  });
});
```

### Snapshot testing

```ts
import { assertSnapshot } from "@std/testing/snapshot";

Deno.test("user json snapshot", async (t) => {
  const user = { id: 1, name: "Ada", tags: ["admin", "ops"] };
  await assertSnapshot(t, user);
});
```

### Stub a global method

```ts
import { stub } from "@std/testing/mock";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

Deno.test("stub Math.random", () => {
  const s = stub(Math, "random", () => 0.5);
  try {
    assertEquals(Math.random(), 0.5);
  } finally {
    s.restore();
  }
});
```

### Program a sequence with returnsNext

```ts
import { returnsNext } from "@std/testing/mock";
import { assertEquals, assertThrows } from "@std/assert";

Deno.test("returnsNext sequences values and errors", () => {
  const next = returnsNext([1, 2, new Error("boom"), 3]);
  assertEquals(next(), 1);
  assertEquals(next(), 2);
  assertThrows(() => next(), Error, "boom");
  assertEquals(next(), 3);
});
```

### Spy and assert call arguments

```ts
import { assertSpyCallArgs, assertSpyCalls, spy } from "@std/testing/mock";

Deno.test("spy captures calls and args", () => {
  const sum = spy((a: number, b: number) => a + b);
  sum(3, 4);
  sum(5, 6);
  assertSpyCalls(sum, 2);
  assertSpyCallArgs(sum, 0, [3, 4]);
});
```

## Tips

- Combine with `@std/assert` or `@std/expect` for assertions.
- Use `FakeTime` to deterministically test timers and `Date.now()`.
- Restore stubs/spies in `afterEach` or `finally` blocks to avoid leaking state.
- Commit snapshot files to version control to catch unintentional changes.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/text

> Utilities for working with text

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/text

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Utility functions for working with text.</p>

```js
import { toCamelCase, compareSimilarity } from "@std/text";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

assertEquals(toCamelCase("snake_case"), "snakeCase");

const words = ["hi", "help", "hello"];

// Words most similar to "hep" will be at the front
assertEquals(words.sort(compareSimilarity("hep")), ["help", "hi", "hello"]);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/text
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/text/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/text on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## Why use @std/text?

Reach for it when you need reliable, well-tested text manipulation utilities
such as case conversions, string similarity, and common text ops.

## Examples

```ts
import { compareSimilarity, toKebabCase } from "@std/text";

console.log(toKebabCase("HelloWorld"));

const candidates = ["install", "init", "info"];
console.log(candidates.sort(compareSimilarity("in")));
```

### Find the closest suggestion

```ts
import { closestString } from "@std/text/closest-string";

const options = ["length", "size", "help"];
console.log(closestString("hep", options)); // "help"
```

### Compute edit distance

```ts
import { levenshteinDistance } from "@std/text";

console.log(levenshteinDistance("kitten", "sitting")); // 3
```

### Sort a list by similarity

```ts
import { wordSimilaritySort } from "@std/text";

const cmds = ["install", "init", "info", "inspect"];
console.log(wordSimilaritySort("in", cmds));
// e.g., ["init", "info", "install", "inspect"]
```

### Dedent a multiline string (unstable)

```ts
import { dedent } from "@std/text/unstable-dedent";

const msg = dedent`
  Line one
    Line two
  Line three
`;
console.log(msg);
// "Line one\n  Line two\nLine three\n"
```

### Unicode-aware reverse (unstable)

```ts
import { reverse } from "@std/text/unstable-reverse";

console.log(reverse("mañana")); // "anañam"
// Preserve grapheme clusters like emoji sequences
console.log(reverse("👩‍❤️‍💋‍👨", { handleUnicode: true }));
```

## Tips

- Use similarity comparisons for CLI fuzzy matching and suggestions.
- Prefer these utils over ad-hoc regex when readability matters.
- Use `closestString()` when you need one best suggestion; use
  `wordSimilaritySort()` to rank many.
- Some utilities are marked unstable; import them via `@std/text/unstable-*` and
  expect potential API changes.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/toml

> Parsing and serializing of TOML files

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/toml

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/toml@1.0.11/doc/~/parse" rel="nofollow"><code>parse</code></a> and <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/toml@1.0.11/doc/~/stringify" rel="nofollow"><code>stringify</code></a> for handling
<a href="https://toml.io" rel="nofollow">TOML</a> encoded data.</p>
<p>Be sure to read the supported types as not every spec is supported at the
moment and the handling in TypeScript side is a bit different.</p>
<h2 id="supported-types-and-handling">
Supported types and handling</h2>
<ul>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#keys" rel="nofollow">Keys</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#string" rel="nofollow">String</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#string" rel="nofollow">Multiline String</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#string" rel="nofollow">Literal String</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#integer" rel="nofollow">Integer</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#float" rel="nofollow">Float</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#boolean" rel="nofollow">Boolean</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#offset-date-time" rel="nofollow">Offset Date-time</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#local-date-time" rel="nofollow">Local Date-time</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#local-date" rel="nofollow">Local Date</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#local-time" rel="nofollow">Local Time</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#table" rel="nofollow">Table</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#inline-table" rel="nofollow">Inline Table</a></li>
<li> <a href="https://toml.io/en/latest#array-of-tables" rel="nofollow">Array of Tables</a></li>
</ul>
<p><em>Supported with warnings see <a href="#Warning" rel="nofollow">Warning</a>.</em></p>
<h3 id="warning">
Warning</h3>
<h4 id="string">
String</h4>
<p>Due to the spec, there is no flag to detect regex properly in a TOML
declaration. So the regex is stored as string.</p>
<h4 id="integer">
Integer</h4>
<p>For <strong>Binary</strong> / <strong>Octal</strong> / <strong>Hexadecimal</strong> numbers, they are stored as string
to be not interpreted as Decimal.</p>
<h4 id="local-time">
Local Time</h4>
<p>Because local time does not exist in JavaScript, the local time is stored as a
string.</p>
<h4 id="array-of-tables">
Array of Tables</h4>
<p>At the moment only simple declarations like below are supported:</p>

```js
[[bin]]
name = "deno"
path = "cli/main.rs"

[[bin]]
name = "deno_core"
path = "src/foo.rs"

[[nib]]
name = "node"
path = "not_found"
```

<p>will output:</p>

```js
{
  "bin": [
    { "name": "deno", "path": "cli/main.rs" },
    { "name": "deno_core", "path": "src/foo.rs" }
  ],
  "nib": [{ "name": "node", "path": "not_found" }]
}
```

```js
import { parse, stringify } from "@std/toml";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const obj = {
  bin: [
    { name: "deno", path: "cli/main.rs" },
    { name: "deno_core", path: "src/foo.rs" },
  ],
  nib: [{ name: "node", path: "not_found" }],
};

const tomlString = stringify(obj);
assertEquals(tomlString, `
[[bin]]
name = "deno"
path = "cli/main.rs"

[[bin]]
name = "deno_core"
path = "src/foo.rs"

[[nib]]
name = "node"
path = "not_found"
`);

const tomlObject = parse(tomlString);
assertEquals(tomlObject, obj);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/toml
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/toml/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/toml on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is TOML?

TOML (Tom's Obvious, Minimal Language) is a configuration file format that is
easy to read due to its simple syntax. It supports various data types like
strings, numbers, booleans, dates, arrays, and tables, making it versatile for
configurations.

## Why use @std/toml?

This module provides a simple and efficient way to parse and stringify TOML data
in JavaScript. Use it to read configuration files or generate TOML content
programmatically.

## Tips

- Mind the supported types: some TOML constructs are represented as strings in
  JS.
- Use arrays-of-tables for repeated sections; keep structures simple for
  clarity.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/ulid

> Generation of Universally Unique Lexicographically Sortable Identifiers (ULIDs)

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/ulid

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Utilities for generating and working with
<a href="https://github.com/ulid/spec" rel="nofollow">Universally Unique Lexicographically Sortable Identifiers (ULIDs)</a>.</p>
<p>To generate a ULID use the <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/ulid@1.0.0/doc/~/ulid" rel="nofollow"><code>ulid</code></a> function. This will generate a
ULID based on the current time.</p>

```js
import { ulid } from "@std/ulid";

ulid(); // 01HYFKMDF3HVJ4J3JZW8KXPVTY
```

<p><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/ulid@1.0.0/doc/~/ulid" rel="nofollow"><code>ulid</code></a> does not guarantee that the ULIDs will be strictly
increasing for the same current time. If you need to guarantee that the ULIDs
will be strictly increasing, even for the same current time, use the
<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/ulid@1.0.0/doc/~/monotonicUlid" rel="nofollow"><code>monotonicUlid</code></a> function.</p>

```js
import { monotonicUlid } from "@std/ulid";

monotonicUlid(); // 01HYFKHG5F8RHM2PM3D7NSTDAS
monotonicUlid(); // 01HYFKHG5F8RHM2PM3D7NSTDAT
```

<p>Because each ULID encodes the time it was generated, you can extract the
timestamp from a ULID using the <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/ulid@1.0.0/doc/~/decodeTime" rel="nofollow"><code>decodeTime</code></a> function.</p>

```js
import { decodeTime, ulid } from "@std/ulid";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const timestamp = 150_000;
const ulidString = ulid(timestamp);

assertEquals(decodeTime(ulidString), timestamp);
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/ulid
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/ulid/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/ulid on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is a ULID?

A ULID (Universally Unique Lexicographically Sortable Identifier) is a
26-character string that serves as a unique identifier. It combines a timestamp
with random data, making it both unique and sortable based on the time of
creation. ULIDs are designed to be URL-safe and can be used in various
applications, such as databases and distributed systems.

## Why use @std/ulid?

Use when you need unique, time-sortable IDs that are easy to generate and share.
Great for databases, distributed systems, and user-facing tokens.

## Tips

- Use `monotonicUlid()` when you need strictly increasing values within the same
  millisecond.
- You can extract the timestamp with `decodeTime(ulid)` to aid debugging.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/uuid

> Generators and validators for UUIDs

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/uuid

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p>Generators and validators for
<a href="https://www.rfc-editor.org/rfc/rfc9562.html" rel="nofollow">RFC 9562</a> UUIDs for
versions v1, v3, v4, v5, v6 and v7.</p>
<p>Use the built-in
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Crypto/randomUUID" rel="nofollow"><code>crypto.randomUUID()</code></a>
function instead of this package, if you only need to generate v4 UUIDs.</p>
<p>Based on <a href="https://www.npmjs.com/package/uuid" rel="nofollow"><code>npm:uuid</code></a>.</p>

```js
import { v5, NAMESPACE_DNS, NIL_UUID } from "@std/uuid";
import { assert, assertFalse } from "@std/assert";

const data = new TextEncoder().encode("deno.land");
const uuid = await v5.generate(NAMESPACE_DNS, data);

assert(v5.validate(uuid));
assertFalse(v5.validate(NIL_UUID));
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/uuid
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/uuid/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/uuid on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is a UUID?

A UUID (Universally Unique Identifier) is a 128-bit identifier used to uniquely
identify information in computer systems. UUIDs are designed to be globally
unique, meaning that the probability of two UUIDs being the same is extremely
low, even if they are generated independently in different systems. This makes
UUIDs useful for a variety of applications, such as database keys, session
identifiers, and distributed computing, where unique identification is crucial.

### Why use @std/uuid?

To generate or validate UUIDs across versions (v1, v3, v4, v5, v6, v7). Prefer
built-in `crypto.randomUUID()` if you only need v4.

### Examples

```ts
import { v4 } from "@std/uuid";

const id = v4.generate();
console.log(v4.validate(id)); // true
```

### Tips

- Namespaced IDs: use v3/v5 for deterministic IDs based on a name + namespace.
- Time-ordered IDs: consider v6/v7 for better index locality.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/webgpu

> Utilities for working with the Web GPU API

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/webgpu

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

:::info Unstable

This @std package is experimental and its API may change without a major version bump.

:::
## Overview

<p>Utilities for interacting with the
<a href="https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/WebGPU_API" rel="nofollow">WebGPU API</a>.</p>

```js
import { createTextureWithData } from "@std/webgpu";

const adapter = await navigator.gpu.requestAdapter();
const device = await adapter?.requestDevice()!;

createTextureWithData(device, {
  format: "bgra8unorm-srgb",
  size: {
    width: 3,
    height: 2,
  },
  usage: GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC,
}, new Uint8Array([1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1]));
```

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/webgpu
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/webgpu/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/webgpu on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is the WebGPU API?

WebGPU is a modern graphics API that provides high-performance 3D graphics and
computation capabilities in web applications. It is designed to be a successor
to WebGL, offering lower-level access to GPU hardware and improved performance
for complex graphics and compute tasks.

## Why use @std/webgpu?

Use for common WebGPU patterns and utilities to simplify setup and resource
management:

- Request the adapter/device once and reuse; feature/limit negotiation up front
  avoids runtime failures.
- Set texture `usage` bits to match all intended operations (COPY_SRC, COPY_DST,
  TEXTURE_BINDING, RENDER_ATTACHMENT).
- Prefer `device.queue.writeBuffer`/`writeTexture` for small uploads; use
  staging buffers for large transfers.

## Examples

### Writing to a buffer

```ts
const buf = device.createBuffer({
  size: 16,
  usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.UNIFORM,
});
device.queue.writeBuffer(buf, 0, new Uint32Array([1, 2, 3, 4]));
```

### Describe a texture format

```ts
import { describeTextureFormat } from "@std/webgpu";

const info = describeTextureFormat("rgba8unorm");
console.log(info.sampleType); // e.g. "float"
console.log(info.allowedUsages.includes(GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT));
console.log(info.blockSize, info.blockDimensions); // bytes per block and block size
```

### Copy a texture to a buffer (with padding)

```ts
import {
  describeTextureFormat,
  getRowPadding,
  resliceBufferWithPadding,
} from "@std/webgpu";

const format: GPUTextureFormat = "rgba8unorm";
const size = { width: 320, height: 200 };
const tex = device.createTexture({
  format,
  size,
  usage: GPUTextureUsage.COPY_SRC | GPUTextureUsage.RENDER_ATTACHMENT,
});

// Compute bytesPerRow with required alignment for buffer copies
const { blockSize, blockDimensions } = describeTextureFormat(format);
const bytesPerPixel = blockSize /
  (blockDimensions.width * blockDimensions.height);
const { padded: bytesPerRow } = getRowPadding(size.width * bytesPerPixel);
const bufferSize = bytesPerRow * size.height;

const out = device.createBuffer({
  size: bufferSize,
  usage: GPUBufferUsage.COPY_DST | GPUBufferUsage.MAP_READ,
});

const encoder = device.createCommandEncoder();
encoder.copyTextureToBuffer(
  { texture: tex },
  { buffer: out, bytesPerRow, rowsPerImage: size.height },
  size,
);
device.queue.submit([encoder.finish()]);

await out.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
const padded = out.getMappedRange();
const pixels = resliceBufferWithPadding(
  new Uint8Array(padded),
  bytesPerRow,
  size,
);
// `pixels` is tightly packed RGBA rows, suitable for encoding/saving
```

### Capture a render target into a buffer

```ts
import { createCapture } from "@std/webgpu";

const { texture, outputBuffer } = createCapture(device, {
  size: { width: 256, height: 256 },
  format: "rgba8unorm",
});

// draw to `texture` as a color attachment, then copy it into `outputBuffer` internally
// later map the buffer to read pixels
await outputBuffer.mapAsync(GPUMapMode.READ);
const data = new Uint8Array(outputBuffer.getMappedRange());
// use `data`...
```

## Tips

- Check for WebGPU support with `if (!navigator.gpu) { ... }`.
- Request the adapter/device once and reuse; feature/limit negotiation up front
  avoids runtime failures.
- Set texture `usage` bits to match all intended operations (COPY_SRC, COPY_DST,
  TEXTURE_BINDING, RENDER_ATTACHMENT).
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# @std/yaml

> Parsing and serializing of YAML files

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/std/yaml

<!-- Autogenerated from JSR docs. Do not edit directly. -->

## Overview

<p><a href="https://jsr.io/@std/yaml@1.0.10/doc/~/parse" rel="nofollow"><code>parse</code></a> and <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/yaml@1.0.10/doc/~/stringify" rel="nofollow"><code>stringify</code></a> for handling
<a href="https://yaml.org/" rel="nofollow">YAML</a> encoded data.</p>
<p>Ported from
<a href="https://github.com/nodeca/js-yaml/commit/665aadda42349dcae869f12040d9b10ef18d12da" rel="nofollow">js-yaml v3.13.1</a>.</p>
<p>Use <a href="https://jsr.io/@std/yaml@1.0.10/doc/~/parseAll" rel="nofollow"><code>parseAll</code></a> for parsing multiple documents in a single YAML
string.</p>
<p>This package generally supports
<a href="https://yaml.org/spec/1.2.2/" rel="nofollow">YAML 1.2.x</a> (latest) and some
<a href="https://yaml.org/spec/1.1/current.html" rel="nofollow">YAML 1.1</a> features that are
commonly used in the wild.</p>
<p>Supported YAML 1.1 features include:</p>
<ul>
<li><a href="https://yaml.org/type/merge.html" rel="nofollow">Merge</a> type (<code>&lt;&lt;</code> symbol)</li>
</ul>
<p>Unsupported YAML 1.1 features include:</p>
<ul>
<li>Yes, No, On, Off literals for bool type</li>
<li>Sexagesimal numbers (e.g. <code>3:25:45</code>)</li>
</ul>

```js
import { parse, stringify } from "@std/yaml";
import { assertEquals } from "@std/assert";

const data = parse(`
foo: bar
baz:
  - qux
  - quux
`);
assertEquals(data, { foo: "bar", baz: [ "qux", "quux" ] });

const yaml = stringify({ foo: "bar", baz: ["qux", "quux"] });
assertEquals(yaml, `foo: bar
baz:
  - qux
  - quux
`);
```

<h2 id="limitations">
Limitations</h2>
<ul>
<li><code>binary</code> type is currently not stable.</li>
</ul>

### Add to your project

```sh
deno add jsr:@std/yaml
```

<a href="https://jsr.io/@std/yaml/doc" class="docs-cta jsr-cta">See all symbols in @std/yaml on
<svg class="inline ml-1" viewBox="0 0 13 7" aria-hidden="true" height="20"><path d="M0,2h2v-2h7v1h4v4h-2v2h-7v-1h-4" fill="#083344"></path><g fill="#f7df1e"><path d="M1,3h1v1h1v-3h1v4h-3"></path><path d="M5,1h3v1h-2v1h2v3h-3v-1h2v-1h-2"></path><path d="M9,2h3v2h-1v-1h-1v3h-1"></path></g></svg></a>

<!-- custom:start -->
## What is YAML?

YAML (YAML Ain't Markup Language) is a human-readable data serialization format
commonly used for configuration files and data exchange between languages with
different data structures. It emphasizes simplicity and readability, making it
easy for humans to write and understand.

### Why use @std/yaml?

YAML is great for configuration files and data exchange where human readability
is a priority. Use it when you need to represent complex data structures in a
way that is easy to read and edit by humans. This module provides simple
functions to parse and serialize YAML data.

## Examples

### Read a config file (with errors handled)

```js
import { parse } from "@std/yaml";

const raw = await Deno.readTextFile("config.yaml");
let config;
try {
  config = parse(raw);
} catch (err) {
  if (err instanceof SyntaxError) {
    console.error("Invalid YAML:", err.message);
  }
  throw err;
}

// Narrow/validate as needed before using
if (
  typeof config === "object" && config !== null &&
  "port" in config && typeof config.port === "number"
) {
  console.log("Listening on", config.port);
}
```

### Multiple documents in one file

```js
import { parseAll } from "@std/yaml";

const docs = parseAll(`
---
name: dev
port: 3000
---
name: prod
port: 80
`);

// e.g. map env name to port
const envToPort = Object.fromEntries(docs.map((d) => [d.name, d.port]));
console.log(envToPort.dev, envToPort.prod);
```

### Stringify with stable diffs (sorted keys, wrapped lines)

```js
import { stringify } from "@std/yaml";

const data = {
  name: "service",
  description: "An example that demonstrates how long lines can be wrapped.",
  tags: ["alpha", "beta", "gamma"],
  nested: { z: 1, a: 2, m: 3 },
};

const yaml = stringify(data, { sortKeys: true, lineWidth: 60, indent: 2 });
console.log(yaml);
```

### YAML anchors and merge keys (YAML 1.1)

```js
import { parse } from "@std/yaml";

const cfg = parse(`
defaults: &base
  retries: 3
  timeout: 5s

serviceA:
  <<: *base
  timeout: 10s

serviceB:
  <<: *base
`);

console.log(cfg.serviceA.timeout); // "10s"
console.log(cfg.serviceB.retries); // 3
```

### Skip unsupported values when stringifying

```js
import { stringify } from "@std/yaml";

const obj = { ok: 1, skipMe: () => {} };
// By default, functions cause a TypeError. Use skipInvalid to omit them.
const yaml = stringify(obj, { skipInvalid: true });
console.log(yaml);
```

### Write YAML back to disk

```js
import { stringify } from "@std/yaml";

const settings = { port: 8080, features: { a: true, b: false } };
await Deno.writeTextFile("settings.yaml", stringify(settings, { indent: 2 }));
```

## Tips

- Use `parseAll` when you expect multiple YAML documents in one string.
- Prefer JSON for machine↔machine interchange; YAML is great for hand-edited
  config.
- For stable diffs in VCS, set `sortKeys: true` and a fixed `indent`/`lineWidth`
  when using `stringify`.
<!-- custom:end -->


---

# Configuring TypeScript

> A guide to TypeScript configuration in Deno. Learn about compiler options, type checking JavaScript, JSDoc support, type declarations, and configuring TypeScript for cross-platform compatibility.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/ts_config_migration


Deno’s flexibility shines in its equal treatment of TypeScript and JavaScript.
Whether you’re transitioning from JavaScript to TypeScript or vice versa, Deno
has features to ease the journey.

## Type Checking JavaScript

You may wish to make your JavaScript more type-sound without adding type
annotations everywhere. Deno supports using the TypeScript type checker to type
check JavaScript. You can mark individual files by adding the check JavaScript
pragma to the file:

```js
// @ts-check
```

This will cause the type checker to infer type information about the JavaScript
code and raise any issues as diagnostic issues.

These can be turned on for all JavaScript files in a program by providing a
configuration file with the check JS option set to `true`, as below. Then use
the `--config` option when running on the command line.

```json
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "checkJs": true
  }
}
```

## Using JSDoc in JavaScript

When type-checking JavaScript or importing JavaScript into TypeScript, JSDoc
annotations can provide additional type information beyond what can just be
inferred from the code itself. Deno supports this seamlessly if you annotate
your code inline with the supported
[TypeScript JSDoc](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/jsdoc-supported-types.html).

For example to set the type of an array use the following JSDoc comment:

```js
/** @type {string[]} */
const a = [];
```

## Skipping type checking

You might have TypeScript code that you are experimenting with, where the syntax
is valid but not fully type safe. You can bypass type checking for a whole
program by passing the `--no-check` flag.

You can also skip whole files being type checked, including JavaScript if you
have check JS enabled, by using the `nocheck` pragma:

```js
// @ts-nocheck
```

## Renaming JS files to TS files

TypeScript files benefit from the TypeScript compiler being able to do more
thorough safety checks of your code. This is often referred to as _strict mode_.
When you rename a `.js` file to `.ts` you'll might see new type errors that you
TypeScript wasn't able to detect before.

## Configuring TypeScript in Deno

Deno aims to simplify TypeScript configuration based on the following design
choices:

- Strict and modern defaults for type-checking rules.
- Allowing the omission of settings relating to the target runtime or
  compatibility, leveraging direct integration with the execution environment.
- Project references using `deno.json` directory scopes.

The last point presents a simpler format than `tsconfig.json`'s
[`references`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/#references) and
[`extends`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/#extends) fields, replacing
them with `deno.json` workspaces and root-member inheritance. See the section on
[type checking in workspaces](/runtime/fundamentals/workspaces/#type-checking).

## `tsconfig.json` compatibility

While using [`tsconfig.json`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/) files is
not recommended for Deno-first projects, existing Node.js + TypeScript
workspaces using them will work out-of-the-box under Deno's type checker and
LSP.

Each workspace directory containing a `deno.json` or `package.json` is probed
for a `tsconfig.json`. If it exists, it is added as a 'root' project reference
and contained references are included recursively.

As with `tsc`, the scope of a TSConfig is determined by its
[root fields](https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/#root-fields). In case of
overlap:

- A reference takes precedence over its referrer.
- For root references, `foo/bar/tsconfig.json` takes precedence over
  `foo/tsconfig.json`.
- If a parent `deno.json` contains `compilerOptions`, that will take precedence
  over any TSConfig.

The following fields are supported:

```json title="tsconfig.json"
{
  "extends": "...",
  "files": ["..."],
  "include": ["..."],
  "exclude": ["..."],
  "references": [
    { "path": "..." }
  ],
  "compilerOptions": {
    "...": "..."
  }
}
```

Except for `compilerOptions`, these fields cannot be specified in `deno.json`.

You may be forced to use a `tsconfig.json` file when, for example, the required
granularity for [`include`](https://www.typescriptlang.org/tsconfig/#include)
cannot be represented with `deno.json` workspaces and directory scopes.

## TS Compiler Options

Here is a table of compiler options that can be changed, their default in Deno
and any other notes about that option:

| Option                           | Default                 | Notes                                                                                                                                     |
| -------------------------------- | ----------------------- | ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------- |
| `allowUnreachableCode`           | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `allowUnusedLabels`              | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `baseUrl`                        | `"./"`                  | This is used for resolving bare specifier entries in `paths` and `rootDirs`, but never for bare specifiers in module imports.             |
| `checkJs`                        | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `jsx`                            | `"react"`               |                                                                                                                                           |
| `jsxFactory`                     | `"React.createElement"` |                                                                                                                                           |
| `jsxFragmentFactory`             | `"React.Fragment"`      |                                                                                                                                           |
| `keyofStringsOnly`               | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `lib`                            | `[ "deno.window" ]`     | The default for this varies based on other settings in Deno. If it is supplied, it overrides the default. See below for more information. |
| `module`                         | `"nodenext"`            | Supported values: `["nodenext", "esnext", "preserve"]`.                                                                                   |
| `moduleResolution`               | `"nodenext"`            | Supported values: `["nodenext", "bundler"]`.                                                                                              |
| `noErrorTruncation`              | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `noFallthroughCasesInSwitch`     | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `noImplicitAny`                  | `true`                  |                                                                                                                                           |
| `noImplicitOverride`             | `true`                  |                                                                                                                                           |
| `noImplicitReturns`              | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `noImplicitThis`                 | `true`                  |                                                                                                                                           |
| `noImplicitUseStrict`            | `true`                  |                                                                                                                                           |
| `noStrictGenericChecks`          | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `noUnusedLocals`                 | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `noUnusedParameters`             | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `noUncheckedIndexedAccess`       | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `paths`                          | `{}`                    |                                                                                                                                           |
| `rootDirs`                       | `null`                  |                                                                                                                                           |
| `strict`                         | `true`                  |                                                                                                                                           |
| `strict`                         | `true`                  |                                                                                                                                           |
| `strictBindCallApply`            | `true`                  |                                                                                                                                           |
| `strictFunctionTypes`            | `true`                  |                                                                                                                                           |
| `strictPropertyInitialization`   | `true`                  |                                                                                                                                           |
| `strictNullChecks`               | `true`                  |                                                                                                                                           |
| `suppressExcessPropertyErrors`   | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `suppressImplicitAnyIndexErrors` | `false`                 |                                                                                                                                           |
| `useUnknownInCatchVariables`     | `true`                  |                                                                                                                                           |

For a full list of compiler options and how they affect TypeScript, please refer
to the
[TypeScript Handbook](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/compiler-options.html).

## Using the "lib" property

If you're working on a project that ships code to multiple runtimes, like
browsers for example, you can tweak the default types via the "lib" property
within the `compilerOptions`.

The built-in libraries that are of interest to users:

- `"deno.ns"` - This includes all the custom `Deno` global namespace APIs plus
  the Deno additions to `import.meta`. This should generally not conflict with
  other libraries or global types.
- `"deno.window"` - This is the "default" library used when checking Deno main
  runtime scripts. It includes the `"deno.ns"` as well as other type libraries
  for the extensions that are built into Deno. This library will conflict with
  libraries like `"dom"` and `"dom.iterable"` that are standard TypeScript
  libraries.
- `"deno.worker"` - This is the library used when checking a Deno web worker
  script. For more information about web workers, check out
  [Type Checking Web Workers](/runtime/reference/ts_config_migration/#type-checking-web-workers).
- `"dom.asynciterable"` - TypeScript currently does not include the DOM async
  iterables that Deno implements (plus several browsers), so we have implemented
  it ourselves until it becomes available in TypeScript.

These are common libraries that are not enabled by default, but are useful when
writing code that is intended to also work in another runtime:

- `"dom"` - The main browser global library that ships with TypeScript. The type
  definitions conflict in many ways with `"deno.window"` and so if `"dom"` is
  used, then consider using just `"deno.ns"` to expose the Deno specific APIs.
- `"dom.iterable"` - The iterable extensions to the browser global library.
- `"scripthost"` - The library for the Microsoft Windows Script Host.
- `"webworker"` - The main library for web workers in the browser. Like `"dom"`
  this will conflict with `"deno.window"` or `"deno.worker"`, so consider using
  just `"deno.ns"` to expose the Deno specific APIs.
- `"webworker.importscripts"` - The library that exposes the `importScripts()`
  API in the web worker.
- `"webworker.iterable"` - The library that adds iterables to objects within a
  web worker. Modern browsers support this.

## Targeting Deno and the Browser

You may want to write code that seamlessly runs in both Deno and the browser. In
this case you'll need to conditionally check the execution environment before
using any APIs exclusive to one or the other. In such cases, a typical
`compilerOptions` configuration might look like this:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "lib": ["dom", "dom.iterable", "dom.asynciterable", "deno.ns"]
  }
}
```

This should allow most code to be type checked properly by Deno.

If you expect to run the code in Deno with the `--unstable` flag, then you
should add that library to the mix as well:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "lib": [
      "dom",
      "dom.iterable",
      "dom.asynciterable",
      "deno.ns",
      "deno.unstable"
    ]
  }
}
```

Typically, when you use the `"lib"` option in TypeScript, you need to include an
"es" library as well. In the case of `"deno.ns"` and `"deno.unstable"`, they
automatically include `"esnext"` when you bring them in.

:::note

If you get type errors like **cannot find `document` or `HTMLElement`**, it is
likely that the library you are using has dependencies on the DOM. This is
common for packages that are designed to run in a browser as well as
server-side. By default, Deno only includes the libraries that are directly
supported. Assuming the package properly identifies what environment it is
running in at runtime it is "safe" to use the DOM libraries to type check the
code.

:::

## Types and Type Declarations

Deno applies a design principle of _no non-standard module resolution_. When
TypeScript checks a file, it focuses solely on its types. In contrast, the `tsc`
compiler employs intricate logic to resolve those types. By default, `tsc`
expects ambiguous module specifiers with extensions (e.g., `.ts`, `.d.ts` or
`.js`). Deno, however, deals with explicit specifiers.

Here’s where it gets interesting: Imagine you want to consume a TypeScript file
that’s already transpiled to JavaScript, along with its type definition file
(`mod.js` and `mod.d.ts`). If you import `mod.js` into Deno, it strictly follows
your request and imports the JavaScript file. But here’s the catch: Your code
won’t be as thoroughly type-checked as if TypeScript considered the `mod.d.ts`
file alongside the `mod.js` file.

To address this, Deno offers two solutions, each catering to specific scenarios:

**As the Importer:** If you know what types should apply to a JavaScript module,
you can enhance type checking by explicitly specifying the types.

**As the Supplier:** If you’re the provider or host of the module, everyone
consuming it benefits without worrying about type resolution.

## Providing types when importing

If you are consuming a JavaScript module and you have either created types (a
`.d.ts` file) or have otherwise obtained the types you want to use, you can
instruct Deno to use that file when type checking, instead of the JavaScript
file, using the `@ts-types` compiler hint.

For example if you have a JavaScript module, `coolLib.js`, and a separate
`coolLib.d.ts` file, you would import it like this:

```ts
// @ts-types="./coolLib.d.ts"
import * as coolLib from "./coolLib.js";
```

When you’re performing type checking on `coolLib` and using it in your file, the
TypeScript type definitions from `coolLib.d.ts` will take precedence over
examining the JavaScript file.

:::note

In the past the `@ts-types` directive was called `@deno-types`. This alias still
works, but is not recommended anymore. Use `@ts-types`.

:::

## Providing types when hosting

If you have control over the module’s source code or how the file is hosted on a
web server, there are two ways to let Deno know about the types for a specific
module (which won’t require any special action from the importer).

### @ts-self-types

If you are providing a JavaScript file, and want to provide a declaration file
that contains the types for this file, you can specify a `@ts-self-types`
directive in the JS file, pointing to the declaration file.

For example, if you make a `coolLib.js` library, and write its type definitions
in `coolLib.d.ts` the `ts-self-types` directive would look like this:

```js title="coolLib.js"
// @ts-self-types="./coolLib.d.ts"

// ... the rest of the JavaScript ...
```

### X-TypeScript-Types

Deno supports a header for remote modules that instructs Deno where to locate
the types for a given module. For example, a response for
`https://example.com/coolLib.js` might look something like this:

```console
HTTP/1.1 200 OK
Content-Type: application/javascript; charset=UTF-8
Content-Length: 648
X-TypeScript-Types: ./coolLib.d.ts
```

When seeing this header, Deno would attempt to retrieve
`https://example.com/coolLib.d.ts` and use that when type checking the original
module.

## Using ambient or global types

Overall it is better to use module/UMD type definitions with Deno, where a
module expressly imports the types it depends upon. Modular type definitions can
express
[augmentation of the global scope](https://www.typescriptlang.org/docs/handbook/declaration-files/templates/global-modifying-module-d-ts.html)
via the `declare global` in the type definition. For example:

```ts
declare global {
  var AGlobalString: string;
}
```

This would make `AGlobalString` available in the global namespace when importing
the type definition.

In some cases though, when leveraging other existing type libraries, it may not
be possible to leverage modular type definitions. Therefore there are ways to
include arbitrary type definitions when type checking programmes.

### Triple-slash directive

This option couples the type definitions to the code itself. By adding a
triple-slash `types` directive in a TS file (not a JS file!), near the type of a
module, type checking the file will include the type definition. For example:

```ts
/// <reference types="./types.d.ts" />
```

The specifier provided is resolved just like any other specifier in Deno, which
means it requires an extension, and is relative to the module referencing it. It
can be a fully qualified URL as well:

```ts
/// <reference types="https://deno.land/x/pkg@1.0.0/types.d.ts" />
```

### Supplying "types" in deno.json

Another option is to provide a `"types"` value to the `"compilerOptions"` in
your `deno.json`. For example:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "types": [
      "./types.d.ts",
      "https://deno.land/x/pkg@1.0.0/types.d.ts",
      "/Users/me/pkg/types.d.ts"
    ]
  }
}
```

Like the triple-slash reference above, the specifier supplied in the `"types"`
array will be resolved like other specifiers in Deno. In the case of relative
specifiers, it will be resolved relative to the path to the config file. Make
sure to tell Deno to use this file by specifying `--config=path/to/file` flag.

## Type Checking Web Workers

When Deno loads a TypeScript module in a web worker, it will automatically type
check the module and its dependencies against the Deno web worker library. This
can present a challenge in other contexts like `deno check` or in editors. There
are a couple of ways to instruct Deno to use the worker libraries instead of the
standard Deno libraries.

### Triple-slash directives

This option couples the library settings with the code itself. By adding the
following triple-slash directives near the top of the entry point file for the
worker script, Deno will now type check it as a Deno worker script, irrespective
of how the module is analyzed:

```ts
/// <reference no-default-lib="true" />
/// <reference lib="deno.worker" />
```

The first directive ensures that no other default libraries are used. If this is
omitted, you will get some conflicting type definitions, because Deno will try
to apply the standard Deno library as well. The second instructs Deno to apply
the built-in Deno worker type definitions plus dependent libraries (like
`"esnext"`).

The one disadvantage of this, is that it makes the code less portable to other
non-Deno platforms like `tsc`, as it is only Deno which has the `"deno.worker"`
library built into it.

### Providing "lib" setting in deno.json

You can provide a "lib" option in your `deno.json` file to instruct Deno to use
library files. For example:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "compilerOptions": {
    "target": "esnext",
    "lib": ["deno.worker"]
  }
}
```

Then when running deno subcommand, you would need to pass the
`--config path/to/file` argument, or if you are using an IDE which leverages the
Deno language server, set the `deno.config` setting.

If you also have non-worker scripts, you will either need to omit the `--config`
argument, or have one that is configured to meet the needs of your non-worker
scripts.

## Important points

### Type declaration semantics

Type declaration files (`.d.ts` files) follow the same semantics as other files
in Deno. This means that declaration files are assumed to be module declarations
(_UMD declarations_) and not ambient/global declarations. It is unpredictable
how Deno will handle ambient/global declarations.

In addition, if a type declaration imports something else, like another `.d.ts`
file, its resolution follow the normal import rules of Deno. For a lot of the
`.d.ts` files that are generated and available on the web, they may not be
compatible with Deno.

[esm.sh](https://esm.sh) is a CDN which provides type declarations by default
(via the `X-TypeScript-Types` header). It can be disabled by appending `?no-dts`
to the import URL:

```ts
import React from "https://esm.sh/react?no-dts";
```

## Behavior of JavaScript when type checking

When you import JavaScript code into TypeScript within Deno, even if you’ve set
`checkJs` to `false` (which is the default behavior for Deno), the TypeScript
compiler will still analyze the JavaScript module. It tries to infer the shape
of the exports from that module to validate the import in your TypeScript file.

Usually, this isn’t an issue when importing a standard ES module. However, there
are cases where TypeScript’s analysis might fail, for example, with modules that
have special packaging or are global UMD (Universal Module Definition) modules.
When faced with such situations, the best approach is to provide some form of
type information using one of the methods mentioned earlier.

### Internals

While it isn't required to understand how Deno works internally to be able to
leverage TypeScript with Deno well, it can help to understand how it works.

Before any code is executed or compiled, Deno generates a module graph by
parsing the root module, and then detecting all of its dependencies, and then
retrieving and parsing those modules, recursively, until all the dependencies
are retrieved.

For each dependency, there are two potential "slots" that are used. There is the
code slot and the type slot. As the module graph is filled out, if the module is
something that is or can be emitted to JavaScript, it fills the code slot, and
type only dependencies, like `.d.ts` files fill the type slot.

When the module graph is built, and there is a need to type check the graph,
Deno starts up the TypeScript compiler and feeds it the names of the modules
that need to be potentially emitted as JavaScript. During that process, the
TypeScript compiler will request additional modules, and Deno will look at the
slots for the dependency, offering it the type slot if it is filled before
offering it the code slot.

This means when you import a `.d.ts` module, or you use one of the solutions
above to provide alternative type modules for JavaScript code, that is what is
provided to TypeScript instead when resolving the module.


---

# Deno & Visual Studio Code

> Complete guide to using Deno with Visual Studio Code. Learn about extension setup, workspace configuration, debugging, testing, task automation, and advanced IDE features for Deno development.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/vscode


This page covers developing Deno applications using
[Visual Studio Code](https://code.visualstudio.com/) and the official
[vscode_deno](https://marketplace.visualstudio.com/items?itemName=denoland.vscode-deno)
extension.

## Installation

The Deno VS Code extension integrates directly with the Deno CLI using the
[language server protocol](/runtime/reference/lsp_integration/). This helps
ensure that the information you get about your code aligns to how that code will
work when you run it with the Deno CLI.

The Deno extension is installed like other extensions in VS Code. Search for
`Deno` in the extensions tab of VS Code and click the **install** button, or
[this link](vscode:extension/denoland.vscode-deno) will open the extension page
where you can choose to install.

Once you install the extension for the first time, you should receive a splash
page that welcomes you to the extension. (If you missed it, or want to see it
again, <kbd>⌘</kbd> <kbd>⇧</kbd> <kbd>P</kbd> to open the command palette, and
run the **Deno: Welcome** command.)

## Enabling Deno in a VS Code workspace

We realize that not every project you might work on in VS Code is a Deno
project. By default, VS Code comes with a built-in TypeScript/JavaScript
language service which is used when editing TypeScript or JavaScript files.

In order to have support for Deno APIs, as well as the ability to resolve
modules as the Deno CLI does, you need to enable Deno for the workspace. The
most direct way to do this is to use the **Deno: Initialize Workspace
Configuration** from the VS Code
[command palette](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/getstarted/userinterface#_command-palette).

![screenshot of the command palette with Deno: Initialize Workspace Configuration](./images/command_palette.png)

This command will add `"deno.enable": true` to the workspace configuration (your
workspace root `.vscode/settings.json`). Once the command is finished, you will
get a notification that Deno workspace is initialized.

![screenshot of the notification 'Deno workspace initialized'](./images/vscode_workspace_initialized.png)

These settings (and other settings) are available via the VS Code
[settings](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/getstarted/userinterface#_settings)
panel. In the panel the setting is **Deno: Enable**.

:::note

VS Code has user and workspace settings. You probably don't want to enable Deno
in the **user** settings, instead set it in **workspace** settings, or by
default every workspace will be Deno enabled.

:::

### Workspace folder settings

These are the settings that can be set on a workspace folder. The rest of the
settings currently only apply to the workspace:

- `deno.enable` - Controls if the Deno Language Server is enabled. When enabled,
  the extension will disable the built-in VS Code JavaScript and TypeScript
  language services, and will use the Deno language server instead. _boolean,
  default `false`_
- `deno.enablePaths` - Controls if the Deno Language Server is enabled for only
  specific paths of the workspace folder. Defaults to an empty list.
- `deno.codeLens.test` - Controls if the test code lens is enabled. _boolean,
  default `true`_
- `deno.codeLens.testArgs` - The list of arguments that are passed to
  `deno test` when activating a test code lens. _string array, default
  `["--allow-all"]`_

When a project is enabled, the extension will get information directly from the
installed Deno CLI. The extension will also mute the built-in
TypeScript/JavaScript extension.

## Partially enabling Deno in a VS Code workspace

In a workspace (or workspace folder), sub-paths can be enabled for Deno, while
code outside those paths will be not be enabled and the VS Code built-in
JavaScript/TypeScript language server will be used. Use the **Deno: Enable
Paths** setting (or `deno.enablePaths` if manually editing)

For example if you have a project like this:

```console
project
├── worker
└── front_end
```

Where you only want to enable the `worker` path (and its subpaths) to be Deno
enabled, you will want to add `./worker` to the list of **Deno: Enable Paths**
in the configuration.

## Mixed-Deno projects

With this feature, you can have a mixed Deno project, where some of the
workspace folders are Deno enabled and some are not. This is useful when
creating a project that might have a front-end component, where you want a
different configuration for that front end code.

In order to support this, you would create a new workspace (or add a folder to
an existing workspace) and in the settings configure one of the folders to have
`deno.enable` set to `true` and one set to `false`. Once you save the workspace
configuration, you notice that the Deno language server only applies diagnostics
to the enabled folders, while the other folder will use the built-in TypeScript
compiler of VS Code to supply diagnostics for TypeScript and JavaScript files.

## Linting

The same engine that provides the diagnostics when using `deno lint` can also be
used via the extension. By enabling the **Deno: Lint** setting in the settings
panel (or `deno.lint` if editing settings in JSON) the editor will start to
display lint "warnings" in your code. See the
[Linter](/runtime/reference/cli/linter/) section for more information on how to
use the Deno linter.

## Using a configuration file

A configuration file is not required for a Deno project, but there are a few
scenarios though where it might be useful. If you want to have the same settings
applied as when specifying the `--config` option on the command line, the
**Deno: Config** option can be used (or `deno.config` if manually editing).

The Deno extension will also auto-identify and apply a `deno.jsonc` or
`deno.json` by looking in the workspace root for the configuration file and
applying it. Manually specifying a **Deno: Config** option will override this
automatic behavior.

## Formatting

The Deno CLI comes with a
[built-in formatter](/runtime/reference/cli/formatter/) which can be accessed
using `deno fmt` but can also be configured to be used by VS Code. `Deno` should
be on the drop down list for the **Editor: Default formatter** setting (or if
you are editing settings manually, it would be
`"editor.defaultFormatter": "denoland.vscode-deno"`).

## Setting a path to the Deno CLI

The extension looks for the Deno CLI executable in the host's `PATH`, but
sometimes that isn't desirable and the **Deno: Path** can be set (or `deno.path`
if manually editing) to point to the Deno executable. If the path provided is
relative, it will be resolved relative to the root of the workspace.

## Import suggestions

When attempting to import a module, the extension will offer suggestions to
complete the import. Local relative files will be included in the suggestions,
plus any cached remote files.

The extension supports registry auto-completions, where a remote
registry/website of modules can optionally provide metadata that allows a client
to discover modules. By default, the extension will check hosts/origins to see
if they support suggestions, and if it does, the extension will prompt you to
see if you want to enable it. This behavior can be changed by unchecking the box
under **Deno > Suggest > Imports: Auto Discover** in Settings. (or
`deno.suggest.imports.autoDiscover` if manually editing).

Individual hosts/origins can be enabled or disabled by editing the **Deno >
Suggest > Imports: Hosts** setting - `deno.suggest.imports.hosts` in the
appropriate `settings.json`.

## Caching remote modules

Deno supports remote modules and will fetch remote modules and store them
locally in a cache. When you do something like `deno run`, `deno test`,
`deno info` or `deno install` on the command line, the Deno CLI will go and try
to fetch any remote modules and their dependencies and populate the cache.

While developing code in the editor, if the module is not in the cache, you will
get a diagnostic such as
`Uncached or missing remote URL: "https://deno.land/example/mod.ts"` for any
missing remote modules. Deno will not automatically try to cache the module,
unless it is a completion from a registry import suggestion (see above).

In addition to running a command on a command line, the extension provides ways
to cache dependencies within the editor. A missing dependency will have a _quick
fix_ which is to have Deno try to cache the dependency. Fixes can be accessed by
pressing <kbd>CTRL</kbd> <kbd>.</kbd> or <kbd>⌘</kbd> <kbd>.</kbd> when the
editor is positioned in the import specifier, or hovering over the specifier and
selecting **Quick Fix...**.

There is also the **Deno: Cache Dependencies** command in the command palette
which will attempt to cache any dependencies of the module currently active in
the editor.

## Code lenses

The language server currently supports several code lenses (actionable
contextual information interspersed in the code) that allow you to get greater
insight into the code. Most are disabled by default, but can easily be enabled:

### Deno > Code Lens: Implementations

`deno.codeLens.implementations` - Provides a lens that will list out any
implementations of an item elsewhere in the code.

### Deno > Code Lens: References

`deno.codeLens.references` - Provides a lens that will list out any references
to an item elsewhere in the code.

### Deno > Code Lens: References All Functions

`deno.codeLens.referencesAllFunctions` - Provides a lens that will list out all
references to all functions in the code. All functions are excluded from the
_References_ setting mentioned above.

### Testing code lens

The Deno CLI includes a
[built-in testing API](/runtime/reference/lsp_integration/#testing) available
under `Deno.test`. The extension and language server have a code lens enabled by
default which provides the ability to run a test from within the editor.

When you have a block of code that provides a test:

```ts
import { assert } from "jsr:@std/assert@1";

Deno.test({
  name: "a test case",
  fn() {
    let someCondition = true;
    assert(someCondition);
  },
});
```

You will see a code lens just above the test:

```console
▶ Run Test
```

If you click on the code lens, the extension will start up the Deno CLI to run
the test for you and display the output. Based on your other settings, the
extension will try to run your test with the same settings. If you need to
adjust the arguments provided when doing `deno test`, you can do so by setting
the `deno.codeLens.testArgs` setting.

The extension will also try to track if in the same module you destructure the
`Deno.test` function or assign it to a variable. So you can do something like
this and still have the code lens work:

```ts
const { test: denoTest } = Deno;

denoTest({
  name: "example test",
  fn() {},
});
```

If you want to disable this feature, you can do so by un-setting the **Deno >
CodeLens: Test** setting - `deno.codeLens.test`.

You can run tests from the Test Explorer view, from the code lens decorations,
or via the command palette. You can also use the filter function in the Text
Explorer view to exclude certain tests from a test run.

When a test fails, the failure message, including the stack trace, will be
available when inspecting the test results in VS Code.

### Test Configuration

By default, tests are executed in a similar fashion to if you were to use
`deno test --allow-all` on the command line. These default arguments can be
changed by setting the **Deno > Testing: Args** option in your user or workspace
settings (or `deno.testing.args` if you are configuring manually). Add
individual arguments here which you would have used with the `deno test`
subcommand.

Based on other settings that you have, those options will be automatically
merged into the "command line" used when running tests unless explicitly
provided in the **Deno > Testing: Args** setting.

## Using the debugger

The extension provides integration with the built-in VS Code debugger. You can
generate a configuration by: going to `Run and Debug` panel, clicking
`create a launch.json file` and selecting the `Deno` option from the available
debugger options. (The generated `type` of the configuration will be `node`;
that's ok.)

## Tasks

While the extension communicates directly with the language server, there are
times when you might prefer to run Deno commands via the CLI. You can define
tasks in a `deno.json` file in the root of your workspace in a
[`tasks` field](/runtime/fundamentals/configuration/#tasks).

## Using a development container

Using a
[development container](https://code.visualstudio.com/docs/remote/containers)
with VS Code is a great way to have an isolated development environment without
having to worry about having to install the Deno CLI on your local system. Deno
supports development containers and the Deno extension will work with them.

If you have an existing Deno project that you would like to add dev container
support to, execute **Remote-Containers: Add Development Container Configuration
Files...** in the command palette, choose **Show All Definitions...** and then
search for the `Deno` definition. This will setup a baseline `.devcontainer`
configuration, which will install the latest version of the Deno CLI in the
container.

Once added, VS Code will prompt if you want to open the project in a dev
container. If you choose to, VS Code will build the development container and
re-open the workspace using the development container, which will have the Deno
CLI and the `vscode_deno` extension installed in it.

## Troubleshooting

The following sections cover challenges you might face when using the extension
and try to give likely causes.

### Errors/diagnostics

`An import path cannot end with a '.ts' extension.` or
`Cannot find name 'Deno'.`

This is normally a situation where Deno is not enabled on a Deno project. If you
look at the source of the diagnostic you are probably going to see a `ts(2691)`.
The `ts` indicates that it is coming from the built-in TypeScript/JavaScript
engine in VS Code. You will want to check that your configuration is set
properly and the **Deno: Enable** setting - `deno.enable` is true.

You can also check what the Deno language server thinks is your current active
configuration by using **Deno: Language Server Status** from the command
palette. This will display a document from the language server with a section
named "Workspace Configuration". This will give you the configuration as
reported by VS Code to the language server.

Also check if the VS Code configuration called `enableProjectDiagnostics`,
located in **TypeScript › Tsserver › Experimental: Enable Project Diagnostics**
is **disabled**. This setting allows TypeScript language server to execute in
the background to check the entire project at once and Deno cannot disable its
behavior so the errors keep showing even when all other settings are correctly
set.

If `"enable"` is set to `true` in there, and the error message still persists,
you might want to try restarting VS Code, as the part of the extension that
"mutes" the built-in TypeScript diagnostics for files is not working as
designed. If the issue still persists after a restart, you may have encountered
a bug that we didn't expect and searching the issues and reporting a bug at
https://github.com/denoland/vscode_deno is the next step.


---

# WebAssembly

> A guide to using WebAssembly (Wasm) in Deno. Learn about module imports, type checking, streaming APIs, optimization techniques, and how to work with various programming languages that compile to Wasm.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/wasm


Designed to be used alongside JavaScript to speed up key application components,
[WebAssembly](https://webassembly.org/) (Wasm) can have much higher, and more
consistent execution speed than JavaScript - similar to C, C++, or Rust. Deno
can execute WebAssembly modules with the same interfaces that
[browsers provide](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly) and by
importing them as modules.

## Wasm modules

Starting in Deno 2.1, WebAssembly modules can be imported and their use is type
checked.

Say we have a
[WebAssembly text format](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly/Understanding_the_text_format)
file that exports an `add` function that adds two numbers and returns the
result:

```wat title="add.wat"
(module
  (func (export "add") (param $a i32) (param $b i32) (result i32)
    local.get $a
    local.get $b
    i32.add
  )
)
```

We can compile this to `add.wasm` via
[wat2wasm](https://github.com/webassembly/wabt):

```sh
wat2wasm add.wat
```

Then use this WebAssembly module via an import statement:

```ts title="main.ts"
import { add } from "./add.wasm";

console.log(add(1, 2));
```

```shellsession
> deno run main.ts
3
```

### Type Checking

Deno understands the exports of Wasm modules and type checks their use. If we
call the `add` function incorrectly in the previous example, we'll see a type
checking error.

```ts title="main.ts"
import { add } from "./add.wasm";

console.log(add(1, ""));
```

```shellsession
> deno check main.ts   
Check file:///.../main.ts
error: TS2345 [ERROR]: Argument of type 'string' is not assignable to parameter of type 'number'.
console.log(add(1, ""));
                   ~~
    at file:///.../main.ts:3:20
```

### Imports

Like JavaScript, Wasm modules can also import other modules.

For example, we can create a Wasm module that imports the `"./values.js"`
specifier and calls the `getValue` export:

```wat title="toolkit.wat"
(module
  (import "./time.ts" "getTimeInSeconds" (func $get_time (result i32)))

  (func (export "getValue") (result i32)
    call $get_time
  )
)
```

```js title="time.ts"
export function getTimeInSeconds() {
  return Date.now() / 1000;
}
```

```js title="main.ts"
import { getValue } from "./toolkit.wasm";

console.log(getValue());
```

Now running:

```shellsession
> wat2wasm toolkit.wat
> deno run main.ts
1732147633
V:\scratch
> deno run main.ts
1732147637
```

#### Overriding import specifiers

Often Wasm modules don't use a relative specifier to make importing another
JavaScript module convenient. Say we have the following similar setup to before,
but notice that the Wasm module is importing via the "env" specifier.

```wat title="toolkit.wat"
(module
  (import "env" "get_time_in_seconds" (func $get_time (result i32)))

  (func (export "getValue") (result i32)
    call $get_time
  )
)
```

```js title="env.ts"
function getTimeInSeconds() {
  return Date.now() / 1000;
}

export { getTimeInSeconds as get_time_in_seconds };
```

```js title="main.ts"
import { getValue } from "./toolkit.wasm";

console.log(getValue());
```

```shellsession
> wat2wasm toolkit.wat
> deno run main.ts
error: Relative import path "env" not prefixed with / or ./ or ../
    at file:///.../toolkit.wasm
```

That's not super convenient because we want it to import `"./env.ts"`.

Luckily, it's pretty simple to make this work by mapping the specifier in an
[import map](https://github.com/WICG/import-maps) via the _deno.json_:

```json title="deno.json"
{
  "imports": {
    "env": "./env.ts"
  }
}
```

Now it works:

```shellsession
> deno run main.ts
1732148355
```

## Using WebAssembly via the WebAssembly API

To run WebAssembly in Deno, all you need is a Wasm module to run. The following
module exports a `main` function that just returns `42` upon invocation:

```ts
// deno-fmt-ignore
const wasmCode = new Uint8Array([
  0, 97, 115, 109, 1, 0, 0, 0, 1, 133, 128, 128, 128, 0, 1, 96, 0, 1, 127,
  3, 130, 128, 128, 128, 0, 1, 0, 4, 132, 128, 128, 128, 0, 1, 112, 0, 0,
  5, 131, 128, 128, 128, 0, 1, 0, 1, 6, 129, 128, 128, 128, 0, 0, 7, 145,
  128, 128, 128, 0, 2, 6, 109, 101, 109, 111, 114, 121, 2, 0, 4, 109, 97,
  105, 110, 0, 0, 10, 138, 128, 128, 128, 0, 1, 132, 128, 128, 128, 0, 0,
  65, 42, 11
]);

const wasmModule = new WebAssembly.Module(wasmCode);

const wasmInstance = new WebAssembly.Instance(wasmModule);

const main = wasmInstance.exports.main as CallableFunction;
console.log(main().toString());
```

In order to load WebAssembly via the WebAssembly API, the following steps need
to be performed:

1. Fetching the binary (usually in the form of a `.wasm` file, though we are
   using a simple byte array for now)
2. Compiling the binary into a `WebAssembly.Module` object
3. Instantiating the WebAssembly module

WebAssembly is a binary data format, not intended to be human readable, nor to
be written by hand. Your `.wasm` files should be generated by a compiler for a
language such as [Rust](https://www.rust-lang.org/), [Go](https://golang.org/)
or [AssemblyScript](https://www.assemblyscript.org/).

As an example, a Rust program that compiles to the aforementioned bytes would
look something like this:

```rust
#[unsafe(no_mangle)]
pub fn main() -> u32 { // u32 stands for an unsigned integer using 32 bits of memory.
  42
}
```

## Using the Streaming WebAssembly APIs

The [most efficient](/api/web/~/WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming) way to fetch,
compile and instantiate a WebAssembly module is to use the streaming variants of
the WebAssembly API. For example, you can use `instantiateStreaming` combined
with `fetch` to perform all three steps in one go:

```ts
const { instance, module } = await WebAssembly.instantiateStreaming(
  fetch("https://wpt.live/wasm/incrementer.wasm"),
);

const increment = instance.exports.increment as (input: number) => number;
console.log(increment(41));
```

Note that the `.wasm` file must be served with the `application/wasm` MIME type.
If you want to do additional work on the module before instantiation you can
instead use [`compileStreaming`](/api/web/~/WebAssembly.compileStreaming):

```ts
const module = await WebAssembly.compileStreaming(
  fetch("https://wpt.live/wasm/incrementer.wasm"),
);

/* do some more stuff */

const instance = await WebAssembly.instantiate(module);
instance.exports.increment as (input: number) => number;
```

If for some reason you cannot make use of the streaming methods you can fall
back to the less efficient [`compile`](/api/web/~/WebAssembly.compile) and
[`instantiate`](/api/web/~/WebAssembly.instantiate) methods.

For a more in-depth look on what makes the streaming methods more performant,
[check out this post](https://hacks.mozilla.org/2018/01/making-webassembly-even-faster-firefoxs-new-streaming-and-tiering-compiler/).

## WebAssembly API

Further information on all parts of the WebAssembly API can be found on in the
[Deno Reference Guide](/api/web/~/WebAssembly) and on
[MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly).

## Working with Non-Numeric Types

The code samples in this document only used numeric types in the WebAssembly
modules. To run WebAssembly with more complex types (such as strings or classes)
you will need to use tools that generate type bindings between JavaScript and
the language used to compile to WebAssembly.

An example on how to create type bindings between JavaScript and Rust, compiling
it into a binary and calling it from a JavaScript program can be found on
[MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/WebAssembly/Rust_to_wasm).

If you plan to do a lot of work with Web APIs in Rust+WebAssembly, you may find
the [web_sys](https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-bindgen/web-sys/index.html) and
[js_sys](https://rustwasm.github.io/wasm-bindgen/contributing/js-sys/index.html)
Rust crates useful. `web_sys` contains bindings to most of the Web APIs that are
available in Deno, while `js_sys` provides bindings to JavaScript's standard,
built-in objects.

## Using wasmbuild for Rust WebAssembly in Deno

[wasmbuild](https://github.com/denoland/wasmbuild) is an official Deno tool that
simplifies working with Rust and WebAssembly in Deno projects. It automates the
process of compiling Rust code to WebAssembly and generating TypeScript
bindings, making it easy to call Rust functions from JavaScript.

wasmbuild generates TypeScript definitions for your Rust functions, providing
full type checking. The generated JavaScript can be used with bundlers like
esbuild. Generated files can be committed directly to source control for easy
deployment.

## Optimization

For production builds you can perform optimizations on WebAssembly binaries. If
you're serving binaries over a network then optimizing for size can make a real
difference. If you're mainly executing WebAssembly on a server to perform
computationally intensive tasks, optimizing for speed can be beneficial. You can
find a good guide on optimizing (production) builds
[here](https://rustwasm.github.io/docs/book/reference/code-size.html). In
addition, the
[rust-wasm group](https://rustwasm.github.io/docs/book/reference/tools.html) has
a list of tools that can be used to optimize and manipulate WebAssembly
binaries.


---

# Web Platform APIs

> A guide to the Web Platform APIs available in Deno. Learn about fetch, events, workers, storage, and other web standard APIs, including implementation details and deviations from browser specifications.

URL: https://docs.deno.com/runtime/reference/web_platform_apis


One way Deno simplifies web and cloud development is by using standard Web
Platform APIs (like `fetch`, WebSockets and more) over proprietary APIs. This
means if you've ever built for the browser, you're likely already familiar with
Deno, and if you're learning Deno, you're also investing in your knowledge of
the web.

<a href="/api/web/" class="docs-cta runtime-cta">Explore supported Web APIs</a>

Below we'll highlight some of the standard Web APIs that Deno supports.

To check if a Web Platform API is available in Deno, you can click on
[the interface on MDN](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API#interfaces)
and refer to
[its Browser Compatibility table](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/AbortController#browser_compatibility).

## fetch

The [`fetch`](/api/web/~/fetch) API can be used to make HTTP requests. It is
implemented as specified in the
[WHATWG `fetch` spec](https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/).

### Spec deviations

- The Deno user agent does not have a cookie jar. As such, the `set-cookie`
  header on a response is not processed, or filtered from the visible response
  headers.
- Deno does not follow the same-origin policy, because the Deno user agent
  currently does not have the concept of origins, and it does not have a cookie
  jar. This means Deno does not need to protect against leaking authenticated
  data cross origin. Because of this Deno does not implement the following
  sections of the WHATWG `fetch` specification:
  - Section `3.1. 'Origin' header`.
  - Section `3.2. CORS protocol`.
  - Section `3.5. CORB`.
  - Section `3.6. 'Cross-Origin-Resource-Policy' header`.
  - `Atomic HTTP redirect handling`.
  - The `opaqueredirect` response type.
- A `fetch` with a `redirect` mode of `manual` will return a `basic` response
  rather than an `opaqueredirect` response.
- The specification is vague on how
  [`file:` URLs are to be handled](https://fetch.spec.whatwg.org/#scheme-fetch).
  Firefox is the only mainstream browser that implements fetching `file:` URLs,
  and even then it doesn't work by default. As of Deno 1.16, Deno supports
  fetching local files. See the next section for details.
- The `request` and `response` header guards are implemented, but unlike
  browsers do not have any constraints on which header names are allowed.
- The `referrer`, `referrerPolicy`, `mode`, `credentials`, `cache`, `integrity`,
  `keepalive`, and `window` properties and their relevant behaviours in
  `RequestInit` are not implemented. The relevant fields are not present on the
  `Request` object.
- Request body upload streaming is supported (on HTTP/1.1 and HTTP/2). Unlike
  the current fetch proposal, the implementation supports duplex streaming.
- The `set-cookie` header is not concatenated when iterated over in the
  `headers` iterator. This behaviour is in the
  [process of being specified](https://github.com/whatwg/fetch/pull/1346).

### Fetching local files

Deno supports fetching `file:` URLs. This makes it easier to write code that
uses the same code path on a server as local, as well as easier to author code
that works both with the Deno CLI and Deno Deploy.

Deno only supports absolute file URLs, this means that `fetch("./some.json")`
will not work. It should be noted though that if [`--location`](#location) is
specified, relative URLs use the `--location` as the base, but a `file:` URL
cannot be passed as the `--location`.

To be able to fetch a resource, relative to the current module, which would work
if the module is local or remote, you should to use `import.meta.url` as the
base. For example:

```js
const response = await fetch(new URL("./config.json", import.meta.url));
const config = await response.json();
```

Notes on fetching local files:

- Permissions are applied to reading resources, so an appropriate `--allow-read`
  permission is needed to be able to read a local file.
- Fetching locally only supports the `GET` method, and will reject the promise
  with any other method.
- A file that does not exist simply rejects the promise with a vague
  `TypeError`. This is to avoid the potential of fingerprinting attacks.
- No headers are set on the response. Therefore it is up to the consumer to
  determine things like the content type or content length.
- Response bodies are streamed from the Rust side, so large files are available
  in chunks, and can be cancelled.

## CustomEvent and EventTarget

The [DOM Event API](/api/web/~/Event) can be used to dispatch and listen to
events happening in an application. It is implemented as specified in the
[WHATWG DOM spec](https://dom.spec.whatwg.org/#events).

### Spec deviations

- Events do not bubble, because Deno does not have a DOM hierarchy, so there is
  no tree for Events to bubble/capture through.
- `timeStamp` property is always set to `0`.

## Typings

The TypeScript definitions for the implemented web APIs can be found in the
[`lib.deno.shared_globals.d.ts`](https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/main/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.shared_globals.d.ts)
and
[`lib.deno.window.d.ts`](https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/main/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.window.d.ts)
files.

Definitions that are specific to workers can be found in the
[`lib.deno.worker.d.ts`](https://github.com/denoland/deno/blob/main/cli/tsc/dts/lib.deno.worker.d.ts)
file.

## Location

Deno supports the [`location`](/api/web/~/Location) global from the web.

### Location flag

There is no "web page" whose URL we can use for a location in a Deno process. We
instead allow users to emulate a document location by specifying one on the CLI
using the `--location` flag. It can be a `http` or `https` URL.

```ts
// deno run --location https://example.com/path main.ts

console.log(location.href);
// "https://example.com/path"
```

You must pass `--location <href>` for this to work. If you don't, any access to
the `location` global will throw an error.

```ts
// deno run main.ts

console.log(location.href);
// error: Uncaught ReferenceError: Access to "location", run again with --location <href>.
```

Setting `location` or any of its fields will normally cause navigation in
browsers. This is not applicable in Deno, so it will throw in this situation.

```ts
// deno run --location https://example.com/path main.ts

location.pathname = "./foo";
// error: Uncaught NotSupportedError: Cannot set "location.pathname".
```

### Extended usage

On the web, resource resolution (excluding modules) typically uses the value of
`location.href` as the root on which to base any relative URLs. This affects
some web APIs adopted by Deno.

#### Fetch API

```ts
// deno run --location https://api.github.com/ --allow-net main.ts

const response = await fetch("./orgs/denoland");
// Fetches "https://api.github.com/orgs/denoland".
```

The `fetch()` call above would throw if the `--location` flag was not passed,
since there is no web-analogous location to base it onto.

#### Worker modules

```ts
// deno run --location https://example.com/index.html --allow-net main.ts

const worker = new Worker("./workers/hello.ts", { type: "module" });
// Fetches worker module at "https://example.com/workers/hello.ts".
```

:::note

For the above use cases, it is preferable to pass URLs in full rather than
relying on `--location`. You can manually base a relative URL using the `URL`
constructor if needed.

:::

The `--location` flag is intended for those who have a specific purpose in mind
for emulating a document location and are aware that this will only work at
application-level. However, you may also use it to silence errors from a
dependency which is frivolously accessing the `location` global.

## Web Storage

The [Web Storage API](/api/web/storage) provides an API for storing string keys
and values. Persisting data works similar to a browser, and has a 10MB storage
limit. The global `sessionStorage` object only persists data for the current
execution context, while `localStorage` persists data from execution to
execution.

In a browser, `localStorage` persists data uniquely per origin (effectively the
protocol plus hostname plus port). As of Deno 1.16, Deno has a set of rules to
determine what is a unique storage location:

- When using the `--location` flag, the origin for the location is used to
  uniquely store the data. That means a location of `http://example.com/a.ts`
  and `http://example.com/b.ts` and `http://example.com:80/` would all share the
  same storage, but `https://example.com/` would be different.
- If there is no location specifier, but there is a `--config` configuration
  file specified, the absolute path to that configuration file is used. That
  means `deno run --config deno.jsonc a.ts` and
  `deno run --config deno.jsonc b.ts` would share the same storage, but
  `deno run --config tsconfig.json a.ts` would be different.
- If there is no configuration or location specifier, Deno uses the absolute
  path to the main module to determine what storage is shared. The Deno REPL
  generates a "synthetic" main module that is based off the current working
  directory where `deno` is started from. This means that multiple invocations
  of the REPL from the same path will share the persisted `localStorage` data.

To set, get and remove items from `localStorage`, you can use the following:

```ts
// Set an item in localStorage
localStorage.setItem("myDemo", "Deno App");

// Read an item from localStorage
const cat = localStorage.getItem("myDemo");

// Remove an item from localStorage
localStorage.removeItem("myDemo");

// Remove all items from localStorage
localStorage.clear();
```

## Web Workers

Deno supports the [`Web Worker API`](/api/web/workers).

Workers can be used to run code on multiple threads. Each instance of `Worker`
is run on a separate thread, dedicated only to that worker.

Currently Deno supports only `module` type workers; thus it's essential to pass
the `type: "module"` option when creating a new worker.

Use of relative module specifiers in the main worker are only supported with
`--location <href>` passed on the CLI. This is not recommended for portability.
You can instead use the `URL` constructor and `import.meta.url` to easily create
a specifier for some nearby script. Dedicated workers, however, have a location
and this capability by default.

```ts
// Good
new Worker(import.meta.resolve("./worker.js"), { type: "module" });

// Bad
new Worker(import.meta.resolve("./worker.js"));
new Worker(import.meta.resolve("./worker.js"), { type: "classic" });
new Worker("./worker.js", { type: "module" });
```

As with regular modules, you can use top-level `await` in worker modules.
However, you should be careful to always register the message handler before the
first `await`, since messages can be lost otherwise. This is not a bug in Deno,
it's just an unfortunate interaction of features, and it also happens in all
browsers that support module workers.

```ts
import { delay } from "jsr:@std/async@1/delay";

// First await: waits for a second, then continues running the module.
await delay(1000);

// The message handler is only set after that 1s delay, so some of the messages
// that reached the worker during that second might have been fired when no
// handler was registered.
self.onmessage = (evt) => {
  console.log(evt.data);
};
```

### Instantiation permissions

Creating a new `Worker` instance is similar to a dynamic import; therefore Deno
requires appropriate permission for this action.

For workers using local modules; `--allow-read` permission is required:

```ts title="main.ts"
new Worker(import.meta.resolve("./worker.ts"), { type: "module" });
```

```ts title="worker.ts"
console.log("hello world");
self.close();
```

```shell
$ deno run main.ts
error: Uncaught PermissionDenied: read access to "./worker.ts", run again with the --allow-read flag

$ deno run --allow-read main.ts
hello world
```

For workers using remote modules; `--allow-net` permission is required:

```ts title="main.ts"
new Worker("https://example.com/worker.ts", { type: "module" });
```

```ts title="worker.ts"
// This file is hosted at https://example.com/worker.ts
console.log("hello world");
self.close();
```

```shell
$ deno run main.ts
error: Uncaught PermissionDenied: net access to "https://example.com/worker.ts", run again with the --allow-net flag

$ deno run --allow-net main.ts
hello world
```

### Using Deno in a worker

```js title="main.js"
const worker = new Worker(import.meta.resolve("./worker.js"), {
  type: "module",
});

worker.postMessage({ filename: "./log.txt" });
```

```js title="worker.js"
self.onmessage = async (e) => {
  const { filename } = e.data;
  const text = await Deno.readTextFile(filename);
  console.log(text);
  self.close();
};
```

```text title="log.txt"
hello world
```

```shell
$ deno run --allow-read main.js
hello world
```

### Specifying worker permissions

:::caution

This is an unstable Deno feature. Learn more about
[unstable features](/runtime/fundamentals/stability_and_releases/#unstable-apis).

:::

The permissions available for the worker are analogous to the CLI permission
flags, meaning every permission enabled there can be disabled at the level of
the Worker API. You can find a more detailed description of each of the
permission options [here](/runtime/fundamentals/security/).

By default a worker will inherit permissions from the thread it was created in,
however in order to allow users to limit the access of this worker we provide
the `deno.permissions` option in the worker API.

For permissions that support granular access you can pass in a list of the
desired resources the worker will have access to, and for those who only have
the on/off option you can pass true/false respectively:

```ts
const worker = new Worker(import.meta.resolve("./worker.js"), {
  type: "module",
  deno: {
    permissions: {
      net: [
        "deno.land",
      ],
      read: [
        new URL("./file_1.txt", import.meta.url),
        new URL("./file_2.txt", import.meta.url),
      ],
      write: false,
    },
  },
});
```

Granular access permissions receive both absolute and relative routes as
arguments, however take into account that relative routes will be resolved
relative to the file the worker is instantiated in, not the path the worker file
is currently in:

```ts
const worker = new Worker(
  new URL("./worker/worker.js", import.meta.url).href,
  {
    type: "module",
    deno: {
      permissions: {
        read: [
          "/home/user/Documents/deno/worker/file_1.txt",
          "./worker/file_2.txt",
        ],
      },
    },
  },
);
```

Both `deno.permissions` and its children support the option `"inherit"`, which
implies it will borrow its parent permissions:

```ts
// This worker will inherit its parent permissions
const worker = new Worker(import.meta.resolve("./worker.js"), {
  type: "module",
  deno: {
    permissions: "inherit",
  },
});
```

```ts
// This worker will inherit only the net permissions of its parent
const worker = new Worker(import.meta.resolve("./worker.js"), {
  type: "module",
  deno: {
    permissions: {
      env: false,
      hrtime: false,
      net: "inherit",
      ffi: false,
      read: false,
      run: false,
      write: false,
    },
  },
});
```

Not specifying the `deno.permissions` option or one of its children will cause
the worker to inherit by default:

```ts
// This worker will inherit its parent permissions
const worker = new Worker(import.meta.resolve("./worker.js"), {
  type: "module",
});
```

```ts
// This worker will inherit all the permissions of its parent BUT net
const worker = new Worker(import.meta.resolve("./worker.js"), {
  type: "module",
  deno: {
    permissions: {
      net: false,
    },
  },
});
```

You can disable the permissions of the worker all together by passing `"none"`
to the `deno.permissions` option:

```ts
// This worker will not have any permissions enabled
const worker = new Worker(import.meta.resolve("./worker.js"), {
  type: "module",
  deno: {
    permissions: "none",
  },
});
```

## Deviations of other APIs from spec

### Cache API

Only the following APIs are implemented:

- [CacheStorage::open()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CacheStorage/open)
- [CacheStorage::has()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CacheStorage/has)
- [CacheStorage::delete()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/CacheStorage/delete)
- [Cache::match()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Cache/match)
- [Cache::put()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Cache/put)
- [Cache::delete()](https://developer.mozilla.org/en-US/docs/Web/API/Cache/delete)

A few things that are different compared to browsers:

1. You cannot pass relative paths to the APIs. The request can be an instance of
   Request or URL or a url string.
2. `match()` & `delete()` don't support query options yet.


---

# subhosting/api/authentication.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/subhosting/api/authentication


Developers can provision projects, domains, KV databases, and other resources
using the Subhosting REST API.

## Endpoint and authentication

The base URL for the Subhosting REST API v1 is below.

```console
https://api.deno.com/v1/
```

The v1 API uses
[HTTP bearer token](https://swagger.io/docs/specification/authentication/bearer-authentication/)
authentication. You can create an access token to use the API in the dashboard
[here](https://dash.deno.com/account#access-tokens). Most API requests will also
require your organization ID. You can retrieve yours from the Deno Deploy
dashboard for your organization.

![Find your org ID here](./images/org-id.png)

Using both your organization ID and your access token, you can test your API
access by listing all the projects associated with your organization. Here is an
example Deno script you can use to access the API.

```typescript
// Replace these with your own!
const organizationId = "a75a9caa-b8ac-47b3-a423-3f2077c58731";
const token = "ddo_u7mo08lBNHm8GMGLhtrEVfcgBsCuSp36dumX";

const res = await fetch(
  `https://api.deno.com/v1/organizations/${organizationId}/projects`,
  {
    method: "GET",
    headers: {
      Authorization: `Bearer ${token}`,
    },
  },
);

const response = await res.json();
console.log(response);
```


---

# subhosting/api/index.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/subhosting/api/


To build Subhosting with Deno Deploy, it helps to understand some key resources
within the system. These resources are also represented in the
[REST API](../api/index.md).

![overview of subhosting resources](./images/subhosting-org-structure.svg)

## Organizations

[**Organizations**](https://apidocs.deno.com/#get-/organizations/-organizationId-)
are a container for all data related to a subhosting implementation. Your
organization will have a name and an ID. Each organization has an analytics
endpoint which can be used to get metrics (such as request count and bandwidth
used) from across the organization.

Other Deploy users can be invited to collaborate on an organization, and
[access tokens](https://dash.deno.com/account#access-tokens) can give developers
with organization access the ability to modify resources within the org via API.
New organizations can be created in the
[Deploy dashboard](https://dash.deno.com/orgs/new).

## Projects

[**Projects**](https://apidocs.deno.com/#get-/organizations/-organizationId-/projects)
act as organizational containers for deployments. A project contains its
deployments and the analytics and usage information for those deployments.

Projects are free and can be set up as required.

To track usage by individual users for billing there is an API endpoint that
reports analytics (bandwidth usage, request count, etc), per project, with 15
minute granularity.

> All deployments (whether within a same project or between different projects)
> share nothing by default. Projects are a way to organize your deployments and
> do not cost anything. However analytics are reported on a per-project basis,
> if you have multiple tenants we recommend setting up a project for each.
> Particularly if you expect to bill your users for their usage.

## Deployments

[**Deployments**](https://apidocs.deno.com/#get-/projects/-projectId-/deployments):
a deployment is a set of configuration, runnable code, and supporting static
files that can run on an isolate in Deno Deploy. Deployments have an entry file
that can launch a server, can have a [Deno KV](/deploy/kv/manual) database
associated with them, and can be set up to run on custom domains.

A deployment is an immutable object that consists of:

- Source code to run
- Static assets
- Environment variables
- Database bindings
- Other settings

We provide endpoints for querying or streaming build logs and querying or
streaming execution logs.

If you need to block or unblock a deployment you can do so by deleting the
deployment that you need to block or by unassigning its domains. This will make
the deployment unreachable.

The Subhosting system is built so that the behavior or load on one deployment
does not affect other deployments. This also applies to different deployments
within one organization. Capacity is auto-scaled on demand. If you want to limit
resources to a particular deployment or application you can use the analytics
API to provide you with detailed metrics (request count, bandwidth, etc) at
project level granularity. You can use this to decide whether to shut off
deployments and make them unreachable.

> NB. **Deployments are immutable**, however, you can create a new deployment
> and then remap its domain to the new deployment. The redeploy endpoint can
> create a new deployment from an existing one with different settings.

## Custom domains

[**Custom domains**](https://apidocs.deno.com/#get-/organizations/-organizationId-/domains)
can be dynamically mapped to deployments, giving them a unique URL (eg
`mycompany.com`).

Before a domain can be used you need to
[verify ownership and provision
or upload TLS certificates](https://github.com/denoland/deploy-api/blob/main/samples.ipynb).

If you are on the [Builder tier](https://deno.com/deploy/pricing?subhosting) you
can use wildcard domains. Once you have a wildcard domain registered, you can
use it in two ways:

- Send all requests for `*.mycompany.com` to a specific deployment
- (Coming soon) Assign different subdomains (e.g. `foo.mycompany.com` and
  `bar.mycompany.com`) to separate deployments.

### Staging vs Production Environments

The Deno Deploy end-user platform automatically creates preview deployments when
a developer opens a github pull request, and commits to the “main” branch are
automatically turned into production deployments. Although subhosting does not
provide github integration out of the box, it has all the primitives you need to
define your own semantics for creating preview and production deployments.

## Connecting a KV Database

A (KV) database stores key-value pairs You can make a database accessible to a
deployment when you make the deployment. KV databases can be used by multiple
deployments at the same time.

To use KV with Subhosting:

- [Create a database using the API](/deploy/kv/manual)
- When you create a deployment using the Subhosting API, specify the database
  you created.

> NB. Deno Cron and Queues do not currently work for Subhosting.

## OpenAPI specification and tooling

The [OpenAPI specification](https://www.openapis.org/) for the Deploy API can be
found here:

```console
https://api.deno.com/v1/openapi.json
```

This spec document can be used with a
[large number of OpenAPI-compatible tools](https://openapi.tools/). In addition
to the documentation for the REST API maintained here, you can find
auto-generated API documentation (including a browser-based testing tool)
[here](https://apidocs.deno.com/).


---

# subhosting/index.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/subhosting/



---

# subhosting/manual/acceptable_use_policy.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/subhosting/manual/acceptable_use_policy


The Deno Subhosting service includes resources (CPU time, request counts) that
are subject to this Acceptable Use policy. This document can give a rough
estimate to what we consider as "Acceptable Use", and what we do not.

### Examples of Acceptable Use

- ✅ Server-side rendered websites
- ✅ Jamstack sites and apps
- ✅ Single page applications
- ✅ APIs that query a DB or external API
- ✅ A personal blog
- ✅ A company website
- ✅ An e-commerce site

### Not Acceptable Use

- ❌ Crypto mining
- ❌ Highly CPU-intensive load (e.g. machine learning)
- ❌ Media hosting for external sites
- ❌ Scrapers
- ❌ Proxy or VPN

## Guidelines

We expect most projects to fall well within the usage limits. We will notify you
if your projects usage significantly deviates from the norm. We will reach out
to you where possible before taking any action to address unreasonable burdens
on our infrastructure.


---

# subhosting/manual/events.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/subhosting/manual/events


During the lifetime of a deployment execution, several events are recorded into
its execution logs. Using the
[deployment logs API](https://apidocs.deno.com/#get-/deployments/-deploymentId-/app_logs),
these event logs can be used to understand and monitor the behavior of your
deployments.

## Boot

```json
"isolate start time: 96.67 ms (user time: 6.13 ms)"
```

The `boot` event is emitted after the deployment has successfully booted and is
running. It logs the time elapsed since receiving the initial request that
prompted the deployment to boot, until the deployment is ready to start handling
it. Alongside the start time as a whole, the event also logs the part of it that
was spent executing the deployment's Javascript code (referred to as the "user
time").

## Memory Limit

```json
"Memory limit exceeded, terminated"
```

The `memory-limit` event is emitted when the deployment is terminated for
exceeding the
[memory limit allowed per deployment execution](https://deno.com/deploy/pricing?subhosting).
In some cases, it is followed by an event URN to cross-reference it with any
observability artifact generated as a result:

```json
"Memory limit exceeded, terminated (urn:dd-hard-memory-limit:deno:pcx8pcbpc34b:048730b1-0e1f-4df7-8f92-e64233415322)"
```

All the requests that where in-flight when the deployment was terminated receive
a 502 response with the code `"MEMORY_LIMIT"`.

## CPU Time Limit

```json
"CPU time limit exceeded, see https://deno.com/deploy/docs/pricing-and-limit (urn:dd-time-limit:deno:pcx8pcbpc34b:b8c729c0-e17a-4ce1-a6df-4267cbeb6d5c)"
```

The `time-limit` event is emitted when the deployment is terminated for
exceeding the
[CPU-time limit allowed per request](https://deno.com/deploy/pricing?subhosting).
The event URN included in the log can be used to cross-reference it with any
observability artifact generated as a result.

All the requests that where in-flight when the deployment was terminated receive
a 502 response with the code `"TIME_LIMIT"`.


---

# subhosting/manual/index.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/subhosting/manual/


Deno Subhosting is a robust platform designed to allow Software as a Service
(SaaS) providers to securely run code written by their customers. The Subhosting
API allows you to deploy untrusted code programmatically and at scale.

## Key Features

- **Ease of Use:** Developers can write code in generic JavaScript or TypeScript
  without needing specific knowledge of Deno.
- **Standards Compliance:** Deno supports standard JavaScript and TypeScript and
  integrates widely-used web APIs like `fetch` and `web cache`.
- **Deno-Specific Advanced Features:** Offers advanced features like `KV`
  (Key-Value stores) which extend beyond typical browser capabilities.
- **Rapid Deployment:** Deno’s cloud products are designed to support extremely
  short deployment times that range from less than a second for simple
  applications, to around ten seconds for complex websites with numerous
  dependencies.
- **Improved developer experience**: Subhosting will manage the extensive effort
  of setting up secure infrastructure to run untrusted code in a public cloud
  for you.

## Overview of Deno Cloud Offerings - Deno Deploy and Deno Subhosting

Deno provides two distinct cloud offerings, Deno Deploy and Deno Subhosting,
each designed to support specific use cases while leveraging the same underlying
infrastructure.

### Deno Deploy

Deno Deploy is optimized for individual developers and small teams focused on
developing and iterating on a limited set of first-party projects. This solution
is ideal for hosting websites or applications, with deployment processes
typically managed through GitHub integrations.

- Target Audience: Individual developers and small development teams.
- Deployment Integration: Primarily through GitHub for continuous integration
  and delivery.
- Use Cases: Hosting websites and applications.

### Deno Subhosting

In contrast, Deno Subhosting is engineered to securely manage a larger volume of
projects and deployments. It supports the deployment of untrusted code or
functions through an API, making it suitable for scenarios involving multiple
end-users contributing code.

- Target Audience: SaaS platforms requiring the capability to host
  customer-generated, untrusted code securely.
- Deployment Mechanism: Through a robust API designed for scalability and
  security.
- Use Cases: Large scale project hosting where end-users contribute the code.

The steps to implement subhosting are roughly as follows:

1. [Create an organization](./quick_start.md) and get an access token for the
   REST API
1. [Create a project](./planning_your_implementation.md), and then create your
   first deployment for that project

Using these techniques, you can package up user code as "deployments", and
execute that code on a Deno-provisioned URL or a
[custom URL](../api/#custom-domains) you can configure yourself.

## REST API reference and OpenAPI spec

For a complete reference for the REST API used to implement subhosting, you can
[check out the docs here](https://apidocs.deno.com). The Deno Deploy REST API
also provides an [OpenAPI specification](https://api.deno.com/v1/openapi.json)
which can be used with
[a number of OpenAPI-compatible tools](https://openapi.tools/).

We also offer SDKs in [JavaScript](https://www.npmjs.com/package/subhosting),
[Python](https://pypi.org/project/subhosting/0.0.1a0/), and
[Go](https://github.com/denoland/subhosting-go).


---

# subhosting/manual/planning_your_implementation.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/subhosting/manual/planning_your_implementation


Let's say, for example, that you are building a SaaS CRM platform like
Salesforce. You want to empower your customers to write JavaScript code that
would be executed every time a new lead was captured.

If you were going to implement this feature using Deno Deploy, here's how you
might think about building it:

- Create a **project** and associate that project with a customer account in
  your database. This would allow you to track usage incurred by each customer,
  and potentially bill them for that usage, using analytics information about
  the project.
- Create a **deployment** that contains the code your end user provided, which
  should be run when a new lead is created.
- Using multiple deployments in the same project, you could implement "staging"
  or "production" versions of the event handling logic.
- Your CRM software would communicate with your end user's code by sending an
  HTTP request to a deployment and awaiting a response.
- In the future, if you wanted to support writing code for other events in your
  CRM (like creating a new contact, or to send automated reports every night),
  you could create a project for each of those events, and use a flow like the
  one described above for each.

Let's look at an example of the API endpoint required to make this happen.

## Creating a deployment for a project

In the [previous chapter](./quick_start.md), you created a new project and noted
its `id` property. In the example in the previous chapter, the ID was:

```console
f084712a-b23b-4aba-accc-3c2de0bfa26a
```

You can use a project identifier to
[create a deployment](https://apidocs.deno.com/#get-/projects/-projectId-/deployments)
for that project. Create a new file called `create_deployment.ts` and include
the following code to create a new "hello world" deployment for your project.

```ts title="create_deployment.ts"
const accessToken = Deno.env.get("DEPLOY_ACCESS_TOKEN");
const API = "https://api.deno.com/v1";

// Replace with your desired project ID
const projectId = "your-project-id-here";

// Create a new deployment
const res = await fetch(`${API}/projects/${projectId}/deployments`, {
  method: "POST",
  headers: {
    Authorization: `Bearer ${accessToken}`,
    "Content-Type": "application/json",
  },
  body: JSON.stringify({
    entryPointUrl: "main.ts",
    assets: {
      "main.ts": {
        "kind": "file",
        "content":
          `export default { async fetch(req) { return new Response("Hello, World!"); } }`,
        "encoding": "utf-8",
      },
    },
    envVars: {},
  }),
});

const deployment = await res.json();

console.log(res.status);
console.log(
  "Visit your site here:",
  `https://${project.name}-${deployment.id}.deno.dev`,
);
```

If you run this script with the following command:

```bash
deno run -A --env create_deployment.ts
```

You should soon have a simple "Hello World!" server live on a public URL,
visible from your Deno Deploy dashboard.

## Parts of a deployment

The example above showed a very simple example of a deployment. A more complex
deployment might include some or all of these components, fully described
[here in the API docs](https://apidocs.deno.com/#get-/projects/-projectId-/deployments).

- **Assets:** TypeScript or JavaScript source files, images, JSON documents -
  code and static files that make your deployment run. These files can be
  encoded in the JSON you upload to the server using `utf-8` (for plain source
  files) or `base64` for images and other text files. In addition to actual
  files, you can also include symbolic links to other files.
- **Entry point URL:** A file path to an asset (a TypeScript or JavaScript file)
  from the collection above that should be executed to start a server in your
  deployment.
- **Environment variables:** You can specify values that should exist in the
  system environment, to be retrieved by `Deno.env.get`.
- **Database ID:** The identifier for a Deno KV database that should be made
  available to this deployment.
- **Compiler options:** A set of options that should be used to interpret
  TypeScript code.

## Custom domains

After a deployment is created, it is assigned a generated URL. That may be fine
for some scenarios, but often you'll want to associate a custom domain with your
deployments as well.
[Check out the API reference for domains](https://apidocs.deno.com/#get-/organizations/-organizationId-/domains).


---

# subhosting/manual/pricing_and_limits.md

URL: https://docs.deno.com/subhosting/manual/pricing_and_limits


You can see an
[overview of available pricing plans and features](https://deno.com/deploy/pricing?subhosting)
for Deno Subhosting on the Deno website. If you have a use case that exceeds any
of these limits, [please reach out](mailto:deploy@deno.com).

## Deployment size

Deployments should be less than 1GB across all source code and assets in
aggregate, per deployment.

## Deployment frequency

The maximum number of deployments per hour that a subhosting user can make is
either 60 (on the free tier) or 300 (on the builder tier). Higher limits are
available for organizations on the enterprise plan.

## CPU time per request

- 50ms or 200ms, depending on tier.
- CPU time limit per request is limited on the average across many requests. It
  is not strictly enforced on a per-request basis.
- Does not include time that a deployment is waiting for I/O (e.g. while waiting
  for the remote server while making a fetch() request)

## Blocking the event loop

Programs should not block the event loop for more than 1s.

## Available memory

512MB max memory is available.


---

# Ignore this file in git

URL: https://docs.deno.com/subhosting/manual/quick_start


Looking for the smallest possible example that shows how to deploy code to
Deno's isolate cloud? We've got you covered below, or you can skip to the
[more detailed getting started guide](#getting-started-with-subhosting).

```ts
// 1.) Get API access info ready
const accessToken = Deno.env.get("DEPLOY_ACCESS_TOKEN");
const orgId = Deno.env.get("DEPLOY_ORG_ID");
const API = "https://api.deno.com/v1";
const headers = {
  Authorization: `Bearer ${accessToken}`,
  "Content-Type": "application/json",
};

// 2.) Create a new project
const pr = await fetch(`${API}/organizations/${orgId}/projects`, {
  method: "POST",
  headers,
  body: JSON.stringify({
    name: null, // randomly generates project name
  }),
});

const project = await pr.json();

// 3.) Deploy a "hello world" server to the new project
const dr = await fetch(`${API}/projects/${project.id}/deployments`, {
  method: "POST",
  headers,
  body: JSON.stringify({
    entryPointUrl: "main.ts",
    assets: {
      "main.ts": {
        "kind": "file",
        "content":
          `export default { async fetch(req) { return new Response("Hello, World!"); } }`,
        "encoding": "utf-8",
      },
    },
    envVars: {},
  }),
});

const deployment = await dr.json();

console.log(dr.status);
console.log(
  "Visit your site here:",
  `https://${project.name}-${deployment.id}.deno.dev`,
);
```

## Getting started with subhosting

To get started with subhosting, you will need to create an organization in the
[Deno Deploy dashboard](https://dash.deno.com/orgs/new). Follow the on-screen
instructions to create a new organization for subhosting.

Going through the onboarding flow, you will likely also generate an **access
token**, which you will use to access the [REST API](../api/index.md). If you
didn't do this (or your token has expired), you can
[generate a new one here](https://dash.deno.com/account#access-tokens).

:::caution Save your token in a safe place

Once you generate an access token, **it will not be displayed again within the
Deploy dashboard UI**. Make sure you store this token in a safe place.

:::

## Set up a test environment

In the tutorial pages to follow, we will assume you are interacting with the
Deploy REST API through Deno scripts (TypeScript code), and will show examples
of interacting with the API in this way. However, the techniques shown here will
also work in any other environment capable of executing HTTP requests.

The example code shown here and in future chapters assume that you have
[Deno 1.38 or higher](/runtime/getting_started/installation) installed.

When working with a REST API, it is useful to store authentication credentials
in the [system environment](/runtime/reference/env_variables), to prevent you
from accidentally checking them in to source control.

For this tutorial, we'll use the new `--env` flag
[introduced in Deno 1.38](https://deno.com/blog/v1.38#deno-run---env) to manage
environment variables. On your local computer, create a new directory to store
our management scripts in, and create three files:

- `.env` - to hold our API access info
- `.gitignore` - to ignore our `.env` file so we don't put it in source control
  by mistake
- `create_project.ts` - a file we'll use in a moment to make our first request
  to the REST API

### Configure a `.env` file and `.gitignore` file

First, store your [access token](https://dash.deno.com/account#access-tokens)
and organization ID in the `.env` file you created earlier.

```bash title=".env"
DEPLOY_ACCESS_TOKEN=your_token_here
DEPLOY_ORG_ID=your_org_id_here
```

Replace the values in the file with the values from your own Deploy account.

Next, create a `.gitignore` file just to ensure we don't accidentally check our
`.env` file into source control:

```bash title=".gitignore"
# Ignore this file in git
.env

# Optional: ignore this junk file often generated on mac OS
.DS_Store
```

Now that we have our credentials set up, let's write some code to access the
REST API.

## Creating our first project

In order to do anything interesting with subhosting or the REST API, we'll need
to
[create a project](https://apidocs.deno.com/#get-/projects/-projectId-/deployments).
Copy the code below into a file named `create_project.ts` in the same file as
your `.env` and `.gitignore` file.

```ts title="create_project.ts"
const accessToken = Deno.env.get("DEPLOY_ACCESS_TOKEN");
const orgId = Deno.env.get("DEPLOY_ORG_ID");
const API = "https://api.deno.com/v1";

// Create a new project
const res = await fetch(`${API}/organizations/${orgId}/projects`, {
  method: "POST",
  headers: {
    Authorization: `Bearer ${accessToken}`,
    "Content-Type": "application/json",
  },
  body: JSON.stringify({
    name: null, // randomly generates project name
  }),
});

const project = await res.json();
console.log(project);
```

Execute this code with the following command in a terminal:

```bash
deno run -A --env create_project.ts
```

If everything goes according to plan, you should see output that looks something
like this:

```console
{
  id: "f084712a-b23b-4aba-accc-3c2de0bfa26a",
  name: "strong-fox-44",
  createdAt: "2023-11-07T01:01:14.078730Z",
  updatedAt: "2023-11-07T01:01:14.078730Z"
}
```

Note the `id` of the project that was returned with this response - this is the
project ID we'll use in the next step.

Now that we have REST API access configured and a project set up, we can move on
to [creating our first deployment](./planning_your_implementation).


---